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Lobbying in Europe
Public Affairs and the Lobbying
Industry in 28 EU Countries

Edited by Alberto Bitonti

and Phil Harris
 Lobbying in Europe

‘Professors Bitonti and Harris have produced a timely, relevant work for any-
one interested in the actual practice and effectiveness of lobbying in Europe. As
Europe moves ever so gradually toward Brussels and the EU as the center of policy
and regulations, so to must corporations and other interests learn to simultane-
ously carry out lobbying in the home country and in Brussels. It is a balancing act
that requires skill and timing – and this work delivers on both.’
— Professor John Mahon,
University of Maine, USA

‘Bitonti and Harris have produced an impressive tome on the dark arts of how
businesses and NGO should seek political influence. No self-respecting public
affairs practitioner should be without this impressive, and thoroughly comprehen-
sive, text surveying lobbying across all of the EU.’
— Professor Paul Baines,
Cranfield University, UK

‘The rich descriptions of lobbying and political processes across Europe provide
a practical handbook for professionals as well as invaluable grist to the mill for
academics and others seeking to better explore the workings of modern European
democracies. It clarifies the role of and demystifies the misunderstood and misrep-
resented profession of lobbying. It also provides valuable insights into the com-
plexities of BREXIT’
— Geoff Allen, AM,
Chairman of Australian Centre for Corporate
Public Affairs and Director ACILAllen Consulting, Australia

‘This is one of those books that gives professional insight into the working and
traditions of European Public Affairs. It is a must read for anybody, lobbyist, gov-
ernment official, academic or student who wants to understand how Europe and
the EU works. It reflects professional lobbyist and quality academic thought. A
guide to lobbying in the EU.’
— Professor Henry Sun,
International Director, Business Research Institute,
University of Chester, UK
 Alberto Bitonti • Phil Harris
Editors

Lobbying in Europe
Public Affairs and the Lobbying Industry in 28 EU
Countries
Editors
Alberto Bitonti Phil Harris
IES Abroad Rome University of Chester
Rome, Italy Chester, UK

ISBN 978-1-137-55255-6    ISBN 978-1-137-55256-3 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55256-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961690

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Cover image © Image Source / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW,
United Kingdom
 Acknowledgements

In assembling, editing and turning this volume into a reality, we have a

debt of immense gratitude which we need to make towards a number
of key people that we wish to thank for their contribution, support and
presence.
First, all contributors, some of you have never written for an academic
research book, others have, we thank all of you for your enthusiasm, your
patience and unfailing support to the project.
A special thank you to Conor McGrath, whose constant support and
advice has meant so much, and to Simon Bryceson for agreeing to give
us the measured EU view and being such a good friend with principled
advice.
Jim Thurber for his constant friendship and the Center for Congressional
and Presidential Studies and the American University of Washington DC
for all their encouragement, help and academic support.
To Nikos Nikolakakis, your help at critical times was particularly pre-
cious and appreciated.
Giuseppe Mazzei, Micol Bertoni and all the friends of the Public Affairs
Community of Europe and Il Chiostro: this volume was first conceived in
one of our meetings, we hope it will contribute to our battle for greater
transparency.
To our publisher Palgrave for supporting this initiative and being very
patient, and especially Sara Crowley-Vigneau and Jemima Warren, our
great editors, for their support and kindness throughout the journey.
Without your support, this would never have happened.

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Finally, to our wonderful and amazingly supportive wives, Claudia

and Irene, who supported us with empathy, good humour and patience
untiringly even though we were travelling around the world, rebuilding
houses, advising politicians, officials, friends and stuck on keyboards or
in Skype conversations constantly. You deserve a medal, we will celebrate
with a dinner together in the near future. Promise. Thank you.

Alberto Bitonti and Phil Harris

 Contents

1 An Introduction to Lobbying and Public Affairs

in Europe1
Alberto Bitonti and Phil Harris

2 The Role of Lobbying in Modern Democracy:

A Theoretical Framework17
Alberto Bitonti

3 The EU Institutions31
Simon Levitt, Simon Bryceson and Frederick van Mierlo

4 Austria45
Peter Köppl

5 Belgium59
Tine Destrooper

6 Bulgaria69
Detelina Dineva

vii
viii CONTENTS

7 Croatia79
Natko Vlahović and Dubravka Sinčić Ćorić

8 Cyprus89
Maria Krambia-Kapardis and Christina Neophytidou

9 Czech Republic103
Štěpán Soukeník, Miloš Gregor and Anna Matušková

10 Denmark113
Peter Andreas Münster and Andreas Hjørnholm

11 Estonia121
Ott Lumi and Andreas Kaju

12 Finland131
Kimmo Collander, Eero Rämö and Urho Blom

13 France143
Didier Sallé and Francesco Marchi

14 Germany159
Dominik Meier

15 Greece171
George Limperis

16 Hungary177
József Péter Martin and Miklós Ligeti

17 Ireland195
Gary Murphy
 CONTENTS ix

18 Italy207
Pier Luigi Petrillo

19 Latvia219
Valts Kalniņ š

20 Lithuania227
Saulius Spurga

21 Luxembourg237
Paul-Michael Schonenberg

22 Malta245
Mark Harwood

23 The Netherlands255
Peter JG van Keulen

24 Poland263
Witold Michalek

25 Portugal271
Joaquim Martins-Lampreia

26 Romania279
Laura Florea and Bogdan Dima

27 Slovakia293
Patrik Zoltvany

28 Slovenia299
Danica Fink-Hafner
x CONTENTS

29 Spain313
María Rosa Rotondo Ruiz and Rafael Rubio Núñez

30 Sweden325
Anna-Karin Hedlund

31 United Kingdom333
Conor McGrath

32 Lobbying and Public Affairs in Europe: Some

Comparative Remarks351
Alberto Bitonti, Phil Harris and Claudia Mariotti

Index363
 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Public affairs-experts in Austria (n = 98; in absolute numbers)

(Author’s own compilation) 53
Fig. 4.2 Age of public affairs-experts in Austria
(n = 98, in absolute numbers) (Author’s own compilation) 53
Fig. 4.3 Education of public affairs-experts
(n = 98; in absolute numbers) (Author’s own compilation) 54
Fig. 4.4 Duration of working in the field of public affairs
(n = 98; in absolute numbers) (Author’s own compilation) 55
Fig. 4.5 Working with the same employer in the field of public affairs
(n = 98; in absolute numbers) (Author’s own compilation) 55
Fig. 4.6 Public affairs-departments and Public Affairs-positions
functionally embedded in companies
(n = 69; in absolute numbers) (Author’s own compilation) 56
Fig. 4.7 Most important instruments in public affairs-work
(n = 98; in absolute numbers; multiple answers)
(Author’s own compilation) 56
Fig. 4.8 Most relevant specific activities in public affairs
(n = 98; rank within 11 items) (Author’s own compilation) 57
Fig. 4.9 Beneficial for achieving an ‘ideal state’ for the public
affairs-industry (n = 98; 1 = very important,
6 = not important at all) (Author’s own compilation) 57

xi
 List of Tables

Table 12.1 Finnish political parties in 2015 political elections 133

Table 16.1 Perceptions of Hungary’s anti-corruption performance
between 2012 and 2014 181
Table 26.1 Indicators for Romania 280

xiii
 Notes on Contributors

Editors
Alberto Bitonti is Professor of Politics at IES Abroad Rome and at the
Umbra Institute of Perugia (Italy), as well as a Fellow at LUISS Guido
Carli University of Rome (Italy) and at the School of Public Affairs of the
American University in Washington DC (United States). He holds a PhD
in Political Theory (University of Roma Tre, 2011). His research is
grounded in Political Theory, Philosophy of Science and Political Science
and focuses on lobbying and public affairs, philosophy of power, political
influence and communication. He has published Classe dirigente, a book
on the Italian ruling class (Datanews 2012) and various book chapters in
international volumes. He is an activist for various organizations promot-
ing open government, transparency and innovation in the political world.
Phil Harris is Executive Director of the Business Research Institute and
holder of the Westminster Chair of Marketing and Public Affairs at the
University of Chester. He is a past Chairman of the Marketing Council
(UK) PLC, Professor of Marketing at the University of Otago, New
Zealand, and Director of the Centre for Corporate and Public Affairs at
Manchester Metropolitan University. Prior to becoming an academic, he
held positions in the international food and then chemical industries with
RHM and then ICI in Birkenhead, Brussels, London, Manchester and
Runcorn. He is a joint founding editor of the Journal of Public Affairs and
a member of a number of international editorial and advisory boards. His
latest books are the Penguin Dictionary of Marketing (2009) and Lobbying

xv
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

and Public Affairs in the UK (2009). He has taught and researched widely
across Asia, Europe and North America and has been an advisor to a num-
ber of business and governmental organizations. Phil is regarded interna-
tionally as one of the founders of research and theory development in
political marketing and strategic public affairs management (lobbying).
He has just completed two books the International Handbook of
Corporate and Public Affairs with Craig Fleisher for Sage (2017) and
Lobbying in Europe: Public Affairs and the Lobbying Industry in 28 EU
Countries with Alberto Bitonti for Palgrave (2017). His current activities
focus on China, entrepreneurship, family business, business competitive-
ness and global public affairs and management education. He holds visit-
ing professorships in Beijing, Dalian, Guilin, Jiangsu, Wuhan and Xiamen
in China.

Other Authors
Urho Blom graduated (eximia cum laude approbatur) from University
of Turku majoring in Contemporary (political) History, minoring in
Political Science (international relations and diplomacy) and Future
Studies (complex systems; TSE, Turku School of Economics). Currently,
Mr. Blom acts as the CEO of Eurofacts Ltd., Finland’s first/oldest public
affairs company. Mr. Blom serves clients in the fields of energy, telecoms,
transport, trade and clean tech industries in Finland and in Brussels. Mr.
Blom is a member of the National Coalition Party (Kokoomus). In addi-
tion to politics, he takes interest in EU public affairs (lobbying), competi-
tion policy and law, international trade and circular economy.
Simon Byceson is a political consultant, and has worked with over 300
corporations in Europe, North America, South America, Russia and
Australasia. He is currently chairperson of Harwood Levitt Consulting, a
public affairs strategy consultancy based in Brussels. Simon was awarded
the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to politics in 1992.
Previously, he held the position of General Secretary of the British Liberal
Party between 1982 and 1987. For seven years, Simon was the Head of
Public Affairs of Burson-Marsteller in London. He holds a degree in
Politics from the University of York.
Kimmo Collander is Program Director at Amcham Finland. He has
worked in the ALDE Group of the European Parliament as an advisor
responsible for, inter alia, quantitative political analysis. After the ten years
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

in Brussels, he returned to his native Finland in 2006 and started a

­successful career as lobbyist first as Public Affairs (PA) Director in the
Foundation for Share Promotion and then as a private entrepreneur. After
two mergers, his company became a part of Kaiku Helsinki PR where he
led the largest PA team in Finnish communications agencies. He has held
positions of trust in associations such as Transparency Finland, ProCom-
Finnish Communications Professionals and the European Movement. He
has given lectures in lobbying in general and in the European Parliament
in particular. He has written numerous popular articles on, for example,
committee memberships in the European Parliament and professional
dependencies of ministerial advisors. He holds three degrees: BBA in
Foreign Trade (Pohjois-Satakunnan Kauppaoppilaitos), Politics magister
in Foreign Affairs (Åbo Akademi) and MSc in Agricultural Development
(Imperial College).
́
Dubravka Sinčić Corić is an associate professor at the Department
of Marketing, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Zagreb.
She is currently the Head of Marketing Department and Director of post-
graduate study program in Business-to-Business Marketing. Dubravka
teaches Marketing, Marketing management, B2B marketing, and
Lobbying. She is an active researcher and author, and constantly leads or
participates in international and national scientific or professional research
projects. Dubravka is a member of the European marketing association
EMAC, member of the main board of the Croatian marketing association
CROMAR and the Vice-president of the Croatian Lobbying Association
HDL. Dubravka holds her PhD and MBA diploma from University of
Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.
Tine Destrooper is the Managing Director of the Center for Human
Rights and Global Justice at NYU’s School of Law. She worked as a post-­
doctoral researcher at the Universities of Antwerp (Belgium) and Leiden
(the Netherlands), and obtained her PhD in Social and Political Sciences
from the European University Institute (Italy). She has an advanced
degree in Politics, Security and Integration from University College
London (United Kingdom), and a degree in Political Science from the
University of Leuven (Belgium). Dr. Destrooper currently researches on
the local relevance of human rights norms and the ways in which social
movements can use human rights discourses as a mobilizing tool. In the
past, she published on the gendered impact of civil conflict in Central
America, and the localization of transitional justice processes in that
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

region. She also carried out fieldwork in the DRC, analysing the meaning
of the right to water in the Kongo Central. Before this she was a researcher
on an ERC project that examined the impact and evolution of interest
representation in the European Union.
Bogdan Dima is Doctor of Law of the Faculty of Law, University of
Bucharest, where he is also teaching Administrative Law since 2007. His
professional background is highly diversified focusing mainly on strategic
communication, political and electoral strategies, legislative analysis and
institutional building processes. He worked closely with several political
parties and Romanian politicians, and also with several corporate senior
officials as a consultant for political and electoral strategies, political profil-
ing, strategic communication, risk management and government rela-
tions. He is author of the Conflict between the Palaces. Power relations
between the Parliament, Government and President in Post-Communist
Romania.
Dr. Detelina Dineva is a research associate at the Department of History
of the World and International Relations of the Institute for Historical
Studies (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences). She received her PhD in History
from the University of Warsaw, Poland, and her MA from the University
of Sofia, Bulgaria. Her grants include ones from Kasa im. Mianowskiego
(Foundation for the Support of Science) and the Central European
University, Budapest. She has been a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at George
Washington University, Washington, DC.
Dr. Dineva’s research interests and publications are focused on prob-
lems related to the political history of the countries of East Central and
Southeastern Europe; history of the idea of Europe; lobbies and lobbying
in the EU and the USA.
She has read courses of lectures on the Foreign Policy of the USA and
the West European States, Political History of Europe and the United States,
History of the Idea of Europe, The Countries of East Central Europe on the
Road to Changes, and has presented papers at a number of international
scientific forums in Europe, the USA and China.
Laura Florea is a pioneer in public affairs in Romania, building her
expertise since 1995.
Over the years, she has led teams of professionals that have delivered
outstanding outcomes in lobbying, public affairs, corporate communica-
tion and corporate social responsibility for major companies in Romania.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xix

In 2008, Laura became an entrepreneur, founding Point Public Affairs.

Two years later, she took on a leading role within the industry and
founded the Romanian Lobbying Registry Association, of which she is
the President in the second mandate.
She has been an attorney at law since 2005, and is a member of the
Bucharest Bar.
Laura is an associate professor within the University of Bucharest,
Faculty of Journalism and Communication Studies.
Miloš Gregor graduated in Political Science at the Faculty of Social
Studies, Masaryk University, in the Electoral Studies and Political
Marketing pathway, where he is currently finishing his PhD. His main
fields of research interest are Czech politics, political marketing, branding,
and propaganda.
Danica Fink Hafner is the Head of the Centre for Political Science
Research at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana and
Professor of Political Parties, Interest Groups and Policy Analysis at the
same university. She is the founder and the first Head of the Chair of
Policy Analysis and Public Administration at the Faculty of Social Sciences,
University of Ljubljana; co-founder and coordinator of the postgraduate
study programme ‘Political Science: Public Administration’; founder and
coordinator of the postgraduate study programme ‘Political Science:
Policy Analysis – European Aspects’; and Vice Dean for Research at the
same faculty. She also served as a President of the Slovenian Political
Science Association, as a member of the ECPR Executive Committee and
as a member of the editorial board of The Journal of European Public
Policy. In 2010, she was awarded by the Faculty of Social Sciences for her
contribution to its international recognition.
Dr. Mark Harwood is a Senior Lecturer at the Institute for European
Studies, University of Malta, where he also coordinates the Institute’s MA
and PhD programmes. Prior to joining the University of Malta in 2003,
he worked for the European Commission as well as the Maltese
Government. His principal areas of research are lobbying, Europeanization
and the impact of membership on Malta. His latest book is Malta in the
EU (2014) and his most recent articles a study on parliamentary democ-
racy in Malta post-membership (2015) as well as the impact of the EU on
the promotion of LGBTI rights in Malta (2015).
xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Anna-Karin Hedlund is a senior partner at Diplomat Communications

and President of the Swedish organization for consultancy agencies in the
field of Public Affairs and Public Relations (PRECIS). She is also a board
member of ICCO (The International Communications Consultancy
Organisation).
Anna-Karin has more than 20 years of experience from working with
professional communication and Public Affairs, both as a director of mar-
ket and communication and as a consultant and advisor. Anna-Karin has
a background as political advisor for the Swedish prime minister. She is
educated in Political Science at the University of Stockholm.
Andreas Hjørnholm holds a double master’s degree in Political Science
from the University of Copenhagen and the University of Kent at Brussels,
specializing in political strategy, rhetoric and public policy. He works as a
public affairs manager for a multinational pharmaceutical company based
in Denmark and has previously worked both as a political consultant at the
largest communications consultancy in Copenhagen and as political advi-
sor to the top-level management at the Danish Agriculture and Food
Council.
Andreas Kaju is a founding partner of META Advisory Group, which is
also part of the global Fipra public affairs network. Andreas began his
career working in the Estonian Chamber of Commerce & Industry, one of
the largest business organizations in Estonia. In public service, Andreas
served as an adviser to the Prime Minister, adviser to the Minister of
Defense, head of the centre-right party’s parliamentary group staff and as
Political Secretary of the party. Andreas is a member of the Estonian
NATO Society and a member of the supervisory board of the Estonian
Debating Society.
Valts Kalnins is a researcher at the Centre for Public Policy PROVIDUS,
a Riga-based non-governmental think tank since 2003. A top Latvian
expert on corruption, he is also an assistant professor at the University of
Latvia and a correspondent in the network of local research correspon-
dents on corruption established by the European Commission and orga-
nized by PwC. He co-authored the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) publications “Asset Declarations
for Public Officials – A Tool to Prevent Corruption” (2011) and
“Prevention of Corruption in the Public Sector in Eastern Europe and
Central Asia” (2015). In 2015, he drafted the Code of Ethics for Public
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Administration Employees upon commission by the State Chancellery of

Latvia.
Peter Köppl is a Managing Director of Mastermind Public Affairs
Consulting and President of the Austrian Public Affairs Association
(OePAV). He has worked as a journalist, PR-consultant, spokesperson and
in-house lobbyist. He published several books and articles on public
affairs, lobbying and CSR. He holds a PhD in Mass Communication and
Political Science from the University of Vienna and an MA in Corporate
Public Affairs from the Graduate School of Political Management in
Washington, DC. For more than 15 years, he has been lecturing at univer-
sities, and frequently speaks at international and national conferences.
Maria Krambia Kapardis is Associate Professor of Accounting at Cyprus
University of Technology. She is chair and a founding member of
Transparency International-Cyprus and has chaired the Economic Crime
and Forensic Accounting Committee, the Education Committee and has
been for years a member of the Disciplinary Committee of the Institute of
Certified Public Accountants of Cyprus. She has authored a number of
books and chapters in books on the topic of economic crime, in Greek,
French and English. Her most recent publication is a book published in
2016 by Palgrave Macmillan with the title “Corporate Fraud and
Corruption: A Holistic Approach to Preventing Financial Crime”. Her
research interests are fraud detection and investigation, anti-corruption,
political accountability, corporate social responsibility, corporate gover-
nance and business ethics. She has received a number of awards, the most
recent in 2015 by Emerald Publishing for two articles she has published in
the field of political corruption and corruption correlates. She is a Fellow
Chartered Accountant of Australia.
Joaquim Martins Lampreia born in Portugal (1948), has worked for
over 35 years in the communications sector, as a professor, researcher,
consultant and author of 11 books, on Lobbying, Crisis Management and
Public Relations.
Over the last three decades, he has worked in various communications
areas including Journalism, Advertising and Public Relations.
He is renowned at the European level as a specialist in crisis manage-
ment and lobbying/ public affairs, and has provided consultancy services
and coordinated seminars in these fields in Portugal and abroad. He is
xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

accredited as a lobbyist at the European Parliament and is a member of

SEAP – Society of European Affairs Professionals (http://www.seap.be).
He is currently the President of Omniconsul—Public Affairs
Consultancy (www.omniconsul.pt), the leading Portuguese consultancy
in Lobbying, Intelligence and Stakeholders Management.
For more information visit his personal website at: www.martinslam-
preia.com.
Simon Levitt is a founder and partner of Harwood Levitt Consulting, a
Public Affairs strategy consultancy in Brussels. Simon has designed global
and European Public Affairs strategies for the world’s leading companies
in the healthcare, FMCG, and food/drink sectors. He also works with
foundations, and other civil society organisations on environment and
development issues. Simon trains senior management on how to integrate
public affairs effectively into their organisations, and his experience spans
New York, London and Brussels. He has lectured on public affairs and
business strategy at Solvay Business School and United Business Institutes
in Brussels since 2013 and has over 15 years of experience of the Brussels
lobbying environment. Simon holds a degree in Classics from Oxford
University.
Miklós Ligeti lawyer, graduated in 2002 at Eötvös Lóránd University’s
Law School. While studying law, he worked as trainee with the committee
on environmental protection of the Hungarian Parliament, contributing
to environmental protection projects of municipalities (1999–2000).
From 2000 to 2002, he was paralegal with international law firms CMS
Cameron McKenna, and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. After gradua-
tion, he joined National Institute of Criminology, a subordinate to the
Prosecutor General where as assistant researcher he focused on the issue of
criminal law protection of the environment. Absolving bar exams, he
changed for the Ministry of Justice and law Enforcement in 2007. Acting
as a personal secretary to the under state secretary for crime policy, later as
the Head of Statistics and Analysis Unit, he was mainly in charge of crimi-
nal codification and the measuring of delinquency. From 2010 to 2012,
he served as the Head of Statistics and Coordination Unit in the Ministry
of the Interior, being responsible also for the codification of laws on polic-
ing and national security as well as for measuring crime. From 2012 for-
ward, he serves as the Head of legal affairs at Transparency International
Hungary.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

George Limperis is founder and Managing Director of Palladian

Communications Specialists, an Athens-based consultancy specialising in
Public Affairs, Crisis Management and Media Relations.
George studied Business Administration in Athens University of
Business and Economy. He started his career at the Distribution, Sales
and Marketing Departments of Unilever Hellas. He moved on to
the Ionian Bank of Greece, where he rose to the position of Director
of Communications. In 2000, he became a General Manager of Public
Affairs Management and Managing Director of Mediaccess, both compa-
nies of the DDB Group. In 2001, he founded Palladian Communications
Specialists.
Ott Lumi has a vast experience in the field of public affairs, both as prac-
titioner and representative of the academia. He has served also in a differ-
ent posts of decision-making, notably he has served as a member of
Estonian Parliament, Secretary General of the Estonian Conservative
Party and as an advisor for Prime Minister. Since 2009, he has been dedi-
cated himself to building up a leading pan-Baltic public affairs and govern-
ment relations company, Meta Advisory Group. The company belongs to
a global government relations and regulatory affairs network, Fipra
International. Ott Lumi has served for the past ten years in Tallinn
University as Lecturer of Public Policy. He is a co-author of Estonian
political science source book as well; he has published a number of articles
in the field of public affairs. As a government relations consultant, he has
a broad profile covering issues such as energy, telecommunications, phar-
maceutical and waste management.
Francesco Marchi is Adjunct Professor of Political Science and Director
of the Research and Training program Negotiators of Europe at the Institute
for Research and Education on Negotiation (ESSEC IRENE). He regu-
larly delivers training on negotiation techniques to European institutions’
officials (European Commission, European Parliament, and EEAS), and
to diplomats in Europe and Southeast Asia. He teaches Negotiation
courses at ESSEC Business School’s Master Programs and MBA, and at
the ENA (Ecole Nationale d’Aministration). His research focuses on the
negotiation behaviours and dynamics in the EU institutional system. In
that framework he has developed a specific course that he teaches at Master
of European Affairs of the Institut d’études politiques of Paris (Sciences
Po), the PSIA (Paris School of International Affairs at Sciences Po) and at
the Master of Global Politics and Euro-Mediterranean Relations of the
xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

University of Catania (Italy). He is also actively involved in the research

and application of innovative pedagogical tools for teaching. He holds a
PhD in Politcal Science from the Institut d’études politiques of Paris
(Sciences Po).
József Péter Martin is an economist and a sociologist, currently working
as an Executive Director of Transparency International Hungary. He
holds an MA and a PhD from the Corvinus University of Budapest (CUB).
He was an editor-in-chief of Figyelő, Hungarian economic weekly between
2003 and 2009. He published a dozen of scientific articles, mainly on the
EU’s and Hungary’s economic performance and policies and also public
and elite’s perceptions on the EU. He co-authored a book on the
Hungarian economic crisis titled Álomcsőd (‘Dream-default’, 2010). He is
a regular lecturer on journalism and EU studies at the CUB.
Anna Matušková holds a PhD in Political Science and works as an assis-
tant professor at Charles University in Prague, Department of Marketing
Communication and PR. Her research fields are political marketing (with
focus on relations to political parties, citizens’ participations and demo-
cratic process), government communication (especially covering the
Czech environment) and electoral campaigns (campaign professionaliza-
tion, the role of political consultants, etc.). She combines academic career
with actual experience from campaigning (she worked as a chief strategist
on presidential campaign 2013 and as an adviser in parliamentary elections
in 2013). Anna is a former Fulbright scholar (Columbia University
New York 2007/2008).
Conor McGrath is an independent scholar. He is a practice editor of
Interest Groups & Advocacy, and deputy editor of the Journal of Public
Affairs. He has previously worked for a Conservative MP and as a lobbyist
in Westminster, and was Lecturer in Political Lobbying and Public Affairs
at the University of Ulster. He is a past President of the Political Studies
Association of Ireland. His books include Lobbying in Washington, London
and Brussels: The Persuasive Communication of Political Issues (2005); and
an edited three-volume collection published in 2009—Interest Groups and
Lobbying in the United States and Comparative Perspectives; Interest Groups
and Lobbying in Europe; and Interest Groups and Lobbying in Latin
America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
Dominik Meier is the owner and Managing Director of Miller & Meier
Consulting, a strategic political consultancy he co-founded in 1997. Meier
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxv

is also a chairman of the German Association of Political Consultants

(de’ge’pol). Aside from consulting, he publishes on ethics, transparency,
and quality assurance. Meier is a visiting lecturer at the Heinrich Heine
University Düsseldorf. Furthermore, he is on the advisory board of the
Berlin University for Professional Studies, the jury of the German political
communication award “Politikaward”, and the editorial team of the jour-
nal Political Science Applied. He studied sociology, history, and theology
in Freiburg and Paris.
Witold Michalek is an economist, expert in organizational management,
SME development, macroeconomics. He was a co-founder in 2003 of the
Association of Professional Lobbyists in Poland. He is a co-owner of the
consulting firm Unilob. He participated as a team leader and consultant in
numerous international projects in Central and Eastern Europe and other
developing countries, such as Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Armenia,
Uganda, aimed at introducing the Better Regulations principles and devel-
opment of business support institutions. Since 1992 expert at the BCC—
Employers Association, responsible for monitoring the legislative process,
consultations and contacts with the Polish government and the parlia-
ment. He is a member of the tripartite (employers, unions, government)
Social Dialog Board. He is the author of numerous articles and papers
presenting economic analyses and entrepreneurs’ position in the media.
Peter Andreas Münster holds a master’s degree in Political Science from
the University of Copenhagen where he did his thesis on the interdepen-
dent relationship between politicians and lobbyists. He has previously
contributed to a handbook on corporate communications published by
the leading Danish business paper Borsen with a section on public affairs.
After more than seven years working either in-house or consulting at some
of the leading global public affairs agencies, Peter has left lobbying to
work with corporate communications for Facebook.
Gary Murphy is Professor of Politics at Dublin City University, Ireland,
where he is also the Head of the School of Law and Government. He has
published extensively on contemporary Irish politics and on the regulation
of lobbying. He is a co-author of Regulating Lobbying: A Global
Comparison (Manchester University Press, 2010) with Raj Chari and John
Hogan. His latest book is Electoral Competition in Ireland since 1987: the
politics of triumph and despair (Manchester University Press, 2016). He
has appeared before numerous international parliamentary hearings to
xxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

­ iscuss lobbying regulation and appears regularly in the Irish print and
d
broadcast media. His work has received wide recognition and he has held
visiting professorships at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
and at the University of Notre Dame.
Christina Neophytidou is a Research Associate at Cyprus University of
Technology and a volunteer researcher with Transparency International,
Cyprus. She holds a BSc in Sociology and an MSc in Business in the
Community from the University of Bath (UK) and an MSc in HRM &
Organisational Behaviour from Cyprus International Institute of
Management. Her research interests are in the field of business ethics,
corporate social responsibility, corruption and lobbying and she has
worked in several EU-funded projects.
Pier Luigi Petrillo (PhD) is a Full Professor of Comparative Public Law
at the University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza. He, also, teaches Lobbying
Law at the Luiss Guido Carli (Rome) and at the University IULM of
Milan, where he also teaches Culture Law. He was a legal advisor, head of
the cabinet and head of legislative office of the Minister of Agricolture,
Environment, Culture, European Affairs, University and Research. From
August 2015, he is the Head of Legislative Office of the President of
Campania Region and a member of European Affairs Special Committee
of the Italian Presidency of the Council.
Eero Rämö is the Chair of the Advisory Board on Civil Society and the
Chair of Council of the Finnish Red Cross. In addition, he is the President
of Finnish Youth Cooperation Allianssi, the lobby for almost 130 youth
NGOs in Finland. In addition to his daily lobbying efforts for the civil
society, his thesis in social ethics was on the ethics of lobbying. His research
interests in the field of law are concentrated in health law in the European
Union, especially concerning the free movement within the single
market.
Maria Rosa Rotondo is a managing partner at Political Intelligence
Spain (2001) and the President of the Spanish Associations of Institutional
Affairs Professionals (2007).
She has a proven track record in campaign management and strategic
advice in Spain to companies and associations in regulatory affairs, public
affairs and public policy. María Rosa lectures regularly in seminars and
conferences, in addition to teaching about lobbying and advocacy. She is
a co-author of the books El lobby en España ¿Asignatura pendiente? ­(AA.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxvii

VV, Ed. Algón, 2014) and El futuro de la Comunicación (LID Editorial,

2014). As President and founding member of APRI, Maria Rosa strives
to promote the recognition and professionalization of lobbying in Spain,
raising the standards of the profession and fostering a new generation of
lobbyists.
Rafa Rubio has a PhD in Constitutional Law (with an Extraordinary
Doctorate Award). He is Professor of Constitution Law and Chair of the
Political Participation and New Technologies Research Group at the
Complutense University in Madrid and University of Navarra. Rafa spe-
cialises in the use of technology for political participation, open govern-
ment, political communication, lobbying, and social mobilisation. He has
published several books Pressure groups (CEPC, 2003), Political mobiliza-
tion and new communities. An approximation to online political campaigns
(Cuadernos para el diálogo, 23. 2012), and Open Parliaments: Technology
and networks for democracy (Congreso de los Diputados, 2014). He was a
visiting researcher in Harvard, Georgetown, George Washington
University and Scola Superiore Sant´Anna. He teaches different courses in
more than 20 universities around the world.
Didier Sallé is the CEO of Euralia, a public affairs consultancy founded
in January 1993 to represent the interests of French companies with
European policy makers. Euralia’s position as a leader among French inde-
pendent companies dedicated to lobbying and public affairs is bolstered by
offices in Brussels and Paris.
After having worked for the French Federation of Public Works, then as
a parliamentary advisor in the National Assembly, Didier Sallé developed
extensive experience with public affairs strategies and lobby implemen-
tation by working in various other consultancy firms before purchasing
Euralia from its founder in 2012.
He has a master’s degree of Science in Economics and is a graduate of
the Institut d’études politiques of Paris (Sciences Po).
Paul Schonenberg is an American with residence in Luxembourg for 23
years. A successful globally experienced businessman, he presently com-
bines public service (Chairman and CEO of the American Chamber of
Commerce in Luxembourg and President of the Government’s National
Council of Foreigners) with board-level mandates and consultancy work
including the Vice Chairmanship of an innovative IT security company
called OxfordBioChronometrics. In recent years, he has been honored by
xxviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

being selected as an HR Director of the Year and appointed, by decree of

the Luxembourg Grand Duke, an Officer in the Luxembourg Ordre du
Merite.
Štěpán Soukeník is a PhD student in Communication Scholar at Charles
University in Prague focusing on government communication, digital
media, and public affairs in his research. He has an MA in Political
Communication from the University of Leeds and currently also works as
a Public Affairs and Business Development Consultant at GovDelivery
Europe, connecting governments with citizens via digital media.
Saulius Spurga is the Chancellor (Head of Administration) of Mykolas
Romeris University in Vilnius, Lithuania. He also lectures at the University
and undertakes the duties of an associate professor. He is the author of a
number of articles, reviews and commentaries on Lithuanian society and
political life, and has published five books. His research interests include
civil society, democratization, representation of interests, European Union
governance, and mass media. In 1989, he worked in the Secretariat of the
National Movement Sa ̨jūdis, which was instrumental in regaining
Lithuania’s independence, and later served as a journalist and an editor-in-­
chief of the first Lithuanian independent weekly Atgimimas.
Peter van Keulen is the founder and owner of Public Matters, the
Netherlands’ largest public affairs consultancy. He was the Head of PA of
the Dutch operating companies of food retailer Ahold. He worked for an
international PA-consulting firm in The Hague and Washington DC. He
started his career working for a member in parliament. He wrote a thesis
on lobbying (Leiden University), interned for Shell Public Affairs, worked
with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce in New York and studied at the
London School of Economics. Van Keulen is a founder, honorary member
and former chairman of the Dutch Association for Public Affairs, with
more than 600 members. He is a member of the Dutch Board of Trustees
of Save the Children Netherlands, and a member of the Machiavelli
Foundation. He teaches public affairs at (a.o.) Leiden University, Campus
The Hague.
Frederick van Mierlo is a consultant at Harwood Levitt Consulting, a
Brussels-based Public Affairs strategy consultancy. He works with a wide
range of organisations including companies, foundations, CSOs and phy-
sician groups on EU and global Public Affairs strategy. In May 2015,
Frederick stood as a candidate for the UK House of Commons for the
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxix

Liberal Democrat Party. He is a political campaigner on issues ranging

from hydraulic fracturing to the UK referendum on membership of the
European Union. Frederick holds a master’s degree in International
Relations from Leiden University, and a degree in Geographical Sciences
from the University of Bristol.
Natko Vlahović is a founder and CEO of Vlahovic Group, the first spe-
cialised government relations firm in Croatia. He is also a co-founder and
Managing Director of the Croatia-EU Business Council. Currently, Natko
is the President of the Croatian Lobbying Association and an Untitled
Governor at the American Chamber of Commerce in Croatia. In 2015,
Natko co-wrote the first book on professional lobbying in Croatia called
“A Professional Lobbyist—An Interest Advocacy Manual”. Natko was an
external member of the European Affairs Committee within the Croatian
Parliament. Prior to starting his own business, Natko led the Brussels
office of the Croatian Chamber of Small and Medium Enterprises (HOK)
and acted as their chief advocate in the EU institutions for seven years. He
started his professional career at the Croatian embassy in Washington.
Natko holds his BA in Political Science from St. Francis College, USA, an
MA in Croatian Political System and Administration from the Faculty of
Political Science in Zagreb and an Executive MBA from the Bled School
of Management in Slovenia.
Patrik Zoltvany is a co-founder and senior partner at Fipra Slovakia and
has worked in the area of public affairs with specific focus on EU Affairs
since 1997. He has acted as EU Affairs Adviser to the Minister of Industry,
as a member of EU Affairs Committee to National Union of Employers,
the EU institutions, various business, public sectors and NGO clients. He
was heavily involved in assisting the business sector in Slovakia for prepara-
tions for EU membership. As a member of the TEAM EUROPA run by
the European Commission, he was also involved in the campaign for the
EU membership. In 2003, he managed the establishment of Slovakia’s
first Public Affairs Office in Brussels and became the Head of EU Office.
He was a research fellow in the European Parliament, conducting political
and economic research papers on candidate countries and worked for
NGO sector. He was a member of the European Economic and Social
Committee (EESC) in Brussels between 2006 and 2010.
 CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to Lobbying and Public

Affairs in Europe

Alberto Bitonti and Phil Harris

1.1   The Challenge of an Ever More Complex

and Multi-faceted Global Environment

For those studying or working in the field of public affairs, in the broad area
that connects politics, law, business and communication, Europe represents
a fascinating, varied, multi-faceted challenge.
The European continent provides an incredibly rich picture of political
cultures, of institutional frameworks, of governmental styles, of different
social, economic and historical traditions, which make up probably the
most complex and variegated environment we may find in the whole
world. Any broadly accepted policies coming out of Europe will normally
be well rounded and be a key influencer on world politics, making it a
major arena and market place to share ideas, develop policies, exert
­influence. All crucial activities to businesses, civil society organizations,
policy-­makers, etc.

A. Bitonti (*)
IES Abroad Rome, Rome, Italy
P. Harris
University of Chester, Chester, UK

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 1

A. Bitonti, P. Harris (eds.), Lobbying in Europe,
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55256-3_1
2 A. BITONTI AND P. HARRIS

Lobbying and public affairs play a core and pivotal role in the modern
Europe, reflecting that it is the largest developed consumer market in the
world, comprising more than 40 national states with the largest number
of key international businesses, financial systems, organizations and
regulatory bodies being based or headquartered in the continent. The
main institutions of the EU in Brussels, representing the 28 member
states of the EU, probably see the largest concentration of the public
affairs industry in the world around them,1 reflecting the fact that the EU
economy is approximately 25 % of the world’s GDP, with a geographically
concentrated population of more than 500 million at the centre of the
modern world trade routes.2
In addition to this, the Eurasian Economic Union, headquartered in
Moscow and representing the key former USSR states, including Russia,
Belarus and Kazakhstan (totalling approximately 176 million citizens), is
also there, right on the Eastern side of the European continent. Other
states not in these economic zones include Iceland, Norway, Ukraine, a
number of smaller states and of course Switzerland. Switzerland, partially
as a result of its historic neutrality and centrality in Europe, has become
the home of one of the main headquarters of United Nations, of several
UN agencies (such as the World Health Organization, the International
Labour Organization, the International Telecommunications Union or the
World Intellectual Property Organization) and a number of other inter-
national bodies, such as the World Trade Organization, the International
Committee of the Red Cross or the International Organization for
Standardization. The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum is
also held in Switzerland (in Davos), bringing the top business and political
figures together to discuss critical economic, environmental, health and
societal issues impacting on the globe.
If we widen the perspective to the 47 member states of the Council
of Europe, covering the whole European continent with their total

1
In fact, the area close to the EU buildings in Belgium has come to be known as
“Brusslington”, reflecting the pivotal role EU plays in allowing businesses and organisations
to influence and shape legislation and regulation of trade and the environment worldwide.
2
The population of the EU (over 508 million people in 2015) is not homogenous and
shows widely varying trends and different demographics, with a declining population in the
East and some signs of growth in the West. The UK has the fastest population growth rate,
followed by France and Germany amongst major countries, thus explaining some aspects of
migration across the continent, although long-term trends have been exacerbated by
instability and conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa most recently.
Another random document with
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Jahn, Otto (cited), 507.

Jannequin, Clement, 10.

Jarnowick, 436.

Jenkins, John, 392f.

Jensen, Adolf, 321, 323.

Jerome of Moravia, 370.

Joachim, Joseph, 238, 443, 445, 450f, 458 (footnote), 460.

Joachim quartet, 451.

Jommelli, 491.

Jongleurs, 370, 372.

Jour de fête (String quartet by Russian composers), 555.

Judenkönig, 374.

Juon, Paul, 333.

Kaiserling, Count, 83.

Kalbeck, Max (cited), 543.

Kalkbrenner, 64, 176.

Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzelaus, 418, 445.

Kammenoi-Ostrow, 331.

Karganoff, Genari, 333.

Keiser, 7.

Kelly, Michael (cited), 502.

Kempi, Nicolaus, 478.

Key, variety of, 94.

Key contrast. See Contrast (of keys).

Key relationships, 30, 102;

(in suite), 23;
(Debussy), 355.

Keyboard instruments, 1ff.

Keyboard style, 12.

Kielflügel, 5. See also Harpsichord.

Klengel, 446.

Kopyloff, A., 555.

Kraft, Nikolaus, 510, footnote.

Kreisler, Johann (‘Kapellmeister Kreisler’), 232.

Kreutzer, Rodolphe, 408, 412, 418, 431f, 451.

Kruse, J. C., 451.

Kuhnau, Johann Friedrich, 27, 28f, 34, 35, 37, 59, 69, 75, 90, 94.
Sonate aus dem B., 28f.

La ci darem la mano, 258, 309.

Lablache, 254.

Laborde, Jean B. (cited), 108 (footnote).

Lacombe, Paul, 342.

Lady Nevile’s Book, 18.

L’Augier, 43, 100.

LeBègue, 36.

Leblanc, 410.

Lafont, 431.

LaFranco, 374.

Lahoussaye, Pierre, 408.

Lalo, Edouard, 451, 461f.

Lamartine, 318.

Lanzetti, 591.

'[The] Last Rose of Summer,’ 285, 291.

Laub, Ferdinand, 418, 553.

Laurenti, 390.

Leaping figures (in harpsichord music), 47.

Leclair, Jean Marie, 406, 407.

Legato style, 30;

(pianoforte touch), 161;
(violin-playing), 374, 381.

Legends (Liszt), 311f.

Legrenzi, Giovanni, 386, 478.

Leighton, William, 394.

Lenau, 318.

Lentor, John, 394.

Lenz, W. von (cited), 290, 291.

Léonard, 447.

‘Lessons,’ 22, footnote.

Liadoff, Anatole, 334, 555.

Lichnowsky, Prince, 510, 513.

Lichtenstein, Ulrich von, 370.

‘Lily Dale,’ 291.

Linke, Joseph, 521 footnote.

Linley, Thomas, 404.

Lipinski, C. J., 446.

Liszt, 48, 134, 207, 276, 286, 298ff, 321, 342, 357, 367;
(cited on Chopin), 253, 258;
(cited on Field), 278;
(on Thalberg), 296;
(influence on Raff), 322;
(influence on Russian composers), 329;
(influence), 337, 354;
(influence in France), 341.
Études, 301f, 313f.
Reminiscences de Don Juan, 309ff.
Realistic pieces, 311ff.
Années de pélerinage, 312.
Pianoforte concerto, 314.
Pianoforte sonatas, 314ff.
Hungarian Rhapsodies, 317.

Literary suggestions, 318.

Lobkowitz, Prince, 517.

Locatelli, Pietro, 95, 401, 405, 435, 436, 487f.

Lock, Matthew, 394.

Loeffler, Charles Martin, 604.

Lolli, Antonio, 409, 435, 436.

Lombardini, Maddelena, 404.

London, 24;
(Salomon concerts), 410, 443.
London Philharmonic Society, 416.

Longo, Alessandro, 44.

Lotti, Antonio, 108.

Louis XIV, 7, 52.

Loures, 26.

Löwe, Johann Jakob, 473.

Lübeck, 2.

Lucchesi, G. M., 404.

Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 7, 393.

Lute music, 9, 469;

(transcriptions), 468.

Lutenists, 26, 33.

Lutheran Church, 12.

Lydian mode, 526.

MacDowell, Edward, 340.

Mace, Thomas, 395, 470.

Mackenzie, A. C., 339.

Madrigali da camera, 474.

Madrigals, 9, 10, 473, 486.

Malfatti, Theresa, 517.

Malibran, Maria, 448.

Malibran-Garcia, 254.

Mandolin, 47.

Manfreli, Filippo, 404.

Manieren, 35, footnote.

Mannheim school, 419f.

Mannheim orchestra, 487.

Mannheim symphonies, 490.

Manuals (in organ and harpsichord), 47.

Marchand, 60.

Marie Casimire, Queen of Poland, 42.

Marini, Biagio, 379, 476.

Marini, C. A., 478.

Marmontel, A. (cited), 178, 344.

Marschner, Heinrich (trio), 577.

Marseillaise (The), 285.

Martini, Padre, 96f, 104, 106, 119.

Maschera, Florentino, 378, 470.

Mass, 9.

Massart, Joseph, 447.

Mattheson, 7.

Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 312.

Maximilian Franz, Prince, 600.

Mayseder, Joseph, 419, 444.

Mazurkas, 252f.

Mazzaferrata, 391, 478.

Mazzolini, 390, 478.

Medici, Ferdinand de’, 44.

Melody (treatment of, in pianoforte music), 296.

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, 212ff, 440, 451;

(compared to Schumann), 223;
(transcription), 306, 307;
(influence), 326, 328;
(string quartets), 539ff;
(trios), 577;
(cello music), 595.
Songs without Words, 213, 217,
Variations sérieuses, 215.
Violin concerto, 458.
Mereaux, Amadée, 62.

Merula, Tarquino, 384, 476.

Merulo, Claudio, 10.

Meyerbeer, 191;
(transcriptions), 296.

Miniature forms, 211f, 321;

(Schubert), 204;
(Schumann), 222;
(Brahms), 239.

Minnesinger, 370.

Minstrels, 371.

Minuet, 26;
(in pianoforte sonata), 166;
(in string quartet), 493, 495, 504, 511.

Modes. See Ecclesiastical modes, Greek modes.

Modulation, 13, 114. See also Key contrast.

Moffat, Georg, 36f.

Moffat, Gottlieb, 36, 37.

Molinari, Marquis, 108.

Molique, Bernhard, 450.

Molliner Collection, 18.

Monochord, 2.
Mont’Albano, Bartolomeo, 384, 476.

Montaigne, 375.

Monteverdi, Claudio, 6, 378.

Moór, Emanuel, 466, 598.

Mordents, 32.

More, Sir Thomas, 375.

Morino, 470.

Morley, Thomas, 22.

Moscheles, Ignaz, 64, 132, 176, 182, 285.

Moszkowski, Maurice, 321, 323f.

Motet, 9.

Motive, 70.

Mouquet, J., 604.

Moussorgsky, 330, 331.

Mozart, 8, 89, 98, 100f, 112, 116, 123, 128, 131f, 134f, 141ff, 207,
367, 424ff, 426ff, 496, 591f;
(compared to Beethoven), 133;
(concerto form), 150ff;
(influence on Chopin), 254f;
(‘Don Giovanni’ transcription), 308f;
(influence on Haydn), 495;
(string quartet), 498ff;
 (miscel. chamber music), 560;
(trio), 574f;
(compositions for wind instruments with piano), 598f.
Pianoforte sonatas, 144ff.
Piano sonata in C minor (K. 457), 145.
Piano sonata in A minor, 145f.
Piano sonata in A minor (K. 310), 146.
Piano sonata in F major (K. 332), 146.
Piano sonata in A major (K. 331) 147f.
Piano sonata in F major (K. 332), 147.
Piano sonata in A major (K. 331), 148.
Piano sonata in C minor (K. 457), 148f.
Piano sonata in F major (K. 533), 149.
Piano fantasia in C minor, 149f.
Pianoforte concerto in A major (K. 488), 151f, 154.
Piano concerto in D-major: ‘Coronation’ (K. 537), 154.
Violin concertos, 425.
Violin sonatas, 427.
Divertimenti (1772), 499.
Six string quartets (1772, K. 155-160), 500ff.
Six string quartets (Vienna, 1773, K. 168-173), 502f.
Six string quartets (1782-1785) (G major, K. 387; D minor, K. 421;
E-flat major, K. 428; B-flat major, K. 458; A major, K. 464; C
major, K. 465), 504ff.
String quartets (1789-90; K. 575, 589, 590), 506.
String quintets (K. 515, 516, 593, 614), 507f.

Mozart, Leopold, 374, 413, 416f.

Mühlfeld, Professor, 579, 603.

Musikalisches Kunstmagazin, 494.

N
Nardini, Pietro, 403, 428, 430.

Nationalism, 320, 325, 329;

(Brahms), 248;
(Chopin), 252f;
(Liszt), 317;
(Grieg), 326f;
(Spanish), 339;
(Tschaikowsky), 464.

Neri, Massimiliano, 385, 477.

Neubauer, Johann, 473.

Nevin, Ethelbert, 340.

Newmarch, Rosa (cited), 465.

Nibelungen Lied, 369.

Niemann, Walter (cited), 333, 334.

Niemetschek, Franz Xaver (quoted), 143.

Nocturne, (Field), 179;

(Chopin), 281.

Nocturne form, 180.

Nonet (Spohr), 603.

Notker, 369.

Notre Dame, Paris, 369.

Notturni (quartet), 489.

Novàk, Vatislav (pianoforte quintet), 589.

Oboe (in chamber music), 598, 601, 604.

Octet (with wind instruments), 600, 601.

Ofried, 369.

Opera, 6, 14, 40.

Operatic fantasias, 286, 291, 300, 308, 575.

Orchestra, 6, 7;
(early combinations), 370f, 373, 376.

Orchestral masterpieces (transcriptions of), 306.

Orchestral style (in pianoforte music), 162f, 193;

(organ-playing), 16;
(in early chamber music), 486;
(in string quartet), 556f, 558, 561.

Ordres, 22 (footnote), 54.

Organ, 1f, 4, 8.

Organ music, 9, 16, 21;

(influence of, on harpsichord), 30.

Organ style, 30f, 63, 347, 422, 424.

Organist-composers (16th and 17th cent.), 14ff.

Organists, 17.

Oriental ‘color,’ 362, 365.

Ornamentation (in harpsichord music), 59;

(Chopin), 278f.

Ottoboni, Cardinal, 42.

Overtones, 219, 243, 356, 357, 363. See also Harmonics.

Overture, French, 79.

Overtures, transcriptions of, 310.

Pachelbel, 16.

Paderewski, Ignace, 338.

Paganini, 243, 299, 318, 430, 433, 435, 437ff, 443, 446;
(influence), 448.

Pagin, A. N., 408.

Palestrina, 10, 13.

Paradies, Domenico, 97, 116.

Paris, 430.

Paris Conservatoire, 408, 433, 434.

Paris School (violin music), 430, 435.

Parthenia, 18, 22.

Partien, 22 (footnote).

Partita. See Bach, J. S.

Parody (in pianoforte music), 366.

Pasquini, Bernardo, 6, 37, 43, 90.

Passacaglia, 83.

Passages, 32;
(Weber), 186f;
(Chopin), 276.
See also Arpeggios, Scales.

Passepieds, 26.

Pasta, 254.

Paul, Archduke of Russia, 493.

Paumann, Conrad, 372.

Pauses, 140.

Pavane, 22, 23, 469, 473.

Pawirschwantz, 468.

Pedal, 156.

Pedalling, 161f, 181, 356;

(Schumann), 219.

Pepys’ Diary, 393.

Pergolesi, Giovanni, 1O1f, 107.

Peri, 474.

Petrarch, 318.

Petrucci’s lute collection, 469.

Petzolds, Johann, 473.

Philip, Isadore, 343.

Pianists. See Virtuosi (piano).

Pianoforte, 132;
(use of, by Mozart), 144;
(development of), 155ff;
(exploitation of resources), 310;
(modern development of resources), 363;
(in chamber music combinations), 573ff.
See also Virtuoso music.

Pianoforte actions, 156, 157.

Pianoforte concerto, (Mozart), 150ff, 154;

(Beethoven), 173;
(Schumann), 237;
(Chopin), 263;
(Liszt), 314;
(Tschaikowsky), 332;
(Grieg), 327f;
(Brahms), 247f;
(Rachmaninoff), 334.

Pianoforte études, (Czerny), 44, 64, 182;

(Clementi), 121;
 (Chopin), 258;
(Liszt), 301, 313f;
(Scriabin), 335.

Pianoforte music, (orchestral style in), 193;

(influence of song in), 194, 254.

Pianoforte playing, (C. P. E. Bach), 127f;

(Mozart), 142;
(Beethoven), 160f;
(Hummel), 176;
(Field), 179;
(Schubert), 194;
(Chopin), 255;
(Thalberg), 291;
(Liszt), 299f, 301.

Pianoforte quartet, 582, 583.

Pianoforte quintet, 582f, 586ff.

Pianoforte sonata, (Kuhnau), 28;

(development), 89ff;
(general character of movements), 98f;
(dramatic conception of), 122;
(Haydn and Mozart), 136ff;
(Beethoven), 154ff, 159ff;
(interdependence of movements), 167f, 262f;
(Weber), 187ff;
(Schubert), 195ff;
(after Beethoven), 207;
(Romantic), 208f;
(Schumann), 235;
(Brahms), 240;
(Chopin), 257ff;
(Liszt), 314ff;
(Grieg), 327;
 (Rachmaninoff), 334;
(Scriabin), 337;
(d’Indy), 351;
(with violin ad libitum), 426.

Pianoforte style, 33, 268, 277.

Pianoforte technique, 68, 132, 268;

(Clementi), 157;
(Beethoven), 162f;
(after Beethoven), 175;
(Weber), 184, 187;
(Schumann), 219;
(Brahms), 247;
(Thalberg), 293;
(Liszt), 301ff;
(Scriabin), 335;
(Alkan), 343;
(Franck), 346;
(d’Indy), 352;
(Debussy), 358f.

Picture music, 214.

Pierné, Gabriel, 353, 604.

Piquot (quoted), 488f.

Pisendel, Johann Georg, 413.

Piva, 469.

Pixis, F. W., 418.

Pizzicato, 378, 387, 448, 588;

(combined with bowed notes), 438;
(Mozart), 505;
 (Debussy), 564;
(in string quartet, Schönberg), 571f.

Plain-song, 10, 20.

Playford, John, 395.

Polka de la reine, 322f.

Polonaises, 252f;
(Chopin), 282.

Polyphonic style, 9 (footnote), 11, 16, 22, 74, 383, 386, 392, 471;
(organ), 31;
(Chopin), 269, 271;
(Corelli), 397;
(in violin solo sonata), 422.

Polyphony (vocal), 9.

Popularization (of Bach, Beethoven, Chopin), 300.

Porpora, Nicolo, 51.

Portraiture, musical, 55f, 226.

Positions in violin playing, (change of), 384;

(seventh), 431.

Pot-pourri, 310.

Præludium, 469. See also Prelude.

Prætorius, Michael, 375;

(cited), 468, 472.

Preamble, 79, 469.

Prelude, 12, 17, 21, 29, 41;
(Bach), 80;
(Chopin), 264;
(Heller), 321;
(Rachmaninoff), 334;
(Debussy), 361ff.

Program music, 27f, 312.

Proportz, 470.

Puccini, Giacomo, 366.

Pugnani, Gaëtano, 402, 404, 410.

Punto, 600.

Purcell, Henry, 21, 392, 479.

Pythagoras, 2.