Ch10 Definite Integration

4 3
1. Evaluate ∫ 2 6 x dx.
4 x4 4
∫2 6 x3dx = 6 [ ]
4 2
6 4
= (4 − 24 )
4
= 360
3 3
2. Evaluate
∫ −1 ( x − 3x 2 + 1) dx.
3 x4
∫ −1 ( x 3 − 3x 2 + 1) dx = [ − x3 + x] 3−1
4
34 (−1) 4
=( − 33 + 3) − [ − (−1)3 + (−1)]
4 4
= −4
2 −2
3. Evaluate ∫1 ( x + x 2 ) dx.
2 x3 2
∫1 ( x − 2 + x 2 ) dx = [− x −1 + ]
3 1
23 13
= (−2 −1 + ) − (−1−1 + )
3 3
17
=
6
119
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
9 6
4. Evaluate ∫1 (9 x 2 − ) dx.
x
1
9 6
∫1 (9 x −2
) dx = [3 x 3 − 12 x 2 ]19
x
1 1
3
= [3(9) − 12(9) 2 ] − [3(1)3 − 12(1) 2 ]
= 2 160
1 2
8 −
5. Evaluate ∫1 (x 3 + 4x 3 ) dx.
1 2 4 1
8 − 3 8
∫1 (x 3 + 4x 3 ) dx = [ x 3 + 12 x 3 ] 1
4
4 1 4 1
3 3
= [ (8) 3 + 12(8) 3 ] − [ (1) 3 + 12(1) 3 ]
4 4
93
=
4
2
6. Evaluate ∫ −2 (3x + 2)(7 x + 5) dx.
2 2 2
∫ − 2 (3x + 2)(7 x + 5) dx = ∫ − 2 (21x + 29 x + 10) dx
29 2
= [7 x 3 + x + 10 x] 2− 2
2
29 2 29
= [ 7 ( 2) 3 + (2) + 10(2)] − [7(−2)3 + (−2) 2 + 10(−2)]
2 2
= 152
120
2
7. Evaluate ∫ −1 (6 − 4x)(3x −1) dx.
2 2 2
∫ −1 (6 − 4 x)(3x − 1) dx = ∫ −1 (−12x + 22 x − 6) dx
= [− 4 x 3 + 11x 2 − 6 x] 2−1
= [− 4(2)3 + 11(2) 2 − 6(2)] − [− 4(−1)3 + 11(−1) 2 − 6(−1)]

= −21
k ( h − k )3
8. Prove that ∫h ( x − h)( x − k ) dx = .
6
k k 2
∫ h ( x − h)( x − k )dx = ∫ h [ x − (h + k ) x + hk ] dx
x3 (h + k ) x 2
=[ − + hkx ] kh
3 2
k 3 hk 2 + k 3 h3 h3 + h 2 k
=( − + hk 2 ) − ( − + h2k )
3 2 3 2
2k 3 − 3hk 2 − 3k 3 + 6hk 2 − 2h3 + 3h3 + 3h 2 k − 6h 2 k
=
6
h3 − 3h 2 k + 3hk 2 − k 3
=
6
( h − k )3
=
6
π
9. Evaluate ∫ π cos x dx.
2
π π
∫ π2 cos xdx = [sin x] π
2
π
= sin π − sin
2
= −1
121
π
10. Evaluate 2 csc x cot x dx.
∫ π
6
π π
2 csc x cot x dx = [− csc x] π2
∫ π
6 6
π π
= − csc − (− csc )
2 6
= −1 + 2
=1
π
11. Evaluate 3 (3 sin x − 5 cos x) dx.
∫ −
π
6
π π
3 (3 sin x − 5 cos x)dx = [−3 cos x − 5 sin x] 3 π
∫ −
π
−
6 6
π π π π
= (−3 cos − 5 sin ) − [−3 cos( − ) − 5 sin(− )]
3 3 6 6
1 3 3 1
= ( −3 ⋅−5⋅ ) − [−3 ⋅ − 5 ⋅ (− )]
2 2 2 2
= −4 − 3
π
1
12. Evaluate ∫ 3 dx.
0 cot x
π π
1
∫ 3 dx = ∫ 3 tan x dx
0 cot x 0
π
= [ln sec x ] 03
π
= ln sec − ln sec 0
3
= ln 2
122
π
13. Evaluate ∫ 4 tan 2 x dx.
0
π π
∫ 4 tan 2 x dx = ∫ 4 (sec2 x − 1) dx
0 0
π
= [tan x − x] 04
π π
= (tan − ) − (tan 0 − 0)
4 4
π
=1−
4
π
2 sin x
14. Evaluate ∫ dx.
π
1 − cos 2 x
3
π π
2 sin x 2 sin x
∫ dx = ∫ dx
π
1 − cos 2 x π
sin 2 x
3 3
π
2 csc x dx
= ∫ π
3
π
= [ln csc x − cot x ] π2
3
π π π π
= ln csc − cot − ln csc − cot
2 2 3 3
2 1
= ln 1 − 0 − ln −
3 3
1
= − ln
3
1
= ln 3
2
123
0 x
15. Evaluate ∫ −3 3e dx.
0 x x 0
∫ −3 3e dx = [3e ] −3
= 3e 0 − 3e − 3
= 3 − 3e − 3
4
16. Evaluate ∫1 (3x 2 − 12x − 2 + 5e x ) dx.
4 12
∫1 (3 x 2 − 12 x − 2 + 5e x ) dx = [ x 3 + + 5e x ]14
x
12 12
= ( 43 + + 5e 4 ) − (13 + + 5e1 )
4 1
= (67 + 5e 4 ) − (13 + 5e)
= 54 + 5e 4 − 5e
6 3 1
17. Evaluate ∫ 2 ( x + 6 x ) dx.
6 3 1 6 19
∫ 2 ( x + 6 x ) dx = ∫ 2 6x
dx
19 6 1
= ∫2 dx
6 x
19 6
= [ln x ] 2
6
19
= (ln 6 − ln 2)
6
19
= ln 3
6
124
4 3x + 4 x 2 − 2 x
18. Evaluate ∫1 dx.
x2
3
4 3x + 4 x 2 − 2 x 4 −
∫1 dx = ∫1 (3 x −1 + 4 − 2 x 2 ) dx
x2
1
−
= [3 ln x + 4 x + 4 x 2]4
1
1 1
− −
= [3 ln 4 + 4(4) + 4(4) 2 ] − [3 ln 1 + 4(1) + 4(1) 2]
= (3 ln 4 + 18) − 8
= 6 ln 2 + 10
3 3
19. Evaluate ∫1 ( x − 2)(4 + x2 ) dx.
3 3 3 3 6
∫1 ( x − 2)(4 + ) dx = ∫1 (4 x − 8 + − ) dx
x2 x x2
6
= [2 x 2 − 8 x + 3 ln x + ]13
x
6 6
= [2(3) 2 − 8(3) + 3 ln 3 + ] − [2(1) 2 − 8(1) + 3 ln 1 + ]
3 1
= 3 ln 3 − 4
2 8 − x −3
2 − x −1
2 8 − x −3 2 2 3 − ( x −1 ) 3
∫1 −1
dx = ∫1 dx
2− x 2 − x −1
2 (2 − x −1 )(4 + 2 x −1 + x − 2 )
= ∫1 dx
2 − x −1
2
= ∫1 (4 + 2 x −1 + x − 2 ) dx
= [4 x + 2 ln x − x −1 ] 12
= [4(2) + 2 ln 2 − 2 −1 ] − [4(1) − 2 ln 1 − 1−1 ]
9
= + 2 ln 2
2
125
2 16 2 x2
21. Evaluate ∫ −2 dx − ∫ −2 dx.
4+ x 4+ x
2 16 2 x2 2 16 x2
∫ −2 dx − ∫ −2 dx = ∫ −2 ( − ) dx
4+ x 4+ x 4+ x 4+ x
2 16 − x 2
= ∫ −2 dx
4+ x
2 (4 − x)(4 + x)
= ∫ −2 dx
4+ x
2
= ∫ − 2 (4 − x) dx
x2 2
= [4 x − ]
2 −2
22 (−2) 2
= [4(2) − ] − [4(−2) − ]
2 2
= 16
π
x x
22. Evaluate ∫ 3 (sin − cos ) 2 dx.
0 2 2
π π
x x x x x x
∫ 3 (sin − cos ) 2 dx = ∫ 3 (sin 2 − 2 sin cos + cos 2 ) dx
0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2
π
= ∫ 3 (1 − sin x) dx
0
π
= [ x + cos x] 03
π π
= ( + cos ) − (0 + cos 0)
3 3
π 1
= −
3 2
126
π
3 sec x − tan x
−
π
sec x + tan x
4
π π
3 sec x − tan x 3 sec x − tan x sec x − tan x
∫ dx = ∫ ⋅ dx
−
π
sec x + tan x −
π
sec x + tan x sec x − tan x
4 4
π
3 (sec x − tan x) 2
= ∫ dx
−
π
sec2 x − tan 2 x
4
π
= ∫ 3
π
(sec2 x − 2 sec x tan x + tan 2 x) dx
−
4
π
= ∫ 3
π
(sec2 x − 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x − 1) dx
−
4
π
= ∫ 3
π
(2 sec2 x − 2 sec x tan x − 1) dx
−
4
π
= [2 tan x − 2 sec x − x] 3 π
−
4
π π π π π π
= ( 2 tan− 2 sec − ) − [2 tan(− ) − 2 sec( − ) − (− )]
3 3 3 4 4 4
7π
= 2 3 +2 2 −2−
12
π
2 dx
24. Evaluate ∫ .
π tan + cot 2x
x
2
3
π π
2 dx 2 dx
∫ π x
tan 2 + cot x
= ∫ π sin x
2
cos 2x
3 2 3 x +
cos 2 sin 2x
π
sin 2x cos 2x
2 dx
= ∫ π
sin 2 2x + cos 2 x
3 2
π
1 2 sin
= ∫ x dx
2 π
3
π
1
= [− cos x] π2
2
3
1
=
4
127
π
3 1
π
1 + cos 2 x
6
π π
3 1 3 1
∫ dx = ∫ dx
π
1 + cos 2 x π
2 cos 2 x
6 6
π
1
= ∫ 3 sec2 x dx
2 π
6
π
1
= [tan x] π3
2
6
1 π π
= (tan − tan )
2 3 6
1 1
= ( 3− )
2 3
1 3 −1
= ( )
2 3
1 3
= ×
3 3
3
=
3
26. Using the right end-point as x *i of each subinterval [ xi −1 , xi ] of x, evaluate the definite integral
2
∫ −1 (3 − 2x) dx.
Let f ( x) = 3 − 2 x .
If [ −1, 2 ] is divided into n parts in equal width, then the width of each part is
b − a 2 − (−1) 3
Δx = = =
n n n
3i
x *i = a + iΔx = −1 +
n
* *
f ( x i )Δx = (3 − 2 x i )Δx
3i 3
= [3 − 2(−1 + )] ⋅
n n
6i 3
= (5 − )
n n
15 18i
= −
n n2
128
n n
15 18i
∑ f ( x *i )Δx = ∑ ( n − n2 )
i =1 i =1
15 n 18 n
= ∑1− 2 ∑i
n i =1 n i =1
15 18 1
= ⋅ n − 2 ⋅ n(n + 1)
n n 2
9
= 15 − (9 + )
n
9
=6−
n
2 n
∫ −1 (3 − 2 x) dx = lim
n →∞
∑ f ( x *i )Δx
i =1
9
= lim (6 − )
n →∞ n
=6−0
=6
27. Using the left end-point as x *i of each subinterval [ xi −1 , xi ] of x, evaluate the definite integral
10 x
∫ ( + 1) dx.
5 5
x
Let f ( x) = + 1.
5
If [ 5, 10 ] is divided into n parts in equal width, then the width of each part is
b − a 10 − 5 5
Δx = = =
n n n
x *i = a + (i − 1) Δx
5
= 5 + (i − 1)
n
5 5i
=5− +
n n
x *i 5
f ( x *i )Δx = ( + 1)
5 n
5 − 5n + 5ni 5
=( + 1)
5 n
10 5 5i
= − +
n n2 n2
129
n n
10 5 5i
∑ f ( x *i )Δx = ∑( n − 2
+ 2)
i =1 i =1 n n
10 5 n 5 n
=( − 2 ) 1+ 2 ∑ ∑i
n n i =1 n i =1
10 5 5 1
= ( − 2 ) ⋅ n + 2 ⋅ n(n + 1)
n n n 2
5 5 5
= 10 − + +
n 2 2n
25 5
= −
2 2n
n
10 x
∫5 ( + 1)dx = lim f ( x *i )Δx
∑
5 n →∞
i =1
25 5
= lim ( − )
n →∞ 2 2n
25
= −0
2
25
=
2
28. It is given that k > 1.

k
(a) Express the value of ∫1 (6 x + 2) dx in terms of k.
k
(b) If ∫1 (6 x + 2) dx = 51, find the value of k.
k 2 k
(a) ∫1 (6 x + 2) dx = [3x + 2 x] 1
= (3k 2 + 2k ) − [3(1) 2 + 2(1)]
= 3k 2 + 2k − 5
k
(b)
∫1 (6 x + 2) dx = 51
3k 2 + 2k − 5 = 51
3k 2 + 2k − 56 = 0
(k − 4)(3k + 14) = 0
14
k = 4 or k = − (rejected)
3
130
29. It is given that k < 3.
3
(a) Express the value of ∫ k (5 − 4 x) dx in terms of k.
3
(b) If ∫ k (5 − 4 x) dx = 15, find the value of k.
3 2 3
(a) ∫ k (5 − 4 x) dx = [5x − 2 x ]k
= [5(3) − 2(3) 2 ] − (5k − 2k 2 )
= 2k 2 − 5k − 3
3
(b) ∫ k (5 − 4 x) dx = 15
2k 2 − 5k − 3 = 15
2k 2 − 5k − 18 = 0
(k + 2)(2k − 9) = 0
9
k = −2 or k = (rejected)
2
4 4
30. Assume that p(x) and q(x) are continuous functions, and ∫ −1 p( x) dx = 3, ∫1 p( x) dx = 1 and
1
∫ −1 q( x) dx = −5. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
1
(a) ∫ −1 p( x) dx
1
(b) ∫ −15[ p( x) − 3q( x)] dx
1 4 4
(a) ∫ −1 p( x) dx + ∫1 p( x) dx = ∫ −1 p( x) dx
1
∫ −1 p( x) dx + 1 = 3
1
∫ −1 p( x) dx = 2
1 1
(b) ∫ −1 5[ p( x) − 3q( x)] dx = ∫ −1 [5 p( x) − 15q( x)] dx
1 1
=5 ∫ −1 p( x) dx − 15∫ −1 q( x) dx
= 5(2) − 15(−5) [ From the result of (a)]
= 85
131
1 3 7
31. Assume that f (x) is a continuous function, and ∫ −3 f ( x) dx = a, ∫1 f ( x) dx = b and ∫1 f ( x) dx = c,
where a, b and c are constants. Express the following definite integrals in terms of a, b and c.
7
(a) ∫ −3 [ f ( x) − 2] dx
7
(b) ∫ 3 2 f ( x) dx
−3
(c) ∫3 [ f ( x) − x 2 ] dx
−1 −1
(d) ∫ −3 [ f ( x) + 1] dx − ∫ 7 f (t ) dt
7 7 7
(a) ∫ −3 [ f ( x) − 2] dx = ∫ −3 f ( x) dx − ∫ −3 2 dx
1 7
= ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫ 1 f ( x) dx − [2 x] 7− 3
= a + c − [2(7) − 2(−3)]
= a + c − 20
3 7 7
(b) ∫1 f ( x) dx + ∫3 f ( x) dx = ∫1 f ( x) dx
7
b+ ∫3 f ( x) dx = c
7
∫3 f ( x) dx = c − b
7 7
∴ ∫ 3 2 f ( x) dx = 2∫ 3 f ( x) dx
= 2(c − b)
−3 3
(c) ∫3 [ f ( x) − x 2 ] dx = − ∫ − 3 [ f ( x) − x
2
] dx
3 3 2
=− ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫ −3 x dx
1 3 x3 3
= −[ ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫1 f ( x) dx] + [ ]
3 −3
33 (−3)3
= − ( a + b) + [ − ]
3 3
= − a − b + 18
132
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
(d) ∫ −3 [ f ( x) + 1] dx − ∫7 f (t ) dt = ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫ −3 dx − ∫7 f ( x) dx
−1 −1 7
= ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + [ x] −3 + ∫ −1 f ( x) dx
7
= ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + [(−1) − (−3)]
1 7
= ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫1 f ( x) dx + 2
=a+c+2
4 f ( x)
32. Assume that f (x) and g (x) are continuous functions, and ∫2 dx = 10. Evaluate the
f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
following definite integrals.
2 2 f ( x)
(a) ∫4 dx
f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
4 g (t )
(b) ∫2 dt
f (t ) − 2 g (t )
2 2 f ( x) 4 f ( x)
(a) ∫4 dx = −2 ∫2 dx
f ( x) − 2 g ( x) f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
= −2(10)
= −20
4 g (t ) 4 g ( x)
(b) ∫2 dt = ∫2 dx
f (t ) − 2 g (t ) f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
1 4 −2 g ( x)
=− ∫2 dx
2 f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
1 4 [ f ( x) − 2 g ( x)] − f ( x)
=− ∫2 dx
2 f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
1 4 f ( x)
=−
2 ∫ 2 [1 − f ( x) − 2 g ( x) ] dx
1 4 1 4 f ( x)
=− dx +
∫ ∫ dx
2 2 2 2 f ( x) − 2 g ( x)
1 1
= − [ x] 42 + (10)
2 2
1
= − (4 − 2) + 5
2
=4
133
⎧2 x ( w h e r e 0 ≤ x ≤ 2) 5
33. It is given that f ( x) = ⎨ . Evaluate ∫ 0 f ( x) dx.
⎩ x + 2 ( w h e r e x > 2)
5 2 5
∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫0 f ( x) dx + ∫2 f ( x) dx
2 5
= ∫ 0 2 x dx + ∫ 2 ( x + 2) dx
x2
= [ x 2 ] 02 + [ + 2 x] 52
2
52 22
= (22 − 02 ) + {[ + 2(5)] − [ + 2(2)]}
2 2
41
=
2
⎧⎪3 x 2 + 2e x ( w h e r e x ≤ 0) 4
34. It is given that f ( x) = ⎨ . Evaluate ∫ −2 f ( x) dx.
⎪⎩4 x + 2 ( w h e r e x > 0)
4 0 4
∫ −2 f ( x) dx = ∫ −2 f ( x) dx + ∫0 f ( x) dx
0 2 4
= ∫ − 2 (3x + 2e x ) dx + ∫ 0 (4 x + 2) dx
= [ x 3 + 2e x ] 0− 2 + [2 x 2 + 2 x] 04
= {( 03 + 2e0 ) − [(−2)3 + 2e − 2 ]} + {[ 2(4) 2 + 2(4)] − [2(0) 2 + 2(0)]}
= (10 − 2e − 2 ) + 40
= 50 − 2e − 2
35. (a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers n,
1
13 + 23 + 33 + ! + n3 = n 2 (n + 1) 2.
4
(b) Hence, using the right end-point as x *i of each subinterval [ xi −1 , xi ] of x, evaluate the
1 3
definite integral ∫ 0 (x + x) dx .
134
1 2
(a) Let P(n) be ‘ 13 + 23 + 33 + ! + n3 = n (n + 1) 2 ’.
4
When n = 1,
L.H.S. = 13
=1
1 2
R.H.S. = ⋅ 1 ⋅ (1 + 1) 2
4
=1
∴ P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k ) is true, where k is a positive integer.

1 2
i.e. 13 + 23 + 33 + ! + k 3 = k (k + 1) 2
4
then 13 + 23 + 33 + ! + k 3 + (k + 1)3
1 2
= k (k + 1) 2 + (k + 1)3
4
1
= (k + 1) 2 [k 2 + 4(k + 1)]
4
1
= (k + 1) 2 (k 2 + 4k + 4)
4
1
= (k + 1) 2 (k + 2) 2
4
1
= (k + 1) 2 [(k + 1) + 1]2
4
∴ P(k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
(b) Let f ( x) = x 3 + x .
If [ 0, 1 ] is divided into n parts in equal width, then the width of each part is
b − a 1− 0 1
Δx = = =
n n n
i
x *i = a + iΔx =
n
135
1
f ( x *i )Δx = [( x *i )3 + x *i ] ⋅
n
i i 1
= [( )3 + ]
n n n
i3 i
= 4
+ 2
n n
n n
i3 i
∑ f ( x *i )Δx = ∑ ( 4
+ 2)
i =1 i =1 n n
n n
1 1
= ∑ i3 + ∑i
n4 i =1 n2 i =1
1 1 2 1 1
= ⋅ n (n + 1) 2 + 2 ⋅ n(n + 1)
4 4
n n 2
1 1 1 1
= (1 + ) 2 + (1 + )
4 n 2 n
1 1 1 1 1
= + + 2 + +
4 2n 4n 2 2n
3 1 1
= + + 2
4 n 4n
1 n
∫0 ( x 3 + x) dx = lim ∑ f ( x *i )Δx
n→∞
i =1
3 1 1
= lim ( + + 2 )
n→∞ 4 n 4n
3
= +0+0
4
3
=
4
36. (a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers n,
cos 2x − cos(n + 12 ) x
sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3x + ! + sin nx = .
2 sin 2x
π
(b) Find lim n sin .
n →∞ 2n
(c) Hence, using the right end-point as x *i of each subinterval [ xi −1 , xi ] of x, evaluate the
π
definite integral ∫ 0 sin x dx.
136
cos 2x − cos(n + 12 ) x
(a) Let P(n) be ‘ sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3x + ! + sin nx = ’.
2 sin 2x
When n = 1,
L.H.S. = sin x
cos 2x − cos(1 + 12 ) x
R.H.S. =
2 sin 2x
cos 2x − cos 32x
=
2 sin 2x
−2 sin x sin(− 2x )
=
2 sin 2x
−sin x(− sin 2x )
=
sin 2x
= sin x
∴ P(1) is true.
Assume that P(k ) is true, where k is a positive integer.

cos 2x − cos(k + 12 ) x
i.e. sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3x + ! + sin kx =
2 sin 2x
then sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3 x + ! + sin kx + sin(k + 1) x
cos 2x − cos( k + 12 ) x
= + sin(k + 1) x
2 sin 2x
cos 2x − cos( k + 12 ) x + 2 sin(k + 1) x sin 2x
=
2 sin 2x
cos 2x − cos( k + 12 ) x − [cos( k + 32 ) x − cos( k + 12 ) x]
=
2 sin 2x
cos 2x − cos [(k + 1) + 12 ] x
=
2 sin 2x
∴ P(k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
π π
(b) Let t = , then n = .
2n 2t
When n → ∞ , t → 0 .
137
π π
lim n sin = lim sin t
n →∞ 2n t → 0 2t
π sin t
= ⋅ lim
2 t →0 t
π
= ⋅1
2
π
=
2
(c) Let f ( x) = sin x .
If [ 0, π ] is divided into n parts in equal width, then the width of each part is
b−a π−0 π
Δx = = =
n n n
iπ
x *i = a + iΔx =
n
π
f ( x *i )Δx = sin x *i ⋅
n
π iπ
= sin
n n
n n
π iπ
∑ f ( x *i )Δx = ∑ n sin n
i =1 i =1
π n π
= ∑ sin i ( )
n i =1 n
π 1 π
π cos 2 n − cos( n + 2 ) n
= ⋅
n 2 sin 2πn
π π
π cos 2 n − cos( π + 2n
)
= ⋅
n 2 sin 2πn
π π
π cos 2 n + cos 2 n
= ⋅
n 2 sin 2πn
2π cos 2πn
=
2n sin 2πn
π cos 2πn
=
n sin 2πn
138
π n
∫0 sin x dx = lim
n→∞
∑ f ( x *i )Δx
i =1
π cos 2πn
= lim
n→∞ n sin 2πn
lim π cos 2πn

n →∞
=
lim n sin 2πn
n →∞
π ⋅ lim cos 2πn

n →∞
=
lim n sin 2πn
n→∞
π ⋅1
= π
2
=2
1 4
37. Evaluate ∫ 0 ( 2 − 3x) dx.
1 1 1
∫0 (2 − 3 x) 4 dx = − ∫ 0 (2 − 3x)
4
⋅ (−3) dx
3
1 1 4
=−
3 ∫ 0 (2 − 3x) d (2 − 3x)
1 ( 2 − 3 x )5 1
=− [ ]0
3 5
1 [2 − 3(1)]5 [2 − 3(0)]5
=− { − }
3 5 5
11
=
5
139
2 dx
38. Evaluate ∫1 .
( 4 x − 1)3
2 dx 1 2 4dx
∫1 (4 x − 1) 3
=
4 ∫1 (4 x − 1)3
1 2
= ∫1 (4 x − 1) − 3 d (4 x − 1)
4
1 (4 x − 1) − 2 2
= [ ]1
4 −2
1 [4(2) − 1]− 2 [4(1) − 1]− 2

= { − }
4 −2 −2
5
=
441
11
39. Evaluate ∫3 2 x + 3 dx.
11 1 11
∫3 2 x + 3 dx = ∫3 2 x + 3 ⋅ 2 dx
2
1
1 11
= ∫3 (2 x + 3) 2 d (2 x + 3)
2
3
1 2(2 x + 3) 2 11
= [ ]3
2 3
3 3
1 2 [2(11) + 3] 2 2 [2(3) + 3] 2
= { − }
2 3 3
98
=
3
140
14 dx
40. Evaluate ∫2 .
2x − 1
14 dx 1 14 2dx
∫2 =
2x − 1 2 ∫2 2x − 1
1 14 d (2 x − 1)
=
2 ∫2 2x − 1
1 14
= [ln 2 x − 1 ] 2
2
1
= {ln [2(14) − 1] − ln [2(2) − 1]}
2
1
= (ln 27 − ln 3)
2
1
= ln 9
2
= ln 3
2 2 x +1
41. Evaluate ∫0 e dx.
2 2 x +1 1 2 2 x +1
∫0 e dx = ∫0 e ⋅ 2 dx
2
1 2 2 x +1
=
2 ∫0 e d (2 x + 1)
1 2 x +1 2
= [e ]0
2
1 2( 2) +1 2( 0) +1
= [e −e ]
2
e5 − e
=
2
141
2 1
2x + 1 − 2x
2 1 2 1 2x + 1 + 2x
∫0 dx = ∫0 ⋅ dx
2x + 1 − 2x 2x + 1 − 2x 2x + 1 + 2x
2 2x + 1 + 2x
= ∫0 dx
(2 x + 1) − 2 x
2 2
= ∫0 2 x + 1dx + ∫0 2 x dx
1 2 1 2
= ∫0 2 x + 1d (2 x + 1) + ∫0 2 x d (2 x)
2 2
3 3
1 2 1 2
= [ (2 x + 1) 2 ] 02 + [ (2 x) 2 ] 02
2 3 2 3
3 3 3 3
1 1
= {[ 2(2) + 1] 2 − [2(0) + 1] 2 } + {[ 2(2)] 2 − [2(0)] 2 }
3 3
3 3 3 3
1 1
= (5 2 − 12 ) + (4 2 − 0 2 )
3 3
1
= (5 5 + 7)
3
2 2 2 2
43. Evaluate ∫0 (e x − e2 x ) dx − ∫0 (e x + e x ) dx.
2 x2 2 x2 2 x2 2
∫ 0 (e − e 2 x ) dx − ∫ 0 (e + e x ) dx = ∫ 0 (e − e 2 x − e x − e x ) dx
2 2x
=− ∫ 0 (e + e x ) dx
1
= −[ e 2 x + e x ] 02
2
1 1
= −{[ e 2( 2) + e 2 ] − [ e 2( 0) + e0 ]}
2 2
1 3
= − e4 − e2 +
2 2
142
3 2
44. Evaluate ∫ 2 2 x( x − 4) 4 dx.
3 3
∫2 2 x( x 2 − 4) 4 dx = ∫ 2 (x
2
− 4) 4 ⋅ 2 x dx
3 2
= ∫ 2 (x − 4) 4 d ( x 2 − 4)
( x 2 − 4) 5 3
=[ ]2
5
(32 − 4)5 (2 2 − 4)5
= −
5 5
= 625
3 x dx
45. Evaluate ∫1 .
3x 2 + 1
3 x dx 1 3 6 x dx
∫1 2
=
3x + 1 6 ∫1 3x 2 + 1
1 3 d (3 x 2 + 1)
=
6 ∫1 3x 2 + 1
1
= [ln(3 x 2 + 1)]13
6
1
= {ln [3(3) 2 + 1] − ln [3(1) 2 + 1]}
6
1
= (ln 28 − ln 4)
6
1
= ln 7
6
143
10 2x + 3
2
x + 3x − 2
1
10 2x + 3 10 2
−
2 d (x2
∫3 dx = ∫3 ( x + 3x − 2) + 3x − 2)
x 2 + 3x − 2
1
2 10
= [2( x + 3x − 2) 2 ] 3
1 1
= 2 [102 + 3(10) − 2] 2 − 2[32 + 3(3) − 2] 2
= 2 128 − 8
= 16 2 − 8
8 x+3
47. Evaluate ∫ 4 16 − 6x − x2 dx.
8 x+3 1 8 −2 x − 6
∫ 4 16 − 6 x − x 2 dx = − 2 ∫ 4 16 − 6 x − x 2 dx
1 8 1 2
=−
2 ∫ 4 16 − 6 x − x 2 d (16 − 6 x − x )
1
= − [ln 16 − 6 x − x 2 ] 84
2
1
= − [ln 16 − 6(8) − 82 − ln 16 − 6(4) − 4 2 ]
2
1
= − (ln 96 − ln 24)
2
1
= − ln 4
2
= − ln 2
144
9 (2 x − 3) 4
x
1
9 (2 x − 3) 4 9 −
∫4 dx = ∫4 (2 x − 3) 4 ⋅ x 2 dx
x
9
= ∫ 4 (2 x − 3) 4 d (2 x − 3)
1
= [ (2 x − 3)5 ] 94
5
1 1
= (2 9 − 3)5 − (2 4 − 3)5
5 5
242
=
5
2
49. Evaluate ∫ −1 sin(πx) dx.
2 1 2
∫ −1 sin(πx) dx = ∫ −1 sin(πx) d (πx)
π
1
= − [cos( πx)] 2−1
π
1
= − [1 − (−1)]
π
2
=−
π
π
x π
50. Evaluate ∫ 6 cot 2 ( + ) dx.
0 2 6
x π 1
Let u = + , then du = dx.
2 6 2
π
When x = 0 , u = .
6
π π
When x = , u = .
6 4
145
π π
x π
∫ 6 cot 2 ( + ) dx = 2 ∫ 4 cot 2 u du
0 2 6 π
6
π
=2 ∫ 4
π
(csc2 u − 1) du
6
π
= 2 [− cot u − u ] π4
6
π π
= 2 [(−1 − ) − (− 3 − )]
4 6
π
=− −2+2 3
6
π
51. Evaluate ∫ 6 cos3 3x dx.
0
π π
3 1
∫ 6 cos 3 x dx = ∫ 6 (1 − sin 2 3 x) d (sin 3 x)
0 3 0
π
1 1
= [sin 3 x − sin 3 3 x] 06
3 3
1 1 3
= [(1 − ⋅ 1 ) − (0 − 0)]
3 3
2
=
9
π
52. Evaluate ∫ 12 sin x cos 5 x dx.
0
π π
1
∫ 12 sin x cos 5 x dx = ∫ 12 (sin 6 x − sin 4 x) dx
0 2 0
π
1 1 1
= [− cos 6 x + cos 4 x] 12
0
2 6 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [(− ⋅ 0 + ⋅ ) − (− ⋅ 1 + ⋅ 1)]
2 6 4 2 6 4
1
=
48
146
3π
53. Evaluate ∫ 2 cos2 x sin 5 x dx.
0
3π 3π
∫ 2 cos 2 x sin 5 x dx = ∫ 2 cos 2 x sin 4 x ⋅ sin x dx

0 0
3π
=− ∫ 2 cos 2 x(1 − cos 2 x) 2 d (cos x)
0
3π
=− ∫ 2 (cos 2 x − 2 cos 4 x + cos 6 x) d (cos x)
0
3π
1 2 1
= −[ cos 3 x − cos 5 x + cos 7 x] 02
3 5 7
1 2 1
= −[(0 − 0 + 0) − ( − + )]
3 5 7
8
=
105
π
54. Evaluate ∫ 2 sin 4 x cos2 x dx.
0
π π
∫ 2 sin 4 x cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 sin 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx

0 0
π
1 1
= ∫ 2 (1 − cos 2 x) ⋅ sin 2 2 x dx
0 2 4
π
1
= ∫ 2 (sin 2 2 x − cos 2 x sin 2 2 x) dx
8 0
π π
1 1 1
= ∫ 2 (1 − cos 4 x) dx − ∫ 2 sin 2 2 x d (sin 2 x)
8 0 2 16 0
π π
1 sin 4 x 2 1 sin 3 2 x 2
= [x − ] − [ ]0
16 4 0 16 3
1 π 1
= [( − 0) − (0 − 0)] − (0 − 0)
16 2 48
π
=
32
147
π
55. Evaluate ∫ 4
π
csc 2 x cot 3 2 x dx.
6
π π
3 1
∫ 4 csc 2 x cot 2 x dx = − ∫ 4 cot 2 2 x ⋅ (−2 csc 2 x cot 2 x) dx
π 2 π
6 6
π
1
=− ∫ 4 (csc2 2 x − 1) d (csc 2 x)
2 π
6
π
1 1
= − [ csc3 2 x − csc 2 x] π4
2 3
6
1 1 1 2 2
= − {( ⋅ 13 − 1) − [ ⋅ ( )3 − ]}
2 3 3 3 3
1 2 10 3
= − [(− ) + ]
2 3 27
1 5 3
= −
3 27
π
56. Evaluate ∫ 2
π
cos 3 x sin 2 x dx.
3
π π
3
∫ 2
π
cos x sin 2 x dx = ∫ 2
π
cos 3 x(2 sin x cos x) dx
3 3
π
=2 ∫ 2
π
cos 4 x sin x dx
3
π
= −2 ∫ 2
π
cos 4 x d (cos x)
3
π
1
= −2 [ cos 5 x] π2
5
3
2 1
= − [0 − ( ) 5 ]
5 2
1
=
80
148
π
sin 3x
0 9 − 5 cos 3x
Let u = 9 − 5 cos 3 x , then du = 15sin 3x dx.

When x = 0 , u = 4 .
π
When x = , u = 9 .
6
π π
sin 3 x 1 15 sin 3 x dx
∫ 6 dx = ∫ 6
0 9 − 5 cos 3 x 15 0 9 − 5 cos 3 x
1 9 1
= ∫4 du
15 u
1
= [2 u ] 94
15
2
= ( 9 − 4)
15
2
=
15
π
cos x − sin x
0 cos x + sin x
Let u = cos x + sin x , then du = (− sin x + cos x) dx.

When x = 0 , u = 1.
π
When x = , u = 2.
4
π
cos x − sin x 2 1
∫ 4 dx = ∫1 du
0 cos x + sin x u
1
= [2u 2 ]1 2
1
= 2 ⋅ 24 −2
5
= 24 −2
149
3
ln 2 x x
59. Evaluate ∫0 e (e − 1) 2 dx.
3 3
ln 2 x x ln 2 x
∫0 e (e − 1) 2 dx = ∫0 (e − 1) 2 ⋅ e x dx
3
ln 2 x
= ∫0 (e − 1) 2 d (e x − 1)
5
x
2( e − 1) 2 ln 2
=[ ]0
5
5 5
ln 2 0
2( e − 1) 2 2( e − 1) 2
= −
5 5
2
=
5
1 x ex
60. Evaluate ∫0 e e dx.
x x
Let u = e e , then du = ee e x dx.
When x = 0 , u = e .
When x = 1, u = ee.
1 x ex ee
∫0 e e dx = ∫e du
e
= [u ] ee
= ee − e
150
ln 4 e x + e− x
61. Evaluate ∫ ln 2 dx.
e x − e− x
Let u = e x − e− x, then du = (e x + e − x ) dx.

3
When x = ln 2 , u = .
2
15
When x = ln 4 , u = .
4
15
ln 4 e x + e− x 4 du
∫ ln 2 dx = ∫ 3
x
e −e −x u
2
15
= [2 u ] 34
2
15 3
=2 −2
4 2
= 15 − 6
e4 ln x
x
1
e4 ln x e4 1
∫1 dx = ∫1 (ln x) 2 ⋅ dx
x x
1
e4
= ∫1 (ln x) 2 d (ln x)
3
2(ln x) 2 e 4
=[ ]1
3
3 3
4 2
2(ln e ) 2(ln 1) 2
= −
3 3
16
=
3
151
e 3 + ln x 2
x
e 3 + ln x 2 e 3 + 2 ln x
∫1 dx = ∫1 dx
x x
e 3 2 ln x
= ∫1 ( + ) dx
x x
e 3dx e 1
= ∫1 + ∫1 2 ln x ⋅ dx
x x
e 3dx e
= ∫1 x
+ ∫1 2 ln x d (ln x)
e e
= [3 ln x ] 1 + [(ln x) 2 ] 1
= 3(ln e − ln 1) + [(ln e) 2 − (ln 1) 2 ]

=4
1 99
64. Evaluate ∫ 12 x(2x − 1) dx.
Let u = 2 x − 1, then du = 2 dx.

1
When x = , u = 0.
2
When x = 1, u = 1.
1 99 1 1 99
∫ 12 x(2 x − 1) dx =
2 ∫ 12 x(2 x − 1) ⋅ 2 dx
1 1 u + 1 99
= ∫0 2 ( 2
) ⋅ u du
1 u100 u 99
= ∫0 ( + ) du
4 4
u101 u100 1
=[ + ]
404 400 0
1101 1100 0101 0100
=( + )−( + )
404 400 404 400
201
=
40 400
152
3
65. Evaluate ∫ 0 ( x + 2) 4 − x dx.
Let u = 4 − x , then du = − dx .
When x = 0 , u = 4 .
When x = 3, u = 1.
3 3
∫ 0 ( x + 2) 4 − x dx = − ∫ 0 ( x + 2) 4 − x ⋅ (−1) dx
1
=− ∫ 4 (6 − u ) u du
1 3
4
= ∫1 (6u 2 − u 2 ) du
3 5
2
= [4u 2 − u 2 ]14
5
3 5 3 5
2 2
= [4(4) 2 − (4) 2 ] − [4(1) 2 − (1) 2 ]
5 5
78
=
5
1 3
66. Evaluate ∫0 x 1 − x 2 dx.
Let u = 1 − x2, then du = −2 x dx.

When x = 0 , u = 1.
When x = 1, u = 0 .
1 3 1 1
∫0 x 1 − x 2 dx = − ∫0 x
2
1 − x 2 ⋅ (−2 x) dx
2
1 0
=− ∫1 (1 − u ) u du
2
1 3
1 1
= ∫0 (u 2 − u 2 ) du
2
3 5
1 2 2
= [ u 2 − u 2 ]10
2 3 5
3 5 3 5
1 2 2 2 2
= {[ (1) 2 − (1) 2 ] − [ (0) 2 − (0) 2 ]}
2 3 5 3 5
2
=
15
153
4 x3
5x 2 + 1
Let u = 5x2 + 1, then du = 10x dx.
When x = 0 , u = 1.
When x = 4 , u = 81.
4 x3 4 x2
∫0 dx = ∫ 0 10 ⋅ 10 x dx
5x2 + 1 5x 2 + 1
81 u −1 1
= ∫1 ⋅ du
5 10 u
1 81 1
= ∫1 ( u− ) du
50 u
3 1
1 2
= [ u 2 − 2u 2 ]181
50 3
3 1 3 1
1 2 2
= {[ (81) 2 − 2(81) 2 ] − [ (1) 2 − 2(1) 2 ]}
50 3 3
704
=
75
4 x −4
x +4
1
Let u = x + 4, then du = dx.
2 x
When x = 0 , u = 4 .
When x = 4 , u = 6 .
154
4 x −4 4 2 x ( x − 4) 1
∫0 dx = ∫0 ⋅ dx
x +4 x +4 2 x
6 2(u − 4)(u − 4 − 4)
= ∫4 du
u
2u 2 − 24u + 64
6
= ∫ du
4 u
6 64
= (2u − 24 + ) du
∫
4 u
= [u 2 − 24u + 64 ln u ] 64
= [62 − 24(6) + 64 ln 6] − [42 − 24(4) + 64 ln 4]

= (−108 + 64 ln 6) − (−80 + 64 ln 4)
3
= −28 + 64 ln
2
1
4 1
69. Evaluate ∫ 1
dx.
−
4
1 − 4x2
1 π π
Let x = sin θ , where − < θ < ,
2 2 2
1
then dx = cos θ d θ and 1 − 4 x 2 = cos θ.
2
1 π
When x = − , θ = − .
4 6
1 π
When x = , θ = .
4 6
1 π
4 1 6 1 1
∫ 1
dx = ∫ ⋅ cos θ d θ
− 1 − 4x2 −
π cos θ 2
4 6
π
1 6
= ∫ dθ
2 −
π
6
π
1
= [θ] 6 π
2 −
6
1 π π
= [ − (− )]
2 6 6
π
=
6
155
3 1
70. Evaluate ∫ −3 3
dx.
2
(x + 3) 2
π π
Let x = 3 tan θ , where − <θ< ,
2 2
3
2 2
then dx = 3 sec θ d θ and (x + 3) 2 = 3 3 sec3 θ.
π
When x = −3 , θ = − .
3
π
When x = 3, θ = .
3
π
3 1 1
∫ −3 3
dx = ∫ 3 ⋅ 3 sec2 θ d θ
2
−
π
3 3 sec3 θ
( x + 3) 2 3
π
1 3
= ∫ cos θ d θ
3 −
π
3
π
1
= [sin θ] 3 π
3 −
3
1 3 3
= [ − (− )]
3 2 2
3
=
3
6 dx
71. Evaluate ∫ .
2
12
x x2 − 9
π 3π
Let x = 3 sec θ , where( 0 < θ < or π < θ < ),
2 2
then dx = 3 tan θ sec θ d θ and x 2 − 9 = 3 tan θ.
π
When x = 12 , θ = .
6
π
When x = 6 , θ = .
3
156
π
6 dx 3 3 tan θ sec θ d θ
∫ 12
x2 x2 − 9
= ∫ π
9 sec2 θ ⋅ 3 tan θ
6
π
1 3
= ∫ cos θ dθ
9 π
6
π
1
= [sin θ] π3
9
6
1 3 1
= ( − )
9 2 2
3 −1
=
18
15 x 2 + 64
x2
π π
Let x = 8 tan θ , where − < θ < and θ ≠ 0 ,
2 2
then dx = 8 sec2 θ d θ and x 2 + 64 = 8 sec θ.
3
When x = 6 , θ = tan −1 .
4
15
When x = 15 , θ = tan −1 .
8
5
3
θ
4
17 15
θ
8
157
15
15 x 2 + 64 tan −1 8 sec θ
∫6 dx = ∫ 8 ⋅ 8 sec2 θ d θ
x2 tan −1
3
64 tan 2 θ
4
15
tan −1
8 sec3 θ
= ∫ dθ
tan −1
3
tan 2 θ
4
15
tan −1
8 sec θ(tan 2 θ + 1)
= ∫ dθ
tan −1
3
tan 2 θ
4
15
tan −1 sec θ
8 (sec θ + )dθ
= ∫ tan −1
3
tan 2 θ
4
15
tan −1
8 (sec θ + csc θ cot θ) d θ
= ∫ tan −1
3
4
15
tan −1
8
= [ln sec θ + tan θ − csc θ] 3
tan −1
4
17 15 17 5 3 5
= (ln + − ) − (ln + − )
8 8 15 4 4 3
8
= ln 4 − ln 2 +
15
8
= ln 2 +
15
73. It is given that k > 0 .

(a) Express the value of
k dx in terms of k.
∫0 x +1
k dx
(b) If ∫0 = 4, find the value of k.
x +1
1
k dx k −
2
(a) ∫0 = ∫0 ( x + 1) d ( x + 1)
x +1
1
k
= [ 2( x + 1) 2 ] 0
1 1
= 2( k + 1) 2 − 2( 0 + 1) 2
= 2 k +1 − 2
158
k dx
(b) ∫0 =4
x +1
2 k +1 − 2 = 4
2 k +1 = 6
k +1 = 3
k +1 = 9
k =8
1
74. It is given that k < − .
2
1
− dx
(a) Express the value of ∫k 2
2 x +1
in terms of k.
e
1
− dx
(b) If ∫k 2
2 x +1
= 1, find the value of k.
e
1 1
− dx −
(a) ∫k 2
2 x +1
= ∫k 2 e − 2 x −1 dx
e
1
1 −
=− ∫k 2 e − 2 x −1 ⋅ (−2) dx
2
1
1 −
=− ∫k 2 e − 2 x −1 d (−2 x − 1)
2
1
1 −
= − [e − 2 x −1 ]k 2
2
1
1 − 2( − 2 ) −1
= − [e − e − 2 k −1 ]
2
1 − 2 k −1
= (e − 1)
2
159
1
− dx
(b) ∫k 2
2 x +1
=1
e
1 − 2 k −1
(e − 1) = 1
2
e − 2 k −1 − 1 = 2
e − 2 k −1 = 3
−2k − 1 = ln 3
−1 − ln 3
k=
2
4 2
75. If ∫ 0 f ( x) dx = 10, evaluate ∫ 0 f (2 x) dx.
Let u = 2 x , then du = 2 dx.

When x = 0 , u = 0 .
When x = 2 , u = 4 .
2 1 4
∫0 f (2 x)dx = f (u ) du
∫
2 0
1 4
= f ( x) dx
∫
2 0
1
= (10)
2
=5
7 3
76. If ∫4 g ( x) dx = 12, evaluate ∫ 2 g (3x − 2) dx.
Let u = 3 x − 2, then du = 3 dx.

When x = 2 , u = 4.
When x = 3, u = 7 .
3 1 7
∫2 g (3x − 2) dx = g (u ) du
∫
3 4
1 7
= g ( x) dx
∫
3 4
1
= (12)
3
=4
160
2 4 f ( x)
77. If ∫1 f ( x) dx = 9, evaluate ∫1 dx.
x
1
Let u = x , then du = dx.
2 x
When x = 1, u = 1.
When x = 4 , u = 2 .
4 f ( x) 4 1
∫1 dx = 2 ∫1 f ( x)⋅ dx
x 2 x
2
=2 ∫1 f (u ) du
2
=2 ∫1 f ( x) dx
= 2(9)
= 18
1 0 3
78. If ∫ 0 f ( x) dx = 4, evaluate ∫ −1 x f ( x 4 ) dx.
Let u = x 4 , then du = 4x3dx.

When x = −1, u = 1.
When x = 0 , u = 0 .
0 3 1 0
∫ −1 x f ( x 4 ) dx = ∫ −1 f ( x
4
) ⋅ 4 x 3dx
4
1 0
= ∫1 f (u ) du
4
1 1
=− f (u ) du
∫
4 0
1
= − ×4
4
= −1
161
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x
79. (a) Prove that = tan 4 x .
cos x + cos 3x + cos 5 x + cos 7 x
π
12 sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ dx.
π (cos x + cos 3x + cos 5 x + cos 7 x) cos 4 x
16
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x (sin x + sin 7 x) + (sin 3x + sin 5 x)

(a) =
cos x + cos 3x + cos 5 x + cos 7 x (cos x + cos 7 x) + (cos 3x + cos 5 x)
2 sin 4 x cos 3x + 2 sin 4 x cos x
=
2 cos 4 x cos 3x + 2 cos 4 x cos x
2 sin 4 x(cos 3x + cos x)
=
2 cos 4 x(cos 3x + cos x)
= tan 4 x
π π
12 sin x + sin 3 x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x 12 tan 4 x
(b) ∫ dx = ∫ dx
π (cos x + cos 3x + cos 5 x + cos 7 x) cos 4 x π cos 4 x
16 16
π
12 tan 4 x sec 4 x dx
= ∫ π
16
π
1
= [ sec 4 x] 12
4 π
16
1
= (2 − 2 )
4
1 2
= −
2 4
11 A B
80. (a) If ≡ + , find the values of constants A and B.
(3x − 4)(2 x + 1) 3x − 4 2 x + 1
5 11
(b) Hence evaluate ∫2 dx.
(3x − 4)(2 x + 1)
11 A B
(a) ≡ +
(3x − 4)(2 x + 1) 3x − 4 2 x + 1
A(2 x + 1) + B(3x − 4)
≡
(3x − 4)(2 x + 1)
162
i.e. A(2 x + 1) + B(3 x − 4) ≡ 11
(2 A + 3B) x + ( A − 4 B ) ≡ 11
⎧2 A + 3B = 0 ................ (1)
∴ ⎨
⎩ A − 4 B = 11 ................ (2)
(1) − 2 × (2):
(2 A + 3B) − 2( A − 4 B) = 0 − 2(11)
11B = −22
B = −2
Substitute B = −2 into (1),
2 A + 3(−2) = 0
A=3
∴ A = 3 , B = −2
5 11 5 3 −2
(b) dx = [ From the result of (a)]
∫2 (3x − 4)(2 x + 1) ∫ 2 ( 3x − 4 + 2 x + 1) dx
5 1 5 1
= ∫2 ⋅ 3 dx − ∫ ⋅ 2 dx
3x − 4 2 2x + 1
5 1 5 1
= ∫2 d (3 x − 4) − ∫ d (2 x + 1)
3x − 4 2 2x + 1
= [ln 3 x − 4 ] 52 − [ln 2 x + 1 ] 52
= (ln 11 − ln 2) − (ln 11 − ln 5)
= ln 5 − ln 2
5
= ln
2
5x − 3 A B C
81. (a) If ≡ + + , find the values of constants A, B and C.
x( x + 1)( x + 3) x x + 1 x + 3
2 5x − 3
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ dx.
1 x( x + 1)( x + 3)
5x − 3 A B C
(a) ≡ + +
x( x + 1)( x + 3) x x + 1 x + 3
A( x + 1)( x + 3) + Bx ( x + 3) + Cx ( x + 1)
≡
x( x + 1)( x + 3)
i.e. A( x + 1)( x + 3) + Bx ( x + 3) + Cx ( x + 1) ≡ 5 x − 3
A( x 2 + 4 x + 3) + B( x 2 + 3x) + C ( x 2 + x) ≡ 5 x − 3
( A + B + C ) x 2 + ( 4 A + 3B + C ) x + 3 A ≡ 5 x − 3
163
⎧ A + B + C = 0 .......... .......... (1)
⎪
∴ ⎨4 A + 3B + C = 5 .......... ...... (2)
⎪3 A = −3 .......... .......... ......... (3)
⎩
From (3), A = −1
Substitute A = −1 into (1),
−1 + B + C = 0
B + C = 1 ............................. (4)
Substitute A = −1 into (2),
4(−1) + 3B + C = 5
3B + C = 9 ...................... (5)
(5) − (4): 2 B = 8
B=4
Substitute B = 4 into (4),
4+ C =1
C = −3
∴ A = −1, B = 4 , C = −3
2 5x − 3 2 −1 4 −3
(b) ∫1 dx = ∫1 ( + + )dx [ From the result of (a)]
x( x + 1)( x + 3) x x +1 x + 3
= [− ln x + 4 ln x + 1 − 3 ln x + 3 ]12
= (− ln 2 + 4 ln 3 − 3 ln 5) − (− ln 1 + 4 ln 2 − 3 ln 4)
= −5 ln 2 + 4 ln 3 − 3 ln 5 + 3 ln 2 2
= ln 2 + 4 ln 3 − 3 ln 5
x+2 Ax + B C
82. (a) If 2
≡ 2 + , find the values of constants A, B and C.
( x − 2)( x + 1) x − 2 x + 1
4 x+2
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ dx .
3 x + x2 − 2x − 2
3
x+2 Ax + B C
(a) 2
≡ 2 +
( x − 2)( x + 1) x − 2 x + 1
( Ax + B)( x + 1) + C ( x 2 − 2)
≡
( x 2 − 2)( x + 1)
i.e. ( Ax + B)( x + 1) + C ( x 2 − 2) ≡ x + 2
Ax 2 + ( A + B) x + B + Cx 2 − 2C ≡ x + 2
( A + C ) x 2 + ( A + B) x + ( B − 2C ) ≡ x + 2
164
⎧ A + C = 0 ................... (1)
⎪
∴ ⎨ A + B = 1 .................... (2)
⎪ B − 2C = 2 ................. (3)
⎩
From (1), A = −C ................... (4)
Substitute (4) into (2),
−C + B = 1 ............................ (5)
(3) − (5): ( B − 2C ) − (−C + B) = 2 − 1
−C = 1
C = −1
Substitute C = −1 into (3),
B − 2(−1) = 2
B=0
Substitute C = −1 into (4),
A = − ( −1)
=1
∴ A = 1, B = 0 , C = −1
4 x+2 4 x+2
(b) ∫3 dx = ∫3 dx
x + x2 − 2x − 2
3 2
( x − 2)( x + 1)
4 x −1
= ∫3 ( 2
+ ) dx [ From the result of (a)]
x − 2 x +1
4 x 4 1
= ∫3 2
dx − ∫ dx
x −2 3 x +1
1 4 2x 4 1
= ∫3 2
dx − ∫3 dx
2 x −2 x +1
1 4 1 4 1
= ∫3 2
d ( x 2 − 2) − ∫3 d ( x + 1)
2 x −2 x +1
1
= [ln x 2 − 2 ] 34 − [ln x + 1 ] 34
2
1
= (ln 14 − ln 7) − (ln 5 − ln 4)
2
1
= ln 2 − ln 5 + 2 ln 2
2
5
= ln 2 − ln 5
2
165
ln 3 e− x
83. (a) Evaluate ∫ ln 2 dx.
1 − e− x
1 A B
(b) If ≡ + , find the values of constants A and B.
u (u − 1) u u − 1
ln 3 1
(c) Hence evaluate ∫ ln 2 dx.
e (e x − 1)
x
ln 3 e− x ln 3 1 −x
(a) ∫ ln 2 dx = ∫ ln 2 1 − e− x d (1 − e )
1 − e− x
= [ln 1 − e − x ] ln 3
ln 2
= ln(1 − e − ln 3 ) − ln(1 − e − ln 2 )
1 1
ln ln
= ln(1 − e 3) − ln(1 − e 2)
1 1
= ln(1 − ) − ln(1 − )
3 2
2 1
= ln − ln
3 2
4
= ln
3
1 A B
(b) ≡ +
u (u − 1) u u − 1
A(u − 1) + Bu
≡
u (u − 1)
i.e. A(u − 1) + Bu ≡ 1
( A + B)u − A ≡ 1
⎧A + B = 0
∴ ⎨
⎩− A = 1
∴ A = −1, B = 1
166
ln 3 1 ln 3 −1 1
(c) ∫ ln 2 x x
dx = ∫ ln 2 ( e x + x
) dx [ From the result of (b)]
e (e − 1) e −1
ln 3 − x ln 3 1
=− ∫ ln 2 e dx + ∫ ln 2 e −1
dx
x
ln 3 − x ln 3 e− x
= ∫ ln 2 e d (− x) + ∫ ln 2 dx
e − x (e x − 1)
ln 3 e− x
= [e − x ] ln 3
ln 2
+ ∫ dx
ln 2 1 − e − x
4
= [e − ln 3 − e − ln 2 ] + ln [ From the result of (a)]
3
1 1 4
= ( − ) + ln
3 2 3
1 4
=− + ln
6 3
4 e3 x + 1
84. (a) Evaluate ∫1 dx.
e3 x + 3 x + 1
4 x dx
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫1 .
3x
e + 3x + 1
4 e3 x + 1 4 3e3 x + 3
(a) ∫1 dx = ∫1 dx
e3 x + 3x + 1 3(e3 x + 3x + 1)
1 4 1
= ∫1 3x
d (e3 x + 3x + 1)
3 e + 3x + 1
1
= [ln e3 x + 3x + 1 ]14
3
1
= {ln[e3( 4) + 3(4) + 1] − ln[e3(1) + 3(1) + 1]}
3
1 e12 + 13
= ln 3
3 e +4
167
4 x dx 4 3x dx
(b) ∫1 e 3x
+ 3x + 1
= ∫1 3x
3(e + 3x + 1)
1 4 (e3 x + 3x + 1) − (e3 x + 1)
= ∫1 dx
3 e3 x + 3 x + 1
1 4 e3 x + 1
= ∫1 (1 − ) dx
3 e3 x + 3 x + 1
1 4 1 4 e3 x + 1
= ∫1 dx − ∫1 dx
3 3 e3 x + 3 x + 1
1 1 1 e12 + 13 [
= [ x]14 − ( ln 3 ) From the result of (a)]
3 3 3 e +4
1 1 e12 + 13
= (4 − 1) − ln 3
3 9 e +4
1 e12 + 13
= 1 − ln 3
9 e +4
1 1
85. (a) Evaluate ∫ −1 2
dx.
x + 4x + 7
1 x
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ −1 2
dx.
x + 4x + 7
1 1 1 1
(a) ∫ −1 2
dx = ∫ −1 ( x + 2)2 + 3 dx
x + 4x + 7
π π
Let x + 2 = 3 tan θ, where − <θ< ,
2 2
then dx = 3 sec2 θ d θ and (x + 2) 2 + 3 = 3 sec 2 θ.
π
When x = −1, θ = .
6
π
When x = 1, θ = .
3
168
π
1 1 1
∫ −1 2
dx = ∫ 3 ⋅ 3 sec2 θ d θ
x + 4x + 7 π
3 sec2 θ
6
π
3 3
= ∫ dθ
3 π
6
π
3
= [θ] π3
3
6
3 π π
= ( − )
3 3 6
3π
=
18
1 x 1 1 (2 x + 4 − 4)
(b) ∫ −1 2
dx = ∫ −1 dx
x + 4x + 7 2 x2 + 4x + 7
1 1 2x + 4 1 1 4
= ∫ −1 2
dx − ∫ −1 2
dx
2 x + 4x + 7 2 x + 4x + 7
1 1 d ( x 2 + 4 x + 7) 1 1
= ∫ −1 −2 ∫ −1 dx
2 x2 + 4x + 7 2
x + 4x + 7
1 3π
= [ln x 2 + 4 x + 7 ]1−1 − 2 ⋅
2 18
1 3π
= (ln 12 − ln 4) −
2 9
1 3π
= ln 3 −
2 9
3
x
86. Using the substitution x = sin 2 θ, evaluate ∫ 4 dx.
0 1− x
π
Let x = sin 2 θ , where 0 ≤ θ < , then dx = 2 sin θ cos θ d θ.
2
When x = 0 , θ = 0 .
3 π
When x = , θ= .
4 3
169
3 π
x sin 2 θ
∫ 4 dx = ∫ 3 ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ d θ
0 1− x 0 1 − sin 2 θ
π
sin 2 θ
=2 ∫ 3 ⋅ sin θ cos θ d θ
0 cos 2 θ
π
=2 ∫ 3 sin 2 θ d θ
0
π
= ∫ 3 (1 − cos 2θ) d θ
0
π
1
= [θ − sin 2θ] 03
2
π 1 3
=( − ⋅ ) − (0 − 0)
3 2 2
π 3
= −
3 4
1 2 1 1
87. Using the substitution u = , prove that ∫ 12 sin( x − ) dx = 0.
x x x
1 1
Let u = , then du = − dx.
x x2
1
When x = , u = 2 .
2
1
When x = 2 , u = .
2
2 1 1 2 1 1
∫1 sin( x − ) dx = − 1 x sin( x − ) ⋅ (− 2 ) dx
∫
2 x x 2
x x
1
2 1 1
=− ∫ sin( − u ) du
2 u u
2 1 1
=− ∫ 12 sin(u − ) du
u u
2 1 1
=− ∫ 12 sin( x − ) dx
x x
2 1 1
∴ 2 ∫ 12 sin( x − ) dx = 0
x x
2 1 1
∫ 12 sin( x − ) dx = 0
x x
170
b b
88. (a) Prove that ∫a f ( x)dx = ∫a f (a + b − x)dx.
3 4
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ 2 x(5 − x) dx.
(a) Let u = a + b − x , then du = − dx .

When x = a , u = b .
When x = b , u = a .
b a
∫a f ( x) dx = − ∫b f (a + b − u ) du
b
= ∫a f (a + b − u ) du
b
= ∫a f (a + b − x) dx
3 4 3 4
(b) ∫ 2 x(5 − x) dx = ∫ 2 (2 + 3 − x)[5 − (2 + 3 − x)] dx
3 4
= ∫ 2 (5 − x) x dx
3 4
= ∫ 2 (5x − x 5 ) dx
1 6 3
= [ x5 − x ]2
6
1 6 1
= (35 − ⋅ 3 ) − ( 25 − ⋅ 2 6 )
6 6
601
=
6
a a
89. (a) (i) Prove that ∫ 0 f ( x) dx = ∫ 0 f (a − x) dx.
a 1 a
(ii) Hence prove that ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (a − x)] dx .
2
3 dx
(b) Using the result of (a), evaluate ∫0 3− 2 x
.
e +1
171
(a) (i) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .
When x = 0 , u = a .
When x = a , u = 0 .
a 0
∫0 f ( x)dx = − ∫a f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − x) dx
1 a 1 a 1 a
(ii) ∫0 [ f ( x) + f (a − x)] dx = ∫0 f ( x) dx + ∫0 f (a − x) dx
2 2 2
1 a 1 a
= ∫0 f ( x) dx + ∫0 f ( x) dx [ From the result of (a)(i)]
2 2
a
= ∫0 f ( x)dx
a 1 a
∴ ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (a − x)] dx
2
3 dx 1 3 1 1 [ From the result of (a)(ii)]

(b) ∫0 e 3− 2 x
+1
=
2 ∫ 0 [ e3− 2 x + 1 + e3− 2(3− x) + 1] dx
1 3 1 1
=
2 ∫ 0 ( e3− 2 x + 1 + e2 x −3 + 1) dx
1 3 (e 2 x − 3 + 1) + (e3− 2 x + 1)
= ∫0 dx
2 (e3− 2 x + 1)(e 2 x − 3 + 1)
1 3 e 2 x − 3 + e3− 2 x + 2
= ∫0 dx
2 1 + e3− 2 x + e 2 x − 3 + 1
1 3 e 2 x − 3 + e3− 2 x + 2
= ∫0 dx
2 e 2 x − 3 + e3− 2 x + 2
1 3
=
2 ∫ 0 dx
1 3
= [ x]
2 0
3
=
2
172
b b
90. (a) Prove that ∫a f ( x) dx = ∫a f (a + b − x) dx.
10 x10
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫5 dx.
x10 + (15 − x)10
(a) Let u = a + b − x , then du = − dx .

When x = a , u = b .
When x = b , u = a .
b a
∫a f ( x) dx = − ∫b f (a + b − u ) du
b
= ∫a f (a + b − u ) du
b
= ∫a f (a + b − x) dx
10 x10 10 (5 + 10 − x)10
(b) ∫5 dx = ∫5 dx [ From the result of (a)]
x10 + (15 − x)10 (5 + 10 − x)10 + [15 − (5 + 10 − x)]10
10 (15 − x)10
= ∫5 dx
(15 − x)10 + x10
10 x10 10 (15 − x)10 x10
∴ 2 ∫5 dx = ∫5 [ + ] dx
x10 + (15 − x)10 x10 + (15 − x)10 x10 + (15 − x)10
10 x10 1 10 x10 + (15 − x)10
∫5 dx = ∫ dx
x10 + (15 − x)10 2 5 x10 + (15 − x)10
1 10
= dx ∫
2 5
1
= [ x]10
2 5
1
= (10 − 5)
2
5
=
2
0 a
91. (a) Prove that ∫ −a f ( x)dx = ∫0 f (− x) dx.
a a
(b) Prove that ∫ −a f ( x)dx = ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (− x)] dx.
3
(c) Hence evaluate ∫ −3 ln( e6 + x 6 − x3 ) dx.
173
(a) Let u = − x , then du = − dx .
When x = −a , u = a .
When x = 0 , u = 0 .
0 0
∫ −a f ( x) dx = − ∫a f (−u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (−u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (− x) dx
a 0 a
(b) ∫ −a f ( x)dx = ∫ −a f ( x) dx + ∫0 f ( x) dx
a a
= ∫0 f (− x) dx + ∫0 f ( x) dx
a
= ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (− x)] dx
3 3
(c) ∫ −3 ln( e 6 + x 6 − x 3 ) dx = ∫ 0 {ln( e 6 + x 6 − x 3 ) + ln[ e6 + (− x) 6 − (− x)3 ]} dx
3
= ∫ 0 ln [( e 6 + x 6 − x 3 )( e 6 + x 6 + x 3 )] dx
3 6
= ∫ 0 ln [(e + x 6 ) − x 6 ] dx
3 6
= ∫ 0 ln e dx
3
= ∫ 0 6dx
= 6 [ x] 30
= 18
2a a
92. (a) Prove that ∫a f ( x) dx = ∫0 f ( x + a) dx.
2a
(b) If f ( x) + f ( x + a) = k, where k is a constant, prove that ∫0 f ( x)dx = ak.
2π 1
(c) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫0 cos x
dx.
e +1
174
(a) Let u = x − a , then du = dx .
When x = a , u = 0 .
When x = 2a , u = a .
2a a
∫a f ( x) dx = ∫0 f (u + a) du
a
= ∫0 f ( x + a) dx
2a a 2a
(b) ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫0 f ( x) dx + ∫a f ( x) dx
a a
= ∫0 f ( x) dx + ∫0 f ( x + a) dx
a
= ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f ( x + a)] dx
a
= ∫0 k dx
= k [ x] 0a
= ak
1 1 1 1
(c) cos x
+ cos( x + π)
= cos x
+ − cos x
e +1 e +1 e +1 e +1
(e − cos x + 1) + (e cos x + 1)
=
(e cos x + 1)(e − cos x + 1)
e cos x + e − cos x + 2
=
e cos x + e − cos x + 2
=1
2π 1
∴ ∫0 cos x
dx = π ⋅ 1
e +1
=π
a a
93. (a) Prove that ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫0 f ( x − a) dx.
π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫0 x sin 2 x dx.
d 2 2 π
(c) Find ( x sin x), and hence evaluate ∫0 x 2 sin 2 x dx.
dx
175
(a) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .
When x = 0 , u = a .
When x = a , u = 0 .
a 0
∫0 f ( x) dx = − ∫a f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − x) dx
π π
(b) ∫0 x sin 2 x dx = ∫0 (π − x) sin 2 (π − x) dx
π
= ∫0 (π − x) sin 2 x dx
π π
=π ∫0 sin 2 x dx − ∫0 x sin 2 x dx
π π
∴ 2 ∫0 x sin 2 x dx = π ∫0 sin 2 x dx
π π π
∫0 x sin 2 x dx = ∫ sin 2 x dx
2 0
π π
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x)dx
4 0
π 1
= [ x − sin 2 x] 0π
4 2
π
= [(π − 0) − (0 − 0)]
4
π2
=
4
d 2 2
(c) ( x sin x) = 2 x sin 2 x + x 2 ⋅ 2 sin x cos x
dx
= 2 x sin 2 x + x 2 sin 2 x
π
[ x 2 sin 2 x] 0π = ∫0 (2 x sin 2 x + x 2 sin 2 x) dx
π π
∫0 x 2 sin 2 x dx = [ x 2 sin 2 x] 0π − ∫0 2 x sin 2 x dx
π
= (0 − 0) − 2 ∫0 x sin 2 x dx
π2
= −2 ⋅
4
π2
=−
2
176
a 1 a
94. (a) Prove that ∫0 f ( x)dx = ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (a − x)] dx.
2
6 dx
(b) Evaluate ∫ 0 x2 − 6x + 18.
6 dx
(c) Hence evaluate ∫ 0 ( x 2 − 6 x + 18)(e3− x + 1) .
(a) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .

When x = 0 , u = a .
When x = a , u = 0 .
a 0
∫0 f ( x) dx = − ∫a f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − x) dx
a a
∴ 2 ∫0 f ( x)dx = ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (a − x)] dx
a 1 a
∫0 f ( x)dx = ∫ 0 [ f ( x) + f (a − x)] dx
2
6 dx 6 dx
(b) ∫0 2
= ∫ 0 ( x − 3)2 + 9
x − 6 x + 18
π π
Let x − 3 = 3 tan θ , where − <θ< ,
2 2
then dx = 3 sec θ d θ and (x − 3) + 9 = 9 sec 2 θ.
2 2
π
When x = 0 , θ = − .
4
π
When x = 6 , θ = .
4
π 2
6 dx 4 3 sec θ d θ
∫0 2
x − 6 x + 18
= ∫−
π
9 sec2 θ
4
π
1 4
= ∫ dθ
3 −π
4
π
1 4
= [θ] π
3 −
4
π
=
6
177
6 dx
(c) ∫0 ( x − 6 x + 18)(e3− x + 1)
2
1 6 1 1
= { 2
∫ 3 x
+ } dx
2 0 ( x − 6 x + 18)(e −
+ 1) [(6 − x) − 6(6 − x) + 18][e3− (6 − x ) + 1]
2
1 6 1 1
= [ 2
∫ 3 x
+ 2 ] dx
2 0 ( x − 6 x + 18)(e −
+ 1) ( x − 6 x + 18)(e x −3 + 1)
1 6 (e x −3 + 1) + (e3− x + 1)
= ∫0 dx
2 ( x 2 − 6 x + 18)(e3− x + 1)(e x −3 + 1)
1 6 e x − 3 + e3 − x + 2
= ∫ dx
2 0 ( x 2 − 6 x + 18)(e x − 3 + e3− x + 2)
1 6 dx
= 2∫
2 0 x − 6 x + 18
1 π
= ⋅
2 6
π
=
12
π π
π
95. (a) Prove that ∫ 2 x [ f (sin x) + f (cos x)] dx = ∫ 2 f (sin x) dx.
0 2 0
π
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫ 2 x(sin 7 x + cos7 x) dx.
0
π π π
(a) ∫ 2 x [ f (sin x) + f (cos x)] dx = ∫ 2 xf (sin x) dx + ∫ 2 xf (cos x) dx
0 0 0
π
Let u = − x , then du = − dx .
2
π
When x = 0 , u = .
2
π
When x = , u = 0 .
2
π π
0 π π
∫ 2 x [ f (sin x) + f (cos x)] dx = ∫ 2 xf (sin x)dx − ∫ π2 ( 2 − u) f (cos( 2 − u)) du
0 0
π π
π
= ∫ 2 xf (sin x)dx + ∫ 2 ( − u ) f (sin u ) du
0 0 2
π π
π
= ∫ 2 xf (sin x)dx + ∫ 2 ( − x) f (sin x) dx
0 0 2
π
π
= ∫ 2 [ x + ( − x)] f (sin x) dx
0 2
π
π
= ∫ 2 f (sin x) dx
2 0
178
π π
7 π
7
(b) ∫ 2 x(sin x + cos x)dx = ∫ 2 sin 7 x dx
0 2 0
π
π
=− ∫ 2 (1 − cos 2 x)3 d (cos x)
2 0
π
π
=− ∫ 2 (1 − 3 cos 2 x + 3 cos 4 x − cos 6 x) d (cos x)
2 0
π
π 3 1
= − [cos x − cos 3 x + cos 5 x − cos 7 x] 02
2 5 7
π 3 1
= − [0 − (1 − 1 + − )]
2 5 7
8π
=
35
a
96. (a) (i) If f (a − x) = − f ( x), prove that ∫0 f ( x) dx = 0.
π π
(ii) Hence evaluate ∫0 ( − x) sin 2 x cos 4 x dx.
2
π
(b) Evaluate ∫0 sin 2 x cos4 x dx.
π
(c) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫0 x sin 2 x cos4 x dx.
(a) (i) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .

When x = 0 , u = a .
When x = a , u = 0 .
a 0
∫0 f ( x) dx = − ∫a f ( a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f ( a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f ( a − x) dx
a
= ∫ 0 [− f ( x)] dx
a
=− ∫0 f ( x) dx
a
∴ 2 ∫0 f ( x) dx = 0
a
∫0 f ( x) dx = 0
179
π 2 4 π 2 4
(ii) [ − (π − x)] sin (π − x) cos (π − x) = (− + x)(sin x) (− cos x)
2 2
π
= − ( − x) sin 2 x cos4 x
2
π π
∴ ( − x) sin 2 x cos 4 x dx = 0
∫
0 2
π 2 π
(b) ∫ 0 sin x cos 4 x dx = ∫ 0 sin
2
x cos 2 x ⋅ cos 2 x dx
π 1 2 1
= ∫0 sin 2 x ⋅ (1 + cos 2 x) dx
4 2
1 π
= ∫0 (sin 2 2 x + sin 2 2 x cos 2 x) dx
8
1 π1 1 π
= (1 − cos 4 x)dx +
∫ sin 2 2 x d (sin 2 x)
∫
8 0 2 16 0
1 sin 4 x π 1
= [x − ] + [sin 3 2 x] 0π
16 4 0 48
1 1
= [(π − 0) − (0 − 0)] + (0 − 0)
16 48
π
=
16
π π π π 2 π
(c) ∫0 ( − x) sin 2 x cos 4 x dx = ∫0 sin x cos 4 x dx − ∫0 x sin 2 x cos 4 x dx
2 2
π π π 2 π π
∫0 x sin 2 x cos 4 x dx = sin x cos 4 x dx −
∫ ∫0 ( − x) sin 2 x cos 4 x dx
2 0 2
π π
= ( )−0
2 16
π2
=
32
1 x
97. (a) Find ∫ dx and ∫ dx, where a > 0 .
2 2 2 2
x −a x −a
2
k x −a 1 k x−a
(b) Prove that ∫ x 2
dx = ∫h dx, where k > h > a > 0.
h x +a 2 x2 − a2
17 x2 − 8
(c) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫ x dx.
10 x2 + 8
180
π 3π
(a) Let x = a sec θ , where ( 0 < θ < or π < θ < ),
2 2
then dx = a tan θ sec θ d θ and x 2 − a 2 = a tan θ.
x
x2 − a2
θ
a
1 a tan θ sec θ d θ
∫ dx = ∫
x2 − a2 a tan θ
= ∫ sec θ d θ
= ln tan θ + sec θ + C
x2 − a2 x
= ln + +C
a a
x 1 d ( x2 − a2 )
∫ dx = ∫
x2 − a2 2 x2 − a2
1
1
= ⋅ 2( x 2 − a 2 ) 2 + C
2
= x2 − a2 + C
(b) Let u = x 2, then du = 2 x dx.

When x = h, u = h .
When x = k , u = k .
k x2 − a 1 k x2 − a
∫ x 2
dx = ∫ ⋅ 2 x dx
h x +a 2 h x2 + a
1 k u−a
= ∫h du
2 u+a
1 k u−a u−a
= ∫h ⋅ du
2 u+a u−a
1 k u−a
= ∫h du
2 u2 − a2
1 k x−a
= ∫h dx
2 x2 − a2
181
(c) Take a = 8, h = 10 and k = 17,
17 x2 − 8 1 17 x −8
∫ x 2
dx = ∫ 10 dx
10 x +8 2 2
x −8 2
1 17 x 17 1
= ∫ 10 dx − 4 ∫ 10 dx
2 x 2 − 82 x 2 − 82
1 x 2 − 82 x 17
= [ x 2 − 82 ]17
10 − 4 [ln + ]10
2 8 8
1 172 − 82 17 102 − 82 10
= ( 17 2 − 82 − 102 − 82 ) − 4(ln + − ln + )
2 8 8 8 8
15 17
1 8
+ 8
= (15 − 6) − 4 ln 6 10
2 + 8
8
9
= − 4 ln 2
2
cos 5θ
98. (a) (i) Prove that = 2 cos 4θ − 2 cos 2θ + 1.
cos θ
π cos 5t + sin 5t
(ii) Using the substitution θ = − t, prove that = 2 cos 4t + 2 sin 2t − 1.
4 cos t + sin t
a a
(b) (i) Prove that ∫0 f ( x) dx = ∫0 f (a − x) dx.
π π
cos 5 x sin 5 x
(ii) Hence prove that ∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx.
0 cos x + sin x 0 cos x + sin x
π
cos 5 x
(c) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate ∫ 2 dx.
0 cos x + sin x
(a) (i) (2 cos 4θ − 2 cos 2θ + 1) cos θ = 2 cos 4θ cos θ − 2 cos 2θ cos θ + cos θ
= cos 5θ + cos 3θ − cos 3θ − cos θ + cos θ
= cos 5θ
cos 5θ
∴ = 2 cos 4θ − 2 cos 2θ + 1
cos θ
182
cos 5( π4 − t ) π π
(ii) = 2 cos 4( − t ) − 2 cos 2( − t ) + 1
cos( π4 − t ) 4 4
cos 54π cos 5t + sin 54π sin 5t
= −2 cos 4t − 2 sin 2t + 1
cos π4 cos t + sin π4 sin t
2
− 2
cos 5t − 22 sin 5t
= −2 cos 4t − 2 sin 2t + 1
2
2
cos t + 22 sin t
cos 5t + sin 5t
= 2 cos 4t + 2 sin 2t − 1
cos t + sin t
(b) (i) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .

When x = 0 , u = a .
When x = a , u = 0 .
a 0
∫0 f ( x)dx = − ∫a f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − u ) du
a
= ∫0 f (a − x) dx
π
cos 5 x
π
cos 5( π2 − x)
(ii) ∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx
0 cos x + sin x 0 cos( π2 − x) + sin( π2 − x)
π
sin 5 x
= ∫ 2 dx
0 sin x + cos x
π
sin 5 x
= ∫ 2 dx
0 cos x + sin x
183
π π π
cos 5 x cos 5 x sin 5 x
(c) 2 ∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2 dx
0 cos x + sin x 0 cos x + sin x 0 cos x + sin x
π π
cos 5 x 1 cos 5 x + sin 5 x
∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx
0 cos x + sin x 2 0 cos x + sin x
π
1
= ∫ 2 (2 cos 4 x + 2 sin 2 x − 1) dx
2 0
π
1 1
= [ sin 4 x − cos 2 x − x] 02
2 2
1 π
= {[ 0 − (−1) − ] − (0 − 1 − 0)}
2 2
1 π
= (2 − )
2 2
π
=1−
4
2 n
99. Let I n = ∫0 x 4 x − x 2 dx, where n is a non-negative integer.
1 3
d n+ 2
(a) Find [x (4 − x) 2 ].
dx
2(2n + 1) 2n + 2
(b) Prove that I n = I n −1 − , where n is a positive integer.
n+2 n+2
(c) Express 4 x − x 2 in the form of b − ( x − a ) 2, where a and b are constants.
2
(d) Evaluate ∫0 4 x − x 2 dx.
2 2
(e) Hence evaluate ∫0 x 4 x − x 2 dx.
1 3 1 1 1 3
d n+ 2 n+ 3 1 n−
(a) [x (4 − x) 2 ] = x 2 ⋅ (4 − x) 2 (−1) + (n + ) x 2 (4 − x) 2
dx 2 2
1 1
n−
2 (4 − 3 1
=x x) 2 [− x + (n + )(4 − x)]
2 2
1 1
n−
2 (4 − 3 1
=x x) 2 (− x + 4n + 2 − nx − x)
2 2
1 1
n−
= x 2 (4 − x) 2 (−nx − 2 x + 4n + 2)
184
1 3 1 1
n+ 2 n−
(b) [x 2 (4 − x) 2 ] 02 = ∫0 x 2 (4 − x) 2 (−nx − 2 x + 4n + 2) dx
1 3
n+ 2 n −1
[2 2 ( 4 − 2) 2 ] − 0 = ∫0 x 4 x − x 2 [−(n + 2) x + (4n + 2)] dx
1 3
n+ 2 n 2 n −1
2 2 ⋅ 22 = −(n + 2) ∫0 x 4 x − x 2 dx + 2(2n + 1) ∫0 x 4 x − x 2 dx
2n + 2 = −(n + 2) I n + 2(2n + 1) I n −1
(n + 2) I n = 2(2n + 1) I n −1 − 2n + 2
2(2n + 1) 2n + 2
In = I n −1 −
n+2 n+2
(c) 4 x − x 2 = − ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + 4
= 4 − ( x − 2) 2
2 2
(d) ∫0 4 x − x 2 dx = ∫0 4 − ( x − 2) 2 dx
π π
Let x − 2 = 2 sin θ, where − ≤θ≤ ,
2 2
then dx = 2 cos θ d θ and 4 − ( x − 2)2 = 2 cos θ.
π
When x = 0 , θ = − .
2
When x = 2 , θ = 0.
2 0
∫0 4 x − x 2 dx = ∫ − π2 2 cos θ ⋅ 2 cos θ d θ
0 2
=4 ∫ − π2 cos θdθ
0
=2 ∫ − π2 (1 + cos 2θ) d θ
sin 2θ 0
= 2 [θ + ] π
2 −
2
π
= 2 [0 − ( − + 0)]
2
=π
185
2
(e) I 0 = ∫0 4 x − x 2 dx
=π
2 2
∫0 x 4 x − x 2 dx = I 2
2 [2(2) + 1] 22 + 2
= I 2 −1 −
2+2 2+2
5
= I1 − 4
2
5 2 [2(1) + 1] 21+ 2
= { I1−1 − }− 4
2 1+ 2 1+ 2
5 8
= (2 I 0 − ) − 4
2 3
5 8
= ( 2π − ) − 4
2 3
32
= 5π −
3
π
100. Evaluate ∫0 x sin 4 x dx.
π 1 π
∫0 x sin 4 x dx = − ∫0 x d (cos 4 x)
4
1 π
= − {[ x cos 4 x] 0π − ∫0 cos 4 x dx}
4
1 1 1
= − (π ⋅ 1 − 0) + [ sin 4 x] 0π
4 4 4
π 1
=− + (0 − 0)
4 16
π
=−
4
186
2 −2x
101. Evaluate ∫ −2 xe dx.
2 −2x 1 2 −2x
∫ − 2 xe dx = −
2 ∫ − 2 x d (e )
1 2
= − {[ xe− 2 x ] 2− 2 − ∫ −2 e
−2x
dx}
2
1 1 1
= − [2e − 4 − (−2)e 4 ] + [− e − 2 x ] 2− 2
2 2 2
1
= − (e 4 + e − 4 ) − ( e − 4 − e 4 )
4
3e 4 5e − 4
=− −
4 4
π
3 x
π
sin 2 x
6
π π
x
∫ 3 dx = ∫ 3 x csc2 x dx
π
sin 2 x π
6 6
π
3 xd (cot x)
=− ∫ π
6
π π
= −[ x cot x] π3 + ∫ 3
π
cot x dx
6 6
π
π 1 π
= −( ⋅ − ⋅ 3 ) + [ln sin x ] π3
3 3 6
6
3π 3 1
= + (ln − ln )
18 2 2
3π 1
= + ln 3
18 2
187
π
2 x cos x
π
sin 2 x
6
π π
2 x cos x 2
∫ dx = ∫ x csc x cot x dx
π
sin 2 x π
6 6
π
2 xd (csc x)
=− ∫ π
6
π π
−{[ x csc x] π2 2 csc x dx}
= − ∫ π
6 6
π
π π
= −( ⋅ 1 − ⋅ 2) + [ln csc x − cot x ] π2
2 6
6
π
= − + (ln 1 − 0 − ln 2 − 3 )
6
π
= − − ln(2 − 3 )
6
8 x
104. Evaluate ∫ 2 ln 2 dx.
8 x x 8 8 x
∫ 2 ln 2 dx = [ x ln 2 ] 2 − ∫ 2 xd (ln 2 )
8 2 1
= (8 ln 4 − 2 ln 1) − ∫ 2 x ⋅ x ⋅ 2 dx
8
= 16 ln 2 − ∫ 2 dx
= 16 ln 2 − [ x] 82
= 16 ln 2 − 6
e
105. Evaluate ∫1 x3 ln x 2 dx.
188
e 1 e
∫1 x 3 ln x 2 dx = ∫1 ln x 2 d ( x 4 )
4
1 4 1 e
= [ x ln x 2 ]1e − ∫1 x 4 d (ln x 2 )
4 4
1 4 1 e 2
= (e ⋅ 2 − 0) − ∫1 x 4 ⋅ dx
4 4 x
1 4 1 e
= e − ∫1 x 3dx
2 2
1 4 1 4 e
= e − [ x ]1
2 8
1 4 1 4
= e − (e − 1)
2 8
3 4 1
= e +
8 8
1 3 x2
106. Evaluate ∫0 x e dx.
2 2
Let u = e x , then du = 2 xe x dx.
When x = 0, u = 1.
When x = 1, u = e .
1 3 x2 1 1 2 2
∫0 x e dx = ∫0 x ⋅ 2 xe x dx
2
1 e
= ∫1 ln u du
2
1 1 e
= [u ln u ]1e − ∫1 u d (ln u )
2 2
1 1 e
= (e ⋅ 1 − 0) − ∫1 du
2 2
e 1
= − (e − 1)
2 2
1
=
2
189
1 2
107. Evaluate ∫ 0 ln(x + 6 x + 9) dx.
1 2 1 2
∫ 0 ln(x + 6 x + 9)dx = ∫ 0 ln( x + 3) dx
1
=2 ∫ 0 ln(x + 3)d ( x + 3)
1
= 2{[( x + 3) ln( x + 3)]10 − ∫ 0 ( x + 3)d [ln( x + 3)]}
1
= 2 [(4 ln 4 − 3 ln 3) − ∫ 0 dx]
= 8 ln 4 − 6 ln 3 − 2 [ x]10
= 16 ln 2 − 6 ln 3 − 2
π
108. Evaluate ∫ 6 x 2 cos 3x dx.
0
π π
2 1
∫ 6 x cos 3 x dx = ∫ 6 x 2 d (sin 3 x)
0 3 0
π π
1 1
= [ x 2 sin 3 x] 06 − ∫ 6 sin 3 x d ( x 2 )
3 3 0
π
1 π 2
= [( ) 2 ⋅ 1 − 0] − ∫ 6 x sin 3 x dx
3 6 3 0
π
π2 2
= + ∫ 6 x d (cos 3 x)
108 9 0
π π
π2 2 2
= + [ x cos 3 x] 06 − ∫ 6 cos 3 x dx
108 9 9 0
π
π2 2 2
= + (0 − 0) − [sin 3 x] 06
108 9 27
π2 2
= −
108 27
190
3 x 2
109. Evaluate ∫ 0 ( e2 x ) dx.
3 x 3
∫0 ( 2x
) 2 dx = ∫0 x e
2 −4x
dx
e
1 3 2
=− x d (e − 4 x )
∫
4 0
1 1 3 −4x
= − [ x 2e − 4 x ] 30 + ∫ e d (x2 )
4 4 0
1 1 3 −4x
= − (9e −12 − 0) + ∫ xe dx
4 2 0
9 1 3
= − e −12 − xd (e − 4 x )
∫
4 8 0
9 −12 1 − 4 x 3 1 3 − 4 x
= − e − [ xe ] 0 + ∫ e dx
4 8 8 0
9 1 1
= − e −12 − (3e −12 − 0) − [e − 4 x ] 30
4 8 32
85 −12 1
=− e +
32 32
1 2
110. Evaluate ∫ 0 [ln( x + 1)] dx.
Let u = x + 1, then du = dx .
When x = 0, u = 1.
When x = 1, u = 2 .
191
1 2
∫0 [ln( x + 1)]2 dx = ∫1 (ln u ) 2 du
2
= [u (ln u ) 2 ]12 −
∫ 1 u d[(ln u) ]
2
2 1
= [2(ln 2) 2 − 0] − ∫ u ⋅ 2 ln u ( )du
1 u
2 2
= 2(ln 2) − 2∫ ln u du
1
2
= 2(ln 2) − 2{[u ln u ]12 − ∫ u d (ln u )}
2
1
2 1
= 2(ln 2) 2 − 2(2 ln 2 − 0) + 2∫ u ⋅ du
1 u
2 2
= 2(ln 2) − 4 ln 2 + 2∫ du
1
= 2(ln 2)2 − 4 ln 2 + 2[u ]12

= 2(ln 2) 2 − 4 ln 2 + 2(2 − 1)
= 2(ln 2) 2 − 4 ln 2 + 2
π
111. (a) Evaluate ∫ 2 e − 2 x cos 2 x dx.
0
π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ 2 e − 2 x cos2 x dx.
0
π π
1
(a) ∫ 2 e − 2 x cos 2 x dx = − ∫ 2 cos 2 x d (e − 2 x )
0 2 0
π π
1 1 2 −2x
= − [e − 2 x cos 2 x] 02 + e d (cos 2 x)
∫
2 2 0
π
1 −π
= − [e (−1) − 1 ⋅ 1] − 2 e − 2 x sin 2 x dx
∫
2 0
π
1 1 2
= (e − π + 1) + sin 2 x d (e − 2 x )
∫
2 2 0
π π
1 1 1 2 −2x
= (e − π + 1) + [e − 2 x sin 2 x] 02 − e d (sin 2 x) ∫
2 2 2 0
π
1 1
= (e − π + 1) + (0 − 0) − 2 e − 2 x cos 2 x dx
∫
2 2 0
π
1 −π
∴ 2 ∫ 2 e − 2 x cos 2 x dx = (e + 1)
0 2
π
1 −π
∫ 2 e − 2 x cos 2 x dx = (e + 1)
0 4
192
π π
−2x 1
2
(b) ∫ 2 e cos x dx = ∫ 2 e − 2 x (1 + cos 2 x) dx
0 2 0
π π
1 1
= ∫ 2 e − 2 x dx + ∫ 2 e − 2 x cos 2 x dx
2 0 2 0
π
1 1 −2x 2 1 1 −π
= [− e ] 0 + ⋅ (e + 1)
2 2 2 4
1 1
= − (e − π − 1) + (e − π + 1)
4 8
1 −π 3
=− e +
8 8
π x
112. (a) Evaluate ∫ 2 e 2 sin x dx.
0
π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ 4 e x (sin x + cos x) 2 dx.
0
π x π x
(a) 2 e 2 sin x dx = 2 2 sin 2
x d (e )
∫ 0 ∫ 0
x π π x
= 2 [e 2 sin x] 02 −2 ∫ 2 e 2 d (sin x)
0
π π x
= 2(e 4 ⋅ 1 − 0) − 2 ∫ 2 e 2 cos x dx
0
π π x
= 2e 4 − 4 ∫ 2 cos x d (e 2 )
0
π x π π x
= 2e 4 − 4 [e 2 cos x] 02 +4 ∫ 2 e 2 d (cos x)
0
π π x
= 2e 4 − 4(0 − 1 ⋅ 1) − 4 ∫ 2 e 2 sin x dx
0
π x π
∴ 5 ∫ 2 e 2 sin x dx = 2e 4 + 4
0
π x π
2 2 4
∫ 2 e sin x dx = e 4 +
0 5 5
193
π π
x 2
(b) ∫ 4 e (sin x + cos x) dx = ∫ 4 e x (sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x) dx
0 0
π
= ∫ 4 e x (1 + sin 2 x) dx
0
π π
x
= ∫ 4 e dx + ∫ 4 e x sin 2 x dx
0 0
Let u = 2 x , then du = 2dx .
When x = 0, u = 0.
π π
When x = , u = .
4 2
π π π u
x 2 x 1 2 e 2 sin u du
∫ 4 e (sin x + cos x) dx = ∫ 4 e dx + ∫
0 0 2 0
π π
x 4 1 2 4 4
= [e ] 0 + ( e + )
2 5 5
π π
1 4 2
= (e 4 − 1) + e +
5 5
π
6 4 3
= e −
5 5
π
113. Evaluate ∫ 2
π
csc θ cot 2 θ d θ.
3
π π
2 2 2
∫ π
csc θ cot θ d θ = − ∫ π
cot θ ⋅ (− csc θ cot θ) d θ
3 3
π
2 cot θ d (csc θ)
=− ∫ π
3
π π
= −{[cot θ csc θ] π2 − ∫ π
2 csc θ d (cot θ)}
3 3
π
1 2 2 csc θ ⋅ ( − csc 2 θ) d θ
= − (0 − ⋅ )+ ∫ π
3 3
3
π
2
= − ∫ 2 csc3 θ d θ
3 π
3
π
2
= − ∫ 2 csc θ(1 + cot 2 θ) d θ
3 π
3
π π
2
= − ∫ 2 csc θ d θ − ∫ 2 csc θ cot 2 θ d θ
3 π π
3 3
194
π π
2 2 2 2
∴ 2 ∫ csc θ cot θ d θ = − ∫ csc θ d θ
π 3 π
3 3
π π
2 2 1 1 2
∫ csc θ cot θ d θ = − ∫ csc θ d θ
π 3 2 π
3 3
π
1 1
= − [ln csc θ − cot θ ] π2
3 2
3
1 1 2 1
= − (ln 1 − 0 − ln − )
3 2 3 3
1 1 1
= − (0 − ln )
3 2 3
1 1
= − ln 3
3 4
114. (a) Find ∫ x cos kx dx, where k ≠ 0 .

π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ 2 x cos x cos 2 x dx.
0
1
(a) ∫ x cos kx dx = k ∫ x d (sin kx)
1 1
= x sin kx − sin kx dx ∫
k k
1 1
= x sin kx + 2 cos kx + C
k k
π π
1
(b) ∫ 2 x cos x cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 x(cos 3x + cos x) dx
0 2 0
π π
1 1
= ∫ 2 x cos 3x dx + ∫ 2 x cos x dx
2 0 2 0
π π
1 1 1 1
= [ x sin 3 x + cos 3x] 02 + [ x sin x + cos x] 02
2 3 9 2
1 1 π 1 1 π
= {[ ⋅ ⋅ (−1) + 0] − (0 + ⋅ 1)} + [( ⋅ 1 + 0) − (0 + 1)]
2 3 2 9 2 2
π 1 π 1
=− − + −
12 18 4 2
π 5
= −
6 9
195
x
115. (a) Find ∫ x( x + 2)e dx.
e
(b) Hence evaluate ∫1 x( x + 2)e x ln x dx.
x 2
(a) ∫ x( x + 2)e dx = ∫ (x + 2 x ) d (e x )
= ( x 2 + 2 x )e x − e x d ( x 2 + 2 x )
∫
= ( x 2 + 2 x)e x − ∫ (2 x + 2)e x dx
= ( x 2 + 2 x)e x − 2∫ ( x + 1)d (e x )
= ( x 2 + 2 x)e x − 2( x + 1)e x + 2∫ e x d ( x + 1)
= x 2e x + 2 xe x − 2 xe x − 2e x + 2∫ e x dx
= x 2e x − 2e x + 2e x + C
= x 2e x + C
e e
(b) ∫1 x( x + 2)e x ln x dx = ∫1 ln x d ( x 2e x )
e
= [ x 2e x ln x]1e − ∫1 x 2e x d (ln x)
e 1
= ( e 2 ⋅ e e ⋅ 1 − 0) − ∫1 x 2e x ⋅ dx
x
e
= ee + 2 − ∫1 xe x dx
e
= ee + 2 − ∫1 x d (e x )
e
= ee + 2 − [ xe x ]1e + ∫1 e x dx
= ee + 2 − (e ⋅ ee − 1 ⋅ e) + [e x ]1e
= ee + 2 − ee +1 + e + ee − e
= ee + 2 − ee +1 + ee
196
π
116. (a) Evaluate ∫ 4 tan 2 θ sec θ d θ.
0
1 x
(b) Hence, using the substitution x = tan 2 θ, evaluate ∫0 dx.
1+ x
π π
2
(a) ∫ 4 tan θ sec θ d θ = ∫ 4 tan θ ⋅ tan θ sec θ d θ
0 0
π
= ∫ 4 tan θ d (sec θ)
0
π π
= [tan θ sec θ] 04 − ∫ 4 sec θ d (tan θ)
0
π
= (1 ⋅ 2 − 0) − ∫ 4 sec3 θ d θ
0
π
= 2− ∫ 4 (1 + tan 2 θ) sec θ d θ
0
π π
= 2− ∫ 4 sec θ d θ −
∫ 4 tan 2 θ sec θ d θ
0 0
π π
∴ 2 ∫ 4 tan 2 θ sec θ d θ = 2 − ∫ 4 sec θ d θ
0 0
π π
2 1
∫ 4 tan 2 θ sec θ d θ = − ∫ 4 sec θ d θ
0 2 2 0
π
2 1
= − [ln sec θ + tan θ ] 04
2 2
2 1
= − (ln 2 + 1 − ln 1 + 0 )
2 2
2 1
= − ln( 2 + 1)
2 2
197
π
(b) Let x = tan 2 θ, where 0 ≤ θ < , then dx = 2 tan θ sec2 θ d θ.
2
When x = 0, θ = 0 .
π
When x = 1, θ = .
4
π
1 x tan 2 θ
∫0 dx = ∫ 4
2
⋅ 2 tan θ sec2 θ d θ
1+ x 0 1 + tan θ
π
tan 2 θ
=2 ∫ 4
2
⋅ tan θ sec2 θ d θ
0 sec θ
π
=2 ∫ 4 tan 2 θ sec θ d θ
0
2 1
= 2[ − ln( 2 + 1)]
2 2
= 2 − ln( 2 + 1)
π
117. (a) Evaluate ∫ 6 sec3 x dx.
0
π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ 6 sec5 x dx.
0
π π
3
(a) ∫ 6 sec x dx = ∫ 6 sec x d (tan x )
0 0
π π
= [sec x tan x] 06 − ∫ 6 tan x d (sec x)
0
π
2 1
= [( )( ) − 0] − ∫ 6 tan 2 x sec x dx
3 3 0
π
2
= − ∫ 6 (sec2 x − 1) sec x dx
3 0
π π
2
= − ∫ 6 sec3 x dx + ∫ 6 sec x dx
3 0 0
198
π π
3 2
∴ 2 ∫ 6 sec x dx = + ∫ 6 sec x dx
0 3 0
π π
3 1 1
∫ 6 sec x dx = + ∫ 6 sec x dx
0 3 2 0
π
1 1
= + [ln tan x + sec x ] 06
3 2
1 1 1 2
= + (ln + − ln 0 + 1 )
3 2 3 3
1 1
= + ln 3
3 2
1 1
= + ln 3
3 4
π π
(b) ∫ 6 sec5 x dx = ∫ 6 sec3 x d (tan x)
0 0
π π
= [tan x sec3 x] 06 − ∫ 6 tan x d (sec3 x)
0
π
1 2
=[ ⋅ ( )3 − 0] − ∫ 6 tan x ⋅ (3 sec2 x tan x sec x) dx
3 3 0
π
8
= −3 ∫ 6 sec3 x tan 2 x dx
9 0
π
8
= −3 ∫ 6 sec3 x(sec2 x − 1) dx
9 0
π π
8
= −3 ∫ 6 sec5 x dx + 3 ∫ 6 sec3 x dx
9 0 0
π π
5 8
∴ 4 ∫ 6 sec x dx = + 3 ∫ 6 sec3 x dx
0 9 0
π π
5 2 3 6 sec3
∫ 6 sec x dx = + ∫ x dx
0 9 4 0
2 3 1 1
= + ⋅ ( + ln 3)
9 4 3 4
17 3
= + ln 3
36 16
199
dx
118. (a) Find ∫ x2 + a 2 , where a ≠ 0.
3 3 x
(b) Hence evaluate ∫0 tan −1 dx.
3
π π
(a) Let x = a tan θ , where − <θ< ,
2 2
then dx = a sec2 θ d θ and x 2 + a 2 = a 2 sec2 θ.
dx a sec2 θ d θ
∫ x + a2
2
= ∫ a 2 sec2 θ
1
=
a ∫ dθ
θ
= +C
a
1 x
= tan −1 + C
a a
3 3 x x 3 3 x
(b) ∫0 tan −1 dx = [ x tan −1 ] 30 3
− ∫0 x d (tan −1 )
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 1 x
= (3 3 tan −1 − 0) − 3 ∫0 x d ( tan −1 )
3 3 3
π 3 3 x
= 3 3⋅ −3 ∫0 dx
3 x + 32
2
3 3 3 d ( x 2 + 9)
= 3π − ∫0
2 x2 + 9
3
= 3π − [ln x 2 + 9 ] 30 3
2
3
= 3π − (ln 36 − ln 9)
2
= 3π − 3 ln 2
200
2 x
119. (a) Find ∫xe dx.
8 3
x
(b) Evaluate ∫1 e dx.
8 3
x
(c) Evaluate ∫1 2 dx.
2 x 2
(a) ∫xe dx = ∫x d (e x )
= x 2e x − e x d ( x 2 )
∫
= x 2 e x − 2 xe x dx
∫
= x 2 e x − 2 ∫ x d (e x )
= x 2 e x − 2 xe x + 2 ∫ e x dx
= x 2 e x − 2 xe x + 2e x + C
2
1 −
3
(b) Let u = x , then du = x 3 dx.
3
When x = 1, u = 1.
When x = 8 , u = 2 .
2 2
8 3
x 8 3 1 −
∫1 e dx = 3 ∫1 x 3e x ⋅ x 3 dx
3
2
=3 ∫1 u 2eu du
= 3[u 2eu − 2ueu + 2eu ]12
= 3{[ 2 2 ⋅ e 2 − 2(2)e 2 + 2e 2 ] − [12 ⋅ e1 − 2(1)e1 + 2e1 ]}
= 3(2e 2 − e)
= 6e 2 − 3e
3
8 3
x 8 x
(c) ∫1 2 dx = ∫1 eln 2 dx
8 3
x ln 2
= ∫1 e dx
201
2
3 ln 2 − 3
Let w = x ln 2, then dw = x dx.
3
When x = 1, w = ln 2 .
When x = 8 , w = 2 ln 2 .
2 2
8 3
x 3 8 3 ln 2 − 3
∫1 2 dx = ∫1 x e x ln 2
3 ⋅ x dx
ln 2 3
3 2 ln 2 w 2 w
= ∫ ln 2 ( ) e dw
ln 2 ln 2
3 2 ln 2
= ∫ ln 2 w2e w dw
(ln 2)3
3
= 3
[ w2e w − 2 we w + 2e w ] ln
2 ln 2
2
(ln 2)
3
= 3
{[( 2 ln 2) 2 ⋅ 4 − 2(2 ln 2) ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 4] − [(ln 2) 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 ln 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 2]}
(ln 2)
3[14(ln 2) 2 − 12 ln 2 + 4]
=
(ln 2)3
42 36 12
= − 2
+
ln 2 (ln 2) (ln 2)3
1
1 n 2 2
120. Let I n = ∫0 x (1 − x ) dx, where n is a non-negative integer.
3
d
(a) Find (1 − x 2 ) 2 .
dx
n −1
(b) Using integration by parts, prove that I n = I n − 2, where n ≥ 2.
n+2
(c) Evaluate I1 and I 9 .
3 1
d 3
(a) (1 − x 2 ) 2 = (1 − x 2 ) 2 (−2 x)
dx 2
1
= −3x(1 − x 2 ) 2
202
1
1 n 2 2
(b) I n = ∫0 x (1 − x ) dx
1
1 1
=− ∫0 x n −1 ⋅ [−3 x(1 − x 2 ) 2 ] dx
3
3
1 1 n −1 2 2
=−
3 ∫0 x d [(1 − x ) ]
3 3
1 1 1
= − [ x n −1 (1 − x 2 ) 2 ]10 + ∫0 (1 − x 2 ) 2 d ( x n −1 )
3 3
3
1 1
= 0+ ∫ 0 (1 − x ) (n − 1) x n − 2
2 2
dx
3
1
n −1 1
= ∫0 x n − 2 (1 − x 2 )(1 − x 2 ) 2 dx
3
1 1
n −1 1 n−2 2 2 n 2 2
=
3 ∫ 0 [x (1 − x ) − x (1 − x ) ] dx
1 1
1 n−2 2 2 1 n 2 2
∴ 3I n = (n − 1) ∫0 x (1 − x ) dx − (n − 1) ∫0 x (1 − x ) dx
= (n − 1) I n − 2 − (n − 1) I n
(n + 2) I n = (n − 1) I n − 2
n −1
In = In−2
n+2
1
1 2 2
(c) I1 =
∫ 0 x(1 − x ) dx
1
1 1
=− ∫0 [ −3 x(1 − x 2 ) 2 ] dx
3
3
1
= − [(1 − x 2 ) 2 ]10
3
1
= − (0 − 1)
3
1
=
3
203
9 −1
I9 = I9−2
9+2
8
= I7
11
8 7 −1
= ⋅ I5
11 7 + 2
8 6 5 −1
= ⋅ ⋅ I3
11 9 5 + 2
8 6 4 3 −1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ I1
11 9 7 3 + 2
8 6 4 2 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
11 9 7 5 3
128
=
3 465
1 7
121. Using the property of odd / even function, evaluate ∫ −1 (8x − 5 x3 ) dx.
∵ 8(− x) 7 − 5(− x)3 = −8 x 7 + 5 x 3
= −(8 x 7 − 5 x 3 )
∴ 8x 7 − 5x3 is an odd function.

1 7
Hence ∫ −1 (8x − 5 x3 ) dx = 0.
204
5 x 3 dx
122. Using the property of odd / even function, evaluate ∫ −5 .
x4 + 1
( − x )3 x3
∵ =−
( − x) 4 + 1 x4 + 1
x3
∴ is an odd function.
4
x +1
5 x 3dx
Hence ∫ −5 = 0.
x4 + 1
π
123. Using the property of odd / even function, evaluate ∫ 2
π
cos 4 x sin 7 x dx.
−
2
∵ cos 4 (− x) sin 7 (− x) = (cos x) 4 (− sin x) 7

= − cos 4 x sin 7 x
∴ cos4 x sin 7 x is an odd function.
π
Hence ∫ 2
π
cos 4 x sin 7 x dx = 0.
−
2
1 x 2 (e x − e − x )
124. Using the property of odd / even function, evaluate ∫ −1 dx.
e x + e− x
( − x ) 2 [e − x − e − ( − x ) ] x 2 (e − x − e x )
∵ =
e− x + e−(− x) e− x + e x
x 2 (e x − e − x )
=−
e x + e− x
x 2 (e x − e − x )
e x + e− x
1 x 2 (e x − e − x )
Hence ∫ −1 dx = 0.
e x + e− x
205
3π
125. Using the property of odd / even function, evaluate ∫ 2
3π
cos 3 x dx.
−
2
∵ cos 3 (− x) = cos 3 x
∴ cos3 x is an even function.

3π 3π
∫ 2
3π
cos 3 x dx = 2 ∫ 2 cos 3 x dx
− 0
2
3π
=2 ∫ 2 cos 2 x ⋅ cos x dx
0
3π
=2 ∫ 2 (1 − sin 2 x) d (sin x)
0
3π
1
= 2 [sin x − sin 3 x] 02
3
1
= 2 {[ −1 − (−1)3 ] − 0}
3
4
=−
3
2 4
126. Using the property of odd / even function, evaluate ∫ −2 ( x − 2 x 2 + 4) dx.
∵ (− x) 4 − 2(− x) 2 + 4 = x 4 − 2 x 2 + 4
∴ x 4 − 2x 2 + 4 is an even function.
2 4 2
∫ −2 ( x − 2 x 2 + 4)dx = 2 ∫ 0 (x
4
− 2 x 2 + 4) dx
1 2
= 2 [ x 5 − x 3 + 4 x] 02
5 3
1 2
= 2{[ (2)5 − (2)3 + 4(2)] − 0}
5 3
272
=
15
206
8π
127. Using the periodicity of function, evaluate ∫0 (3 sin x − 5) dx.
∵ 2π is a period of 3 sin x − 5 .
8π 4( 2 π)
∴ ∫0 (3 sin x − 5)dx = ∫0 (3 sin x − 5) dx
2π
=4 ∫0 (3 sin x − 5) dx
= 4 [−3 cos x − 5 x] 02π

= 4{[ −3(1) − 5(2π)] − [−3(1) − 0]}
= − 40π
4π
128. Using the periodicity of function, evaluate ∫0 cos2 6 x dx.
4π 4π 1
∫0 cos 2 6 x dx = ∫0 (1 + cos 12 x) dx
2
π
1 24( )
= ∫ 6 (1 + cos 12 x) dx
2 0
π
= 12 ∫ 6 (1 + cos 12 x) dx
0
π
1
= 12[ x + sin 12 x] 06
12
π
= 12[( + 0) − 0]
6
= 2π
π x cos 3 x
129. Evaluate ∫ −π dx.
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
− x cos 3 (− x) x cos 3 x
∵ = −
cos 4 (− x) + sin 4 (− x) cos 4 x + sin 4 x
x cos 3 x
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
π x cos 3 x
Hence ∫ −π dx = 0.
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
207
π
130. Evaluate ∫ 2
π
x 3 (cos 2 x − x) dx.
−
2
π π π
3 3
∫ 2
π
x (cos 2 x − x)dx = ∫ 2
π
x cos 2 x dx − ∫ 2
π
x 4 dx
− − −
2 2 2
π
= 0−2 ∫ 2 x 4 dx
0
π
2
= −[ x 5 ] 02
5
2 π
= −[ ( )5 − 0]
5 2
π5
=−
80
π 3
131. Evaluate ∫ − π x( x + 1) sin 3x dx.
π 3 π 4 π
∫ − π x( x + 1) sin 3 x dx = ∫ −π x sin 3 x dx + ∫ − π x sin 3x dx
π
= 0+2 ∫0 x sin 3 x dx
2 π
=− ∫0 x d (cos 3 x)
3
2 π
= − {[ x cos 3 x] 0π − ∫0 cos 3 x dx}
3
2 2 1
= − [π(−1) − 0] + [ sin 3 x] 0π
3 3 3
2π 2
= + ( 0 − 0)
3 9
2π
=
3
208
π 2
132. Evaluate ∫ −π x(e x − sin 2 x) dx.
π x2 π x2
∫ − π x (e − sin 2 x)dx = ∫ − π ( xe − x sin 2 x) dx
π x2 π
= ∫ − π xe dx − ∫ − π x sin 2 x dx
π
=0−2 ∫0 x sin 2 x dx
π
= ∫0 x d (cos 2 x)
π
= [ x cos 2 x] 0π − ∫0 cos 2 x dx
sin 2 x π
= (π ⋅ 1 − 0) − [ ]
2 0
= π − ( 0 − 0)
=π
1 x2
133. Evaluate ∫ −1 dx .
4 − x2
( − x) 2 x2
∵ =
4 − ( − x) 2 4 − x 2
x2
∴ is an even function.
4 − x2
1 x2 x2 1
∫ dx = 2 ∫dx
−1 4 − x2 0 4 − x2
π π
Let x = 2 sin θ , where − < θ < ,
2 2
then dx = 2 cos θ d θ and 4 − x 2 = 4 cos2 θ.
When x = 0 , θ = 0 .
π
When x = 1, θ = .
6
209
π
1 x2 4 sin 2 θ
∫ −1 dx = 2 ∫ 6 ⋅ 2 cos θ d θ
4 − x2 0 4 cos 2 θ
π
sin 2 θ
=4 ∫ 6 dθ
0 cos θ
π
1 − cos 2 θ
=4 ∫ 6 dθ
0 cos θ
π
=4 ∫ 6 (sec θ − cos θ) d θ
0
π
= 4 [ln tan θ + sec θ − sin θ] 06
1 2 1
= 4 [(ln + − ) − (ln 0 + 1 − 0)]
3 3 2
1
= 4 [(ln 3 − ) − 0]
2
= 2 ln 3 − 2
2π π
134. (a) Prove that ∫0 sin 3 5 x cos x dx = − ∫ −π sin
3
5 x cos x dx.
2π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫0 sin 3 5 x cos x dx.
(a) Let u = π − x , then du = − dx .

When x = 0 , u = π.
When x = 2π , u = − π .
2π −π
∫0 sin 3 5 x cos x dx = − ∫π sin 3 5(π − u ) cos( π − u ) du
−π
=− ∫π sin 3 5u (− cos u ) du
π 3
=− ∫ −π sin 5u cos u du
π 3
=− ∫ −π sin 5 x cos x dx
(b) ∵ sin 3 5(− x) cos( − x) = − sin 3 5 x cos x

∴ sin 3 5x cos x is an odd function.
2π π
∫0 sin 3 5 x cos x dx = − ∫ − π sin
3
5 x cos x dx
= −0
=0
210
1 x5
135. (a) Evaluate ∫ dx.
−1 1 + x 6
1 x 2 − 2 x 5 + x8
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ −1 dx.
1 + x6
( − x) 5 x5
(a) ∵ =−
1 + ( − x) 6 1 + x6
x5
1 + x6
1 x5
Hence ∫ dx = 0.
−1 1 + x 6
1 x 2 − 2 x 5 + x8 1 x 2 + x8 1 x5
(b) ∫ −1 dx = ∫ −1 dx − 2 ∫ dx
1 + x6 1 + x6 −1 1 + x 6
1 x 2 (1 + x 6 )
= ∫ −1 dx − 2 ⋅ 0
1 + x6
1 2
=2 ∫0 x dx
2
= [ x 3 ]10
3
2
= (1 − 0)
3
2
=
3
5 5
136. It is given that f (x) is an odd function and ∫3 f ( x) dx = 2 . Evaluate ∫ −3 [ f ( x) + 5] dx.
5 5 5
∫ −3 [ f ( x) + 5] dx = ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫ −3 5 dx
3 5 5
= ∫ −3 f ( x) dx + ∫ 3 f ( x) dx + 5[ x] −3
= 0 + 2 + 5[5 − (−3)]
= 42
211
6 6 2
137. It is given that f (x) is an even function and ∫0 f ( x)dx = a. Express the value of ∫ − 6 [ f ( x) + 3x ] dx
in terms of a.
6 2 6 6 2
∫ − 6 [ f ( x) + 3 x ] dx = ∫ −6 f ( x)dx + ∫ − 6 3x dx
6 6 2
=2 ∫0 f ( x)dx + 2 ∫ 0 3x dx
= 2a + 2 [ x 3 ] 60
= 2 a + 2( 6 3 − 0 3 )
= 2a + 432
π
3 dx
138. Evaluate ∫ π
.
−
3
cos 2 x 4 − tan 2 x
1 1
∵ =
cos 2 (− x) 4 − tan 2 (− x) cos 2 x 4 − tan 2 x
1
cos 2 x 4 − tan 2 x
π π
3 dx sec2 x dx
∫ π
=2 ∫ 3
−
3
cos 2 x 4 − tan 2 x 0
4 − tan 2 x
Let u = tan x , then du = sec2 x dx.

When x = 0 , u = 0 .
π
When x = , u = 3.
3
π
3 dx 3 du
∫−π =2 ∫0
3
cos 2 x 4 − tan 2 x 4 − u2
π π
Let u = 2 sin θ , where − < θ < ,
2 2
then du = 2 cos θ d θ and 4 − u 2 = 2 cos θ.
When u = 0 , θ = 0 .
212
π
When u = 3, θ = .
3
π π
3 dx 2 cos θ d θ
∫ =2 ∫ 3
−
π
cos 2 x 4 − tan 2 x 0 2 cos θ
3
π
=2 ∫ 3 dθ
0
π
= 2 [θ] 03
2π
=
3
139. Let f (x), g (x) and h(x) be odd functions, p(x) and q(x) be even functions.
(a) Prove that the following functions are odd functions.
(i) h( g ( f ( x))) (ii) f ( g ( x)) ⋅ p(q( x))
(b) Evaluate the following definite integrals.
π
π
(i) ∫ 2
π
sin 3 (2 x 5 ) dx (ii) ∫ −π cos x
2 3
⋅ x − sin x dx
−
2
(a) (i) ∵ h( g ( f (− x))) = h( g (− f ( x)))

= h(− g ( f ( x)))
= − h( g ( f ( x)))
∴ h( g ( f ( x))) is an odd function.
(ii) ∵ f ( g (− x)) ⋅ p (q (− x)) = f (− g ( x)) ⋅ p (q ( x))

= − f ( g ( x)) ⋅ p (q ( x))
∴ f ( g ( x)) ⋅ p(q( x)) is an odd function.
(b) (i) ∵ 2(− x)5 = −2 x 5

sin(− x) = −sin x
( − x)3 = − x 3
∴ Take f ( x) = 2 x 5, g ( x) = sin x and h( x) = x 3,
h( g ( f ( x))) = [sin(2 x 5 )]3

= sin 3 (2 x 5 )
∴ sin 3 (2 x 5 ) is an odd function.
213
π
Hence ∫ 2
π
sin 3 (2 x 5 ) dx = 0.
−
2
3
(ii) ∵ −x = −3 x
− x − sin(− x) = − ( x − sin x)
cos(− x) = cos x
(− x) 2 = x 2
∴ Take f ( x) = 3 x , g ( x) = x − sin x, p( x) = cos x and q( x) = x 2,

3
f ( g ( x)) ⋅ p(q( x)) = x − sin x ⋅ cos( x 2 )
3
= cos x 2 ⋅ x − sin x
∴ cos x 2 ⋅ 3 x − sin x is an odd function.
π 2 3
Hence ∫ −π cos x ⋅ x − sin x dx = 0.
140. (a) Let f (x) be a periodic continuous function with a period of T and a and b are constants.
(i) Prove that g ( f ( x)) is a periodic function with a period of T.
b +T b
(ii) Prove that ∫ a +T g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫ a g ( f ( x)) dx.
a +T T
(iii) Prove that ∫a g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫0 g ( f ( x)) dx.
9π
(b) Hence evaluate ∫ 7
5π
cos 4 x dx.
−
7
(a) (i) ∵ g ( f ( x + T )) = g ( f ( x))

∴ g ( f ( x)) is a periodic function with a period of T.
(ii) Let u = x − T , then du = dx .

When x = a + T , u = a .
When x = b + T , u = b .
214
b +T b
∫ a +T g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫ a g ( f (u + T )) du
b
= ∫ a g ( f ( x + T )) dx
b
= ∫ a g ( f ( x)) dx
b +T b
(iii) ∫ a +T g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫ a g ( f ( x)) dx
b +T a +T b a
∫0 g ( f ( x)) dx − ∫0 g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫ 0 g ( f ( x)) dx − ∫ 0 g ( f ( x)) dx
b +T b a +T a
∫0 g ( f ( x)) dx − ∫ 0 g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫ 0 g ( f ( x)) dx − ∫0 g ( f ( x)) dx
a +T b +T
∫a g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫b g ( f ( x)) dx
a +T T
Take b = 0, ∫a g ( f ( x)) dx = ∫0 g ( f ( x)) dx
(b) Take g ( x) = x 4 and f ( x) = cos x,

9π 5π
− + 2π
∫ 7
5π
cos 4 x dx = ∫ 7
5π
cos 4 x dx
− −
7 7
2π 4
= ∫0 cos x dx
1 2π
= ∫ (1 + cos 2 x) 2 dx
4 0
1 2π
= ∫ (1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x) dx
4 0
1 2π 1
= ∫ [1 + 2 cos 2 x + (1 + cos 4 x)] dx
4 0 2
1 2π 3 1
= ∫ ( + 2 cos 2 x + cos 4 x) dx
4 0 2 2
1 3x 1
= [ + sin 2 x + sin 4 x] 02 π
4 2 8
1 3(2π)
= {[ + 0 + 0] − 0}
4 2
3π
=
4
1 dx
141. (a) Evaluate ∫ 0 4 − x2 .
215
5 − 2x2 1 1 1 − x2
(b) It is given that I1 = dx and I 2 =
∫ ∫0 dx. Without evaluating I1 and I 2 ,
0 4 − x2 4 − x2
(i) prove that I1 − I 2 = 1;
(ii) evaluate I1 − 2I 2 by using the result of (a).
1 5 − 2x2
(c) Hence evaluate ∫ −1 dx.
4 − x2
π π
(a) Let x = 2 sin θ , where − <θ< ,
2 2
then dx = 2 cos θ d θ and 4 − x 2 = 4 cos2 θ.
When x = 0 , θ = 0 .
π
When x = 1, θ = .
6
π
1 dx 6
2 cos θ d θ
∫0 4 − x2
= ∫ 0 4 cos 2 θ
π
1
= ∫ 6 sec θ d θ
2 0
π
1
= [ln sec θ + tan θ ] 06
2
1 2 1
= (ln + − ln 1 + 0 )
2 3 3
1
= (ln 3 − 0)
2
1
= ln 3
4
216
(b) (i)
1 5 − 2x2 1 1 − x2
I1 − I 2 = ∫0 dx − ∫0 dx
4 − x2 4 − x2
1 5 − 2x2 1 − x2
= ∫0 ( − )dx
4 − x2 4 − x2
1 4 − x2
= ∫0 dx
4 − x2
1
= ∫ 0 dx
= [ x]10
=1
1 5 − 2x2 1 1 − x2
(ii) I1 − 2 I 2 = ∫0 dx − 2 ∫0 dx
4 − x2 4 − x2
1 5 − 2x2 2 − 2x2
= ∫0 ( − ) dx
4 − x2 4 − x2
1 3 dx
= ∫ 0 4 − x2
1 dx
=3 ∫ 0 4 − x2
1
= 3 ⋅ ln 3
4
3
= ln 3
4
5 − 2(− x) 2 5 − 2x2
(c) =
4 − ( − x) 2 4 − x2
5 − 2x2
4 − x2
217
1 5 − 2x2 1 5 − 2x2
∫ −1 dx = 2 ∫0 dx
4 − x2 4 − x2
= 2 I1
= 2 [2( I1 − I 2 ) − ( I1 − 2 I 2 )]
3
= 2( 2 ⋅ 1 − ln 3)
4
3
=4− ln 3
2
218

Ch10 Definite Integration

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Ch10 Definite Integration

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4 3

= [− 4(2)3 + 11(2) 2 − 6(2)] − [− 4(−1)3 + 11(−1) 2 − 6(−1)]

28. It is given that k > 1.

= (3k 2 + 2k ) − [3(1) 2 + 2(1)]

= [5(3) − 2(3) 2 ] − (5k − 2k 2 )

Assume that P(k ) is true, where k is a positive integer.

Assume that P(k ) is true, where k is a positive integer.

(c) Let f ( x) = sin x .

lim π cos 2πn

π ⋅ lim cos 2πn

1 [4(2) − 1]− 2 [4(1) − 1]− 2

∫ 2 cos 2 x sin 5 x dx = ∫ 2 cos 2 x sin 4 x ⋅ sin x dx

∫ 2 sin 4 x cos 2 x dx = ∫ 2 sin 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx

Let u = 9 − 5 cos 3 x , then du = 15sin 3x dx.

Let u = cos x + sin x , then du = (− sin x + cos x) dx.

Let u = e x − e− x, then du = (e x + e − x ) dx.

= 3(ln e − ln 1) + [(ln e) 2 − (ln 1) 2 ]

Let u = 2 x − 1, then du = 2 dx.

Let u = 1 − x2, then du = −2 x dx.

Let u = 5x2 + 1, then du = 10x dx.

= [62 − 24(6) + 64 ln 6] − [42 − 24(4) + 64 ln 4]

73. It is given that k > 0 .

Let u = 2 x , then du = 2 dx.

Let u = 3 x − 2, then du = 3 dx.

Let u = x 4 , then du = 4x3dx.

sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x + sin 7 x (sin x + sin 7 x) + (sin 3x + sin 5 x)

(a) Let u = a + b − x , then du = − dx .

3 dx 1 3 1 1 [ From the result of (a)(ii)]

(a) Let u = a + b − x , then du = − dx .

(a) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .

(a) (i) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .

(b) Let u = x 2, then du = 2 x dx.

(b) (i) Let u = a − x , then du = − dx .

= 2(ln 2)2 − 4 ln 2 + 2[u ]12

114. (a) Find ∫ x cos kx dx, where k ≠ 0 .

then dx = a sec2 θ d θ and x 2 + a 2 = a 2 sec2 θ.

= 3[u 2eu − 2ueu + 2eu ]12

= 3{[ 2 2 ⋅ e 2 − 2(2)e 2 + 2e 2 ] − [12 ⋅ e1 − 2(1)e1 + 2e1 ]}

∵ 8(− x) 7 − 5(− x)3 = −8 x 7 + 5 x 3

∴ 8x 7 − 5x3 is an odd function.

∵ cos 4 (− x) sin 7 (− x) = (cos x) 4 (− sin x) 7

∴ cos3 x is an even function.

= 4 [−3 cos x − 5 x] 02π

(a) Let u = π − x , then du = − dx .

(b) ∵ sin 3 5(− x) cos( − x) = − sin 3 5 x cos x

Let u = tan x , then du = sec2 x dx.

(a) (i) ∵ h( g ( f (− x))) = h( g (− f ( x)))

(ii) ∵ f ( g (− x)) ⋅ p (q (− x)) = f (− g ( x)) ⋅ p (q ( x))

(b) (i) ∵ 2(− x)5 = −2 x 5

h( g ( f ( x))) = [sin(2 x 5 )]3

∴ Take f ( x) = 3 x , g ( x) = x − sin x, p( x) = cos x and q( x) = x 2,

(a) (i) ∵ g ( f ( x + T )) = g ( f ( x))

(ii) Let u = x − T , then du = dx .

(b) Take g ( x) = x 4 and f ( x) = cos x,

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