⎛ 3 7 8⎞ ⎛z 7 y⎞

1. It is given that A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. If A = B , find the values of x, y and z.

⎝ 2 x 5⎠ ⎝ 2 2x − 1 5 ⎠

Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,

x = 2 x − 1 ............... (1)
y = 8 ...................... (2)
z = 3 ...................... (3)
From (1), x = 2 x − 1
x =1
∴ x = 1, y = 8, z = 3

2. Evaluate each of the following expressions.

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(a) 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ − ⎜ −1⎟
⎜1⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛1 3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 2 −1⎞
(b) 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 5 −2⎠ ⎝1 0 2 ⎠

⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(a) 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ − ⎜ −1⎟ = ⎜ 4 ⎟ − ⎜ −1⎟
⎜ 1⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 2⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜5⎟
⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠

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 ⎛1 3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 2 −1⎞ ⎛ 3 9 6 ⎞ ⎛ 0 4 −2 ⎞
(b) 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 5 −2⎠ ⎝ 1 0 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 15 −6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 0 4 ⎠
⎛ 3 13 4 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 8 15 −2 ⎠

3. Evaluate each of the following expressions.

⎛ 7 −2 ⎞ ⎛2 1⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 3 ⎠ ⎝ −2 −3 ⎠
⎛2⎞ ⎛3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(b) 5 ⎜ 1 ⎟ − 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ −2 ⎟ ⎜ −5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ 7 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 7 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 4 2⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 3 ⎠ ⎝ −2 −3 ⎠ ⎝ −1 3 ⎠ ⎝ − 4 −6 ⎠
⎛ 11 0 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −5 −3 ⎠

⎛2⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(b) 5 ⎜ 1 ⎟ − 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 5 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎜ −2 ⎟ ⎜ −5 ⎟ ⎜ −10 ⎟ ⎜ −10 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜1⎟
⎜ 0⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 2 −2 ⎞
4. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ −1 1⎠ ⎝ −1 4 ⎠
(a) Find A + B .
(b) Find 2 A − B + C .

⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞
(a) A + B = ⎜⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝2 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −1 1⎟⎠
⎛3 3⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝1 4 ⎟⎠

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 ⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 2 −2 ⎞
(b) 2 A − B + C = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ −1 1⎠ ⎝ −1 4 ⎠
⎛ 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 2 −2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 6 ⎠ ⎝ −1 1⎠ ⎝ −1 4 ⎠
⎛ 2 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 9⎠

⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
5. Let P = ⎜ 1 −1⎟ , Q = ⎜ 3 2 ⎟ and R = ⎜ 2 0 ⎟ .
⎜0 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 −1⎟ ⎜ −2 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(a) Find 3P + Q − 2R.
(b) Find 2P − Q + 2R − R + P + 3Q − 4R.

⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(a) 3P + Q − 2 R = 3 ⎜ 1 −1⎟ + ⎜ 3 2 ⎟ − 2 ⎜ 2 0 ⎟
⎜0 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 −1⎟⎠ ⎜ −2 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠
⎛6 0 ⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= ⎜3 −3 ⎟ + ⎜ 3 2 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 0 ⎟
⎜0 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 −1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − 4 10 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛4 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜2 −1 ⎟
⎜6 −8 ⎟⎠
⎝

(b) 2 P − Q + 2 R − R + P + 3Q − 4 R = 3P + 2Q − 3R
⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= 3 ⎜ 1 −1⎟ + 2 ⎜ 3 2 ⎟ − 3 ⎜ 2 0 ⎟
⎜0 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 −1⎟ ⎜ −2 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛6 0 ⎞ ⎛0 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 3 −3 ⎟ + ⎜ 6 4 ⎟ − ⎜ 6 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 3 ⎟ ⎜ 4 − 2 ⎟ ⎜ −6 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛3 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
=⎜ 3 1 ⎟
⎜10 −14 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

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 ⎛1 2 1⎞ ⎛ 6 0 9⎞ ⎛2 0 0 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟ ⎜
6. Evaluate ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ − ⎜ −3 3 0 ⎟ + 4 ⎜ 12 0 − 14 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 0 2 ⎟ 3 ⎜ 27 18 15 ⎟ ⎜
⎜ −1 1 ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 2 ⎠

⎛1 2 1⎞ ⎛ 6 0 9⎞ ⎛2
⎜
0 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 0 3⎞ ⎛ 8 0 0 ⎞
⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟ 1⎜ ⎟ 1
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ − ⎜ −3 3 0 ⎟ + 4 ⎜ 2 0 − 14 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ − ⎜ −1 1 0 ⎟ + ⎜ 2 0 −1⎟
3
⎜1 0 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜ 27 18 15 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟ ⎟ ⎜
1 0 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 9 6 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − 4 4 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝

⎛ 7 2 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
=⎜ 3 0 −1 ⎟
⎜ −12 −2 −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
7. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. Find the matrix C such that A − C = B .
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

A−C = B
C = A− B
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
⎛ −1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1⎠

⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞
8. Let P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. Find the matrix R such that P − R = 2Q.
⎝2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −2 ⎠

P − R = 2Q
R = P − 2Q
⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −2 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛ 0 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 −4 ⎠
⎛ 1 −3 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 7 ⎠

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 ⎛ x2 + 1 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2x 4 ⎞
⎜ −1 2 x ⎟⎟. If A = B , find the values of x and y.
9. It is given that A = ⎜ ⎟ and B = ⎜
⎜ −1 y⎠⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠

Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,

x 2 + 1 = 2 x ................. (1)
y = 2 x ........................ (2)
From (1), x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0
( x − 1) 2 = 0
x =1
Substitute x = 1 into (2),
y = 2(1)
=2
∴ x = 1, y = 2

⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞
10. Let ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. Find the values of a, b, c and d.
⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ −1 1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −1⎠

⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ −1 1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −1⎠
⎛ a + 1 b + 2⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ c − 1 d + 1⎠ ⎝ 1 −1⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
a + 1 = 3 .......... .......... . (1)
b + 2 = 2 .......... .......... ( 2)
c − 1 = 1 .......... .......... .. (3)
d + 1 = −1 .......... ......... ( 4)
From (1), a = 2
From (2), b = 0
From (3), c = 2
From (4), d = −2
∴ a = 2 , b = 0 , c = 2 , d = −2

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 ⎛x 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 4 ⎞ ⎛ y 5⎞
11. Let ⎜⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟. Find the values of x and y.
⎝1 y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 2 y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 9 ⎟⎠

⎛ x 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 4 ⎞ ⎛ y 5⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 y ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 y ⎠ ⎝ 3 9⎠
⎛ x + 1 5 ⎞ ⎛ y 5⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 3 y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 9 ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x + 1 = y ................................. (1)
3 y = 9 .................................... (2)
From (2), y = 3
Substitute y = 3 into (1), x + 1 = 3
x=2
∴ x = 2, y = 3

⎛ x −1⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 y −1 ⎞
12. Let ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find the values of x and y.
⎝ 2 x 3x ⎠ ⎝ 2 −1⎠ ⎝ 4 y 4 y ⎠

⎛ x −1⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 y −1 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 x 3x ⎠ ⎝ 2 −1⎠ ⎝ 4 y 4 y ⎠
⎛ x +1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 y −1 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 x + 2 3x − 1⎠ ⎝ 4 y 4 y ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x + 1 = 2 y ............................... (1)
2 x + 2 = 4 y ............................ (2)
3x − 1 = 4 y ............................. (3)
From (1), x = 2 y − 1 ............. (4)
Substitute (4) into (3), 3( 2 y − 1) − 1 = 4 y
6y − 3 −1 = 4y
2y = 4
y=2
Substitute y = 2 into (4), x = 2(2) − 1
=3
∴ x = 3, y = 2

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 ⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎛ cos 2 θ sec2 θ ⎞⎟
13. Evaluate ⎜ sin θ − tan θ ⎟ + ⎜ .
⎜ cos θ 3π
⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ sin( 2 − θ) 0 ⎟⎠

⎛ sin 2 θ − tan 2 θ ⎞ ⎛ cos 2 θ sec2 θ ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − tan 2 θ + sec2 θ ⎞⎟

⎜ ⎟+⎜ =
3π
⎜ cos θ
⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ sin( 2 − θ) 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ cos θ + sin( 32π − θ) 0 ⎟
⎠
⎛ 1 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ cos θ − cos θ 0 ⎠
⎛1 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 0⎠

14. For m × n matrices A, B and scalar λ, show that λ( A ± B) = λ A ± λ B.

Let A = [aij ]m × n and B = [bij ]m × n.

λ ( A ± B ) = λ ([aij ]m × n ± [bij ]m × n )
= λ ([aij ± bij ]m × n )
= [λ ( aij ± bij )]m × n
= [λ aij ± λ bij ]m × n
= [λ aij ]m × n ± [λ bij ]m × n
= λ A ± λB

15. For m × n matrix A and scalars λ, µ, show that (λ ± µ) A = λ A ± µ A.

Let A = [aij ]m × n .

(λ ± µ) A = (λ ± µ)[ aij ]m × n
= [(λ ± µ) aij ]m × n
= [λ aij ± µaij ]m × n
= [λ aij ]m × n ± [µ aij ]m × n
= λ[aij ]m × n ± µ[aij ]m × n
= λA ± µA

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 ⎛ 3 3⎞ ⎛ 1 −1⎞
16. Let A and B be 2 × 2 matrices. If A + B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and A − B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, find A and B.
⎝ 4 5⎠ ⎝ −2 1 ⎠

⎛3 3⎞
A + B = ⎜⎜ ⎟ ...................... (1)
⎝4 5 ⎟⎠
⎛1 −1⎞
A − B = ⎜⎜ ⎟ .................. (2)
⎝ −2 1 ⎟⎠
⎛3 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1⎞
(1) + (2): 2 A = ⎜⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝4 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −2 1 ⎟⎠
⎛4 2⎞
2 A = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝2 6 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 4 2⎞
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 6 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 3⎠
⎛ 2 1⎞
Substitute A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ into (1),
⎝ 1 3⎠
⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛3 3⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + B = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 3⎠ ⎝4 5 ⎟⎠
⎛3 3⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞
B = ⎜⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎝4 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 3 ⎟⎠
⎛1 2⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝3 2⎠
⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛1 2⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 3⎠ ⎝3 2⎠

⎛1 2 4⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1⎞
17. Let P and Q be 2 × 3 matrices. If P + 2Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and P − Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, find P and Q.
⎝0 5 1⎠ ⎝ 0 −1 1⎠

⎛1 2 4⎞
P + 2Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟ .............. (1)
⎝0 5 1 ⎟⎠
⎛1 −1 1⎞
P − Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟ ............... (2)
⎝0 −1 1⎟⎠

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 ⎛1 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1⎞
(1) − (2): 3Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎝0 5 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 −1 1⎟⎠
⎛0 3 3⎞
3Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 6 0 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 0 3 3⎞
Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 0 6 0 ⎟⎠
⎛0 1 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 2 0⎠
⎛0 1 1⎞
Substitute Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ into (2),
⎝ 0 2 0⎠
⎛ 0 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1⎞
P − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 2 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 −1 1⎠
⎛ 1 −1 1⎞ ⎛ 0 1 1 ⎞
P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −1 1⎠ ⎝ 0 2 0 ⎠
⎛1 0 2⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 1 1⎠
⎛ 1 0 2⎞ ⎛0 1 1⎞
∴ P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 1 1⎠ ⎝ 0 2 0⎠

⎛ 3⎞
18. Let A = (2 6) and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find the following products of matrices.
⎝1⎠
(a) AB
(b) BA

⎛ 3⎞
(a) AB = (2 6 ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1⎠
= (12)

⎛ 3⎞
(b) BA = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (2 6 )
⎝1⎠
⎛ 6 18 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝2 6 ⎠

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 ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛0 1⎞
19. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. Find the following products of matrices.
⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝1 2⎠
(a) AB
(b) BA

⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0 1 ⎞
(a) AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 1 2 ⎠
⎛ 2 5⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 1⎠

⎛ 0 1 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞
(b) BA = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠ ⎝1 0 ⎠
⎛1 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝3 2⎠

⎛ 0 3⎞
⎛ 1 2 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟
20. Evaluate ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1 3 ⎟.
⎝ 0 −1 3 ⎠ ⎜ 0 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 0 3⎞
⎛ 1 2 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 2 13⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1 3 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −1 3 ⎠ ⎜ 0 4 ⎟ ⎝ −1 9 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 0 2 −1⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
21. Evaluate ⎜ −1 0 2 ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 4 ⎟ .
⎜ 0 3 1 ⎟ ⎜ 3 0 −1⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 0 2 −1⎞ ⎛10 3 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 0 2 ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 4 ⎟ = ⎜ 6 −2 −1⎟
⎜ 0 3 1 ⎟ ⎜ 3 0 −1⎟ ⎜ 6 3 11⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

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 ⎛ 1 −1⎞
⎛ 2 4 −1⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛1⎞
22. Evaluate ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 1 1 3 ⎠ ⎜ 2 3 ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 −1⎞
⎛ 2 4 −1⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 −1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 1 3 ⎠ ⎜ 2 3 ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 7 9 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠

⎛ 4 1⎞
⎛ 2 x 0⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛11 2 ⎞
23. Let ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1 0 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. Find the values of x and y.
⎝ 1 0 2⎠ ⎜ 2 0⎟ ⎝ 8 y ⎠
⎝ ⎠

⎛4 1⎞
⎛ 2 x 0⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛11 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1 0 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝1 0 2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ 8 y ⎟⎠
⎝ 0⎠
⎛8 + x 2 ⎞ ⎛11 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8 y ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
8 + x = 11 ................. (1)
1 = y ........................ (2)
From (1), x = 3
∴ x = 3, y = 1

⎛x −y⎞ ⎛ m −n ⎞
24. Let P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. Prove that PQ = QP.
⎝y x ⎠ ⎝n m⎠

⎛ x − y ⎞ ⎛ m −n ⎞
PQ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝y x ⎠⎝n m ⎠
⎛ mx − ny − nx − my ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ my + nx − ny + mx ⎠

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 ⎛ m −n ⎞ ⎛ x − y ⎞
QP = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝n m ⎠⎝y x ⎠
⎛ mx − ny − my − nx ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ nx + my − ny + mx ⎠
⎛ mx − ny − nx − my ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ my + nx − ny + mx ⎠
∴ PQ = QP

⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞
25. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 1⎠
(a) Find A + 2B.
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
(b) If ( A + 2 B) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , find the values of x and y.
⎝1⎠ ⎝ y⎠

⎛1 −1⎞ ⎛ 0 1⎞
(a) A + 2 B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝2 3⎠ ⎝ 1 1⎠
⎛1 −1⎞ ⎛ 0 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝2 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
⎛1 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝4 5 ⎟⎠

⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
(b) ( A + 2 B) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1⎠ ⎝ y⎠
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 5⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
⎛ x +1 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4x + 5⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x + 1 = 4 .......... .......... .......... . (1)
4 x + 5 = y .......... .......... ........ (2)
From (1), x = 3
Substitute x = 3 into (2),
4(3) + 5 = y
y = 17
∴ x = 3 , y = 17

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 ⎛ 3 6⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 2 y y ⎞
26. Let ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ . Find the values of x and y.
⎝ x 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2x 2⎠ ⎝ 4x x + 2 ⎟⎠

⎛ 3 6⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 2 y y ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ x 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2x 2⎠ ⎝ 4x x + 2⎠
⎛12 x + 6 15 ⎞ ⎛ 2 y y ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4x x + 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 x x + 2 ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
12 x + 6 = 2 y .......... .......... .... (1)
15 = y .......... .......... .......... .... ( 2)
Substitute (2) into (1),
12 x + 6 = 2(15)
x=2
∴ x = 2 , y = 15

⎛ 3 2⎞
⎛1 2 1 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 4 8 − x⎞
27. Let ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 5 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟. Find the values of x, y and z.
⎝ 2 1 −1⎠ ⎜ 1 x ⎟ ⎝ y − 2 z y ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠

⎛3 2⎞
⎛1 2 1 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 4 8 − x⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 5 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 1 −1⎠ ⎜ 1 x ⎟ ⎝ y − 2 z y ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4 x + 12 ⎞ ⎛ 4 8 − x⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 9 − x ⎠ ⎝ y − 2z y ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x + 12 = 8 − x ....................... (1)
5 = y − 2 z ............................ (2)
9 − x = y .............................. (3)
From (1), x = −2
Substitute x = −2 into (3),
9 − (−2) = y
y = 11
Substitute y = 11 into (2),
5 = 11 − 2 z
z=3
∴ x = −2 , y = 11, z = 3

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 ⎛0 x⎞ ⎛8⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
28. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and A ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝y z⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 52 ⎠
(a) Find the value of x.
(b) Prove that 2 y + z = 13. Also, if y + z = 8, find A.

⎛8⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
(a) A ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 52 ⎠
⎛0 x⎞ ⎛8⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝y z ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 52 ⎟⎠

⎛ 4x ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 8 y + 4 z ⎠ ⎝ 52 ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
4x = 8
x=2

⎛ 4x ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
(b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 8 y + 4 z ⎠ ⎝ 52 ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
8 y + 4z = 52
∴ 2 y + z = 13...................... (1)

Also, y + z = 8
z = 8 − y .......... ....... (2)

Substitute (2) into (1),

2 y + 8 − y = 13
y=5
Substitute y = 5 into (2),
z =8−5
=3
⎛ 0 2⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 5 3⎠

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 ⎛ cos x −sin x ⎞ ⎛ cos y −sin y ⎞ ⎛ cos ( x + y ) −sin ( x + y ) ⎞
29. (a) Prove that ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ sin x cos x ⎠ ⎝ sin y cos y ⎠ ⎝ sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) ⎠
⎛ cos 45° −sin 45° ⎞ ⎛ cos 45° −sin 45° ⎞
(b) Hence find ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ sin 45° cos 45° ⎠ ⎝ sin 45° cos 45° ⎠

⎛ cos x −sin x ⎞ ⎛ cos y −sin y ⎞ ⎛ cos x cos y − sin x sin y −cos x sin y − sin x cos y ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin x cos x ⎠ ⎝ sin y cos y ⎠ ⎝ sin x cos y + cos x sin y −sin x sin y + cos x cos y ⎠
⎛ cos ( x + y ) −sin ( x + y ) ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) ⎠

⎛ cos 45° −sin 45° ⎞ ⎛ cos 45° −sin 45° ⎞ ⎛ cos( 45° + 45°) −sin(45° + 45°) ⎞
(b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin 45° cos 45° ⎠ ⎝ sin 45° cos 45° ⎠ ⎝ sin(45° + 45°) cos( 45° + 45°) ⎠
⎛ cos 90° −sin 90° ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin 90° cos 90° ⎠
⎛ 0 −1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 0 ⎠

⎛ x 1⎞ ⎛y 4⎞ ⎛ 7 15 ⎞
30. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟. If AB = C , find C.
⎝ −1 0 ⎠ ⎝1 x⎠ ⎝−y z ⎠

AB = C
⎛ x 1 ⎞ ⎛ y 4 ⎞ ⎛ 7 15 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 1 x ⎠ ⎝ − y z ⎠
⎛ xy + 1 5 x ⎞ ⎛ 7 15 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ −y − 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − y z ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
xy + 1 = 7 .......... .......... ... (1)
5 x = 15 .......... .......... ....... (2)
− 4 = z .......... .......... ........ (3)
From (2), x = 3
Substitute x = 3 into (1),
3y + 1 = 7
y=2

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 ∴ x = 3, y = 2, z = −4
⎛ 7 15 ⎞
∴ C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − 2 −4 ⎠

⎛ 1 0⎞
⎛ 2 −1 3 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛ 21 24 ⎞
31. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , B = ⎜ y 0 ⎟ , C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and D = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . If ABC = D, find D.
⎝ x 0 1⎠ ⎜ 1 3⎟ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 y z ⎠
⎝ ⎠

ABC = D
⎛ 1 0⎞
⎛ 2 −1 3 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛ 21 24 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ y 0 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ x 0 1⎠ ⎜ 1 3⎟ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 y z ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 5 − y 9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1⎞ ⎛ 21 24 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ x + 1 3⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 y z ⎠
⎛ 23 − y y + 22 ⎞ ⎛ 21 24 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ x+7 8 − x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 y z ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
23 − y = 21 ....................... (1)
y + 22 = 24 ....................... (2)
x + 7 = 4 y ......................... (3)
8 − x = z ............................ (4)
From (1), y = 2
Substitute y = 2 into (3),
x + 7 = 4(2)
x =1
Substitute x = 1 into (4),
8 −1 = z
z=7
∴ x = 1, y = 2, z = 7

∴ ⎛ 21 24 ⎞
D = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4( 2) 7 ⎠
⎛ 21 24 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝8 7⎠

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32. Find each of the following products of matrices.
⎛1 0⎞ ⎛ 2 7⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 3 ⎠
⎛ 2 0 1 ⎞ ⎛1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ 1 4 2 ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜ 3 −1 −2 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎛ 2 7⎞ ⎛ 2 7⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 3 ⎠ ⎝ −1 3 ⎠

⎛ 2 0 1 ⎞ ⎛1 0 0⎞ ⎛ 2 0 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ 1 4 2 ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 1 4 2 ⎟
⎜ 3 −1 −2 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟ ⎜ 3 −1 −2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

33. Find each of the following products of matrices.

⎛ 7 8 ⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 9 10 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
⎛1 0 0⎞ ⎛ 7 2 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ −1 8 −9 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟ ⎜ 11 5 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

⎛ 7 8 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎛ 7 8 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 9 10 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠ ⎝ 9 10 ⎠

⎛1 0 0⎞ ⎛ 7 2 4 ⎞ ⎛ 7 2 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ −1 8 −9 ⎟ = ⎜ −1 8 −9 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟ ⎜ 11 5 2 ⎟ ⎜ 11 5 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

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34. In each of the following, find the product of matrices. Hence show that the two matrices are
the inverses of each other.
⎛13 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 1 ⎠ ⎝ − 4 13 ⎠
3
⎛ −1 −1 ⎞
⎛ 2 1 −1⎞ ⎜ 5⎟
⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ −3 2 1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 0 0 1⎟
5⎟
⎜ 0 5 0⎟⎜ 7⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ −3 −2 5⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛13 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 1 ⎠ ⎝ −4 13 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
∴ The two matrices are the inverses of each other.

⎛ −1 3⎞
−1
⎛ 2 1 −1⎞ ⎜ 5⎟ ⎛1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ 1⎟
⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ −3 2 1 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 5⎟
= ⎜ 0 1 0⎟
⎜ 0 5 0⎟⎜ 7⎟ ⎜0 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ −3 −2 ⎟
5⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎝
∴ The two matrices are the inverses of each other.

⎛ 7 9 ⎞ ⎛ 4 −9 ⎞
35. (a) Find ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ −3 7 ⎠
−1 −1
⎛7 9⎞ ⎛ 4 −9 ⎞
(b) Hence find ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 4⎠ ⎝ −3 7 ⎠

⎛ 7 9 ⎞ ⎛ 4 −9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ −3 7 ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠

−1
⎛7 9⎞ ⎛ 4 −9 ⎞
(b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 4⎠ ⎝ −3 7 ⎠

−1
⎛ 4 −9 ⎞ ⎛7 9⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −3 7 ⎠ ⎝ 3 4⎠

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 ⎛ 3 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
36. (a) Find ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ ⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
−1 −1
⎛ 3 2 1⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(b) Hence find ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ and ⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 1 0⎟ ⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ 3 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(a) ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ ⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

−1
⎛ 3 2 1⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(b) ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ = ⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 0⎟ ⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

−1
⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ 3 2 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 1 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 2 1⎟
⎜ 0 1 −2 ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

3
⎛ 1 0⎞
37. Find ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ −3 2 ⎠

3
⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −3 2 ⎠ ⎝ −3 2 ⎠ ⎝ −3 2 ⎠ ⎝ −3 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 0⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −9 4 ⎠ ⎝ −3 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −21 8 ⎠

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 4
⎛ 4 −1⎞
38. Find ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝3 0 ⎠

4
⎛ 4 −1⎞ ⎛ 4 −1⎞ ⎛ 4 −1⎞ ⎛ 4 −1⎞ ⎛ 4 −1⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝3 0 ⎠ ⎝3 0 ⎠ ⎝3 0 ⎠ ⎝3 0 ⎠ ⎝3 0 ⎠
⎛13 − 4 ⎞ ⎛13 − 4 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝12 −3 ⎠ ⎝12 −3 ⎠
⎛ 121 − 40 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝120 −39 ⎠

−1
⎛ k 1⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞
39. (a) Prove that ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 1 0⎠ ⎝ 1 −k ⎠
−1
⎛8 1⎞
(b) Hence find ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 0⎠

⎛ k 1⎞ ⎛ 0 1 ⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
(a) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −k ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
−1
⎛ k 1⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞
∴ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 0⎠ ⎝ 1 −k ⎠

−1
⎛8 1⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞
(b) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 0⎠ ⎝ 1 −8 ⎠

⎛2 1 ⎞
40. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 1 −2 ⎠
(a) Find A2 .
(b) Hence find A−1.
(c) Find ( A−1 ) 2 .

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 ⎛2 1 ⎞ ⎛2 1 ⎞
(a) A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 −2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 −2 ⎠
⎛ 5 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 5⎠

⎛ 5 0⎞
(b) A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 5⎠
⎛1 0⎞
A2 = 5 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 1⎠
A2 = 5 I
1
AA = I
5
1
∴ A−1 = A
5
1 ⎛2 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
5 ⎝ 1 −2 ⎟⎠
⎛2 1 ⎞
= ⎜ 15 5 ⎟
⎜
⎝5 − 52 ⎟⎠

(c) ( A−1 ) 2 = ( A2 ) −1

= (5 I ) −1
1
= I −1
5
1
= I
5
1 ⎛1 0⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
5 ⎜⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 0⎞
= ⎜5 1⎟
⎜0 ⎟
⎝ 5⎠

408
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 ⎛x 1⎞ ⎛ 5 0⎞
41. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . If A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , find the values of x and y.
⎝1 y⎠ ⎝ 0 5⎠

⎛5 0⎞
A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ x 1 ⎞ ⎛ x 1⎞ ⎛5 0⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝1 y⎠ ⎝1 y⎠ ⎝0 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ x2 + 1 x + y ⎞ ⎛ 5 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ x + y y 2 + 1⎟ = ⎜ 0 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x 2 + 1 = 5 ....................... (1)
x + y = 0 ........................ (2)
y 2 + 1 = 5 ....................... (3)
From (1), x2 = 4
x = 2 or x = −2

From (3), y 2 = 4
y = 2 or y = −2
∵ x+ y =0
⎧x = 2 ⎧ x = −2
∴ ⎨ or ⎨
⎩ y = −2 ⎩y = 2

⎛4 x⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 ⎞
42. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 1⎠ ⎝ −1 y ⎠
(a) Find AB.
(b) If B is the inverse of A, find the values of x and y.

⎛ 4 x ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 ⎞
(a) AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 y ⎠
⎛ 4 − x xy − 12 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 y − 3 ⎟⎠

409
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 (b) If B is the inverse of A, then
AB = I
⎛ 4 − x xy − 12 ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 y − 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
4 − x = 1 ............................ (1)
xy − 12 = 0 ........................ (2)
y − 3 = 1 ............................ (3)
From (1), x = 3
From (3), y = 4
∴ x = 3, y = 4

⎛3 x ⎞ ⎛1 y ⎞
43. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 4 −1⎠ ⎝ 4 −3 ⎠
(a) Find AB.
(b) If B is the inverse of A, find the values of x and y.

⎛3 x ⎞ ⎛1 y ⎞
(a) AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 4 −1⎠ ⎝ 4 −3 ⎠
⎛ 4 x + 3 3 y − 3x ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 4 y + 3 ⎟⎠

(b) If B is the inverse of A, then

AB = I
⎛ 4 x + 3 3 y − 3x ⎞ ⎛ 1 0 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 4 y + 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
4 x + 3 = 1 ........................... (1)
3 y − 3x = 0 ........................ (2)
4 y + 3 = 1 .......................... (3)
1
From (1), x = −
2
1
From (3), y = −
2
1 1
∴ x=− , y=−
2 2

410
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 ⎛ 5 2⎞
44. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find the values of p and q such that A2 + pA + qI = 0.
⎝ − 3 1 ⎠

A2 + pA + qI = 0
⎛ 5 2⎞ ⎛ 5 2⎞ ⎛ 5 2⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + p ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + q ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ −3 1 ⎠ ⎝ −3 1⎠ ⎝ −3 1 ⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
⎛ 19 12 ⎞ ⎛ 5 p 2 p ⎞ ⎛ q 0 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟=0
⎝ −18 −5 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −3 p p ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 q ⎟⎠
⎛19 + 5 p + q 12 + 2 p ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ −18 − 3 p −5 + p + q ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
19 + 5 p + q = 0 .......... .......... .... (1)
12 + 2 p = 0 .......... .......... ......... (2)
−18 − 3 p = 0 .......... .......... ....... (3)
−5 + p + q = 0 .......... .......... ..... (4)
From (2), p = −6
Substitute p = −6 into (4),
− 5 + ( − 6) + q = 0
q = 11
∴ p = −6 , q = 11

⎛m 0 ⎞
45. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟, where m ≠ 0 .
⎝ 0 −m ⎠
(a) Prove that A2 − m2 I = 0.
(b) Hence prove that A3 + A 2 − 4 A − 4 I = (m 2 − 4) A + (m 2 − 4) I .
(c) If A3 + A2 − 4 A − 4I = 0, find A.

⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
(a) A2 − m 2 I = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − m 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
⎛ m2 0 ⎞ ⎛ m2 0 ⎞⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟−⎜
2⎟ ⎜
⎝ 0 m ⎠ ⎝ 0 m 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 0 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 0⎠
=0

411
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 (b) L.H.S. = A3 + A2 − 4 A − 4 I
3 2
⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
2
⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛ m 0 ⎞ ⎛ m2 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 4m 0 ⎞ ⎛ 4 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ − ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝ 0
⎜ m 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 0 − 4m ⎠ ⎝ 0 4 ⎠
⎛ m 2 0 ⎞ ⎛ m 0 ⎞ ⎛ m 2 0 ⎞ ⎛ 4m 0 ⎞ ⎛ 4 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ 2⎟
⎟⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ + ⎜
⎜
⎟−⎜
2⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 m ⎠ ⎝ 0 − m ⎠ ⎝ 0 m ⎠ ⎝ 0 − 4m ⎠ ⎝ 0 4 ⎠
⎛ m3 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ m 2 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 4m 0 ⎞ ⎛ 4 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ +
3⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
− ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 − m ⎠ ⎝ 0 m ⎠ ⎝ 0 − 4m ⎠ ⎝ 0 4 ⎠
⎛ m 3 + m 2 − 4m − 4 0 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 − m3 + m 2 + 4m − 4 ⎟⎠

R.H.S. = (m 2 − 4) A + (m 2 − 4) I
⎛m 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
= (m 2 − 4) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + (m 2 − 4) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
⎛ m 3 − 4m 0 ⎞ ⎛ m2 − 4 0 ⎞⎟
= ⎜⎜ 3
⎟+⎜
⎟ ⎜ 2
⎝ 0 − m + 4m ⎠ ⎝ 0 m − 4 ⎟⎠
⎛ m 3 + m 2 − 4m − 4 0 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 3 2
⎟
⎝ 0 − m + m + 4m − 4 ⎟⎠
∴ A3 + A2 − 4 A − 4 I = (m 2 − 4) A + (m 2 − 4) I

(c) A3 + A2 − 4 A − 4 I = 0
(m 2 − 4) A + (m 2 − 4) I = 0
( m 2 − 4) ( A + I ) = 0
⎛ m 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
(m 2 − 4) (⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟) = 0
⎝ 0 −m ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎠
⎛m +1 0 ⎞
(m 2 − 4) ⎜⎜ ⎟=0
⎝ 0 1 − m ⎟⎠
⎛ (m 2 − 4) (m + 1) 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟=0
⎜ 2
⎝ 0 (m − 4) (1 − m) ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
(m2 − 4) (m + 1) = 0 .......... .............. (1)
(m2 − 4) (1 − m) = 0 ........................ (2)
∴ m2 − 4 = 0
m = ±2
⎛2 0 ⎞ ⎛ −2 0 ⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ o r A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −2 ⎠ ⎝ 0 2⎠

412
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 ⎛1 2⎞
46. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 0 3⎠
(a) Prove that A2 − 4 A + 3I = 0.
(b) Find A −1.

⎛1 2⎞ ⎛1 2⎞ ⎛1 2⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
(a) A2 − 4 A + 3I = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 3⎠ ⎝ 0 3⎠ ⎝0 3⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
⎛1 8⎞ ⎛ 4 8 ⎞ ⎛ 3 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝0 9 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 12 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 3 ⎟⎠
⎛0 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 ⎟⎠
=0
(b) A 2 − 4 A + 3I = 0
A2 − 4 A = −3I
A( A − 4 I ) = −3I
1
A[− ( A − 4 I )] = I
3
1
∴ A−1 = − ( A − 4 I )
3
1 ⎛1 2⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
= − ( ⎜⎜ ⎟ −4 ⎜ ⎟)
3 ⎝ 0 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ −3 2 ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 0 −1⎟⎠
⎛1 − 2 ⎞
3⎟
=⎜
⎜0 1 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠

⎛ 2 3⎞
47. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find A−1.
⎝ 5 3 ⎠

⎛a b ⎞
Let A−1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝c d ⎠
⎛ 2 3⎞ ⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 3⎠ ⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2a + 3c 2b + 3d ⎞ ⎛ 1 0⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5a + 3c 5b + 3d ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠

413
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
2a + 3c = 1 .................... ..... (1)
2b + 3d = 0 .......... .............. (2)
5a + 3c = 0 .......... .......... ..... (3)
5b + 3d = 1 .......... ............... (4)
(3) − (1): 3a = −1
1
a=−
3
1
Substitute a = − into (1),
3
1
2(− ) + 3c = 1
3
5
c=
9
(4) − (2): 3b = 1
1
b=
3
1
Substitute b = into (2),
3
1
2( ) + 3d = 0
3
2
d =−
9
⎛− 1 1 ⎞
−1 ⎜ 3 3 ⎟
∴ A =
⎜ 5 −2⎟
⎝ 9 9⎠

n
⎛ a 0⎞ ⎛a n 0 ⎞⎟
48. Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers n, ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ .
⎝ 0 b⎠
⎜ 0
⎝ b n ⎟⎠

n
⎛ a 0⎞ ⎛a n 0 ⎞
Let P(n) be ‘ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ’.
⎜ 0 bn⎟
⎝ 0 b⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ a 0⎞
When n = 1 , L.H.S. = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 b⎠
⎛ a 0⎞
R.H.S. = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 b⎠
∴ P(1) is true.

414
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Assume that P(k ) is true, where k is a positive integer.
k
⎛ a 0⎞ ⎛ ak 0 ⎞⎟
i.e. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜
⎝ 0 b⎠
⎜0
⎝ b k ⎟⎠
k +1 k
⎛ a 0⎞ ⎛ a 0⎞ ⎛ a 0⎞
then ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 b⎠ ⎝ 0 b⎠ ⎝ 0 b⎠
⎛ ak 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛ a 0 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 b k ⎟⎠ ⎝ 0 b ⎠

⎛ a k +1 0 ⎞⎟
= ⎜⎜ k +1 ⎟
⎝ 0 b ⎠
∴ P(k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

n
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 3 n −1 3 n −1 3 n −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
49. Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers n, ⎜1 1 1⎟ = ⎜ 3 n −1 3 n −1 3 n −1 ⎟.
⎜ n −1 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜3 3 n −1 3 n −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

n
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 3 n −1 3 n −1 3 n −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Let P(n) be ‘ ⎜1 1 1⎟ = ⎜ 3 n −1 3 n −1 3 n −1 ⎟’.
⎜ n −1 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜3 3 n −1 3 n −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
When n = 1 ,
⎛1 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
L.H.S. = ⎜1 1 1⎟
⎜1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 30 30 30 ⎞⎟
⎜
R.H.S. = ⎜ 30 30 30 ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜3 30 30 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 1 1 1⎟
⎜ 1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠
∴ P(1) is true.

415
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
k
⎛1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 3k −1 3k −1 3k −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
i.e. ⎜1 1 1⎟ = ⎜ 3k −1 3k −1 3k −1 ⎟
⎜1 1 1⎟ ⎜ k −1 k −1 k −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜3 3 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
k +1 k
⎛1 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
then ⎜1 1 1⎟ = ⎜1 1 1⎟ ⎜1 1 1⎟
⎜1 1 1⎟ ⎜1 1 1⎟ ⎜1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛3 k −1 k −1 k − 1
⎜ 3 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛1 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 3k −1 3k −1 3k −1 ⎟ ⎜1 1 1⎟
⎜ k −1 k −1 k −1 ⎟ ⎜
⎜3 3 3 ⎟ ⎝1 1 1⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3 × 3k −1 3 × 3k −1 3 × 3k −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 3 × 3k −1 3 × 3k −1 3 × 3k −1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3 × 3k −1 3 × 3k −1 3 × 3k −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛3 ( k +1) −1 ( k +1) −1 ( k +1) −1
⎜ 3 3 ⎞
⎟
( k +1) −1 ( k +1) −1 ( k +1) −1
= ⎜3 3 3 ⎟
⎜ ( k +1) −1 ( k +1) −1 ( k +1) −1 ⎟
⎜3 3 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
∴ P(k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

50. (a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integers n,
n
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ cos nθ sin nθ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ −sin nθ cos nθ ⎠
1 2 010
⎛ 3 ⎞
2
(b) Find ⎜ 2 ⎟ .
⎜⎜ 1 3⎟
⎟
⎝− 2 2 ⎠

n
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ cos nθ sin nθ ⎞
(a) Let P(n) be ‘ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ’.
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ −sin nθ cos nθ ⎠
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞
When n = 1 , L.H.S. = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞
R.H.S. = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠
∴ P(1) is true.

416
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 Assume that P(k) is true, where k is a positive integer.
k
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ cos kθ sin kθ ⎞
i.e. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ −sin kθ cos kθ ⎠
k +1 k
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞
then ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠
⎛ cos kθ sin kθ ⎞ ⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin kθ cos kθ ⎠ ⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠
⎛ cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ sin kθ cos θ + cos kθ sin θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin kθ cos θ − cos kθ sin θ cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ ⎠
⎛ cos( kθ + θ) sin(kθ + θ) ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin(kθ + θ) cos( kθ + θ) ⎠
⎛ cos( k + 1)θ sin(k + 1)θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin(k + 1)θ cos( k + 1)θ ⎠
∴ P(k + 1) is true.
According to mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

1 2 010
⎛ 3 ⎞ 2 010
2 ⎛ cos 30° sin 30° ⎞
(b) ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜− 1 3⎟
⎝ −sin 30° cos 30° ⎠
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ cos( 2 010 × 30°) sin(2 010 × 30°) ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin(2 010 × 30°) cos( 2 010 × 30°) ⎠
⎛ −1 0 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 −1⎠

51. Let A be a square matrix such that A2 − 2 A − I = 0. Prove that A is a non-singular matrix.

A2 − 2 A − I = 0
A2 − 2 A = I
∴ A( A − 2I ) = ( A − 2I ) A = I
∵ A − 2 I is the inverse of A.
∴ A is a non-singular matrix.

417
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 ⎛1 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
52. Let A = ⎜ 0 1 ⎟ . Find AAT and AT A .
⎜1 3⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 2⎞
⎜T ⎟ ⎛ 1 0 1⎞
AA = ⎜ 0 1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ 1 3 ⎟ ⎝ 2 1 3⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛5 2 7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜2 1 3 ⎟
⎜ 7 3 10 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1 2⎞
T ⎛ 1 0 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟
A A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 1 3⎠ ⎜ 1 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛2 5 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 5 14 ⎠

⎛ 2 −1 1⎞
53. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find AAT and AT A .
⎝ 1 2 1 ⎠

⎛ 2 1⎞
⎛ 2 −1 1⎞ ⎜
T ⎟
AA = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ −1 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 2 1⎠ ⎜ 1 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛6 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 6⎠

⎛ 2 1⎞
T ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 2 −1 1⎞
A A = ⎜ −1 2 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎝ 1 2 1⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 5 0 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜0 5 1⎟
⎜ 3 1 2⎟
⎝ ⎠

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 ⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟
54. Let A = ⎜ 2 ⎟ . Find AAT and AT A .
⎜7⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛1⎞ ⎛1 2 7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
T ⎜ ⎟
AA = ⎜ 2 ⎟ (1 2 7 ) = ⎜ 2 4 14 ⎟
⎜7⎟ ⎜ 7 14 49 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛1⎞
T ⎜ ⎟
A A = (1 2 7 ) ⎜ 2 ⎟ = (54)
⎜7⎟
⎝ ⎠

55. Let A = (2 −1 3). Find AAT and AT A .

⎛2⎞
T ⎜ ⎟
AA = (2 −1 3) ⎜ −1⎟ = (14)
⎜3⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛2⎞ ⎛ 4 −2 6 ⎞
T ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
A A = ⎜ −1⎟ (2 −1 3) = ⎜ −2 1 −3 ⎟
⎜3⎟ ⎜ 6 −3 9 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

56. It is given that A, B, C and D are square matrices, where ABT C = D2, A = 3, C = 6 and
D = 12 . Find the value of B .

AB T C = D 2
AB T C = D 2

A BT C = D 2
2
A B C = D
3 × B × 6 = 122
B =8

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57. It is given that A, B, C and D are square matrices, where AB−1 = C 3DT , A = 48, B = 2 and
D = 3. Find the value of C .

AB −1 = C 3 DT

AB −1 = C 3 DT

A B −1 = C 3 DT
−1 3
A B = C D
3
48 × 2 −1 = C × 3
3
C =8
C =2

58. It is given that P, Q and R are square matrices of order 2, where P 2QT = R , PQ = 2I and
Q = 4. Find the values of P and R .

PQ = 2 I

PQ = 2 I

P Q = 22 I

P × 4 = 4 ×1

P =1

P 2Q T = R

P 2Q T = R

P 2 QT = R
2
P Q = R

12 × 4 = R
R =4

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59. It is given that P, Q and R are square matrices of order 2, where R is invertible, P 2 R = PQ T ,
P −1Q = 3I and Q = 15. Find the values of P and R −1 .

P −1Q = 3 I

P −1Q = 3I

P −1 Q = ( 3 ) 2 I
−1
P × 15 = 3 × 1
15
P =
3
=5

P 2 R = PQT
P 2 R = PQT

P 2 R = P QT
2
P R = P Q
52 R = 5 × 15
R =3
∵ R is invertible.
−1
∴ R −1 = R

= 3−1
1
=
3

60. Find the value of the determinant of each of the following matrices.
⎛ 1 2 2⎞
⎛ 1 2⎞ ⎜ ⎟
(a) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (b) B = ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟
⎝4 8⎠ ⎜ 3 −1 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

1 2
(a) A =
4 8
=0

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 1 2 2
(b) B = 0 0 1
3 −1 0
=7

61. Find the adjoint matrix of each of the following matrices.

⎛1 0 1⎞
⎛ 2 3⎞ ⎜ ⎟
(a) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (b) A = ⎜ −1 2 3⎟
⎝ −1 4 ⎠ ⎜0 1
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠

(a) A11 = 4 , A12 = − (−1) = 1,

A 21 = −3, A 22 = 2
⎛ 4 −3 ⎞
∴ adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 2 ⎠

2 3 −1 3 −1 2
(b) A11 = = 5, A12 = − = 4, A13 = = −1,
1 4 0 4 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
A 21 = − = 1, A 22 = = 4, A 23 = − = −1,
1 4 0 4 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 0
A 31 = = −2, A 32 = − = − 4, A 33 = =2
2 3 −1 3 −1 2
⎛ 5 1 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
∴ adj A = ⎜ 4 4 − 4 ⎟
⎜ −1 −1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

62. Find the adjoint matrix of each of the following matrices.

⎛1 2 3⎞
⎛ 5 −2 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
(a) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (b) A = ⎜ −1 1 1⎟
⎝ 1 −3 ⎠ ⎜0 2
⎝ 1 ⎟⎠

(a) A11 = −3, A12 = −1,

A21 = − (−2) = 2, A22 = 5
⎛ −3 2 ⎞
∴ adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 5 ⎠

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 1 1 −1 1 −1 1
(b) A11 = = −1, A12 = − = 1, A13 = = −2 ,
2 1 0 1 0 2
2 3 1 3 1 2
A 21 = − = 4, A 22 = = 1, A 23 = − = −2,
2 1 0 1 0 2
2 3 1 3 1 2
A 31 = = −1, A 32 = − = − 4, A 33 = =3
1 1 −1 1 −1 1

⎛ −1 4 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
∴ adj A = ⎜ 1 1 − 4 ⎟
⎜ −2 −2 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 7 4⎞
63. Find the inverse of B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 5 3⎠

7 4
B =
5 3
=1
T
⎛ 3 −5 ⎞
adj B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −4 7 ⎠
⎛ 3 −4 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −5 7 ⎠

1 ⎛ 3 −4 ⎞
∴ B −1 = ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎜⎝ −5 7 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3 −4 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −5 7 ⎠

⎛ 9 1⎞
64. Find the inverse of B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 8 1⎠

9 1
B =
8 1
=1

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 T
⎛ 1 −8 ⎞
adj B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 9 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −8 9 ⎠

1 ⎛ 1 −1⎞
∴ B −1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ −8 9 ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 −1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −8 9 ⎠

⎛ 2 −3 ⎞
65. Find the inverse of B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝4 7 ⎠

2 −3
B =
4 7
= 26
T
⎛7 −4 ⎞
adj B = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝3 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 7 3⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ −4 2 ⎟⎠

1 ⎛ 7 3⎞
∴ B −1 = ⎜ ⎟
26 ⎜⎝ − 4 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 7 3 ⎞
26 26 ⎟
=⎜
⎜− 2 1 ⎟
⎝ 13 13 ⎠

⎛ sin θ −cos θ ⎞
66. Find the inverse of B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ cos θ sin θ ⎠

sin θ −cos θ
B =
cos θ sin θ
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=1

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 T
⎛ sin θ −cosθ ⎞
adj B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ cosθ sin θ ⎠
⎛ sin θ cos θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −cos θ sin θ ⎠
1 ⎛ sin θ cos θ ⎞
∴ B −1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ −cos θ sin θ ⎟⎠
⎛ sin θ cos θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −cos θ sin θ ⎠

⎛1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
67. Find the inverse of B = ⎜ 1 2 1 ⎟.
⎜ 2 3 2⎟
⎝ ⎠

1 0 0
B = 1 2 1
2 3 2
=1
T
⎛ 2 1 1 1 1 2 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 3 2 2 2 2 3 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 0 1 0 ⎟
adj B = ⎜ − −
3 2 2 2 2 3⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 0 1 0 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 1 1 1 1 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
T
⎛ 1 0 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 0 2 −3 ⎟
⎜ 0 −1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 0 2 −1⎟
⎜ −1 − 3 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛1 0 0⎞
−1 1⎜ ⎟
∴ B = ⎜ 0 2 −1⎟
1⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1 −3 2 ⎠
⎛1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 0 2 −1⎟
⎜ −1 −3 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

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 ⎛ 1 0 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
68. Find the inverse of B = ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ .
⎜ 5 5 3⎟
⎝ ⎠

1 0 1
B = 2 2 1
5 5 3
=1
T
⎛ 2 1 2 1 2 2 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 5 3 5 3 5 5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 1 1 1 0⎟
adj B = ⎜ − −
5 3 5 3 5 5⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 1 1 1 0 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 1 2 1 2 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
T
⎛1 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
=⎜ 5 −2 −5 ⎟
⎜ −2 1 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛1 5 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −1 −2 1 ⎟
⎜0 −5 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 1 5 −2 ⎞
−1 1⎜ ⎟
∴ B = ⎜ −1 −2 1 ⎟
1⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 −5 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 5 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −1 −2 1 ⎟
⎜ 0 −5 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 2 1 −1⎞
⎜ ⎟
69. Find the inverse of B = ⎜ 1 2 3 ⎟ .
⎜4 0 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

2 1 −1
B = 1 2 3
4 0 2
= 26

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 T
⎛ 2 3 1 3 1 2 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 0 2 4 2 4 0 ⎟ T
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎛ 4 10 −8 ⎞ ⎛ 4 −2 5 ⎞
−1 2 −1 2 1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
adj B = ⎜ − − ⎟ = ⎜ −2 8 4 ⎟ = ⎜ 10 8 −7 ⎟
⎜ 0 2 4 2 4 0⎟ ⎜ 5 −7 3 ⎟ ⎜ −8 4 3 ⎟
⎜ 1 −1 2 −1 2 1 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 3 1 3 1 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 2 1 5 ⎞
⎛ 4 −2 5 ⎞ ⎜ 13 − 13 26 ⎟
1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 5
∴ B −1 = ⎜ 10 8 −7 ⎟ = ⎜ 13
4
13
7 ⎟
− 26
26 ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ −8 4 3 ⎠ ⎜ − 4 2 3 ⎟
⎝ 13 13 26 ⎠

⎛ 3 −1 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
70. Find the inverse of B = ⎜ 2 1 3 ⎟ .
⎜ 4 2 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

3 −1 4
B = 2 1 3 = −25
4 2 1
T
⎛ 1 3 2 3 2 1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 1 4 1 4 2 ⎟ T
⎜ −1 4 ⎟ ⎛ −5 10 0 ⎞ ⎛ −5 9 − 7 ⎞
3 4 3 −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
adj B = ⎜ − − ⎟ = ⎜ 9 −13 −10 ⎟ = ⎜ 10 −13 −1 ⎟
⎜ 2 1 4 1 4 2 ⎟ ⎜ −7 −1
⎜ −1 4 ⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 0 −10 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
3 4 3 −1 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 1 3 2 3 2 1 ⎟⎠
⎝
1 9 7
⎛ −5 9 −7 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 5 − 25 25 ⎞⎟
−1 1 ⎜ ⎟
∴ B =− ⎜ 10 −13 −1 ⎟ = ⎜ − 52 13
25
1 ⎟
25 ⎜ ⎜ 25 ⎟
⎝ 0 −10 5 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 0 2
− 15 ⎟⎠
⎝ 5

⎛ −2 5 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
71. Find the inverse of B = ⎜ 4 2 1 ⎟.
⎜ −3 1 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

−2 5 2
B = 4 2 1 = −17
−3 1 1

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© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 T
⎛ 2 1 4 1 4 2 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 1 1 −3 1 −3 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
5 2 −2 2 −2 5⎟
adj B = ⎜ − −
⎜ 1 1 −3 1 −3 1⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5 2 −2 2 −2 5 ⎟
⎜ 2 −
⎝ 1 4 1 4 2 ⎟⎠
T
⎛ 1 −7 10 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −3 4 −13 ⎟
⎜ 1 10 −24 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −3 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −7 4 10 ⎟
⎜ 10 −13 −24 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −3 1 ⎞
−1 1 ⎜ ⎟
∴ B = − ⎜ −7 4 10 ⎟
17 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 −13 −24 ⎠
⎛− 1 3 1 ⎞
− 17
⎜ 17 17 ⎟
= ⎜ 17
7 4
− 17 10 ⎟
− 17
⎜ ⎟
⎜ − 10 13 24 ⎟
⎝ 17 17 17 ⎠

⎛1 0 1⎞
72. Let P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and Q = PP T . Find Q −1 .
⎝ 0 2 2 ⎠

Q = PP T
⎛1 0⎞
⎛1 0 1⎞ ⎜ ⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 2 ⎟
⎝ 0 2 2⎠ ⎜1 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 2⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝2 8⎠
2 2
Q =
2 8
= 12

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 T
⎛ 8 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 8 −2 ⎞
adj Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −2 2 ⎠ ⎝ −2 2 ⎠
1 ⎛ 8 −2 ⎞
∴ Q −1 = ⎜ ⎟
12 ⎜⎝ −2 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 − 16 ⎞
=⎜ 3 ⎟
⎜− 1 1 ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠

⎛0 2 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
73. Let A = ⎜ 1 −1 0 ⎟ and B = AT A. Find B −1.
⎜ 0 1 4⎟
⎝ ⎠

B = AT A
⎛0 1 0⎞ ⎛0 2 0⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 2 −1 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 −1 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 4⎟ ⎜ 0 1 4⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −1 6 4 ⎟
⎜ 0 4 16 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 −1 0
B = −1 6 4 = 64
0 4 16
T
⎛ 6 4 −1 4 −1 6 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 4 16 0 16 0 4 ⎟
⎜ −1 0 1 0 1 −1 ⎟
adj B = ⎜ − − ⎟
⎜ 4 16 0 16 0 4 ⎟
⎜ −1 0 1 0 1 −1 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 6 4 −1 4 −1 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
T
⎛ 80 16 − 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 16 16 − 4 ⎟
⎜ −4 −4 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 80 16 − 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 16 16 − 4 ⎟
⎜ −4 −4 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

429
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 ⎛ 80 16 −4 ⎞
−1 1 ⎜ ⎟
∴ B = ⎜ 16 16 −4 ⎟
64 ⎜
⎝ −4 −4 5 ⎟⎠
⎛ 5 1 − 116 ⎞
⎜ 4 4 ⎟
⎜
= 4 1 1 1 ⎟
− 16
⎜ 4 ⎟
⎜− 1 − 1 5 ⎟
⎝ 16 16 64 ⎠

⎛ 2 −4 ⎞
74. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . Find A −1 + 2( A2 ) −1 .
⎝ −2 5 ⎠

2 −4
A =
−2 5
=2
T
⎛5 2⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝4 2 ⎟⎠
⎛5 4⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 5 4⎞
∴ A−1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛5 2⎞
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝1 1 ⎟⎠
( A2 ) −1 = ( A−1 ) 2
⎛5 2 ⎞ ⎛ 52 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝1 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 1 ⎟⎠
⎛ 33 7 ⎞⎟
=⎜ 4
⎜7 3⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 5 2⎞ ⎛ 33 7 ⎞
−1 2 −1 4
∴ A + 2( A ) ⎜
=⎜ 2 ⎟
⎟ +2⎜ ⎟
1 1 ⎜ 7 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛ 5 2 ⎞ ⎛ 33 14 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟+⎜ 2
⎟ ⎜7 6⎟
⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛19 16 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝8 7⎠

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 ⎛2 x⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞
75. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝2 y⎠ ⎝ 2 3⎠
(a) If det A = det B, express y in terms of x.
(b) If AP = P , find A for each of the following conditions.
⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
(i) P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (ii) P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1⎠ ⎝1⎠

(a) det A = det B

2 x 2 1
=
2 y 2 3
2 y − 2x = 4
y= x+2

(b) (i) AP = P
⎛2 x ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝2 y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
⎛ x − 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ y − 2⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x − 2 = −1 .......... .......... .... (1)
y − 2 = 1 .......... .......... ...... (2)
From (1), x = 1
From (2), y = 3
∴ x = 1, y = 3
⎛ 2 1⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 3⎠

(ii) AP = P
⎛2 x ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝2 y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 ⎟⎠
⎛ x + 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ y + 4⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
x + 4 = 2 ......................... (1)
y + 4 = 1 .................... ..... ( 2)

431
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 From (1), x = −2
From (2), y = −3
∴ x = −2 , y = −3
⎛ 2 −2 ⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 −3 ⎠

⎛ 3 2 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
76. If the value of the determinant of ⎜ −1 1 2 x ⎟ is 8, find the values of x.
⎜x 0 1⎟
⎝ ⎠

3 2 −1
−1 1 2 x = 8
x 0 1
2 −1 3 2
x −0+ =8
1 2x −1 1
x(4 x + 1) + 5 = 8
4x2 + x − 3 = 0
( x + 1)(4 x − 3) = 0
3
x = −1 o r x =
4

⎛6 a⎞ ⎛1 b ⎞
77. It is given that A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , where A and B are singular matrices.
⎝3 4⎠ ⎝3 6⎠
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find ( A − B) −1.

(a) ∵ A is a singular matrix.

∴ A =0
6 a
=0
3 4
24 − 3a = 0
a =8

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 ∵ B is a singular matrix.
∴ B =0
1 b
=0
3 6
6 − 3b = 0
b=2

⎛6 8⎞
(b) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝3 4 ⎟⎠
⎛1 2⎞
B = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝3 6 ⎟⎠
⎛ 6 8⎞ ⎛1 2⎞ ⎛ 5 6 ⎞
A − B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 6 ⎠ ⎝ 0 −2 ⎠
A − B = −10
T
⎛ −2 0 ⎞ ⎛ −2 −6 ⎞
adj ( A − B) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −6 5 ⎠ ⎝0 5⎠
1 ⎛ −2 −6 ⎞
∴ ( A − B ) −1 = − ⎜ ⎟
10 ⎜⎝ 0 5 ⎟⎠
⎛1 3 ⎞
= ⎜ 5 51 ⎟
⎜0 − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

⎛a b ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 24 ⎞
78. It is given that A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , where A ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and A ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝c d ⎠ ⎝ −1⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
(a) Find the values of a, b, c and d.
(b) Find A−1 .

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
(a) A ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ −1⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 2a − b ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2c − d ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
2a − b = −1 .......... .......... ..... (1)
2c − d = 3 .......... .......... ....... (2)

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 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 24 ⎞
A ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 24 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ a + 3b ⎞ ⎛ 24 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ c + 3d ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
a + 3b = 24 .......... .......... ...... (3)
c + 3d = 5 .......... .......... ........ ( 4)
From (3), a = 24 − 3b ........ (5)
Substitute (5) into (1),
2( 24 − 3b) = −1
b=7
Substitute b = 7 into (5),
a = 24 − 3(7)
=3
From (4), c = 5 − 3d .......... (6)
Substitute (6) into (2),
2(5 − 3d ) − d = 3
d =1
Substitute d = 1 into (6),
c = 5 − 3(1)
=2
∴ a = 3, b = 7 , c = 2 , d = 1

⎛3 7⎞
(b) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝2 1 ⎟⎠
A = −11
T
⎛ 1 −2 ⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −7 3 ⎠
⎛ 1 −7 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −2 3 ⎠
1 ⎛ 1 −7 ⎞
∴ A−1 = − ⎜ ⎟
11 ⎜⎝ −2 3 ⎟⎠
⎛− 1 7 ⎞
⎜ 11 11 ⎟
=
⎜ 2 3 ⎟
⎝ 11 − 11 ⎠

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 ⎛6 4 ⎞
79. Let A = ⎜ a⎟ .
⎜a 4 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

(a) If A is a singular matrix, find the value of a.

(b) Is A2 invertible?

(a) ∵ A is a singular matrix.

∴ A =0
6 4
a =0
a 4+ 2
24 + 3a − 4a = 0
a = 24

⎛6 4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 4⎞
(b) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟⎟
+ 24 ⎟ ⎜
⎝ 24 4 2 ⎠ ⎝ 24 16 ⎠
⎛ 6 4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 4 ⎞ ⎛ 132 88 ⎞
A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 24 16 ⎠ ⎝ 24 16 ⎠ ⎝ 528 352 ⎠
A2 = 0

∴ A2 is not invertible.

⎛5 −3 ⎞
80. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ a −a − 2 ⎠
(a) If A is a singular matrix, find the value of a.
(b) Is A2 invertible?

(a) ∵ A is a singular matrix.

∴ A =0
5 −3
=0
a −a −2
−5a − 10 + 3a = 0
a = −5

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 ⎛5 −3 ⎞
(b) A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −5 − (−5) − 2 ⎠
⎛ 5 −3 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −5 3 ⎠
⎛ 5 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 5 −3 ⎞
A2 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −5 3 ⎠ ⎝ −5 3 ⎠
⎛ 40 −24 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − 40 24 ⎠
A2 = 0

∴ A2 is not invertible.

⎛9 6⎞
81. If AAT = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and the dimensions of A are 2 × 1, find A.
⎝ 6 4⎠

⎛a⎞
Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝b⎠
⎛9 6⎞
AAT = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝6 4 ⎟⎠
⎛a⎞ ⎛9 6⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (a b ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝b⎠ ⎝6 4 ⎟⎠
⎛ a 2 ab ⎞ ⎛ 9 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ab b 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 6 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
a 2 = 9 .......... .......... .... (1)
ab = 6 .......... .......... .... (2)
b 2 = 4 .......... .......... .... (3)
From (1), a = 3 or a = −3
From (3), b = 2 or b = −2
∵ ab = 6
⎧a = 3 ⎧a = −3
∴ ⎨ or ⎨
⎩b = 2 ⎩b = −2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ or A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠

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 ⎛ 16 − 4 ⎞
82. If AAT = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and the dimensions of A are 2 × 1, find A.
⎝ −4 1 ⎠

⎛a⎞
Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝b⎠
⎛ 16 − 4 ⎞
AAT = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −4 1 ⎠
⎛a⎞ ⎛ 16 − 4 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (a b ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝b⎠ ⎝ −4 1 ⎠
⎛ a 2 ab ⎞ ⎛ 16 − 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ab b 2 ⎟ = ⎜ − 4 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
a 2 = 16 ......................... (1)
ab = − 4 ........................ (2)
b 2 = 1 ........................... (3)
From (1), a = 4 or a = − 4
From (3), b = 1 or b = −1
∵ ab = − 4
⎧a = 4 ⎧a = − 4
∴ ⎨ or ⎨
⎩b = −1 ⎩b = 1
⎛4⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
∴ A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ or A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1⎠ ⎝1⎠

83. Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of order n. If AT = A−1 , prove that
( ABAT ) −1 = AB −1 AT .

( ABAT ) −1 = [( AB ) AT ]−1

= ( AT ) −1 ( AB ) −1

= ( A−1 ) −1 B −1 A−1

= AB −1 A−1

= AB −1 AT

437
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84. Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of order n.
(a) Prove that A−1BA is a non-singular matrix.
(b) Simplify ( A−1BA) −1.

(a) ∵ A and B are non-singular matrices.

∴ A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0
A−1BA = A−1 B A
−1
= A B A
= B
∵ B ≠0
∴ A−1BA ≠ 0

∴ A−1BA is a non-singular matrix.

(b) ( A−1BA) −1 = [ A−1 ( BA)]−1
= ( BA) −1 ( A−1 ) −1
= ( A−1B −1 ) A
= A−1B −1 A

85. Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of order n.

(a) Prove that AT BA is a non-singular matrix.
(b) Simplify ( AT BA)T .

(a) ∵ A and B are non-singular matrices.

∴ A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0

AT BA = AT B A
= A B A
2
= A B
2
∵ A B ≠0
∴ AT BA ≠ 0
∴ AT BA is a non-singular matrix.

438
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 (b) ( AT BA)T = [ AT ( BA)]T
= ( BA)T ( AT )T
= ( AT BT ) A
= AT BT A

⎛ x1 x2 x3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
86. If x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 , x8 , x9 form an arithmetic sequence, prove that ⎜ x4 x5 x6 ⎟ is
⎜x x8 x9 ⎟⎠
⎝ 7
not invertible.

Let d be the common difference of the sequence.

x1 x2 x3 x1 x1 + d x1 + 2d
x4 x5 x6 = x4 x4 + d x4 + 2d
x7 x8 x9 x7 x7 + d x7 + 2d
x1 d 2d
= x4 d 2d
x7 d 2d
=0
⎛ x1 x2 x3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
∴ ⎜ x4 x5 x6 ⎟ is not invertible.
⎜x x8 x9 ⎟⎠
⎝ 7

⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎛ 2 −2 ⎞
87. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 0⎠ ⎝0 1 ⎠
(a) Find A−1BA .
n
⎛ p 0⎞ ⎛ pn 0 ⎞⎟
(b) It is given that for all positive integers n, ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ , where p and q are real
⎝ 0 q⎠
⎜ 0
⎝ q n ⎟⎠
2 010
numbers. Find B .

2 2
(a) A = = −2
1 0
T
⎛ 0 −1⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −2 2 ⎠
⎛ 0 −2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 2 ⎠

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 1⎛ 0 −2 ⎞
∴ A−1 = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ −1 2 ⎠
⎛0 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 −1⎠
⎟

⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 2 ⎞
∴ A−1BA = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝2 −1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 0 ⎟⎠
⎛0 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 2⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝1 −2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 0 ⎟⎠
⎛1 0⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝0 2 ⎟⎠

(b) ( A−1BA) 2 010 = A−1B 2 010 A

∴ B 2 010 = A( A−1BA) 2 010 A−1

2 010
⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎛1 0⎞ ⎛0 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜1 ⎟
⎜ 1⎟
⎝ 1 0⎠ ⎝ 0 2⎠ ⎝2 − ⎠
⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 010
0 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 0 1 ⎞⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1
⎝1 0⎠ ⎝ 0
⎜ 2 010 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 −1⎟⎠
2

⎛ 2 22 011 ⎞ ⎛ 0 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜1
⎟⎜
⎟
⎟
⎝ 1 0 ⎠ ⎝ 2
−1 ⎠
⎛ 22 010 2 − 22 011 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 0 1 ⎠

⎛k 1⎞ ⎛ cos θ −sin θ ⎞
88. Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and B = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝1 k ⎠ ⎝ sin θ cos θ ⎠

(a) Find B −1 .
⎛ k + sin 2θ cos 2θ ⎞
(b) Prove that B −1 AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟.
⎝ cos 2θ k − sin 2θ ⎟⎠
⎛x 0⎞ π
(c) If k = 2 , find the values of θ, x and y such that B −1 AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , where 0 < θ < .
⎝0 y⎠ 2
n
⎛ p 0⎞ ⎛ pn 0 ⎞⎟
(d) It is given that for all positive integers n, ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ , where p and q are real
⎝ 0 q⎠
⎜ 0
⎝ q n ⎟⎠
number. According to the values obtained in (c), find A 9 .

440
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 cos θ −sin θ
(a) B =
sin θ cos θ
= cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=1
T
⎛ cos θ −sin θ ⎞
adj B = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin θ cos θ ⎟⎠
⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎟⎠

⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞
∴ B −1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠

⎛ cos θ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ k 1 ⎞ ⎛ cos θ −sin θ ⎞

(b) B −1 AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −sin θ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ 1 k ⎠ ⎝ sin θ cos θ ⎠
⎛ k cos θ + sin θ cos θ + k sin θ ⎞ ⎛ cos θ −sin θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ − k sin θ + cos θ −sin θ + k cos θ ⎠ ⎝ sin θ cos θ ⎠
⎛ k cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + k sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 2 2 2 2 ⎟
⎟
⎝ cos θ − sin θ k sin θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + k cos θ ⎠
2 2
⎛ k (cos θ + sin θ) + sin 2θ cos 2θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 2 2
⎟
⎝ cos 2θ k (sin θ + cos θ) − sin 2θ ⎟⎠
⎛ k + sin 2θ cos 2θ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ cos 2θ k − sin 2θ ⎟⎠

⎛ x 0⎞
(c) B −1 AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 y⎠
⎛ 2 + sin 2θ cos 2θ ⎞ ⎛ x 0 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟
⎝ cos 2θ 2 − sin 2θ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 y ⎟⎠
Consider the definition of equality of two matrices,
2 + sin 2θ = x ....................... (1)
cos 2θ = 0 ............................. (2)
2 − sin 2θ = y ....................... (3)
π
From (2), 2θ =
2
π
θ=
4

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 π
Substitute θ = into (1),
4
2 +1 = x
x=3
π
Substitute θ = into (3),
4
2 −1 = y
y=1

(d) ( B −1 AB ) 9 = B −1 A9 B
∴ A9 = B( B −1 AB )9 B −1
⎛ cos π
4
−sin π4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 0 ⎞9 ⎛ cos π4 sin π4 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ sin π π ⎟ ⎜0 1⎟ ⎜ π π⎟
⎝ 4
cos 4 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ − sin 4 cos 4 ⎠
⎛ 2 − 2⎞ ⎛ 2 2⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎛19 683 0 ⎞ ⎜ 2 ⎟
=⎜ 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2
⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎜
⎟⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜ − 2 2⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

⎛ 19 683 2 − 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 2⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟⎜ 2 2 ⎟
=⎜ 2
⎜ 19 683 2 2 ⎟ ⎜
⎟ ⎜− 2 2⎟
⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2 ⎠

⎛ 9 842 9 841 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 9 841 9 842 ⎠

⎧x − y = 2
89. Solve the system ⎨ by inverse matrix.
⎩6 x − 5 y = 3

⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 6 −5 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 ⎞
Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 6 −5 ⎠
1 −1
A =
6 −5
=1

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 T
⎛ −5 − 6 ⎞ ⎛ − 5 1⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 1⎠ ⎝ − 6 1⎠
⎛ −5 1⎞
A−1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −6 1⎠
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −5 1⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
∴ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ −6 1⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ −9 ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = −7, y = −9.

⎧3x − 2 y = 1
90. Solve the system ⎨ by inverse matrix.
⎩x − 3 y = 5

⎛ 3 −2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 1 −3 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
⎛ 3 −2 ⎞
Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 1 −3 ⎠
3 −2
A = = −7
1 −3
T
⎛ −3 −1⎞ ⎛ −3 2 ⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ −1 3 ⎠
3
1 ⎛ −3 2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 7 − 72 ⎞
−1
A =− ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎟
7 ⎝ −1 3 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 17 − 73 ⎟⎠
3
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛⎜ 7 − 72 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
∴ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎟ ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎜ −2 ⎟
⎝ y ⎠ ⎜⎝ 17 − 7 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

∴ The solution of the system is x = −1, y = −2.

⎧2 x + y = 1
91. Solve the system ⎨ by inverse matrix.
⎩3 x − 4 y = 7

⎛2 1 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛1⎞
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 3 −4 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠

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 ⎛2 1 ⎞
Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝ 3 −4 ⎠
2 1
A = = −11
3 −4
T
⎛ −4 −3 ⎞ ⎛ − 4 −1⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 2 ⎠ ⎝ −3 2 ⎠
4 1
−1 1 ⎛ − 4 −1⎞ ⎛⎜ 11 11 ⎞⎟
A = − ⎜⎜ ⎟=
11 ⎝ −3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 3 − 2 ⎟
⎝ 11 11 ⎠

4 1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛⎜ 11 11 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
∴ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎟
3 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ y ⎠ ⎜⎝ 11 − 11 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ −1⎠

∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = −1.

⎧3 x + y = 4
92. Solve the system ⎨ by inverse matrix.
⎩ 4 x − 2 y = −3

⎛3 1 ⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 4 −2 ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠
⎛3 1 ⎞
Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.
⎝ 4 −2 ⎠
3 1
A = = −10
4 −2
T
⎛ −2 − 4 ⎞ ⎛ −2 −1⎞
adj A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 3 ⎠ ⎝ −4 3 ⎠
1 1 ⎞
−1 1 ⎛ −2 −1⎞ ⎛⎜ 5 10 ⎟
A = − ⎜⎜ ⎟=
10 ⎝ − 4 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 2 3 ⎟
− 10
⎝5 ⎠
1 1 ⎞ 1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛⎜ 5 10 ⎟ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟
∴ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
3 ⎟ 5
⎝ y ⎠ ⎜⎝ 5
2
− 10 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
1 5
∴ The solution of the system is x = , y= .
2 2

444
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 ⎧x + 2 y − z = 5
⎪
93. Solve the system ⎨ x − y + 2 z = 2 by inverse matrix.
⎪ x − 3 y = −4
⎩

⎛1 2 −1⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜1 −1 2 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟.
⎜1 − 3 0 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ − 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛1 2 −1⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let A = ⎜1 −1 2 ⎟.
⎜1 −3 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
1 2 −1
A = 1 −1 2 = 12
1 −3 0
T
⎛ −1 2 1 2 1 −1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −3 0 1 0 1 −3 ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 1 −1 1 2 ⎟
adj A = ⎜ − − ⎟
⎜ −3 0 1 0 1 −3 ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 1 −1 1 2 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −1 2 1 2 1 −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
T
⎛ 6 2 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜3 1 5 ⎟
⎜ 3 −3 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛6 3 3⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 2 1 −3 ⎟
⎜ −2 5 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛6 3 3⎞
−1 1 ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ 2 1 −3 ⎟
12 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −2 5 − 3 ⎠
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎜ 2 4 4 ⎟
= 6 12 − 14 ⎟
⎜ 1 1
⎜ ⎟
⎜− 1 5 −1 ⎟
⎝ 6 12 4⎠

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎛ x⎞ ⎜ 2 4 4 ⎟ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 1 1⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
∴ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 6 12 − 4 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜z⎟ ⎜ 1 5 1⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
⎝ − 6 12 − 4 ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = 2, y = 2, z = 1.

445
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 ⎧x + 2 y + 2z = 5
⎪
94. Solve the system ⎨ x − y − 3z = −2 by inverse matrix.
⎪x − 2 y − 2z = 1
⎩

⎛1 2 2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜1 −1 −3 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ −2 ⎟ .
⎜1 −2 −2 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛1 2 2⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let A = ⎜1 −1 −3 ⎟ .
⎜1 −2 −2 ⎟⎠
⎝
1 2 2
A = 1 −1 −3 = −8
1 −2 −2
T
⎛ −1 −3 1 −3 1 −1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −2 −2 1 −2 1 −2 ⎟
⎜ 2 2 1 2 1 2 ⎟
adj A = ⎜ − − ⎟
⎜ −2 −2 1 −2 1 −2 ⎟
⎜ 2 2 1 2 1 2 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −1 −3 1 −3 1 −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
T
⎛ − 4 −1 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 0 −4 4 ⎟
⎜ − 4 5 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −4 0 −4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −1 − 4 5 ⎟
⎜ −1 4 −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −4 0 −4 ⎞
−1 1⎜ ⎟
A = − ⎜ −1 − 4 5 ⎟
8⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1 4 −3 ⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞
⎜2 0 2 ⎟
= ⎜ 18 1
2
− 85 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜1
⎝8 − 12 3 ⎟
8 ⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞
⎛ x⎞ ⎜ 2 0 2 ⎟⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 1 5⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
∴ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 8 2 − 8 ⎟ ⎜ −2 ⎟ = ⎜ −1⎟
⎜z⎟ ⎜1 1 3 ⎟⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝8 −2 8 ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = 3, y = −1, z = 2.

446
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 ⎧2 x − 2 y − z = −1
⎪
95. Solve the system ⎨3x − 2 y + 3z = −1 by inverse matrix.
⎪ x − y + 2 z = −3
⎩

⎛ 2 −2 −1⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜ 3 −2 3 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ −1 ⎟.
⎜ 1 −1 2 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 −2 −1⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let A = ⎜ 3 −2 3 ⎟.
⎜ 1 −1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2 −2 −1
A = 3 −2 3
1 −1 2
=5
T
⎛ −2 3 3 3 3 −2 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −1 2 1 2 1 −1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −2 −1 2 −1 2 −2 ⎟
adj A = ⎜ − −
−1 2 1 2 1 −1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −2 −1 2 −1 2 −2 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −2 3 3 3 3 −2 ⎟⎠
⎝
T
⎛ −1 −3 −1⎞
⎜ ⎟
=⎜ 5 5 0⎟
⎜ −8 −9 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −1 5 −8 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −3 5 −9 ⎟
⎜ −1 0 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −1 5 −8 ⎞
−1 1⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ − 3 5 −9 ⎟
5⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1 0 2 ⎠
8
⎛− 1 1 −5⎞
⎜ 5 ⎟
3 9⎟
= ⎜− 5 1 −5
⎜ ⎟
⎜− 1 2 ⎟
⎝ 5 0 5 ⎠

447
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 8
⎛ 1 1 − 5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
⎛ x⎞ ⎜− 5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 3 9⎟ ⎜ ⎟
∴ ⎜ y⎟ = ⎜− 5 1 − 5 ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎟
⎜z⎟ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ ⎜ −3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎝− 5 0 5 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

⎛4⎞
⎜ ⎟
=⎜ 5⎟
⎜ −1⎟
⎝ ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = 4, y = 5, z = −1.

⎧4 x − 3 y − 2 z = −1
⎪
96. Solve the system ⎨2 x − 6 y + 3z = 2 by inverse matrix.
⎪2 x − 9 y + 5 z = 3
⎩

⎛ 4 −3 −2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Rewrite the system as a matrix equation ⎜ 2 −6 3 ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟.
⎜ 2 −9 5 ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4 −3 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Let A = ⎜ 2 −6 3 ⎟ .
⎜ 2 −9 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4 −3 −2
A = 2 −6 3
2 −9 5
= 12
T
⎛ −6 3 2 3 2 −6 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −9 5 2 5 2 −9 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −3 −2 4 −2 4 −3 ⎟
adj A = ⎜ − −
−9 5 2 5 2 −9 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −3 −2 4 −2 4 −3 ⎟
⎜ − ⎟
⎜ −6 3 2 3 2 −6 ⎟⎠
⎝
T
⎛ −3 −4 −6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ 33 24 30 ⎟
⎜ −21 −16 −18 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ −3 33 −21⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜ −4 24 −16 ⎟
⎜ −6 30 −18 ⎟⎠
⎝

448
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 ⎛ −3 33 −21⎞
−1 1 ⎜ ⎟
A = ⎜ − 4 24 −16 ⎟
12 ⎜ −6 30 −18 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛− 1 11
− 74 ⎞
⎜ 4 4 ⎟
= ⎜ − 13 2 −3 4⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜− 1 5 3⎟
⎝ 2 2
−2⎠
⎛ 1
⎛ x⎞ ⎜− 4
11
4
− 74 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞
⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 4⎟
⎜ ⎟
∴ ⎜ y⎟ = ⎜− 3 2 −3 ⎜ 2⎟
⎟
⎜z⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎝− 2
5
2
− 32 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛1⎞
⎜2⎟
= ⎜ 13 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜1⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 1
∴ The solution of the system is x = , y = , z = 1.
2 3

⎧x − 2 y + z = 2
⎪
97. Solve the system ⎨− x + y − z = 1 by Gaussian elimination.
⎪ x + 3z = 5
⎩

⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is ⎜ −1 1 −1 1 ⎟.
⎜ 1 0 3 5⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R2 + R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 1 −1 1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ −1 1 −1 1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 −1 0 3 ⎟
⎜ 1 0 3 5⎟ ⎜ 0 2 2 3⎟ ⎜ 0 2 2 3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞ 1 R → R ⎛⎜ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
R3 + 2 R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 2 3 3 − R 2 → R2
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −1 0 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→⎜ 0 −1 0 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 −3 ⎟
⎜0 0 2 9⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜⎜ 0 0 1 9 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 0 0 1 9 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎧x − 2 y + z = 2
⎪⎪ y = −3
The last augmented matrix corresponds to ⎨ .
⎪z = 9
⎪⎩ 2
17 9
By back substitution, we obtain x = − , y = −3, z = .
2 2

449
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 ⎧3x − 2 y + 5 z = −2
⎪
98. Solve the system ⎨2 x + 3 y − 4 z = −3 by Gaussian elimination.
⎪ x + y − z = −1
⎩

⎛ 3 −2 5 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is ⎜ 2 3 − 4 −3 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 1 −1 −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3 −2 5 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 −1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 −1 −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R3 ⎜ ⎟ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 3 − 4 −3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 2 3 − 4 −3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 −2 −1 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 −1 −1 ⎟ ⎜ 3 −2 5 −2 ⎟ ⎜ 3 −2 5 −2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 1 −1 −1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 −1 −1 ⎞ − 1 R → R ⎛ 1 1 −1 −1⎞
R3 − 3 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 + 5 R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 2
3 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 −2 −1⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 −2 −1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 −2 −1⎟
⎜ 0 −5 8 1 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 −2 − 4 ⎟ ⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎧ x + y − z = −1
⎪
The last augmented matrix corresponds to ⎨ y − 2 z = −1 .
⎪z = 2
⎩
By back substitution, we obtain x = −2 , y = 3, z = 2.

⎧4 x − y + 3z = 12
⎪
99. Solve the system ⎨ x + 2 y + 4 z = 5 by Gaussian elimination.
⎪ x − 3 y − 5 z = −3
⎩

⎛ 4 −1 3 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is ⎜ 1 2 4 5 ⎟.
⎜ 1 − 3 −5 − 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4 −1 3 12 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − 3 −5 −3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −3 −5 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 2 4 5 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 1 2 4 5 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 1 2 4 5 ⎟
⎜ 1 −3 −5 −3 ⎟ ⎜ 4 −1 3 12 ⎟ ⎜ 0 11 23 24 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −3 −5 −3 ⎞ R − 11 R → R ⎛ 1 −3 −5 −3 ⎞ 5
⎜ ⎟ 16 R3 → R3
R2 − R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟ 3
5
2 3
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 5 9 8 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 5 9 8 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯→
⎜ 0 11 23 24 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 16 32 ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝0 0 5 5 ⎠

⎛ 1 −3 −5 −3 ⎞ 1 R → R ⎛ 1 −3 −5 −3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 5 3 3 ⎜ 9 8
⎟
⎜ 0 5 9 8 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 5 5
⎟
⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝0 0 1 2⎠

450
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 ⎧ x − 3 y − 5 z = −3
⎪ 9 8
⎪
The last augmented matrix corresponds to ⎨ y + z = .
⎪ 5 5
⎪⎩ z = 2

By back substitution, we obtain x = 1, y = −2 , z = 2.

⎧2 x + 2 y − 5 z = −6
⎪
100. Solve the system ⎨2 x + 5 y − 2 z = 9 by Gauss-Jordan elimination.
⎪ x + 4 y + z = 13
⎩

⎛ 2 2 −5 − 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is ⎜ 2 5 −2 9 ⎟ .
⎜ 1 4 1 13 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛2 2 −5 − 6 ⎞ ⎛ 1 4 1 13 ⎞ ⎛ 1 4 1 13 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R3 ⎜ ⎟ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟ R − 2 R1 → R3
⎜2 5 −2 9 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 2 5 −2 9 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −3 − 4 −17 ⎟ ⎯⎯3 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→
⎜1 4 1 13 ⎠ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 2 2 −5 − 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 −5 − 6 ⎠
⎛1 4 1 13 ⎞ ⎛ 1 4 1 13 ⎞ ⎛ 1 4 1 13 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − 2 R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R2 + 4 R3 → R2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 −3 − 4 −17 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −3 − 4 −17 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −3 0 −9 ⎟
⎜0 −6 −7 −32 ⎟⎠ ⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 4 1 13⎞ ⎛ 1 4 0 11⎞ ⎛ 1 0 0 −1⎞
⎜
− 13 R2 → R2 ⎟ R1 − R3 → R1 ⎜ ⎟ R1 − 4 R2 → R1 ⎜ ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 3 ⎟
⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟ ⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟ ⎜0 0 1 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = −1, y = 3, z = 2.

⎧x + y = 3
⎪
101. Solve the system ⎨2 x − y + z = 6 by Gauss-Jordan elimination.
⎪3x − 2 y + 2 z = 10
⎩

⎛1 1 0 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is ⎜ 2 −1 1 6 ⎟.
⎜ 3 −2 2 10 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

451
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 ⎛1 1 0 3⎞ ⎛1 1 0 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 0 3⎞ R − 5 R →R
⎜ ⎟ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟ R3 − 3 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 3
3
2 3
⎜2 −1 1 6 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 − 3 1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 − 3 1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯→
⎜3 −2 2 10 ⎟⎠ ⎜ 3 −2 2 10 ⎟ ⎜ 0 −5 2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 1 0 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 0 3⎞ ⎛ 1 1 0 3 ⎞ − 1 R →R
⎜ ⎟ 3R → R ⎜ ⎟ R2 − R3 → R2 ⎜ ⎟ 2 2
⎜ 0 − 3 1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 − 3 1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 − 3 0 − 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯3 ⎯ ⎯⎯→
3 3

⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 3⎟ ⎜0 0 1 3 ⎟
⎝0 0 3 1⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 1 0 3⎞ ⎛1 0 0 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 0 1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 1 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 1 3⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = 2, y = 1, z = 3.

⎧5 x + 4 y + 2 z = −2
⎪
102. Solve the system ⎨4 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 by Gauss-Jordan elimination.
⎪2 x − 5 y − z = −5
⎩

⎛ 5 4 2 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
The augmented matrix corresponding to the system is ⎜ 4 2 3 8 ⎟ .
⎜ 2 −5 −1 −5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ −2 ⎞⎟
⎛ 5 4 2 −2 ⎞ R − 2 R → R ⎛5
⎜
4 2 −2 ⎞ R − 4 R → R
⎟ ⎜5 4 2
⎜ ⎟ 3 1 3 2 1 2
5
⎜ 4 2 3 8 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 4 2 3 8 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯5 ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 − 65 7
5
48 ⎟
5 ⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ 2 −5 −1 −5 ⎟ − 33 9 21 ⎟
⎝0 − − ⎜ 33 9 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 5 5 5 ⎠
⎝0 − 5 − 5 − 21
5 ⎠

⎛5 4 2 −2 ⎞⎟ − 2 R → R ⎛5 4 2 −2 ⎞ R − 7 R → R
⎜
R3 − 11 R2 → R3 3 3 ⎜ ⎟ 3 3 2
19
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 − 65
2 7
5
48 ⎟
5 ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯ → 6
⎜0 − 5
7
5
48
5 ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯5 ⎯ ⎯⎯→
⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎜0 0
⎝ − 19
2
−57 ⎟⎠ ⎝0 0 1 6 ⎠

⎛5 4 2 −2 ⎞ − 5 R → R ⎛ 5 4 2 −2 ⎞ ⎛ 5 4 0 −14 ⎞
⎜ 6 6
⎟ 6 2 2 ⎜ ⎟ R1 − 2 R3 → R1 ⎜ ⎟ R − 4 R2 → R1
⎜0 − 5 0 5 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 −1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 −1 ⎟ ⎯⎯1 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→
⎜0 0 1 6⎠ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝0 0 1 6 ⎠ ⎝0 0 1 6 ⎠
⎛ 5 0 0 −10 ⎞ 1 R → R ⎛ 1 0 0 −2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 5 1 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 0 −1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 0 −1 ⎟
⎜0 0 1 6 ⎟ ⎜0 0 1 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∴ The solution of the system is x = −2, y = −1, z = 6.

452
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 ⎧x − y + z = 2
⎪
103. Solve the system ⎨2 x − y + 3 z = 5 .
⎪3 x − 2 y + 4 z = 9
⎩

⎛ 1 −1 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟ R3 − 3 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 3 5 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 1 ⎟
⎜ 3 −2 4 9 ⎟ ⎜ 3 −2 4 9 ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 1 3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 1 2 ⎞
R3 − R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 1 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 2⎟
⎝ ⎠
The last row corresponds to the equation 0 x + 0 y + 0 z = 2.
∴ The system has no solutions.

⎧x + z = 1
⎪
104. Solve the system ⎨ y + z = 1 .
⎪x + y + 2z = 2
⎩

⎛1 0 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 0 1 1⎞ ⎛1 0 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 − R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 1 1 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 1⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 1 ⎟
⎜1 1 2 2⎟ ⎜ 0 1 1 1⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎧x + z = 1
⎪
The last augmented matrix corresponds to the system ⎨ y + z = 1.
⎪0 = 0
⎩
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = 1 − t , x = 1 − t .
∴ The solutions of the system are x = 1 − t , y = 1 − t , z = t (where t is any real number).

⎧x + 2 y − z = 1
⎪
105. Solve the system ⎨2 x + 5 y − z = 3 .
⎪x + 3 y = 2
⎩

⎛ 1 2 −1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 −1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 −1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 5 −1 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 2 5 −1 3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 1⎟
⎜ 1 3 0 2⎟ ⎜ 0 1 1 1⎟ ⎜ 0 1 1 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 2 −1 1 ⎞
R − R → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎯⎯3 ⎯2⎯⎯ →⎜0 1 1 1⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠

453
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 ⎧x + 2 y − z = 1
⎪
The last augmented matrix corresponds to the system ⎨ y + z = 1 .
⎪0 = 0
⎩
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = 1 − t , x = 3t − 1.
∴ The solutions of the system are x = 3t − 1, y = 1 − t , z = t (where t is any real number).

⎧x − 5 y + 4z = 1
⎪
106. If the system ⎨2 x − y − z = −1 has infinitely many solutions, find the value of h.
⎪x − 3 y + 2z = h
⎩

⎛ 1 −5 4 1 ⎞ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 −5 4 1 ⎞ R − 2 R →R ⎛ 1 −5 4
⎜
1 ⎞
⎟
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 3 2 3
⎜ 2 −1 −1 −1⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 9 −9 −3 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯9 ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 9 −9 −3 ⎟
⎜ 1 −3 2 h ⎟ ⎜ 0 2 −2 h − 1⎟ ⎜⎜ 1⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝0 0 0 h − 3 ⎠
The system has infinitely many solutions, so the last row corresponds to the equation
0 x + 0 y + 0 z = 0.
1
∴ 0=h−
3
1
h=
3

⎧ x − 2 y + 3z = 2
⎪
107. If the system ⎨2 x − y + z = h has infinitely many solutions, find the values of h and k.
⎪ x + y + kz = 3
⎩

⎛ 1 −2 3 2 ⎞ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 −2 3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 3 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 − R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 1 h ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 3 −5 h − 4 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 3 −5 h − 4 ⎟
⎜1 1 k 3⎟ ⎜0 3 k −3 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜0 0 k + 2 5 − h⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠
The system has infinitely many solutions, so the last row corresponds to the equation
0 x + 0 y + 0 z = 0.
∴ 5−h = 0
h=5
k+2=0
k = −2

454
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108. Find the values of k such that the following homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions.
⎧6 x + y − kz = 0
⎪
⎨4 x + y − 3 z = 0
⎪(k + 4) x + 5 z = 0
⎩

6 1 −k
The homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions if and only if 4 1 −3 = 0 .
k+4 0 5
1 −k 6 1
∴ ( k + 4) +5 =0
1 −3 4 1
( k + 4)(k − 3) + 5(6 − 4) = 0
k2 + k − 2 = 0
( k + 2)(k − 1) = 0
k = −2 or 1

109. Find the values of k such that the following homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions.
⎧− x + (k + 2) y − 6 z = 0
⎪
⎨kx + 3 y + 4 z = 0
⎪x + 7 y − 2z = 0
⎩

−1 k + 2 −6
The homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions if and only if k 3 4 = 0.
1 7 −2
0 k + 9 −8
∴ k 3 4 =0
1 7 −2
k + 9 −8 k + 9 −8
−k + =0
7 −2 3 4
− k (−2k − 18 + 56) + (4k + 36 + 24) = 0
2k 2 − 34k + 60 = 0
k 2 − 17k + 30 = 0
(k − 2)(k − 15) = 0
k = 2 or 15

455
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 a 2 b2 c2
110. (a) Prove that a b c = (a − b)(b − c)(a − c) .
1 1 1

(b) Consider the following linear systems (where a, b, c and k are real numbers):
⎧a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = 0 ⎧a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = k 2
⎪ ⎪
(*) ⎨ax + by + cz = 0 and (**) ⎨ax + by + cz = k
⎪x + y + z = 0 ⎪x + y + z = 1
⎩ ⎩
(i) Find the conditions of a, b and c such that (*) has non-trivial solutions.
(ii) Find the conditions of a, b and c such that (**) has a unique solution.

a2 b2 c2 a2 − c2 b2 − c2 c2
(a) a b c = a−c b−c c
1 1 1 0 0 1

a + c b + c c2
= (a − c)(b − c) 1 1 c
0 0 1
a+c b+c
= (a − c)(b − c)(1)
1 1
= (a − c)(b − c)(a + c − b − c)
= (a − c)(b − c)(a − b)
= (a − b)(b − c)(a − c)

a2 b2 c2
(b) (i) The homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions if and only if a b c = 0.
1 1 1
∴ (a − b)(b − c)(a − c) = 0
a = b or b = c or a = c

(ii) ∵ (**) has a unique solution.

a2 b2 c2
∴ a b c ≠0
1 1 1
(a − b)(b − c)(a − c) ≠ 0
a ≠ b a nd b ≠ c a nd a ≠ c

456
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 ⎧x − 2 y + z = 2
⎪
111. Consider the linear system (*) ⎨2 x − y + 5 z = 13, where p and q are real numbers.
⎪ x − y + pz = q
⎩
(a) If (*) has infinitely many solutions, find the values of p and q.
(b) According to the values of p and q obtained in (a), find the solutions of (*).

⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞ 1 R →R ⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 3 2 2 ⎜ ⎟
(a) ⎜ 2 −1 5 13⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 3 3 9 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯
⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 3 ⎟
⎜ 1 −1 p q ⎟ ⎜0 1 ⎟
p − 1 q − 2⎠ ⎜0 1 p − 1 q − 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝
⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞
R3 − R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 1 1 3 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 p − 2 q − 5⎟
⎝ ⎠
The system has infinitely many solutions, so the last row corresponds to the equation
0 x + 0 y + 0 z = 0.
∴ p−2=0
p=2

q−5= 0
q=5
⎛ 1 −2 1 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
(b) When p = 2 and q = 5, the augmented matrix corresponding to (*) is ⎜ 0 1 1 3 ⎟ .
⎜0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = 3 − t , x = 8 − 3 t.
∴ The solutions of the system are x = 8 − 3t , y = 3 − t , z = t (where t is any real number).

⎧2 x + (a − 1) y − z = 0
⎪
112. Consider the homogeneous linear system (*) ⎨ax + 3 y − 4 z = 0 , where a is a real number.
⎪−2 x + 2 y + z = 0
⎩
(a) Find the values of a such that (*) has non-trivial solutions.
(b) According to the values of a obtained in (a), find the solutions of (*).

2 a − 1 −1
(a) The homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions if and only if a 3 − 4 = 0.
−2 2 1

457
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 0 a +1 0
∴ a 3 −4 = 0
−2 2 1

a −4
− (a + 1) =0
−2 1

( a + 1)(a − 8) = 0
a = − 1 or 8

⎛ 2 −2 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
(b) When a = −1 , the augmented matrix corresponding to (*) is ⎜ −1 3 − 4 0 ⎟ .
⎜ −2 2 1 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 −2 −1 0 ⎞ ⎛ −1 3 − 4 0 ⎞ R2 + 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ −1 3 − 4 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R2 ⎜ ⎟ R3 − 2 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 3 − 4 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 2 −2 −1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 4 − 9 0 ⎟
⎜ −2 2 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ −2 2 1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 −4 9 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ −1 3 − 4 0 ⎞
⎜
R3 + R2 → R3 ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 4 − 9 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let z = t (where t is any real number),
9t 11t
then y = , x= .
4 4
11t 9t
∴ The solutions of the system are x = , y = , z = t (where t is any real number).
4 4

⎛ 2 7 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
When a = 8 , the augmented matrix corresponding to (*) is ⎜ 8 3 − 4 0 ⎟.
⎜ −2 2 1 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 7 −1 0 ⎞ R2 − 4 R1 → R2 ⎛ 2 7 −1 0 ⎞ R + 9 R → R ⎛ 2 7 −1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 + R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 3
25
2 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 8 3 − 4 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −25 0 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 −25 0 0 ⎟
⎜ −2 2 1 0 ⎟ ⎜0 9 0 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜0 0 0 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝
∴ y=0
Let z = t (where t is any real number),
t
then x = .
2
t
∴ The solutions of the system are x = , y = 0 , z = t (where t is any real number).
2

458
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 ⎧kx − y + z = 0
⎪
113. Consider the homogeneous linear system (*) ⎨7 x + 5 y + kz = 0, where k is a real number.
⎪x + y = 0
⎩
(a) Find the values of k such that (*) has non-trivial solutions.
(b) According to the values of k obtained in (a), find the solutions of (*).

k −1 1
(a) The homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions if and only if 7 5 k = 0.
1 1 0
−1 1 k 1
∴ − =0
5 k 7 k
− k − 5 − ( k 2 − 7) = 0
k2 + k − 2 = 0
(k + 2)(k − 1) = 0
k = −2 or 1
⎛ −2 −1 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
(b) When k = −2 , the augmented matrix corresponding to (*) is ⎜ 7 5 −2 0 ⎟.
⎜1 1 0 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ −2 −1 1 0⎞ ⎛ 1 1 0 0 ⎞ R2 − 7 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 1 0
0⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 + 2 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 7 5 −2 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 7 5 −2 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −2 −2 0 ⎟
⎜1 1 0 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜ −2 −1 1 0 ⎟ ⎜0 1 1 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛1 1 0 0⎞
⎜
R2 + 2 R3 → R2 ⎟
⎯→ ⎜ 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯
⎜ 0 1 1 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = −t , x = t .
∴ The solutions of the system are x = t , y = −t , z = t (where t is any real number).

⎛ 1 −1 1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
When k = 1 , the augmented matrix corresponding to (*) is ⎜ 7 5 1 0 ⎟ .
⎜1 1 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 −1 1 0 ⎞ R2 − 7 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 −1 1 0 ⎞ R − 1 R → R ⎛ 1 −1 1 0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 − R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ 3
6
2 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 7 5 1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 12 −6 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 12 − 6 0 ⎟
⎜ 1 1 0 0⎟ ⎜ 0 2 −1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
t t
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = , x = − .
2 2
t t
∴ The solutions of the system are x = − , y = , z = t (where t is any real number).
2 2

459
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 ⎧2 x + y + 3z = kx
⎪
114. Consider the linear system (*) ⎨ x − 2 y + z = ky , where k is an integer.
⎪3x − y + 4 z = kz
⎩
(a) Rewrite (*) as a homogeneous linear system (**).
(b) Find the value of k such that (**) has non-trivial solutions. Then solve (**) for the value
of k obtained.

⎧2 x + y + 3 z = kx
⎪
(a) (*) ⎨ x − 2 y + z = ky
⎪3 x − y + 4 z = kz
⎩
⎧(2 − k ) x + y + 3z = 0
⎪
(**) ⎨ x − (k + 2) y + z = 0
⎪3x − y + (4 − k ) z = 0
⎩

(b) The homogeneous linear system has non-trivial solutions if and only if
2−k 1 3
1 − (k + 2) 1 = 0.
3 −1 4−k
− (k + 2) 1 1 3 1 3
∴ (2 − k ) − +3 =0
−1 4−k −1 4 − k − (k + 2) 1

(2 − k )(k 2 − 2k − 7) − (7 − k ) + 3(3k + 7) = 0
k 3 − 4k 2 − 13k = 0
k (k 2 − 4k − 13) = 0
4 ± 68
k = 0 or k = (reject ed)
2
⎛2 1 3 0⎞
⎜ ⎟
When k = 0 , the augmented matrix corresponding to (**) is ⎜ 1 −2 1 0 ⎟.
⎜ 3 −1 4 0 ⎟⎠
⎝
⎛ 2 1 3 0⎞ ⎛ 1 −2 1 0 ⎞ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 −2 1 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R2 ⎜ ⎟ R − 3 R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 −2 1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 2 1 3 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯3 ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 5 1 0⎟
⎜ 3 −1 4 0 ⎟ ⎜ 3 −1 4 0⎠ ⎟ ⎜0 5 1 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝
⎛ 1 −2 1 0 ⎞
⎜
R3 − R2 → R3 ⎟
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 5 1 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠

460
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 t 7t
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = − , x = − .
5 5
7t t
∴ The solutions of the system are x = − , y = − , z = t (where t is any real number).
5 5

⎧ x + az = b
⎪
115. Consider the linear system (*) ⎨2 x − y − z = 0 , where a and b are real numbers.
⎪− x + ay + 2 z = 1
⎩
(a) Find the range of values of a such that (*) has a unique solution. Solve (*) when it has a
unique solution.
(b) Let a = −1. Find the value of b such that (*) has solutions. Solve (*) for the value of b obtained .
⎧x + z = 1
⎪
(c) Suppose that (x, y, z) satisfies ⎨2 x − y − z = 0 . Find the least value of x 2 − y + z and the
⎪− x + y + 2 z = 1
⎩
corresponding values of x, y, z.

(a) ∵ (*) has a unique solution.

1 0 a
∴ 2 −1 −1 ≠ 0
−1 a 2
−1 −1 2 −1
+a ≠0
a 2 −1 a
(−2 + a ) + a (2a − 1) ≠ 0
a2 − 1 ≠ 0
a ≠ −1 a n d a ≠ 1

⎛ 1 0 −1 b ⎞
⎜ ⎟
(b) When a = −1, the augmented matrix corresponding to (*) is ⎜ 2 −1 −1 0 ⎟ .
⎜ −1 −1 2 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 0 −1 b ⎞ ⎛ −1 −1 2 1 ⎞ R2 + 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ −1 −1 2 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R1 ↔ R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 + R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 −1 −1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 2 −1 −1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −3 3 2 ⎟
⎜ −1 −1 2 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 0 −1 b ⎟ ⎜ 0 −1 1 b + 1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ −1 −1 2 1 ⎞
R3 − R2 → R3
⎜ ⎟
3
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 −3 3 2 ⎟
⎜⎜ 1⎟
⎟
⎝ 0 0 0 b + 3⎠

461
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 If (*) has solutions, the last row corresponds to the equation 0 x + 0 y + 0 z = 0.
1
∴ b+ =0
3
1
b=−
3
2 1
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = t − , x=t− .
3 3
1 2
∴ The solutions of the system are x = t − , y = t − , z = t (where t is any real number).
3 3

⎛ 1 0 1 1 ⎞ R2 − 2 R1 → R2 ⎛ 1 0 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 0 1 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ R3 + R1 → R3 ⎜ ⎟ R3 + R2 → R3 ⎜ ⎟
(c) ⎜ 2 −1 −1 0 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ ⎜ 0 −1 −3 −2 ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎜ 0 −1 −3 −2 ⎟
⎜ −1 1 2 1 ⎟ ⎜0 1 3 2 ⎟ ⎜0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Let z = t (where t is any real number), then y = 2 − 3 t , x = 1 − t .

x 2 − y + z = (1 − t ) 2 − (2 − 3 t ) + t
= 1 − 2 t + t 2 − 2 + 3t + t
= t2 + 2t −1
= (t + 1) 2 − 2
When t = −1, x 2 − y + z attains its least value.
Least value = −2

x = 1 − ( −1)
=2
y = 2 − 3( −1)
=5
z = −1
∴ x = 2 , y = 5, z = −1

116. Consider the following linear systems (where a, b and c are distinct real numbers and
ab + bc + ac ≠ 0 ):

⎧ x + a 2 y + a3 z = 0 ⎧x + a 2 y + a3 z = 1 + a 2 + a3
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
(*) ⎨ x + b 2 y + b3 z = 0 and (**) ⎨ x + b 2 y + b 3 z = 1 + b 2 + b 3
⎪ 2 3 ⎪ 2 3 2 3
⎪⎩ x + c y + c z = 0 ⎪⎩ x + c y + c z = 1 + c + c
(a) Prove that (*) has no non-trivial solutions.
(b) Find the solution of (**).

462
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 1 a2 a3
(a) D = 1 b 2 b3
1 c2 c3

1 a2 a3
= 0 b2 − a 2 b3 − a 3
0 c2 − a2 c3 − a3

b2 − a 2 b3 − a 3
=
c2 − a2 c3 − a3

b + a b 2 + ab + a 2
= (b − a )(c − a )
c+a c 2 + ac + a 2

= (b − a )(c − a )(bc 2 + abc + a 2b + ac 2 + a 2c + a 3 − b 2c − abc − a 2c − ab2 − a 2b − a 3 )

= (b − a )(c − a )(bc 2 + ac 2 − b 2c − ab2 )

= (b − a )(c − a )[bc(c − b) + a (c 2 − b 2 )]
= (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)[bc + a (c + b)]
= (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)
∵ a, b and c are distinct real numbers and ab + bc + ac ≠ 0
∴ D≠0
i.e. (*) has no non-trivial solutions.

1 + a 2 + a3 a2 a3
(b) Dx = 1 + b 2 + b3 b2 b3
1 + c 2 + c3 c2 c3

1 + a3 a2 a3
= 1 + b3 b2 b3
1 + c3 c2 c3

1 a2 a3
= 1 b2 b3
1 c2 c3

= (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)( ab + bc + ac)

463
© 2010 Chung Tai Educational Press. All rights reserved.
 1 1 + a 2 + a3 a3
D y = 1 1 + b 2 + b3 b3
1 1 + c 2 + c3 c3

1 a 2 + a3 a3
= 1 b 2 + b3 b3
1 c 2 + c3 c3

1 a2 a3
= 1 b2 b3
1 c2 c3

= (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)

1 a 2 1 + a 2 + a3
Dz = 1 b 2 1 + b 2 + b3
1 c2 1 + c 2 + c3

1 a2 a 2 + a3
= 1 b2 b 2 + b3
1 c2 c 2 + c3

1 a2 a3
= 1 b2 b3
1 c2 c3

= (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)

Dx (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)

=
D (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)
=1
Dy (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)
=
D (b − a )(c − a )(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)
=1
Dz (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)
=
D (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)(ab + bc + ac)
=1
∴ The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.

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