Grade 09 History Textbook Sinhala Medium - New Syllabus

b;sydih
09 fY%a‚h
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
i
m<uqjk uqøKh 2017
fojk uqøKh 2018
f;jk uqøKh 2019
ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚
ISBN 978-955-25-0368-9
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

wxl'107ã" yeõf,dla mdr" fld<U 05 ork ia:dkfhys msysá
fid*aÜfõõ ms%kaáka wekaâ meflaðka ^mqoa& iud.fuys uqøKd,fhaa
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'
ii
iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
v
vi
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
fufyhùu
ví,sõ' tA' ks¾u,d mshiS,s wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia îxj¾Ok&
iïnkaëlrKh
tA' tï' wd¾' fla' wêldß iyldr flduidßia
ixialdrl uKav,h
uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r b;sydi yd mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh

Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h mS' mqIamr;akï b;sydi wOHhkdxYh

hdmkh úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h fla' wreka;jrdcd b;sydi wOHhkdxYh

hdmkh úYajúoHd,h
pkaÈud ksYdks O¾umd, fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ví,sõ' tA' iuka;s Ysfrdaud,d .=Kj¾Ok iyldr lÓldpd¾h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
f,aLl uKav,h
ví,sõ' ta' mshiS,s .=re fiajh ^úY%dñl&

rdyq, cd;sl mdi,
w,õj
k,Ska nKavdr .=re fiajh

l=reúg uOH uy úoHd,h
l=reúg
vii
Ôjk iqrx. .uf.a .=re fiajh
nm$l`M $j,,a,dúg u'ú
j,,a,dúg
fïß fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;sks
hQ' t,a' tï' niS¾ úY%dñl .=re WmfoaYl
à' ;=Idka;kS .=re fiajh

lE$foys$fhda.u fou< úoHd,h
foys´úg
NdId ixialdrl
tï' tA' tï' ouhka;s zz<Õ u mdi, fyd| u mdi,ZZ

jHdmD;s YdLdj
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh iy msgq ieliSu

ví,sõ' biqß uOqIdks mß.Kl wxYh
msgljr ks¾udKh
ví,sõ' biqß uOqIdks mß.Kl wxYh
viii
mgqk
01 Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSka hg;g m;aùu 1 - 20
02 Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h 21 - 52
03 Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqk¾Ôjkh 53 - 68
04 bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igka jHdmdrh 69 - 96
05 Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK yd cd;sl 97 - 114

ksoyia jHdmdrh
06 ksoyiska miq YS% ,xldj 115 - 134
ix
x
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY
01 ,kafoaiSka hg;g m;aùu
ye`Èkaùu
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h msysgqjdf.k isá
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka rg ksoyia lr .ekSug kï ie,lsh hq;= kdúl n,hla
wjYH nj Wvrg rcjre wjfndaO lr .;ay' fï ksid fojk rdcisxy
rc;=ud mD;=.SiSka rfgka fkrmd yeÍug ,kafoaiSkaf.a iydh ,nd
.;af;a h' tfy;a rcq iu. we;s lr .;a .súiqug mgyeksj lghq;=
l< ,kafoaiSyq mD;=.SiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY fndfyduhl ;u n,h
msysgqùug l%shd l<y' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1658 j¾Ih jk úg
Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais md,khla we;s úh' t;eka isg 1796
j¾Ih olajd ,kafoaiSyq tlS m%foaY md,kh l<y' fuu mßÉfþofhka
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h msysgqùu" Wvrg rdcOdksh
iu. ,kafoaiSka meje;ajQ inò;d yd ,kafoais md,k ld,fha foaYmd,k"
wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl lafIa;%j, lemS fmfkk ,laIK wdÈh ms<snòj
Tfí wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
1
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu iòyd h'
1'1 Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSka hg;g m;a ùu
,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñKSu
16 jk ishjfia § mD;=.SiSka wdishdfjka f.k .sh l=`Mnvq we;=`M fjf<ò
øjH mD;=.d,fha ,sianka jrdfha § ñ, § .;a ,kafoaiSyq tajd hqfrdamd rgj,g
úlsKSfï fjf<ò jHdmdrhla f.k .shy' ,kafoaiSkaf.a uõrg jQ ´,kaoh tl,
iamd[a[hg hg;a rgla jYfhka mej;=Ks' iamd[a[jreka frdaudkq lf;da,slhka
jQ w;r ,kafoaiSyq frmrudÿ Nla;slfhda jQy' wd.ñl jYfhka o fï fomsßi w;r
u; .egqï mej;s fyhska ,kafoaiSka iamd[a[hg tfrysj ksoyia igkla wdrïN lr
;snqKs' fï w;r iamd[a[fha rcq jQ fojk ms,sma rdcH Wreuhlaa wkqj mD;=.d,fha;a
rcq njg m;a jQ fyhska ,kafoaiSkag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug Tyqg wjia:dj ,enqKs'
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ,kafoaiSka ,sianka jrdhg meñKSu fojk ms,sma rcq úiska
;ykï lrk ,È' fufia ,kafoais keõj,g ,sianka jrdhg meñKSug fkdyels ùu
fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a fjf<òdug wjYH l=`Mnvq we;=`M fjf<ò øjH ,nd .ekSug
kï tajd ksIamdokh flfrk wdishdjg meñKSu yer fjk;a u.la ,kafoaiSkag
fkd;snqKs'
mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihla .; jk f;la ;uka meñfKk uqyqÿ

ud¾. mss<snò oekqu fiiq hqfrdamShka w;g m;aùu je,elaùug mshjr f.k we;'
tu ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkag b;d úYajdiodhl wh yereKq úg iel lghq;= ,kafoaiS"
bx.%Sis fyda m%xY cd;slfhl=g mD;=.Sis kejl wdishdjg meñKSug j;a mD;=.SiSyq
bv fkdÿkay' tfy;a ,kafoaiSyq úúO T;a;=lrejka fhoùu yd fjk;a ud¾.j,ska
1'1 rEmh ¡ fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<ò iud.fï ^VOC& ,dxPkh
2
1595 j¾Ih muK jk úg mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñfKk keõ ud¾. fy<s lr
.;ay' fï wkqj 1602 j¾Ihg fmr ´,kaofha fjf<ò iud.ï lsysmhla wdishdjg
meñKs kuq;a fjf<ò øjH ,nd .ekSfï § ,kafoais iud.ï w;r u ;r.hla we;s
úh' tfia u tl u ,kafoais fjf<ò iud.ulg fyda ´,kaoh fjkqfjka wdishdfõ
lghq;= lsÍug wjYH kSs;Hkql+, n,hla ,eî fkd;snqKs' fï ;;ajh ie,ls,a,g
.;a ´,kao md,lhd 1602 j¾Ifha § ,kafoais fjf<ò iud.ï lsysmhla tl;=
fldg fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<ò iud.u fyj;a zVOCZ iud.u msysgqù h' tu iud.u
msysgqùfï rdclSh n,m;%h wkqj ´,kao rch fjkqfjka wdishdfõ fjf<òdï lsÍug"
m%foaY hg;a lsÍug" n,fldgq bÈlsÍug" wdKavqldrjreka m;a lsÍug yd wod< m%foaY
md,kh lsÍug zVOCZ iud.ug n,h ,enqKs'
1602 j¾Ifhka miq fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<ò iud.u uQ,Huh jYfhka

o Yla;su;a jQ fyhska m%n, keõ lKavdhï wdishdjg tùug ,kafoaiSkag yels
úh' fufia zVOCZ iud.u hgf;a meñKs ,kafoaiSyq cdjd ¥mf;a fn;dúh fyj;a
n;dúfha ;u uQ,ia:dkh msysgqjdf.k w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl ¥m;a yd bkaÈhdkq
fjr<nv m%foaYfha ia:dk lsysmhl iajlSh n,h f.dvke.+y' bkaÈhdkq id.rfha
;u fjf<ò n,h f.dvke.Sfï § ,kafoaiSkag wksjd¾fhka u mD;=.SiSka iu. igka
lsÍug isÿ úh'
Wvrg rcjreka ,kafoais iydh fidhd hdu

,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñK jeä l,a .;ùug fmr 1602 j¾Ifha § fcdßia
jEka iams,an¾cka kï ,kafoais cd;sl woañrd,ajrhd keõ ;=kla iu. ,xldfõ
kef.kysr fjr<g
meñK uvl,mqjg f.dv
neiafia h' Tyq lkao Wvrgg
f.dia 1602 cQ,s udifha §
m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
uqK .eiqKs' fuu wjêh
jk úg úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
mD;=.SiSkaf.a l%shdl,dmh
flfrys ±ä wm%idohlska miq
úh' tneúka mD;=.SiSka m<jd
yeÍu i|yd rcq ,kafoaiSkaf.a
wdOdr ,nd.ekSug leu;a;
m< lf<a h'
iams,an¾cka msg;aj
f.dia udi ;=klg muK 1'2 rEmh ¡ iams,an¾cka m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq
uqK .eiSu
3
miq isfn,a o j¾Ü keue;a;d m%uqL ;j;a ,kafoais ¥; msßila úu,O¾uiQßh rcq uqK
.eiSug meñKshy' fuu w¨;a ¥;hd o iams,an¾cka wh;a cd;shg u wh;a nj oek.;a
rcq uy;a yrißka uykqjr § Tyq ms<s.;a w;r" mD;=.SiSka m<jd yeÍu i|yd fomsßi
lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|j idlÉPd o meje;aù h' tfy;a miq wjia:djl
rcq bÈßfha § rcqg wf.!rj jk f,i isfn,a o j¾Ü l:d lsÍu fya;=fjka Tyq
yd rcqf.a msßi w;r .egqula we;s úh' .egqfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka isfn,a o j¾Ü
wjdikdjka; f,i urKhg m;a úh' fuu isÿùu ksid mD;=.SsiSka m<jd yeÍug
,kafoais iydh ,nd.ekSfï rcqf.a wfmalaIdj ì| jegqKs'
úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a ifydaorfhl= jQ fikr;a rcq n,hg

m;a úh' fikr;a rcqf.a ld,fha § ,kafoais ¥; lKavdhï folla iu`. idlÉPd
mej;s kuq;a rcq wfmalaId l< mßÈ id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enqKs'
fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .súiqu
fikr;a rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a fojk rdcisxy rclug m;a úh' t;=ud
mD;=.SiSka furáka m<jd yeÍug oeä wêIaGdkfhka lghq;= l< wfhls' fï i|yd
m%n, kdjql n,hla ysñ ,kafoaiSkaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSug rc;=ud l%shd lf<ah' ta
wkqj rcq ,kafoaiSkaf.a fmrÈ. uOHia:dkh jQ n;dúfha ksfhdað;hka iu. idlÉPd
meje;aù h' mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍug ;udg ,ndfok Wmldr fjkqfjka furg l=re`ÿ
fjf<|dfï whs;sh yd kef.kysr fjrf<a jrdhla ,kafoaiSkag ,nd§ug rcq tl`.
úh' tla hqfrdamSh cd;shla fjkqjg fjk;a hqfrdamSh cd;shla furgg f.kajd .ekSu
lsisfia;a u rcqf.a wruqK fkdù h' ,kafoaiSka yd rcq w;r we;s jQ idlÉPdj,
m%;sM, jYfhka 1638 uehs udifha § rcqf.a yuqodj yd ,kafoaiSka tl;=j uvl,mqj
mD;=.Sis n,fldgqj jg,k ,È' m%ydr lsysmhlska miq tys isá mD;=.SiSka mkakd
oeóug fuu fiakdfjda iu;a jQy' fuhska uy;a i;=gg m;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud
1638 j¾Ifha uehs udifha § u ,kafoaiSka iu. .súiqula w;aika lf<a h'
1638 .súiqfï m%Odk lreKq
mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug Wvrg rcqg iydh §ug ,kafoaiSka tl`.
ùu'
mD;=.SiSkag tfrys igka iòyd ,kafoaiSkag jeh jk uqo,a" l=re`ÿ" .ïñßia" ó
bá wdÈ fjf<ò øjH ,nd§u u.ska mshùug rcq tl`. ùu'
we;=ka yer Wvrg fiiq fjf<ò øjH ñ, § .ekSfï taldêldß whs;sh
,kafoaiSkag ,nd§u'
rcq woyia lrkafka kï mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kakd n,fldgqj, ,kafoais

yuqodj k;r lrùug tl`.ùu'
4
mD;=.SiSka fkrmSfï igka iy uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h msysgqùu
1638 j¾Ifha .súiqfuka miqj mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug ;j;a

jir 20la .; úh' tu ld,fha § mD;=.SiSka hgf;a mej;s ;%sl=Kdu,h" ó.uqj"
.d,a," l`M;r" fld<U" ukakdru yd hdmkh we;=`M fiiq n,fldgq hg;a lsÍug
,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg yuqodfjda lghq;= l<y' ;%sl=Kdu,h yd ó.uqj n,fldgq
hg;a lsÍfuka miqj rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r u; .egqï we;s úh' ,kafoaiSka ;ukag
jdisodhl m%foaYj, n,fldgq w,a,d .;a miq 1638 j¾Ifha .súiqu mßÈ rcqg Ndr§ug
lghq;= fkdlsÍu tu ;;ajhg fya;= úh'
,kafoaiSka uq, isg u w;sYh lmá wkaoñka rcq iu. lghq;= fldg we;'
1638 .súiqfï tla j.ka;shlg wkqj mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kq ,nk n,fldgqj,
zz,kafoais yuqod k;r l< hq;= jkafka Wvrg rcq leu;s kï muKsZZ hk woyi
mej;sh;a" ,kafoaiSyq tu j.ka;sh wu;l fldg lghq;= l<y' ta wkqj ;uka
w,a,d.;a n,fldgqj, rcqf.ka fkdúuid ,kafoaiSyq ;u Nghka k;r l<y' ó.uqj
yd .d,a, l=re`ÿ nyq,j jefjk m%foaY jQ fyhska tajd rcqg Ndr fkd§ ;uka i;=j
;nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq lghq;= l<y' fuu u;fNaoh ksid n,fldgqj, isák
fiajlhkag jegqma f.ùu rcqf.a j.lSula fkdjk nj rc;=ud lshd isáfha h' ta w;r
b,a,d isá hqO úhoï f.jk ;=re n,fldgq rcqg mjrd Èh fkdyels nj ,kafoaiSyq
o lshd isáhy' fufia fomlaIh w;r u;fNaoh l%ufhka W.% úh' tfy;a fld<U
we;=`M n,fldgqj,ska mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍug ,kafoais iydh wjYH jQ neúka fojk
rdcisxy rcq fndfyda bjis,su;aj lghq;= l< nj fmfka'
1'3 rEmh ¡ .d¨ fldgqj
5
fï w;r fcrdâ y,a*aÜ kï fifkúhd hgf;a úYd, ,kafoais yuqodjla
,xldjg meñKshy' bka Yla;su;a jQ ,kafoaiSyq mD;=.SiSkaf.ka fld<U fldgqj
w;am;a lr.ekSug Wia ìïj, ld,;=jlal= iú fldg fldgqj jegÆy' y,a*aÜ
fifkúhd flfrys m%idohg m;a rdcisxy rc;=ud Tyqg uy;a ie,ls,s olajd úYd,
yuqodjla o igkg tù h' ñka uy;a wirKNdjhg m;a mD;=.SiSyq hg;a nj m%ldY
fldg fld<U fldgqfõ h;=re ,kafoaiSkag Ndr ÿkay'
tf;la .d¨ fldgqfõ isg l%shd;aul jQ ,kafoaiSyq t;eka isg fld<U fldgqj
jvd;a Yla;su;a lr th ;u uQ,ia:dkh njg m;a lr .;ay' fuh o 1638 j¾Ifha
.súiqu kej; lvlsÍula jQfha h' fï ksid rdcisxy rcq fldamhg m;a úh' ,kafoaiSka
1658 j¾Ifha ukakdru o bka miq hdmkh yd l,amsáh o w,a,d .ekSu;a iu.
,xldfõ uqqyqÿnv m%foaYj, tf;la meje;s mD;=.Sis md,kh wjika úh' w,a,d.;a
n,fldgq ,kafoaisyq ;uka w; u ;nd .;ay' ,kafoaiSkaf.a wruqK mD;=.SiSka hgf;a
mej;s m%foaYj, Tjqkaf.a n,h msysgqùu nj rcq f;areï.;a miq ,kafoaiSkag w;am;a
lr .; yels N+ñh wju lsÍfï Wmdhla rcq l%h s d;aul lr we;' ta wkqj mD;=. i
S k
S a
hgf;a mej;s ,kafoaiSka w;am;a lr .ekSug bv ;snQ m%foaY /ila Wvrgg wEòd
.ekSug rc;=ud lghq;= lf<a h' rcqf.a tu Wmdh ksid ,kafoaiSkag w;am;a lr .;
yels jQfha mD;=.SiSkag jvd wvq N+ñ m%foaYhls' ,kafoaiSyq fld<U" .d,a," ud;r"
ó.uqj" l,amsáh" ukakdru" hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mqj wd§ m%foaYj, n,fldgq
bÈ l<y' tn`ÿ m%Odk n,fldgqj,g wu;rj w,suxlv" fmaÿre ;=vqj" lhsÜia wd§
ia:dkj, l=vd n,fldgq /ila o Tjqka úiska bÈ lrk ,È' mD;=.SiSka fjkqjg
tjeks u fjk;a hqfrdamSh cd;shla f.kajd .ekSu ksid zbÕ=re § ñßia .;a;d jeks
hZ hk m%ia:dj msre<la we;s ù ;sfí'
,kafoaiSska Wvrg rdcH iu`. meje;ajQ iïnkaO;d

furg foaYmd,k n,hla f.dvk.df.k isá mD;=.SiS" ,kafoais" bx.S%is
hk hqfrdamd cd;Ska w;=ßka Wvrg rdcH iu. jeä ld,hla hym;a inò;djla
mj;ajdf.k .sh cd;sh ,kafoaiska fõ' mD;=.SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh iïnkaOfhka
wkq.ukh lf<a wdl%uKldÍ m%;sm;a;shls' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ish n,h msysgqjd oYl
folla .; ùug;a fmr bx.%SiSyq Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a l<y' tfy;a ,kafoaiSyq
1658 - 1796 ld,fha § Wvrg rcq iu`. ¥; inò;d meje;aùu" ,sms yqjudre lr
.ekSu" wdÈfhka iduldñ inò;djla mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r wjia:dj ,enqKq úg tu
rdcOdksh wdl%uKh lsÍug;a miqng fkdjQy' fï ksid ,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg inò;d
w;r lsishï úÑ;%;ajhla oelsh yels h'
fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r mej;s inò;d

mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug II rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka leòjd.;a
kuq;a 1638 - 1658 w;r ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .;a m%foaY ,kafoaiSka
6
rcqg Ndr fkd§u ksid fomlaIh
w;r u;fNao we;s jQ wdldrh óg
by; § iòyka flßK' 1658 - 1675
ld,fha furg ,kafoais m%;sm;a;sh
fufyhjQ ks,Odßkag Wvrg
rdcOdksfha Yla;sh .ek ksis
wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKs' fï ksid
uqyqÿ u.ska yd f.dvìñka tu
rdcOdksh fldgq lsÍfï wruqKq
we;sj 1659 - 1668 ld,fha § tf;la
Wvrg hgf;a mej;s kef.kysr yd
niakdysr fjr<nv m%foaY lsysmhla
,kafoaiSka úiska w,a,d .kakd ,È'
,kafoaiSskaf.a fuu wdl%uKldÍ l%shd 1'4 rEmh ¡ hdmkh fldgqj
.ek ksYaYíoj isá fojk rdcisxy
rc;=ud 1670 j¾Ifha isg yeu me;a;lska u Tjqkag myr §ug mgka .;af;a h'
rdcisxy rcqf.a fufyhùu msg Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr fl;rï Yla;su;a yd
laIKsl ù o h;a 1658 j¾Ifhka miq ,kafoaiSka w,a,d .;a ish¨ u m%foaY mdfya
Wv/áhkaf.a fulS m%ydr ksid Tjqkag wysñ úh' rdcisxy rcqf.a fuu m%ydr ud,dj
Wvrg hqoaO Yla;sh ms<snòj kshu wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSug fuka u Wvrg
iïnkaO ,kafoaiSkaf.a bÈß m%;sm;a;sh ilia lr .ekSug o WmldÍ jQ nj fmfka'
f.dvìfï § Wv/áhka ,kafoaiSka iu. lrg lr igka lsÍug iu;a nj;a Wvrg
m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSug .sh fyd;a mD;=.SiSkag fuka fl<jrla ke;s hqoaOhlg
uqyqK§ug ;ukag;a isÿ jk nj;a fuu m%ydr ud,dj;a iu. ,kafoaiSyq f;areï
.;ay' tys m%;sM, jYfhka Wvrg rdcH iïnkaO lsishï f.!rj iïm%hqla; ìhlska
hq;=j tys rcjreka iu. yels ;rï iduldój lghq;= lsÍug ,kafoaiSyq lghq;=
l<y'
Wvrg ,kafoais ¥; inò;d

m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a ld,fha isg Wvrg rdcOdksh yd ,kafoaiSka
w;r ¥; inò;d mej;=Ks' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § wju jYfhka ,kafoais
¥;hka wg fofkl= j;a jßka jr rcq uqK.eiS we;' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha
isÿ jQ ,kafoais ¥; .uka w;r 1656 j¾Ifha § fckr,a fcrdâ y,a*aÜ rcq uqK
.eiSu b;d jeo.;a wjia:djls' fï jk úg mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd fkd;snQ
w;r ,kafoaiSka yd rcq w;r;a u;fNao mej;=Ks' rcqf.a wdrdOkfhka Wvrgg
.sh ,kafoais ¥;hd rc;=ud úiska b;d f.!rjfhka ms<s.kakd ,È' Wv/áhka b;d
w,xldr fmryrlska fckr,ajrhd leòjdf.k .sh nj ,kafoais jd¾;dj, oelafõ'
y,a*aÜf.a wdpdrYS,S;ajh yd f.!rjdorh ms<snòj rc;=uka o fnfyúka i;=gg m;aj
we;'
7
fojk rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj fojk ú,O¾uiQßh"
Y%S ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy yd Y%S úchrdcisxy hk
rcjrekaf.a ld,j, § o fun`ÿ ¥; .uka isÿ úh' fuu
ld,fha § rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r u; .egqï we;s jQ úg o
lvj;a jid oeóu wdÈfhka fomd¾Yajh w;r inò;d m`Mÿ
jQ úg o ¥; .uka ixúOdkh flreKs' fun`ÿ ¥; .ukaj,
§ fndfyda úg wdKavqldrjrekaf.a ,sms rcq fj;g bÈßm;a
flreKs' rcqf.a ¥;fhda o we;eï wjia:dj, my; rgg
meñK ,kafoaiSka uqK .eiqKy'
¥; .ukaj, § fomd¾Yajh ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr

.ekSu" iqyo;ajh m< lsÍu" ¥;hkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g wfkla
md¾Yajh weyqïlka §u yd fomd¾Yajh w;r mj;sk .eg¨
idlÉPd lsÍu wdÈhg jeo.;a ;ekla ,enqKs' ,kafoais
wdKavqldrjrhd yd rcq uqK .eiSu ÿ¾,N isÿùula neúka
fomd¾Yajfha woyia tla;eka ùug fun`ÿ ¥; .uka yd
,sms yqjudreùï fnfyúka M,odhs úh' fojk rdcisxy rcq
,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,sùfï § ;ud ,xldfõ wêrdchd nj
iòyka lf<a h' ,kafoaiSka o tn`ÿ ,sms .kqfokqj, § rcq
;%S isxy,dëYajr hehs kdñlj fyda iòyka lr we;' rcq
,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,shk úg zug fiajh lrk ys;j;a ,ka-
foais cd;shZ jeks mdG fh¥ w;r ,kafoaiSka o rcqg ,shQ
1'5 rEmh ¡ fojk rdcisxy rcq
,sms wjika lf<a zTn jykafiaf.a iqjp lSlre fiajlZ hk
mdG fhdod .ksñks' ,kafoais ¥;hka lsysm fofkl= Wvrg rcq yuq ùu .ek jeo.;a
f;dr;=re lsysmhla my; igykska oelafõ'
,kafoais ¥;hka Wvrg rcq yuq jQ wjia:d lsysmhla
j¾Ih Wvrg rcq ,kafoais ¥;hd ¥; .ukg fya;=j
1602 m<uqjk fcdßia jEka fjf<ò lghq;= ms<snòj rcq iu.

úu,O¾uiQßh rcq iams,a n¾cka idlÉPd lsÍu iòyd
1656 fojk rdcisxy rcq fckr,a fcrdâ rcq neyeolsk f,i ,enqKq wdrdOkh
y,a*aÜ yd tjlg mej;s .eg¨ idlÉPd lr
.ekSu
1688 fojk l,ka w,ania rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r kj .súiqula
úu,O¾uiQßh we;s lr .ekSu .ek idlÉPd lsÍu
rcq
1721 Y%S ùrmrdl%u fld¾fka,shia rcqf.a ìij ñh hdu .ek ,kafoaiSkaf.a
kf¾kaøisxy rcq gel,a fYdalh m%ldY lsÍu
8
¥; .ukaj, § ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr .ekSu
^1656 j¾Ifha fckr,a fcrdâ y,a*aÜf.a ¥; .uk weiqßka&
,kafoais ¥;hd rcqg ,nd ÿka ;E.s rcq ,kafoais ¥;hdg ,nd ÿka ;E.s
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w;a lr .;a fldä

wYajhka fofofkl= rka ud,hla
m¾ishdkq ÿkq B;, lÜg, folla uqoaola
i`ÿka oej rka md jeiqï nòkhla
m¾ishka neg¨jka fofofkl= yd ;j;a
i;=ka lsysm fofkl=
iduldó m%;sm;a;sh yd .egqïj,ska je,lSu
1687 j¾Ifha § fojk rdcisxy rcq ñh.sh miq Tyqf.a mq;a fojk
úu,O¾uiQßh rcq n,hg m;a úh' msh rcqf.ka Wreu jQ rdcHh wdrlaId lr .;a
fu;=uka ,kafoaiSka iu. ñ;%YS,sj lghq;= fldg we;' fomd¾Yajh wkq.ukh l<
l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
my< nqreufhka Wmiïmod NslaIQka f.kajd .ekSug ,kafoais keõ ,nd §u

msá.,a fldar,fha l=re`ÿ ;e,Sug ,kafoaiSkag mkjd ;snQ ;yku bj;a lsÍu
rcqf.a l=re`ÿ" mqjla" we;=ka fjf<ò iud.u u.ska ñ, § .ekSug tl`. ùu
fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy

rcq n,hg m;a úh' fu;=ud l=Kavidf,a l=udrhd kñka m%lgj isáfha h' fuu
wjêfha § ,kafoaiSka iu`. meje;s iduldó iïnkaO;d flfuka m¨ÿ jk isÿùï
lsysmhla we;s úh' fï ld,fha § Wvrg rcq l,amsáh" mq;a;,u jeks jrdhka yryd
mqjla" we;=ka yd we;ao< bkaÈhdjg hjñka jeä jYfhka fjf<| lghq;=j, kshe<S
we;' fuh ;ukag uy;a mdvqjla f,i ie,l+ ,kafoaiSyq ish¨ jrdhka jid oud Wvrg
fjf<|dug ndOd meñKjQy' Bg m%;spdr jYfhka rcq o ish m%foaYh yryd we;=ka
f.khdu ;ykï fldg l=re`ÿ we;=¿ l=¿nvq j¾. yd Wvrg ksmojk wdydr j¾.
,kafoaiSkag úlsKSu i|yd Wv/áhkag ;snQ bvlv wyqrd ±ó h'
9
fï jk úg ,kafoais md,kh meje;s m%foaYj, úiQ ckhd ,kafoaiSkaf.a
l%shdud¾. .ek l,lsÍ isá nj fmfka' Tjqka úiska mkjk ,o mSvdldÍ nÿ;a" nÿ wh
lrkakka úiska m%udKhg jvd uqo,a wh lsÍu;a" l=re`ÿ ;,kakkag uqyqK§ug isÿj
;snQ n,j;a wiykldÍ ;;ajh;a ksid ck;djf.a l,lsÍu jeä úh' fuu ;;ajh
ksid ,kafoais md,k m%foaY lsysmhl ler,s flda,dy, mek ke.sK' ,kafoaiSyq ish
n,h fhdod ler,s uev meje;ajQy'
Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud o uq,a rcjrekaf.a isß;a wkq.ukh

lrñka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjkaa kdhlal¾ jxYsl l=ußhl f.kajd w.ìij lr.;af;a h'
fï ksid u fndfyda kdhlal¾ jxYslhka Èjhskg meñKs w;r Tjqyq rcfha Wiia
;k;=re o ,ndf.k Wvrg mÈxÑj isáhy' rcjdif,a o Tjqkaf.a n,h jeä fjñka
meje;sfha h'
1739 j¾Ifha § Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq ñh.sh w;r t;=udg

mq;=ka fkdisá ksid kdhlal¾ jxYsl w.ìijf.a ifydaorfhl= Y%S úch rdcisxy hk
kñka rdc;ajhg m;a úh' fï wkqj m<uq úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka werô rc mrïmrdj
ksudjg m;a úh'
,kafoaiSka Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍu
Y%S úch rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq 1747 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a kdhlal¾ jxYsl
ìijf.a ifydaorhd lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy kñka isyiqkg m;a úh' fu;=ud tjlg
mßydkshg m;aj ;snQ nqÿiiqk k.d isgqùug ld¾hka rdYshla isÿ lf<a h' je,súg
irKxlr ysñfhdaa fï i|yd rcqg wkqYdikd ,ndÿkay' rc;=ud ,kafoaiSkaf.kaa keõ
,ndf.k Wmiïmodj f.k tau i|yd ishï foaYhg ¥; lKavdhula msg;a lf<a h'
1'6 rEmh ¡ ´,kao fid,aodÿjka ±lafjk is;=jula

10
ta wkqj Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL NslaIQka msßila fuys jevujd 1753 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõ
Wmiïmodj msysgqù h' t;eka isg j¾;udk ishï ksldh wdrïN úh'
l%s' j' 1762 muK jkúg Wvrg rdcHh yd ,kafoaiSka w;r kej;;a
.egqï we;s jQ nj fmfka' fï ksid ,kafoaiSkag úreoaOj fjk;a cd;shlf.a Woõ
,nd.ekSug rcq Wkkaÿjla ±laù h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1762 j¾Ifha § fcdaka
mhsnia kï bx.%Sis cd;slhd Wvrg rdcHhg ¥;hl= f,i meñKsfha h' ñka ìhg
m;a ,kafoaiSyq nerka jeka tla wdKavqldrjrhdf.a fufyhùu u; fiakdxl yhla
ud¾. yhlska hjñka Wvrg wdl%uKh l<y' fuu fiakdxl tllg j;a uykqjr
k.rh wi,g j;a meñKSug Wv/áfhda bv fkdÿkay' Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿ
igka l%u fhdod .ksñka t,a, l< m%ydr ksid wirK jQ ,kafoaiSyq n,dfmdfrd;a;=
iqkaj my; rgg meñKshy' fuu mrdcfhka jeä l,la .;ùug fmr 1765 j¾Ifha
§ ,kafoaiSka úiska kej; jrla Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk ,È' fuu wdl%uKfha §
fomlaIhg u n,j;a ydks isÿ úh' 1765 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha § ,kafoaiSka
uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M jQ fyhska rc;=ud wdrlaIdj m;d y`.=rkafl;g m,d
.sfha h' uykqjr k.rh w,a,d .;a ,kafoaiSka bÈßm;a l< fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug
rc;=ud tl`. fkdù h' j¾Id iuh wdrïN ùu;a iu. f,v frda. yd Wv/áhkaf.a
m%ydrj,ska fyïn;a jQ ,kafoaiSyq wdmiq meñKshy'
jir lsysmhla fkdlvjd mej;s .egqï ksid fï jk úg kej; iduhla we;s

lr .ekSug rc;=ud leue;af;ka isáfha h'
tfia u kdhlal¾ jxYslhkaf.a yeisÍï ksid ro,jreka fuka u fn!oaO

NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r o l,lsÍula mej;=Ks' fï nj ±k.;a rc;=ud iduh
fjkqfjka ,kafoaiSka fj; ¥;hka heù h' bka m%fhdack .;a fuu wjêfha isá
,kafoais wdKavqlre jQ úf,ï me,la ,kafoaiSkag jdis iy.; fldkafoais ud,djla
bÈßm;a lf<a h' rcqg tajdg tlÕ ùug isÿ jQ w;r l%s' j' 1766 § j.ka;s 25lska hq;a
.súiqula w;aika lf<a h' tu .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla my; mßÈ h'
1766 .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla
hdmd mgqk" ukakdru" l,amsáh" fld<U Èidj" .d¨ fldar,h yd

;%sl=Kdu,h wjg m%foaY ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h'
uqyqÿnv isg rg ;=<g isxy, .õjl m%udKh ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h
fuu .súiqu wkqj Wvrg rdcHh Èjhskla ;=< msysá Èjhskl ;;ajhg m;a
úh' .súiqfuka fkdfnda l,lg miqj tys wd§kj rcqg wjfndaO jkakg úh'
11
uqyqÿnv m%foaY kej;;a ;uka fj; ,ndfok f,i rcq b,a,d isáh o ,ka-
foaiSyq thg weyqïlka fkdÿkay' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ;u md,kh ;yjqre l< Tjqyq
tu m%foaYj, lDIsl¾udka;h yd l=re`ÿ jeùu ÈhqKq lsÍug o mshjr .;ay'
1766 j¾Ifha we;s lr .kakd ,o .súiqu ksid Wvrg rcq yd ,kafoaiska w;r
u;fNao jeä fjñka mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSyq .súiqfï we;eï fldkafoais lv lrñka rcqg
wh;a m%foaYj,g ¨Kq iemhSu ;ykï l<y' ñka Wvrg jeishd uy;a wiSre;djlg
m;a úh'
lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj 1782 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a ifydaorhd

rdcdêrdcisxy kñka rcq njg m;a úh' 1796 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka ,xldjg meñKs
w;r ,kafoaiSkag myr § bx.%SiSka Tjqkaf.ka m%foaY w;a lr .ekSu;a iu. ,xldfõ
,kafoais md,kh wjika úh'
1'2 ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=
,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ixúOdkh
,kafoaiSka fjf<ò iud.ula jYfhka ixúOdkh ù isá fyhska ´,kaofha

isá zVOCZ iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,h wdishdfõ ,kafoais md,k m%foaY ms<snòj
;SrK .;a by< u uKav,h úh' ´,kaoh yd wdishdj w;r mej;s úYd, ÿr m%udKh
ksid tf;la ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY md,kh lsÍug 1609 j¾Ifha § fjf<ò
iud.u úiska n;dúhg wdKavqldrjrfhla m;a lrk ,È' Bg miq n;dúhdkq
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a iydhg WmfoaYl iNdjla o m;a flreKs'
Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h ia:dms; ùfuka miq furg md,k
lghq;= iòyd fjf<ò iud.u úiska fjk u wdKavqldrjrfhl= m;a lrk ,È' tfia u
Tyqf.a iydhg o furg isá ,kafoais ks,Odßkaf.ka iukaú; úfYaI iNdjla m;a
flreKs' ,xldfõ ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd yd iydhl iNdj n;dúhdkq ks,Odßka
hgf;a mej;sh;a furg isá wdKavqldrjrhdf.a yelshdj yd fm!reIh wkqj wjYH
wjia:djl § Rcqj u ´,kaofha isá wOHlaI uKav,fhka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug
yelshdj ;snqKs' tl, Y%S ,xldj" n;dúh yd ´,kaoh w;r .ukd.ukhg l,a .;
ùu;a ikaksfõok lghq;=j, ÿIalr;d wdÈh;a ksid furg isá wdKavqldrjrhdg
yÈis lghq;= wdÈfhys § iajdëk ;SrK .ekSug wjia:dj ,eìK'
furg isá ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhdg yd Tyqf.a WmfoaYl iNdjg ,xldfõ

,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY md,kh lsÍug n,;, ;snqKs' ta wkqj wod< m%foaYj,
mßmd,k lghq;= f.k hdu" nÿ wh lsÍu" ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" bvï m%odkh wdÈh
12
isÿ lsÍug yels úh' wdKavqldrjrhd WmfoaYl iNdfõ ;SrKj,g wkqj lghq;=
lf<a h'
Èjhsfka ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod ;snqKs'
tajd fldudkavß hkqfjka o ye`Èkafõ'
fld<U fldudkavßh
,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fuh md,kh úh' fld<U" l`M;r" ó.uqj

we;=<;a uqyqÿnv m%foaY yd yxje,a," w`.=rejdf;dg u,ajdk n,fldgq msysá rg
we;=<; m%foaY fï hgf;a mej;=Ks'
.d¨ fldudkavßh
.d¨ fldudkavßfha lghq;= iòyd fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= m;a lr

;snqKs' fnka;r .f`.a isg uvl,mqj olajd uqyqÿnv m%foaY yd Bg wh;a rg we;=<;
fmfoia fuu fldudkavßh hgf;a mej;sK'
hdmkh fldudkavßh
hdmk fldudkavßh o fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= hgf;a mej;=Ks' mq;a;,ug

W;=f¾ isg fjr<nv ;Srfha hdmkh olajd hdmkhg wh;a m%foaY yd kef.kysr
fjrf<a uvl,mqj olajd ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY hdmk fldudkavßhg wh;a
úh'
.d,a, yd hdmkh fldudkavßj, fldufodarejreka fofokd fld<U

wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a lghq;= l< hq;= hehs ms<s.ekSula mej;sh;a m%dfhda.sl
jYfhka ish lghq;=j, § Tjqkag iajdëkj l%shd lsÍug wjia:dj ;snqKs'
wdKavqldrjrhd yd fldufodarejrekag my<ska mej;s mßmd,kh isú,a

md,kh" yuqod md,kh yd fjf<ò wxYh jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fn§ ;snqKs'
isú,a md,kh iòyd tla tla fldudkavßh hgf;a o Èidjkshla mej;sKs' Èidjkshka
fldar,j,g fnod fldar, m;a;=j,g fnod ;snqKs' Èidjksfha úúO fiajd Ndrj
uqo,sjre yd úodfkjre isáhy' Èidjksfha lghq;= yeisrùfï j.lSu Èidj
Ndrfha mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSkaf.a yuqod ixúOdkh yuqod lms;dkajreka hgf;a isÿ
úh' fjf<ò wxYh iòyd Tm¾ yQ*aÜ ^fcHaIaG fjf<kaod& yd Tyq hgf;a yQ*aÜuka
^bvï wdodhï Ndr ;eke;a;d& jYfhka ;j;a ks,OdÍka m;a lr ;snqKs' fï wkqj
,kafoaiSka hgf;a md,k lghq;= ixúOdkh ù ;snQ wdldrh my; igykska fmkakqï
flf¾'
13
VOC iud.fï
wOHlaI uKav,h
n;dúfha wdKavqldrjrhd
yd WmfoaYl iNdj
Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd

yd WmfoaYl iNdj
^fld<U&
fldufodare fldufodre
.d,a, hdmkh
isú,a md,kh yuqod lghq;= fjf<ò wxYh
Èidfjjrhd lms;dkajre Tm¾ yQ*aÜ

fcHaIaG fjf<kaod
uqo,sjre
fldard, yQ*aÜuka
^úúO fiajd&
bvï wdodhï Ndr
úodfkjre uqo,s$w;=fldard,
^l=re`ÿ ;,kakkaf.a&
.ï uq,doEksjre
,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fld<U fldudkaavßh ;=< mej;s fuu

mßmd,k jHQyhg iudk ;;ajhla fiiq fldudkavß ;=< o fldufodarejreka hgf;a
l%shd;aul úh' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a isú,a md,k lghq;= ixúOdkfha § Èidfjjrhdg
jeo.;a n,hla ysñ úh' fldudkavß ;=kg Èidfjjre ;sfofkla jQy' Èidfj ;k;=r
iòyd ,kafoais cd;slhka m;a flreKq w;r isú,a md,kfha my< ;k;=re iòyd
foaYSh ks,Odßka fhdojd .eksK' fldard<" uqo,s" úodfka" .ïuq,doEks jeks ;k;=re
fuka u hdmk m%foaYfha Ndú; jQ wêldß" lxldkï" Wvhd¾ jeks merKs ks, kdu
tfia fhdod .;a idïm%odhsl foaYSh ks,Odßkag WodyrK fõ'
wêlrK lghq;=
,xldfõ j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk kS;s ix.%yfha fldgila jk frdau
,kafoais kS;sh ,kafoaiSkaf.ka ,o odhdohls' ,kafoaiSka úiska ,xldfõ meje;s foaYSh
14
kS;s yd isß;aúß;aj,g .e<fmk f,i frdau-,kafoais kS;sh ixialrKh fldg
,xldfõ l%shd;aul lrk ,È' ,kafoaisyq fuys meje;s ffk;sl wdh;k m%fhdackhg
.;a w;r kj Widú moaO;shla o y`ÿkajd ÿkay' tu Widú moaO;sh my; mßÈ h'
rdoa jeka ciaáÜ$- uydêlrKh
fuh ,kafoais wêlrK moaO;sfha by< u Widúh úh' tys m%Odkshd yq*aÜ
woañksia;d¾ kñka ye|skaù h' wmrdO kvq úi|Su fuys m%Odk ld¾h úh' fuu Widú"
fldudkavß ;=fkys u msysgqjd ;snqKs'
isú,a rdoa -$- isú,a Widúh
isú,a rdoa fyj;a isú,a Widúh ,kafoais md,kh wdrïNfha isg u fld<U"
.d,a," hdmkh hk fldudkavßj, msysgqjd ;snqKs' ßlaia fvd,¾ 120g wvq w,dN
iïnkaO isú,a kvq o újdy iïnkaO kvq o fuu Widúj, úNd. úh'
,Eka rdoa$- bvï Widúh-
,Eka rdoa fyj;a bvï Widúh fld<U" .d,a," hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h"

uvl,mqj" ud;r hk uOHia:dkj, msysgqjd ;snqKs' Èidfõjrhd fuu Widúj,
iNdm;sjrhd úh' foaYSh ck;djg ir, tfuka u úhoï wvq" myiq wêlrK l%uhla
f,i fuu Widú l%uh we;euqka úiska y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'
msial,a Widú$ Èidfõ Widú$ .ïm;s Widú
,kafoais wêlrK moaO;sh ;=< my< u Widú f,i fuu Widú l%shd;aul
úh' mßmd,k lafIa;%fha my< ks,OdÍka jQ .ïuq,doEks" úodfk" uqo,s" fldard, jeks
foaYSh ks,Odßkag o ;u ;k;=rej,g wod< iq`M wêlrK n,;, ;snqKs' hdmk
m%foaYfha o ck;dj w;r mej;s idïm%odhsl kS;s Í;s" kS;s jYfhka ilia fldg
Ndú;hg .eksK'
,kafoaiSkaf.a wd¾Ól lghq;=
Y%S ,xldfõ ;uka hgf;a mej;s m%foaYj,ska Wmßu wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .; yels
mßÈ ,kafoaiSyq ish wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul l<y' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s fiiq
wdishd;sl m%foaYj,ska ,efnkjdg jvd bia;rï l=re`ÿ furg ksIamdokh jk nj
Tjqyq oek isáhy' tneúka l=re`ÿ j.dj" l=re`ÿ ieliSu yd fjf<òdu iïnkaOfhka
,kafoaiSyq úfYaIfhka Wkkaÿ jQy' uq,a ld,fha iajdNdúlj jkfha jefjk l=re`ÿ
iajfoaYslhka ,jd ;,jd .ekSug fhduq jQ ,kafoaiSyq miqj fld<U" l`M;r" w¨;a.u
yd ud;r jeks m%foaYj, l=re`ÿ j.d l<y' mD;=.SiSkaf.a ld,fha isg l=re`ÿ tla
15
/ia lsÍu yd fjf<òdu iòyd mej;s uynoafoa fomd¾;fïka;=j ,kafoaiSka úiska
fjk u lms;dkajrfhl= hg;g m;a fldg jvd ld¾hlaIu lrk ,È' l=re`ÿ ;e,Su
yd tla/ia lsÍug idïm%odhsl rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh fhdod .ekssK' l=re`ÿ ;,kakkaf.a
kï f,aLk .; fldg Tjqkaf.ka Wmßu fiajh ,nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'
jeäysá l=re`ÿ ;,kafkl= ksYaÑ; l=re`ÿ m%udKhla iud.ug jd¾Islj fkdñf,a
;,d Èh hq;= úh' fufia l=re`ÿ fjf<òdfuka ,kafoaiSyq w;súYd, ,dNhla ,enQy'
l=re`ÿ yereKq úg mqjla" uq;=" we;ao<" .ïñßia" idÈlald" tkid,a" ó bá jeks

øjH yd we;=ka fjf<|du u.ska o ,kafoaiSyq wdodhï bmhQy' óg wu;rj bvïj,ska
wh l< nÿ o fudjqyq jeo.;a fldg ie,l+y' bvïj, whs;sh yd wh l< hq;= nÿ
wd§ úia;r we;=<;a f;daïnq kñka ye`Èkafjk f,aLk úfYaIhla mD;=.SiSka ilia
fldg ;snqKs' ,kafoaiSyq th ;j;a úêu;a lrñka mjq,a" bvï yd mdi,a jYfhka
f;daïnq ^Thombo& j¾. ;=kla ms<sfh, l<y' mjq,a f;daïnqjl .ul jdih lrk
mjq,aj, úia;r oelaúK' bvï f;daïnqjl .fï mjq,aj,g wh;a bvïj, úia;r"
jeú,s j¾. yd iud.ug wh úh hq;= nÿ uqo, wdÈh oelaúK' mdi,a f;daïnqjl
.fï foudmshkaf.a kï" orejkaf.a Wmka Èk" mdi,a yer.sh Èk yd fjk;a .ul
mÈxÑhg .sfha kï ta Èk wdÈh iòyka flßKs'
,kafoaiSkaf.a bvï f;daïnqjl iòyka jQ lreKq
r;au,dfka .u" fodka nia;shka wmamqydñg whs;s fodU.yj;a;

bvu" fmd,a .ia .Kk 195 hs' wh úh hq;= noao ßlaia fvd,¾ 1
iaghsj¾ 24 hs'
f;daïnq ieliSu u.ska .ul jeishka .Kk" bvï yd j.djka ms<snò úia;r
wdÈh ,nd .ekSfuka iud.ug wh lr .; yels nÿ yd ,nd .; yels fiajh ms<snò
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSkag yels úh'
iy,a yd frÈms<s wdÈh úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍfuka fjf<ò iud.ug

jeh jk uqo,a wvq lr .ekSu iòyd fuka u furg mßyrKhg fyda fjf<òdug
fhdod .; yels foa ksmoùfuka wu;r wdodhï ,nd .ekSu msKsi o ,kafoaiSyq
lghq;= l<y' Bg WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
uq;=rdcfj, wiajeoa§ug lghq;= lsÍu

fhdaO jej yd lka;f,a jej wd§ jeõ m%;sixialrKh lsÍu u.ska ù ksIamdokh
jeä lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu
Wla" .ïñßia" tkid,a" fldams" u,afnß" bkaäf.da wdÈ j.djka ÈhqKq lsÍu
16
1'7 rEmh ¡ yeñ,agka we<
frÈ úùu" frÈ idhï lsÍu" W¿ .fvd,a jeks l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu
yeñ,agka we< jeks we< ud¾. bÈ fldg tajd NdKav m%jdykhg fhdod
.ekSu
hdmk m%foaYfha ÿïfld< j.d lrùu yd ;,a .ia lòka jYfhka wmkhkh
lsÍu
iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=
wd.ñl m%;sm;a;sh
frmrudÿ wd.u ,kafoaiSkaf.a wd.u úh' uqyqÿnv m%foaY w;am;a lr.;a

miq ish wd.u tu m%foaYj, m;=rejd yeÍu i|yd Tjqyq l%shdud¾. /ila wkq.ukh
l<y¦ ck;dj frmrudÿ wd.ug yrjd .ekSu msKsi ´,kaofhka foaj.e;sjreka
f.kajd .;ay' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s fld<U" .d,a, jeks m%foaYj, fuka u hdm-
kfha wÉpqfõ,s yd udkïldvq jeks m%foaY /il ,kafoaiSka bÈ l< foajia:dk fyda
tajdfha kgnqka j¾;udkfha § mjd olakg ,efí'
17
wOHdmk lghq;=
wd.ï m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd biaflda, kï wdh;k úfYaIhla ,kafoaiSyq

wdrïN l<y' .ï lsysmhla i|yd tl mdi,la wdrïN fldg ta m%foaYfha orejka tu
mdi,g meñKSu wksjd¾h flßKs' orejkaf.a uõ niska wOHdmkh ,nd ÿkafka h'
frmrudÿ wd.fï hdÉ{dj,g mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ m%Odk ;ekla ,eî ;sìKs' óg
wu;rj iajNdIdj" ix.S;h" foajO¾uh wd§ úIhka b.ekajQ w;r úêu;a úNd.
l%uhla o wrUk ,È' mdi,a mÍlaId lsÍug Tjqyq ks,Odß lKvdhula m;a l<y'
hqfrdamShkaf.a orejka i|yd fjk u mdi,a wdrïN flßK' fld<U msysá fiufkaßh
u.ska ,kafoais NdIdfjka Wiia wOHdmkh ,ndÿkafka h' tfia u hdmkh yd
ukakdru m%foaYj, o ,kafoaiSka úiska mdi,a bÈ lrk ,È' fufia mdi,a u.ska
flreKq wOHdmkh u.ska o rcfha ;k;=re yd kïnqkdu u.ska o yels;dla ÿrg
ck;dj ;u wd.ug yerùug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'
l%s' j' 1739 § uqøK hka;%hla ,kafoaiSka uq,ska u furgg f.k wd w;r
tu.ska nhsn,fha Wmqgkhla uqøKh lr fnod yereKs'
,kafoais md,kfha iudc yd ixialD;sl n,mEï
,kafoaiSyq j¾I 138l muK ld,hla ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l<y'
,kafoais md,kh ksid ,dxflah iudchg yd ixialD;shg isÿ jQ n,mEï fndfyda
wxY Tiafia úuid ne,sh yels h' tajd my; mßÈ fláfhka úuid n,uq'
frdau .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh wkq.ukh lrñka biaf;damamqj" fid,aorh" l=¨kq

yd Wia jy, fh¥ ksjdi bÈ lsÍu
1'8 rEmh ¡ ,xldfõ ´,kao .Dy ks¾udK

18
1'9 rEmh ¡ ´,kao ms`.dklaa iy ldishla
úúO wdydr j¾. rdYshla y`ÿkajd §u WodyrK - flala" wÉpdre" fldlsia

Widú l%uh y`ÿkajd §u
furg iudchg n¾.¾ ^,xis& ck;dj tl;= ùu
isxy, yd fou< NdIdj,g ,kafoais jpk úYd, m%udKhla tl;= ùu'
my; iòyka jpk Bg WodyrK fõ'
.Dyks¾udK yd kS;s l%uh yd fjk;a

.Dy NdKAv Widú
fid,aor fkd;dßia fjkafoais

;rmamq f;da,al biaflda,
nd,al l=ú;dkais
cfka, lkaf;dare
ldur Tmamq
biaf;damamq nQo,a
bial=remamq
w,audß
19
01 wNHdih
my; iòyka ud;Dldj,g wod<j flá m%Yak

,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
1' uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSkag hg;aùu
2' ,kafoaiSka Wvrg rdcH iu. meje;ajQ inò;d
3' ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k lghq;=
4' ,kafoaiSkaf.a iudc ixialD;sl lghq;=
l%shdldrlu
1' Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSka hg;g
m;aùu - mdvu weiqßka m%Yak úpdrd;aul
;r.hla mj;ajkak'
2' ,kafoais md,k iufha furg ixialD;shg tl;=

jQ kjdx. ms<snòj my; iòyka ud;Dldj,g wod<j
Tfí mka;sh bÈßfha l:djla mj;ajkak'
jpk$ wdydrmdk j¾.
we`ÿï me<`ÿï$ NdKav j¾.
20
02 Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h
ye`Èkaùu
mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais hk ngysr cd;Skag miqj bx.%SiSyq Y%S ,xldjg
meñKshy' bx.%SiSkaf.a uõ rg tx.,ka;h fkdfyd;a ì%;dkHhhs'
,kafoaiSka i;=j mej;s furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY 1796 fmnrjdß udifha §
bx.%SiSka hg;a lr .ekSu;a iu`. Èjhsfka ì%;dkH md,k iuh wdrïN
úh' bx.%SiSyq 1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcHh o hg;a lr .ksñka iuia;
Èjhsk u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .;ay' t;eka isg
1948 j¾Ih olajd jir 133l ld,hla bx.%SiSka furg md,k lghq;=
f.k .sh w;r tu.ska furg b;sydihg úYd, n,mEula isÿ úh'
ì%;dkHhka furg md,k n,h w,a,d .;a wdldrh" Tjqkag úreoaOj
iajfoaYslhka úiska f.k hk ,o wr., iy hg;a úð; iufha furg
wd¾Ólh wdÈh ms<snòj fuu mßÉfþofha § wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
21
2'1 ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldjg meñKSu yd n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu
bx.%Siska uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr .ekSu
1498 j¾Ifha § bkaÈhdjg meñKs mD;=.SiSyq 1505 j¾Ih jk úg

Y%S ,xldjg meñKshy' 17 jk ishji wdrïNfha § wdishdjg meñK tu Y;j¾Ifha ueo
tkï 1658 j¾Ih jk úg Y%S ,xldjg o meñKs ,kafoaiSyq tjlg mD;=.SiSka i;=j
mej;s furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ;u n,h msysgqùug lghq;= l<y' bkaÈhdjg meñK
Y;j¾I tlyudrla muK .; jk f;la bx.%Siska Y%S ,xldj flfrys Wkkaÿjla
oelajQ njla fkdfmfka' tfy;a 18 jk ishjfia wjika ld,h jk úg bx.%SiSyq furg
flfrys o ;u wjOdkh fhduq l<y' fufia ì%;dkHhkaf.a wjOdkh Y%S ,xldj
flfrys fhduq ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhls' tkï"
Y%S ,xldfõ msysàfï jeo.;alu

;%sl=Kdu,h jrdfha jeo.;alu
fjf<ò lghq;=j, § Y%S ,xldfõ ;snQ jeo.;alu
Y%S ,xldfõ msysàfï jeo.;alu
Y%S ,xldj hkq bkaÈhdkq id.rfha ¥m;la jYfhka msysá rgla nj Tn bf.k
f.k we;' furfÜ msysàu bx.%Siskag jeo.;a ùug n,mE m%Odk fya;= ;=kla ±laúh
yels h'
18 jk ishji jk úg bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr yd ngysr fjr<nv m%foaYj,

n,h f.dvk.df.k isá bx.%Siskag tu m%foaY fiiq hqfrdamShkaf.ka wdrlaId
lr .ekSfï § bkaÈhdjg ol=Kska fjk u ¥m;la f,i msysá Y%S ,xldj
úfYaIfhka jeo.;a ùu
Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu bkaÈhdfõ wdrlaIdjg muKla fkdj bkaÈhdkq id.rfha

kdúl wdêm;H mj;ajdf.k hdug;a jeo.;a ùu
fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. fjf<ò ud¾.j, uOHia:dkhla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu
22
2'1 rEmh ¡ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh wdrlaId lsÍug bx.%SiSka ld, ;=jla;= iú lr ;snQ wdldrh
;%sl=Kdu,h jrdfha jeo.;alu

bx.%Siskag ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh jeo.;a ùug my; iòyka fya;= n,mE nj fmfka
fnx.d, fndlalg yd w.aksÈ. wdishdjg uqyqK ,d we;s iajdNdúl jrdhla ùu
rg ;=<g fkrd .sh iajdNdúl jrdhla jQ neúka wk;=reodhl iq<s iq<xj,ska

keõ wdrlaId lr .; yels ùu
bx.%Siska bkaÈhdkq id.rfha § m%xY cd;slhka iu. f.k .sh kdúl igkaj,
§ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh hqOuh w;ska jeo.;a ùu
2'1 rEmh ¡ is;shu ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh
23
fjf<ò lghq;=j, § ;snQ jeo.;alu
bx.%Siska wdishdfõ isÿ lrf.k .sh fjf<ò lghq;=j, § Y%S ,xldj
úfYaIfhka jeo.;a úh' Bg n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'
b;d Wiia ;;ajfha l=re`ÿ yd fjk;a l=`M nvq furáka ,nd .ekSug yels
ùu ^WodyrK - .ïñßia" lrdnqkeá" tkid,a&
l=`M nvq yereKq úg w,s we;=ka jeks i;=ka o uq;= ueKsla jeks fjf<òdfï
§ jeo.;a jQ øjH /ila o furg mej;Su
ì%;dkHhka úiska ksmojk ,o NdKav furg § wf,ú lsÍug fjf<òfmd<la
f.dvk.d .ekSug yels ùu
1796 j¾Ihg fmr bx.%Siska yd Wvrg rdcOdksh w;r mej;s inò;d

ì%;dkHhka wdishdjg meñfKk wjêfha § furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY
,kafoaiSkaf.a md,kh hgf;a ;snQ w;r Wvrg fjk u iajdêk rdcHhla jYfhka
mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wvrg rdcHhg t,a, jQ ysßyer yd ;¾ck fya;=fjka
,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg rcq w;r u; fNao we;s úh' ta wkqj ,kafoaiSka furáka m,jd
yeÍu iòyd bx.%Siskaf.a iyh ,nd .ekSu flfrys Wvrg md,lfhda W;aiql jQy'
2'2 rEmh ¡ fcdaka mhsnia lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq yuq jQ wjia:dj
kQ;k Ñ;% Ys,smsfhl=f.a weiska ^pß;a p;=rx. uy;df.a wkq.%yfhks'&
24
tys m%;sM,hla f,i Wvrg rdcHh yd bx.%Siska w;r m%Odk ¥; .uka lsysmhla isÿ úh'
1762 j¾Ifha § fcdaka mhsnia lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq yuq ùu

1782 j¾Ifha § yshq fndhsâ rdcdêrdcisxy rcq yuq ùu
1795 j¾Ifha § frdnÜ wekavDDia rdcdêrdcisxy rcq yuq ùu
bx.%SiS ¥;hka furgg meñKs uq,a ld,fha § ,kafoaiSka yd bx.%SiSka w;r ñ;%
inò;djla mej;=Ks' ta ksid ,kafoaiSka iu. .egqï we;s lr .ekSug bx.%SiSyq wlue;s
jQy' tfyhska uq,a ¥; .uka fofla § Wvrg rcqkaf.a wruqKq bgq fkdjqKs' frdnÜ
wekavDDia 1795 j¾Ifha § rdcdêrdcisxy rcq yuq jQ wjia:dfõ § bx.%Siska ,kafoaiS
n,fldgq hg;a lsÍfï § rcqf.a iydh b,a,d isáfha h' rcq Bg leu;s jqj;a ,kafoais
n,fldgq hg;a lsÍu bx.%Siska wfmalaId l< ;rï ÿIalr fkdjQ fyhska ta iòyd rcqf.a
iydh ,nd .ekSug o Tjqyq bÈßm;a fkdjQy'
fmrÈ. bkaÈhd bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.u furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h msysgqùu
bx.%Siskag fmr furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY w,a,df.k isá ,kafoaiSkaf.a uõrg

jQfha ´,kaohhs' m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM,hla f,i m%xYh úiska ´,kaoh wdl%uKh
fldg tys n,h w,a,d .;a fyhska ´,kao md,l miajk ú,shï rc;=ud ì%;dkHhg
m,d .sfha h' fufia ´,kaofha m%xY md,khla ìys jQ fyhska ,kafoaiSka i;= jQ furg
uqyqÿnv m%foaY o m%xYjreka hg;g m;a fj;ehs bx.%SiSyq ìh jQy' fuu isÿùu ;u
jdishg yrjd .;a ì%;dkHhka" ,xldfõ ,kafoais n,fldgqj,g bx.%Sis yuqodj we;=<;a
lr .; hq;= hehs ,smshla ú,shï rc;=udf.ka ,nd .;af;a h' tu ,smsh tx.,ka;fha
lsõ ud,s.fha isg ,shQ neúka lsõ ,smsh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
tu ,smsh ,xldfõ tjlg ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd jQ *ka tx.,afnla fj;

bÈßm;a lrkq ,enqj o Tyq Bg tl`. fkdù h' thg m%;spdrhla f,i bx.%SiSyq hqOuh
l%shdoduhlg t<UqKy' ta wkqj bx.%SiSyq 1795 wf.daia;= 26 jk Èk ;%sl=Kdu,fha
,kafoaiSka i;=j mej;s f*âßla fldgqjg myr § w,a,d .;ay' wk;=rej ms<sfj<ska
hdmkh" ukakdru" l,amsáh yd fld<U hk ia:dkj, msysá ish¨ ,kafoais n,fldgq
;uka hg;g .ekSug bx.%Siskag yels úh' 1796 fmnrjdß udih jk úg ,kafoaiSka
i;=j mej;s ish¨ u uqyqÿnv m%foaY fmrÈ. bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.u i;= úh'
1796 j¾Ifha isg 1815 Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu olajd uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, ì%;dkH md,kfha lemS fmfkk wjia:d my; ±lafõ'
1796 -1798 olajd fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<ò iud.u hgf;a md,kh

1798 - 1802 olajd oaú;aj md,kh
1802 isg ì%;dkH lsÍgh hgf;a md,kh
25
furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr .ekSug iïmQ¾K hqO úhoï ork ,oafoa fmrÈ.
bkaÈhd fjf<ò iud.u úisks' tu hqO úhoï mshjd .ekSu iòyd fuka u wdodhï
by< kxjd .ekSfï wruqK we;sj bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.u úiska furg md,kh f.k
hk ,È' ta wkqj uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,ska jeä jYfhka nÿ wh lr .ekSu iòyd iud.fï
ks,OdÍyq mshjr .;ay' tu nÿ wh lsÍï isÿ lf<aa uÿrdisfhka f.kajd .;a wjqñ,aod¾
kï ks,Odß msßila fhdod.ksñks' iud.u úiska mkjk ,o nÿ nßka mSvkhg m;a
jQ uqyqÿnv ck;dj 1797 j¾Ifha § bx.%Siskag úreoaOj úYd, le/,a,la we;s l<y'
1797 j¾Ifha § uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, we;s jQ le/,a,

1797 j¾Ifha § fmrÈ. bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.fï md,khg tfrysj uqyqÿnv
m%foaYj, we;s jQ le/,a,g n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'
bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.u kj nÿ j¾. lsysmhla mekùu
^Wod - fmd,a .ia noao" ¨Kq noao" ud`M noao" ÿïfld< noao&
nÿ tl;= lsÍfï foaYSh ks,OdÍka bj;a fldg uÿrdisfhka f.kajk ,o
wjqñ,aod¾ kï ks,OdÍka fhoùu ksid ck;dj ;=< we;s jQ úfrdaOh
idïm%odhslj ;snQ NdKavj,ska nÿ f.ùu fjkqjg uqo,ska nÿ f.ùug isÿ ùu
yd uqo,a Ndú;h m%p,s; fkdjQ ksid ck;dj bka ±ä mSvdjg m;a ùu'
uy;a wmyiq;d ueo le/,a, u¾okh l< ì%;dkHfhda th we;s ùug uq,a
jQ lreKq fidhd ne,Su iòyd l¾k,a ñhqrka hgf;a fldñiula m;a l<y' th
zo ñhqrka fldñiuZ kñka ye`Èkafõ' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ck Ôú;h h:d ;;ajhg m;a
lsÍu iòyd ñhqrka fldñiu úiska fhdackd lSmhla bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tu fldñifï
ks¾foaYj,g wkqj fjf<òdug yqrej isá ks,OdÍka mßmd,khg iïnkaO ùu ksid
fujeks ;;ajhla Woa.; jQ nj meyeÈ,s flßK' ta wkqj fjf<ò lghq;= yd mßmd,k
lghq;= fjka fjka ks,OdÍka hgf;a isÿ úh hq;= nj fldñiu úiska ks¾foaY lrk
,È'
oaú;aj md,kh - ^l%s' j' 1798 - 1802&--

uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, md,kh f.khdfï § wd¾Ól lghq;= bx.%Sis fjf<ò
iud.u úiska o foaYmd,k lghq;= ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ ueÈy;aùfuka o f.k .sh
md,kh oaú;aj md,kh hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ' fï wkqj fjf<ò iud.ug ;jÿrg;a
fjf<ò lghq;= yd wdodhu tl;= lr .ekSug wjir ,enqKq w;r mßmd,k yd
hqoaO lghq;= fufyhùu iòyd 1798 j¾Ifha § fmâßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd m;a
flßK'
oaú;aj md,kh mej;s 1798 - 1802 ld,fha wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks,Odßka yd

fjf<ò iud.fï ks,Odßka jYfhka fldgia folla we;s úh' fjf<ò iud.fï
26
ks,Odßkaf.ka wdKavqldrjrhdg wjYH iydh fkd,enqKs' fï ksid md,kh ÿ¾j,
ù oaú;aj md,kh wid¾:l úh'
uqyqÿnv m%foaY lsÍg hg;a úð;hla ùu
oaú;aj md,kh wid¾:l ùu ksid furg lghq;= iòyd ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ

mQ¾K ueÈy;aùula wjYHj ;snqKs' ta wkqj 1802 j¾Ifha § fjf<ò iud.ug §
;snQ n,h wjika fldg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, md,kh iïmQ¾Kfhka ì%;dkH wdKavqj
hg;g mjrd .eksK' ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ kdhlhd rcq jQ neúka o lsÍgh fyj;a
Tgqkak u.ska rcq ixfla;j;a jk neúka o" th lsÍg hg;a úð; ;;ajhla jYfhka
jHjydr flf¾'
bx.%Siska Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu
Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSfï wruqKska bx.%SiSyq 1803 j¾Ih yd 1815

j¾Ih hk jirj, fojrla Wvrg wdl%uKh l<y' 1803 j¾Ih jk úg Wvrg
rcq yd tys ck;dj w;r hym;a inò;djla ;snQ fyhska tu jif¾ § bx.%Siska isÿ
l< wdl%uKh uq`Mukska u wid¾:l úh' tfy;a 1815 j¾Ih jk úg Wvrg rcqg
tys ck;djf.a iyfhda.h fkd,enqKq neúka bx.%Siskaf.a wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug
yelshdj ,enqKs'
1803 Wvrg wdl%uKh
bx.%Siska uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh lrñka isák úg Wvrg fjk u iajdëk

rdcHhla mej;Su .ek Tjqyq i;=gq fkdjQy' fï ksid f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd
Wvrg rdcHh ;ukag .e;s ;;ajhlg m;a lr .ekSu fyda th hg;a lr .ekSu
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<a h' bx.%Siskaf.a md,k m%foaYfha isá ,dxlslhka mjd
Wvrg md,lhd ;u rcq f,i ie,lSu" my;rg we;s jk bx.%Sis úfrdaë ler,sj,g
Wvrg rcq Woõ fo;ehs bx.%Siska l,amkd lsÍu" ;%sl=Kdu,h yd fld<U w;r
f.dvìñka inò;d meje;aùfï § Wvrg rdcHh ndOlhla ùu" ì%;dkH md,khg
tfrysj Wvrg rcq m%xYjrekaf.ka wdOdr ,nd .kq we;ehs bx.%Siska ìhùu jeks
lreKq bx.%Siska Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug fya;= úKehs ie,lsh yels h' 1798 j¾Ifha
§ rdcdêrdcisxy rcqf.a wNdjfhka miqj lkakidñ l=urd Y%S úl%u rdcisxy kñka rc
jk úg rclug Wreulï ;snQ uq;a;=idñ kñka ;j;a l=ufrla isáfha h' lkakidñ
rc jQ úg fuu l=urd bx.%Siska fj; m,d .sh w;r bx.%Siska Tyqg /ljrKh ÿkafka
u;= n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;sj h'
1800 j¾Ifha § uelafvdaj,a fifkúhd hgf;a Wvrgg yuqodjla hjd

bx.%Siskag jdisodhl fldkafoaisj,g Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq tl`. lrjd .ekSug
27
fkda¾;a wdKavqldrhd W;aidy l< kuq;a bx.%Siska bÈßm;a l< fldkafoais
ms<s.ekSug rcq tl`. fkdùu ksid tu .uk wid¾:l úh' wk;=rej fkda¾;a
wdKavqldrjrhd 1803 § Wvrg wdl%uKhg ieriqKs' uelafvdaj,af.a kdhl;ajfhka
flreKq fuu wdl%uKfha § fld<U yd ;%sl=Kdu,fha isg yuqod lKavdhï folla
Wvrgg heùug fkda¾;a mshjr .;af;a h' fuu yuqodfjda 1803 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß
udifha § uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M jQy'
uykqjr k.rh w,a,d.;a bx.%SiSyq uq;a;=idñ l=ureka Wvrg rcq yeáhg

m%ldYhg m;a l<y' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq ie`.ù isá fyhska bx.%Sis .e;s ;eke;af;l=
jQ uq;a;=idñ rcq yeáhg ms<s.ekSug Wv/áfhda bÈßm;a fkdjQy'
bx.%Siskag myr§ug iQodkï jQ Wv/áfhda j¾Id ld,h t<fUk

f;la Wml%uYS,Sj igk mud l<y' j¾Id ld,h t,öu;a iu. igkg msúis
Wv/áfhda uykqjr yd fld<U w;r inò;d meje;ajQ m%Odk ud¾. ish,a, wjysr
lrñka bx.%Sis yuqodjg wjYH wdydr yd hqO WmlrK iemhSu kj;d ±uQy' fï ksid
k.rhg fldgq jQ bx.%Sis yuqodj wdydr ys`.lu yd uef,aßhdj jeks frda. mSvdÈfhka
uy;a wirK ;;ajhlg m;a úh' ;uka urKfha wNshig meñKs nj jgyd .;a
bx.%SiSyq miq neiSug W;aidy l< o k.rhg m%fõY ùug ;snQ ish¨ ud¾. Wv/áhka
wjysr fldg ;snQ neúka miq neiSug bvla fkd,enqKs' fï wjia:dfõ § Wvrg rcq
f,i bx.%Siska m%ldYhg m;a l< uq;a;=idñ l=ureka ;uka fj; Ndr fok fuka Y%S
úl%u rdcisxy rcq ksfhda. lr we;' fïc¾ fâõ úiska tu ksfhda.h jyd u bgq l<
o uq;a;=idñ l=ureka we;=`M bx.%Sis yuqodj Wv/áhka úiska iuQ, >d;kh lrk ,È'
fï wkqj Wvrg rdcH w,a,d .ekSug bx.%Siska ±rE m%:u W;aidyh oreKq mrdchlska
fl<jr úh'
f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhd
fmâßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a fiajd ld,h ksu ùfuka miq

1805 j¾Ifha § f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ furg wdKavqldr ;k;=rg m;a úh'
fkda;a wdKavqldrjrhdg jvd WmdhYS,s ;eke;af;l= jQ fuÜ,kaâ
Wvrg rcq yd tys ck;dj w;r hym;a inò;djla mj;sk f;la
tu rdcOdksh wdl%uKh lsÍfuka bx.%Siskag id¾:l m%;sM,
fk<d .; fkdyels nj ±k isáfha h' fï ksid fuÜ,kaâ
wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrg rdcOdksh iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh
lf<a b;d u WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;shls'
Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< tjlg mej;s wNHka;r fNao
mq`M,a jk f,i lghq;= lsÍu;a" tu rdcOdksfha ish¨ f;dr;=re
ryis.;j /ia lsÍu;a" fuÜ,kaâf.a WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;sfha lemS
fmfkk ,laIK fõ' fuu m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu iòyd
fyf;u fcdaka fvdhs,s kï olaI ks,Odßfhl= fhoù h'
28
fcdaka fvdhs,s
1774 j¾Ifha § tx.,ka;fha Wm; ,enQ fcdaka fvdhs,s ish wOHdmk

lghq;=j,ska miq rcfha ks,Odßfhl= jYfhka Y%S ,xldjg meñKsfha h' rdcH
mßmd,k fiajh fyj;a isú,a fiajfha ks,Odßfhl= jYfhka furg lghq;=
lrk w;r" Tyq isxy, NdIdj bf.k .ekSug o l%shd lr we;' ld¾hY+r
;reK ks,Odßfhl= jQ fcdaka fvdhs,s flá ld,hlska isxy, NdIdj yodrd
furg jeishkaf.a isß;a úß;a ms<snòj o wjfndaOhla ,nd f.k rcfha NdId
mßj¾;lfhl= jYfhka o lghq;= lf<a h' fvdhs,sf.a yelshdjka ms<snò
jgyd.;a fïÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrg rdcOdksfha wNHka;r f;dr;=re
fiùu iòyd Tyq fhdojd .;af;a h'
my;/áhka iu. inò;d meje;ajQ Wvrg kdhlhka uq,ska weiqre l<

fvdhs,s tu kdhlhka u.ska Wvrg m%Odk fmf<a ro,jreka iu`. inò;d
f.dvk.df.k we;' fï wkqj ms<su;,õj" ó.ia;ekak" weyef<afmd<
fud,a,sf.dv jeks kdhlhka iu. Tyq inò;d mj;ajd ;sfí' óg wu;rj úúO
fjia .;a T;a;=lrejka u.ska o Tyq Wvrg rdcHfha f;dr;=re ,nd .;af;a h'
fvdhs,sf.a fuu olaI fiajh ksid lsis ÿ hqfrdamSfhl=g tf;la fy<s lr .ekSug
fkdyels jQ Wvrg rdcOdksfha wdrlaIl ryia mjd wkdjrKh lr .ekSug
bx.%Siskag yelshdj ,eìK' fvdhs,s yd Wvrg kdhlhka w;r inò;d ms<snò
jeo.;a lreKq /ila fvdhs,sf.a Èk fmd; ;=<ska ±l .; yels h'
Wvrg rdcOdksfha wNHka;r n, wr.,h
1803 j¾Ifhka miq Wvrg rdcHfha foaYmd,k ;;ajh b;d krl w;g
yefrñka mej;=Ks' 1803 § ì%;dkHhka Wvrg hg;a lr .ekSug W;aidy ±rE
wjia:dfõ rcq yd ck;dj w;r mej;s iu.s iïmkakNdjh 1815 j¾Ih jk úg ìò
jefgkakg úh'
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< wNHka;r
n, wr., W;aikak ùu tf;la mej;ss iu.sh ìò jeàug n,mEfõ h' tu n,
wr., my; ±lafjk wdldrfhka YS¾I lsysmhlg fnod idlÉPd l< yels h'
29
rcq yd ro, m%OdkSka w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq Wvrg ro, m%OdkSkaf.a n,h ì`§ug f.k .sh jev
ms<sfj< ksid rcq yd ro,hka w;r w¾nqohla we;s úh' ta w;r lemS fmfkk wjia:d
lsysmhls"
we;eï ro,jrekag mejÍ ;snQ rdcldÍ rcq ;u {d;Ska jQ kdhlaldr

jxYslhka fj; mejÍu
rg jeishkag ysxid mSvd l< ro,jrekag rcq o`vqjï meñKùu
;ud n,hg m;a lsÍug l%shd l< ms<su;,õfõ uyd wêldrïg urK
oKavkh kshu lsÍu
ro, n,h j¾Okh jQ we;eï m<d;a l=vd mßmd,k tallj,g fnod ta iòyd
kj ks,Odßka yd ro,jreka m;a lsÍu
WodyrK - inr.uqj Èidj fldgia follg fn§u
ro,jreka w;r w¾nqo f.dvkef.k whqßka ;k;=re ,nd§u
WodyrK - ms<su;,õfõf.a urKfhka miq ysia jQ uydêldrï Oqrh iòyd
weyef<afmd< m;a lsÍu" weyef<afmd<f.a fojk wêldrï
Oqrhg Tyqf.a úreoaOjdÈfhl= jQ fud,a,sf.dv m;a lsÍu'
rcq yd NslaIQkajykafia,d w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo
mrKd;, l=vd Wkakdkafia we;=`M NslaIQka jykafia,d lsysm kulg rdc

fødayS fpdaokd t,a, fldg urKSh oKavkh mekùu
o<od ud,s.h wjg isÿ jQ kùlrK lghq;= iòyd NslaIQka jykafia,df.a
tl`.;ajh ,nd fkd.ekSu
fnda.ïnr jej úYd, lsÍfï lghq;af;a § fmdahu`M úydrh;a" i;r foajd,;a

bj;a lsÍug rcq l< fhdackdj fn!oaO úfrdaë l%shdjla f,i NslaIQka
jykafia,d ie,lSu
ro, m%OdkSka w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo
fud,a,sf.dv yd weyef<afmd< w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo fya;=fjka Wvrg

rdcHfha foaYmd,k tlai;a Ndjh ySk ù hdu
Wvrg rdcHhg wh;a mßmd,k m%foaYj, we;eï ro, m%OdkSka tlsfkldg
úreoaOj l%shd lsÍu ksid rcq yd Tjqka w;r inò;dj .s,syS hdu
30
rcq yd idudkH ck;dj w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo
Wvrg rdcHfha w¾nqohkays WÉp;u wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yelafla

rcq yd uyck;dj w;r we;s jQ ÿria: Ndjhhs' uq, § uDÿ .;s.=Kj,ska hq;= jQ
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq miqj u;ameka mdkhg fm<ö b;d l%Er f,i yeisfrkakg
úh' inr.uqj m%foaYfha we;s jQ le/,a, myiqfjka u¾okh l< kuq;a le/,a,g
iïnkaO hehs iel l< ishhlg jeä msßilg urK oKavkh mekùug rc;=ud
l%shd lf<a h' ;udg úreoaOj ler,s .eiQ weyef<afmd< w,a,d .ekSug fkdyels
ùu ksid rcq Tyqf.a ìßò yd orejka w;awvx.=jg f.k wudkqIsl f,i o`vqjï
meñKùu uyck;djf.a ±ä lkiai,a,g fya;= ù we;' uykqjr k.rfha rdcldÍ
fiajhg meñKs inr.uqj" i;r fldar<h jeks m%foaYj, ck;djg rd;%S ld,fha
w.kqjr kjd;eka .ekSu rcq ;ykï lr ;snqKs' fuh tu m%foaYj, ck;djg
uy;a ysßyerhla jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' Wvrg NslaIQka jykafia,d yd ro, m%OdkSka
flfrys uyck;dj ;=< úYd, f.!rjhla ;snQ w;r rcq NslaIQkA jykafia,d >d;kh
lrùu;a" ro,jreka ielhg Ndck lsÍu;a uyck;dj yd rcq w;r inò;dj ìò
jeàug o n,mEfõ h'
1815 Wvrg wdl%uKh yd rcq w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu
2'3 ¡ rEmh Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;awvx.=jg .ekSu
31
1815 j¾Ih jk úg Wvrg
we;sj ;sfnk fuu jHdl+,
;;ajh ;ukag jdis ,nd .ekSug
fydò u wjia:dj nj fï jk
úg wdKavqldr Oqrh bisÆ frdnÜ
n%jqkaß.a f;areï .;af;a h'
fcdaka fvdhs,sf.a nqoaê

f;dr;=re u; yd fï jk úg
bx.%Siska fj; m,d f.dia isá
weyef<afmd<f.a Wmfoia u;
Wvrg wdl%uKhg jev ms<sfj<
ielisKs' Wv/áhka rcq flfrys
l,lsÍ isá neúka jeishkaf.a
wdrlaIdj iòyd bx.%Sis yuqod
Wvrgg meñfKk nj ksfõokh
lrñka ;u yuqodj Wvrgg we;=`M
lsÍug n%jqkaß.a WmdhYS,Sj l%shd
lf<a h'
fld<U" .d,a," ó.uqj"

;%sl=Kdu,h yd uvl,mqj hk
m%foaYj,ska msg;a jQ fiakdxl
2'4 rEmh wgla uykqjr n,d msg;a úh'
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a ìij jQ rx.ïud foaúh bx.%Sis yuqodj lsis ÿ Wmøjhlska
f;drj uykqjrg we;=`M jQ w;r uq, § ;udf.a wdrlaIdjg isá ck;dj yd ro,hka
;ud jgd fkdue;s nj jgyd .;a Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud ìfidajreka fofokd
iu. ueo uykqjrg m,d .sfha h' ueo uykqjr fndauqf¾ keu;s ia:dkfha ie`.ù isá
rcq yd ìfidajreka fofokd w,a,d .kakd ,oafoa Wv/áhka msßila úisks' wk;=rej
fvdhs,sf.a wdrlaIdj hg;g m;a jQ rcq yd ìfidajreka fofokd miqj fld<Ug
/f.k wd w;r 1816 § bkaÈhdfõ fj,af,darhg msgqjy,a lrk ,È' tys isr.;j
isáh § we;s jQ WordndOhla fya;=fjka rcq miqj urKhg m;a úh' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy
rcq w;awvx.=jg .ekSu;a iu`. mD;=.SiSka fyda ,kafoaiSka fkd,;a chla Wvrg §
,nd .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' tn`ÿ ;;ajhla we;s jQfha bx.%Siskaf.a WmdhYS,s;ajh
yd Wvrg rdcOdksh ;=< mej;s wNHka;r n, wr., fya;=fjks'
32
2'5 rEmh ¡ Wvrg .súiqu w;aika lsÍfï wjia:dj
Wvrg .súiqu w;aika lsÍu
Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq bx.%Siskaf.a w;awvx.=jg m;a jQfha Wvrg ro,jrekaf.a
iydh bx.%Siskag ,enqKq neúks' fï ksid tlS ro,jreka iu. .súiqula we;s lr
.ekSfuka ;uka ,enQ ch ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSug bx.%SiSyq lghq;= l<y' 1815
j¾Ifha ud¾;= 2 jk Èk uykqjr u.=,a uvqfõ § .súiqu w;aika lsÍug fmr bx.%Sis
Ngfhl= isxy, fldäh my; oud bx.%Sis fldäh Tijkq ÿgq jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux.,
ysñfhda ks¾NS;j bÈßhg meñKshy' .súiqu w;aika lsÍug fmr bx.%Siskag fï rfÜ
whs;shla ke;ehs m%ldY lrñka bx.%Sis fldäh my; fy<d Wkajykafia kej;;a
isxy, Och tijQ njg ckm%jdo mj;S' ud¾;= fojk Èk m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o
.súiqu iòyd ì%;dkHfha III fcda¾Ê rcq fjkqfjka frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd
o Wvrg fjkqfjka ro, m%OdkSyq o w;aika ;enQy' th 1815 Wvrg .súiqu hkqfjka
ye`Èkafõ' we;eï ro,jreka ud¾;= 10 Èk fuu .súiqug w;aika ;enQ nj fvdhs,sf.a
Èk fmdf;ka fmfka' Wvrg .súiqu m%Odk j.ka;s 12lska iukaú; úh' ta wkqj
jeo.;a j.ka;s lsysmhl we;=<;a lreKq my;ska ±lafõ'
2 jk j.ka;sh - Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq isyiqfkka fkrmk ,o nj o Tyqf.a

ish¨ u {d;Skag Wvrg isyiqk ms<snò ;snQ iEu whs;sjdislula u wfydais jQ
nj o iòyka fõ'
33
4 jk j.ka;sh - Wvrg idïm%odhsl
ks,OdÍka jQ fudfydÜgd," fldard,"
úodfkjreka we;=`M ro,hka i;= ;k;=re
yd whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrk nj ±lafõ'
5 jk j.ka;sh - rgjeishka woyk

nqoaOd.u yd foajd.ï o NslaIQkajykafia,d
yd fjfyr úydr o wdrlaId lrk nj
iòyka fõ'
6"7 j.ka;sh - wx. fþokh jeks merKs

o`vqjï l%u wfydais lrk nj yd urK
o`vqju meñKùu wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,h
u; isÿ lrk nj ±lafõ'
2'6 rEmh ¡ Wvrg m%N+jreka 1815 Wvrg

.súiqug w;aika ;nd we;s wdldrh
2'7 rEmh ¡ uykqjr u.=,a uvqj

34
01 wNHdi
zzì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a lr .ekSuZZ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a

mqj;am;lg ,smshla ,shkak
1818 ksoyia igk
1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhg hg;a ùu;a iu. tf;la

Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿj mej;s md,k l%ufha hï hï fjkialï we;s úh' idïm%odhsl
md,kh hgf;a Wvrg jeishkaf.a ÿla .ekú,a,la bÈßm;a fldg iykhla ,nd .;
yels rfcla Wvrg isáfha h' rdcOdksh hg;a ùu;a iu. ì%;dkH rc;=ud Wvrg
m%foaYj,;a rcq njg m;a jQ kuq;a Tyq Wv/áhka lsis od ±l ke;s furg Ôj;a jQ
wfhl= fkdù h' tksid ;uka wrdðl hehs ye`.Sula Wv/áhka ;=< we;s úh'
Wv/áhka ljr lf,l j;a fkdÿgq mßÈ ì%;dkH fid,aodÿfjda k.rh

mqrd ixpdrh l<y' Tjqkaf.a NdIdj" isß;a úß;a yd wdpdr iudpdr fuys jeishkag
yqre mqreÿ tajd fkdù h' kj md,kh hgf;a ro,hkaf.a ;;ajh o msßysK' foaYSh
ks,OdÍkag Wvrg jeishka .re nqyquka ±lajQ kuq;a bx.%Sis fid,aodÿjkaf.ka tn`ÿ
f.!rjhla fkd,eìK'
bx.%Siskaf.a nÿ m%;sm;a;sh ksid ro,hkaf.a idïm%odhsl wdodhï ud¾.j,g

myr jeÿKs' úfoaYSh md,kh ksid iajlSSh wd.u yd ixialD;sh wk;=rg m;a fõ hehs
o Wv/áhka ;=< ye`.Sula mej;sK' fun`ÿ lreKq ksid wysñ ù .sh ksoyi h<s Èkd
.ekSfï igkla weröug Wv/áfhda lghq;= l<y'
1818 igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;=
rfcl= fkdue;s ùu ksid ck;dj ;=< we;s jQ l,lsÍu

ì%;dkHhkaf.a md,kh hgf;a nqÿ oyu úkdY fj;ehs ìhla we;s ùu
foaYSh iïm%odhka yd isß;a úß;a fkdi,ld ì%;dkHhka isÿ lrkq ,enQ
mßmd,k yd kS;s m%;sixialrK ksid ck Ôú;h úhjq,a ùu
ro, m%OdkSkaf.a n,;," jrm%ido yd wdodhï ud¾. iqrlaIs; fkdùu
1818 ksoyia igk iòyd n,mE wdikak;u fya;=j jQfha nyq;r isxy, ckhd
jdih l< fj,a,iafia uäf.a uqykaÈrï jYfhka y¾ð ußlald¾ keu;s
uqia,sï cd;slfhl= m;a lsÍu ksid isxy, ckhd w;r we;s jQ úfrdaOhhs
35
igk wdrïN ùu yd jHdma; ùu
bx.%Sis md,kh flfrys Wv/áhka ;=< l,lsÍula mj;sk w;r;=r Wvrg

rcq yeáhg fmkS isá fodf¾idñ keue;af;la fj,a,iai m%foaYfha isg ck;dj
ixúOdkh lsÍug mgka .;af;a h' fï nj ±k .;a W!j tacka;jrhd fodf¾idñ
w,a,d .ekSu iòyd yÊð ußlald¾ we;=`M msßila fj,a,iai m%foaYhg hejQ kuq;a
igkaldóka w;ska yÊð ußlald¾ urKhg m;a úh' fodf¾idñ w,a,d .ekSu iòyd
kej; j;djla nÿ,af,a Wmtacka;jrhd jQ ú,aika yd f,maákkaÜ ksõuka fj,a,iai
n,d msg;aj .sh kuq;a igka lrejka w;ska ú,aika ureuqjg m;a úh' fuys § we;s jQ
.egqu;a iu. W!j fj,a,iai igk iq`Mfjka fkdie,lsh hq;= nj bx.%SiSyq f;areï
.;ay'
igk jHdma; jkq ÿgq bx.%SiSyq ta jk úg W!j Èidj Ndrj isá fudkrú,
lemafmáfmd< th u¾okh lsÍug msg;a l<y' igkg iyfhda.h fok f,ig
fj,a,iai ck;dj l< b,a,Su ms<s.;a lemafmáfmd< Èidj bx.%Siskaf.ka ,nd .;a
wdhqO kej; Ndr § igkg tla jQjd muKla fkdj thg kdhl;ajh §ug o lghq;=
lf<a h' fu;eka isg lemafmÜáfmd< ksoyia igfka lemS fmfkk kdhlfhl=
njg m;a úh'
fj,a,iai m%foaYfhka wdrïN jQ igk b;d flá ld,hla ;=< § ÿïnr

fyajdyeg" ydßiam;a;=j" ud;f,a" kqjr l,dúh" y;afldar<h yd inr.uq m%foaY
olajd jHdma; úh'
ksoyia igfka kdhlhka lsysmfofkla
lemafmáfmd< ks,fï
uvq.,af,a Èidj
lsjqf,f.or fudfydÜgd,
mss<su;,õfõ fojk wêldrï
nQgEfõ rfÜ rd,
fldyql=Uqf¾ rd,
lemafmáfmd< ks,fï W!j fj,a,iai igkalrejkag kdhl;ajh iemhQ

w;r uvq.,af,a yd Wv.nvd ks,fï ÿïnr yd ;=ïmfka m%foaYhkag o ms<su;,õfõ
y;a fldar<hg o kdhl;ajh foñka igk fufyhjQy'
36
Wv/áhka i;= jQ .ß,a,d igka l%u
ksid ì%;dkHhkag uy;a w,dNydks isÿ úh' o<od
jykafia ryis.;j o<od ud,s.fhka msguka lr
igkaldóka fj; ,nd .ekSug yels ùu ksid
isxy, fiakd ;j;a ffO¾hj;a úh' 1818 uehs
udih jk úg Wvrg n,h ì%;dkHhkaf.ka
wysñ jkakg wdikak ;;aajhla Wod jQ w;r
bx.%SiSyq Wmßu Yla;sh fhdojd igk u¾okh
lsÍug lghq;= l<y'
igk wid¾:l ùu
Wvrg n,h ;ukag wysñ fõ hehs

ìh jQ ì%;dkHfhda igk u¾okh lsÍu iòyd
ud¾I,a f,da fyj;a hqO kS;sh mkjd ìï md`M
m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh l<y' fï wkqj idudkH
ñksiqkaf.a f.a fodr" j.dj" wdydr we;=`M foam<
.sks ;nd úkdY fldg igk wvmK lsÍug
lghq;= flßK' fï fya;=fjka igkalrejka
uy;a wmyiq;djlg m;a jQ w;r flá ld,hla 2'8 rEmh ) lemafmáfmd< ks,fï
;=< igk wid¾:l w;g fmr<sK'
igk wid¾:l ùug n, mE fya;=
igk úêu;a f,i ixúOdkh ù fkd;sîu

bx.%Siska úiska igk wvmK lsÍug fhdod .;a ±ä u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;shg
uqyqK§ug igkalrejkag fkdyels ùu
igk fufyhjQ kdhlhka w;r ;snQ fm!oa.,sl wukdmlï
bx.%Siskaf.a wdhqO Yla;shg uqyqK§ug igka lrejkag fkdyels ùu
rcq f,i fmkS isá fodf¾idñ keue;a;d kshu fodf¾idñ fkdjk nj fy<s
ùu ksid igka lrejka wffO¾hg m;a ùu
igfka m%;sM,
igk fufyhjQ lemafmáfmd<" uvq.,af,a jeks kdhlhka hqO wêlrKhla

u.ska jerÈlrejka fldg ysi .id urd ±óu
weyef<afmd< we;=`M ;j;a msßila uqreis Èjhskg msgqjy,a lsÍu
37
1815 j¾Ifha Wvrg .súiqu fkdi,ld 1818 Wvrg m%ldYkh u.ska ì%;dkH
n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu
Wvrg ro, m%OdkSkaf.a tf;la mej;s n,;, yd jrm%ido wfydais fldg tu

n,h bx.%Sis ks,OdÍka fj; mejÍu
1848 ksoyia igk
ì%;dkHhkaf.a md,kfhka mSvdjg m;a jQ Wv/áfhda ;ukaf.a rfcl= ìys

lr .ekSfï wNs,dIfhka úfoaY md,khg tfrysj 1848 j¾Ifha § kej; jrla ke.S
isáhy' th fojk ksoyia wr.,h f,i ye`Èkafõ' 1818 j¾Ifha m%:u ksoyia wr.,h
Wvrg ro, m%OdkSkaf.a kdhl;ajfhka wdrïN jqj o 1848 j¾Ifha igk fmdÿ ck;dj
w;ßka u;= jQ kdhlhkaf.ka wdrïN ùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
1848 igk we;s ùug n, mE fya;=
1833 flda,anDDla wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKj, n,mEu
1848 ksoyia igk iòyd flda,anDDla fhdackdj,ska n,mEula we;s úh'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska j;= j.dj wdrïN l< w;r ta iòyd bvï
úlsKSfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul úh' 1840 j¾Ifha mekjQ bvï mk; u.ska
kS;Hkql,+ whs;h s ;yjqre l< fkdyels bvï rdYshla rchg mjrd .kakd ,o
w;r tu.ska idudkH ckhdg f.dúìï yd bvï rdYshla wysñ úh'
j;= j.dj flfrys ì%;dkHhkaf.a m%uL
q wjOdkh fhduq ùu fya;f= jka foaYh
S
lDIs l ¾udka ; h wvmK jQ w;r f.dú;eka md`M ù hdu ks i d .% d óh ck
Ôú;h ìò jeàu'
.%dóh m%foaYhkays jeõ wuqKq yd we<" fõ,sj, kv;a;= lghq;= fuka u .%dóh
m%foaYhkays iq`M wdrjq,a úi`¥ .ï iNdj wvmK ùu ksid .%dóh Ôjk rgdj
ìò jeàu
rch yd uyck;dj w;r ióm;dj ÿriaùu fya;=fjka ck;djf.a wjYH;djka
y`ÿkd .ekSug md,lhkag fkdyels ùu
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a nqÿ oyu fkdi,ld yeÍu yd Wvrg iqrdie,a we;s
lsÍu fya;=fjka iudcfha idrO¾u msßyS hEu
fgdßkagka idñjrhdf.a kj nÿ m%;sm;a;sh
38
fldams fj<òdfuka rchg ,enqKq wdodhu wvq ùu ksid wdKavqjg wjYH
uqo,a ,nd .ekSug tjlg wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fgdßkagkaidñ úiska kj nÿ j¾.
/ila mkjk ,È' tfia kj nÿ mekùu igkg ;=vq ÿka wdikak fya;=j úh' tu nÿ
j¾. lsysmhla fufia h'
¾ uqoaor noao ¾ n¨ noao ¾ Tremdre noao

¾ ;=jlal= noao ¾ lr;a; noao ¾ we`. noao
¾ fjf<ò ie,a noao
igk wdrïN ùu
fgdßkagka idñjrhd úiska mkjk ,o kj nÿ j¾.j,g úfrdaOh oelaùu

iòyd ±jeka; Woaf>daIKhla Èjhsfka m%foaY /il u we;s jkakg úh' we`. noao"
n¨ noao yd ;=jlal= noaog tfrysj ck;dj ;=<ska ±ä úfrdaOhla u;= úh' 1848 cQ,s
ui ÿïnr rfÜ uy;d jQ uvq.,af,af.a m%Odk;ajfhka tjlg uykqjr tacka;jrhd
yuq ùug .sh nÿ úfrdaëka msßila úiqrejd yeÍug meñKs fmd,sia ks,OdÍ f,dl=
nKavd ÿKqú, uy;dg wiq msáka jefgk ;=re Woaf>daIlfhda myr ÿkay' fufia we;s
jQ úfrdaOh ì%;dkH md,khg tfrys igkla njg mßj¾;kh ùug jeä l,a .;
fkdù h' igfka m%Odk uOHia:dkh jQfha ud;f,a m%foaYhhs' 1848 cQ,s udih jk
úg ud;f,a" l=reKE.," kqjrl,dúh" ;ukalvqj" ydßiam;a;=j igkalrejka w;g
m;a ù ;snqKs' igkaldóka uykqjr w,a,d .ekSug W;aidy ±rej o th wid¾:l úh'
igfka kdhlhka lsysm fofkla
f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd fyj;a mE,shf.dv fâúâ

mqrka wmamq fyj;a m%ekaisiaflda
äx.srd,
1848 cQ,s ui f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd Y%S úl%u i¾jisoaê kñka oUq,af,a § Tgqkq
me<`È nj;a fï iòyd úYd, ck ixLHdjla iyNd.s jQ nj;a iuld,Sk jd¾;dj,
±lafõ'
39
igk wid¾:l ùu
wdKavqfõ kj nÿ m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj Wvrg fuka u my;rg m%foaYj,ska

o úfrdaO;d u;= jqj;a 1848 igk Wvrg m%foaY lsysmhl muKla me;sßK'
igk wdrïNfha § u ish yuqod WmdhYS,Sj fufyhjñka bx.%SiSyq th jHdma;

ùu md,kh lr .;ay' fï ksid ud;f,a" l=reKE.," uykqjr jeks m%foaY
lsysmhlg muKla igk iSud úh'
wdKavqldr fgdßkagka idñjrhd ud¾I,a f,da fyj;a hqO kS;sh mkjd Èk

lsysmhla we;=<; igk u¾okh fldg igk fufyhjQ kdhlhka w;awvx.=jg
.ekSug lghq;= lf<a h'
lvyfmd< ysñ" mqrka wmamq iy äx.srd, hqO wêlrKhla u.ska jrolrejka

fldg fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,È' f.dx.df,af.dv nKavdg li myr §
ráka msgqjy,a flßK'
fufia kdhlhka w;awvx.=jg f.k Tjqkag o`vqjï meñKùu;a iu.

ì%;dkHhg tfrysj we;s jQ fojk ksoyia wr.,h o mrdcfhka fl<jr úh'
igfka m%;sM,
igk wjidkfha Bg fya;= fidhd ne,Su iòyd fí,s uy;df.a uQ,sl;ajfhka

lñgqjla m;a lsÍu
lñgqfõ fhdackd wkqj fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhd yd hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï

tu¾ika fgkkaÜ tu ;k;=rej,ska bj;a fldg tx.,ka;hg wdmiq leòùu
fjf<ò ie,a noao iy n¨ noao wj,x.= lrk ,o w;r uqoaor noao" ;=jlal=
noao" we`. noao ixfYdaOkh lsÍu
lDIsl¾udka; yd jdßud¾. lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu iòyd rch mshjr .ekSu
o<od jykafiaf.a Ndrldr;ajh kej; j;djla ì%;dkH wdKavqj hg;g .ekSu
40
02 wNHdih
my; iòyka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

1' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq yuqjg meñKs m%:u bx.%Sis ¥;hd ljqo@
2' ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldfõ fjr<nv m%foaYh hg;a lr .ksoa§ Wvrg md,kh
l< kdhlal¾ jxYsl rc;=ud ljqo@
3' 1798 § furgg m;a jQ m%:u bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd ljqo@
4' fuÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjrhd yd tlaj Wvrg rdcOdksh ms<snò f;dr;=re /ia
l< ì%;dkH ks,Odßhd ljqo@
5' 1815 Wvrg hg;a lr .;a bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQfha ljqo@
6' Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkHhka hg;g m;a jk wjêfha Wvrg md,kh l< rc;=ud
ljqo@
7' 1818 m<uq ksoyia igkg kdhl;ajh ÿka kdhlfhl= kï lrkak@
8' 1833 furg l%shd;aul jQ wdKavqlu m%;sixialrK bÈßm;a lf<a ljqo@
9' 1848 fojk ksoyia wr.,h iufha furg ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd ljqo@
10' fojk ksoyia igfka kdhlfhl= f,i lghq;= l< wfhl= kï lrkak@
2'2 ì%;dkHhka hgf;a we;s jQ wd¾Ól j¾Okh

ì%;dkHfhda furg ;u n,h j¾Okh lr .;a miq tf;la mej;s wd¾Ól
l%uh jdKsc wd¾Ólhla njg mßj¾;kh l<y' 1833 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul l<
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska tn`ÿ wd¾Ólhla f.dvke.Sug lghq;= flßK'
ì%;dkHhka úiska y`ÿkajd fok ,o wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK furg wd¾Ólhg muKla
fkdj iudc rgdfjys o m%n, fjkila we;s ùu iòyd fya;= úh'
ì%;dkHhka j;= j.dj wdrïN lsÍug fmr furg mej;s wd¾Ól ;;aajh
ì%;dkHhka furgg meñfKk úg rcrg YsIagdpdr iufha isg úldYkh
fjñka wd .%dóh lDIsl¾udka;h uq,a lr .;a wd¾Ól l%uhla Wvrg mej;=Ks' .%dóh
iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól l%uhla f,i ye`Èkaúh yels tu wd¾Ól l%uh hgf;a .ug
wjYH wdydrmdk .fï u ksIamdokh flßKs' tjlg Wvrg mej;s lDIsl¾udka;h
wkqj f.dv f.dú;ek" uv f.dú;ek yd i;aaj md,kh lDIsl¾udka;fha m%Odk
wxY úh' ;ukaf.a tÈfkod mßyrKhg wjYH foa ksIamdokh flreKq w;r jdKscH
fNda. j.dj m%p,s;j fkd;snqKs' lDIsl¾uhg wu;rj fjf<òdu" l¾udka; yd úúO
fiajd iemhSfï lghq;= o Wvrg mej;=Ks' tajd fndfyda úg l=, l%uh mokï lrf.k
ixúOdkh ù ;snqKs' Wvrg mej;s wd¾Ól l%uh ;=< rchg wjYH Y%uh ,nd .ekSug
41
rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh Ndú; úh' Èjhsfka my;rg m%foaY 16 jk ishji wjidkfha isg
hqfrdamShkaf.a md,kh hgf;a mej;=Ks' Wvrgg idfmalaIj my;rg m%foaYj, uqo,a
Ndú;h jeäfhka isÿ úh' fï ksid hqfrdamSh wdNdih fya;= fldgf.k my;rg
ck;dj kj wd¾Ól fjkialïj,g yqre fjñka isá nj ±lsh yels h'
03 wNHdih
ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldjg meñKSug fmr furg mej;s wd¾Ól

;;ajh ms<snò f;dr;=re /ia lrkak
ì%;dkHhka j;= j.dj flfrys fhduq ùu
;uka hg;a lr .kakd rgj, mj;sk iïm;a Wmßu f,i m%fhdackhg

f.k yels ;rï ,dN Wmhd .ekSu" ì%;dkH hg;aúð; m%;sm;a;sfha lemS fmfkk
,laIKhla úh'
1815 § Wvrg rdcHh we;=`Mj iuia; Èjhsfka u n,h w,a,d .ekSfuka

miqj furg mej;s idïm%odhsl lDIs wd¾Ól rgdj ;=<ska ;uka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
m%;s,dN w;a lr .; fkdyels nj bx.%SiSyq f;areï .;ay' ta wkqj ish wdodhï jeä
lr .ekSu iòyd wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKhka isÿ l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka
jdKsc wd¾Ól fNda. fyj;a j;= j.dj flfrys fhduq jQ wdldrh olakg ,efí'
furg wdodhï ;;ajh by< kxjd,Su iòyd fuka u wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha we;s
l< hq;= m%;sixialrK fudkjd ±hs fidhd ne,Su iòyd 1829 j¾Ifha § flda,anDDla
fldñiu ,xldjg meñKsfha h' 1833 isg l%shd;aul l< flda,anDDla fhdackd ksid
j;= j.dfõ ÈhqKqjg wjYH miqìu furg ks¾udKh úh' j;= j.dfõ Wkak;shg n,
mE flda,anDDla fhdackd lsysmhla my; oelafõ' tu fhdackd u.ska fm!oa.,sl wxYh
Èßu;a fldg wd¾Ólh ÈhqKq lsÍfuka È.= ld,Sk jYfhka rcfha wdodhu jeä lr
.ekSu wfmalaId flßK'
rcfha bvï úlsKSfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu

foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fm!oa.,sl jHdmdßlhkag bvï ñ, § .ekSug wjia:dj
i,id §u'
fm!oa.,sl jHdmdßl wruqKqj,g .e<fmk f,i m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍu
42
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a 1820 - 1830 oYlh jk f;la u furáka Tjqka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wdodhu Wmhd .ekSug fkdyels ù ;snqKs' Èjhsfkka tf;la ,enQ
wdodhug jvd mßmd,k úhoï fndfyda by< f.dia ;snqKs' ta wkqj rcfha úhou
wvq lr .ekSu msKsi flda,anDDla fldñiu úiska my; iòyka fhdackd bÈßm;a
lrk ,È'
mßmd,k úhoï wvq lr .ekSu iòyd we;eï fomd¾;fïka;= jid oeóu yd

we;eï tajd taldnoaO lsÍu'
isú,a fiajlhka ixLHdj wvq lsÍu yd Tjqkaf.a jegqma wvq lsÍu
Wvrg yd my;rg taldnoaO fldg md,kh lsÍu'
by; iòyka fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍfuka rcfha úhou wvq lr .ekSug

wfmalaId flßK'
rcfha bvï úlsKSfï m%;sm;a;sh
j;= j.dj iòyd wjYH bvï ,nd .ekSu msKsi 1840 § mkjk ,o bvï
mk; u.ska Wvrg .eñhka mdrïmßlj N=la;sú`È kS;Hkql+, ,shlshú,s fkdue;s
bvï rchg mjrd .kakd ,È' tfia mjrd .;a bvï foaYSh yd úfoaYSh ´kE u
wfhl=g leu;s m%udKhla ñ, § .ekSug yels jk whqßka bvï úlsKSfï m%;sm;a;shla
l%shd;aul flßK'
bvï úlsKSfï m%;sm;a;sh ;=<ska foaYSh yd úfoaYSh jeú,slrejkag yels

;rï wvq ñ,g furg bvï ñ, § .ekSug yelshdj ,enqKs' tfia u úfoaYslhkag
furg bvï ñ, § .ekSug yd mÈxÑ ùug iSud lr ;snQ kS;s Í;s bj;a lrk
,È' ta wkqj úfoaYSh j;= jeú,slrefjda Y%S ,xldjg meñK j;= j.dj iòyd uqo,a
wdfhdackh l<y'
fm!oa.,sl jHdmdßl wruqKqj,g .e<fmk f,i m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍu
jHjia:dodhl iNdj ksfhdackh lsÍug hqfrdamSh jHdmdßl m%cdjg wjia:dj

ie,iSu'
l=re`ÿ" ¨Kq wdÈh úlsKSug rch i;=j mej;s taldêldrh wj,x.= lsÍu'
leurkaf.a wêlrK m%;sixialrK
;ekam;a nexl=jla msysgqùug lghq;= lsÍu
rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh wj,x.= lsÍu
43
j;= j.dfõ ÈhqKqj
by; iòyka flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska furg j;=

j.dfõ YSS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s jkakg úh' Wvrg iy my;rg iajdNdúl jkdka;rj,ska
jeiS mej;=Kq jk ìï iy idïm%odhsl fyaka yd f.dúìï flá l,lska j;= hdhka
njg m;a úh' ta wkqj my; oelafjk m%Odk wd¾Ól fNda. furg j;= j.dj ;=<
olakg ,enqKs'
fldams" isxfldakd" fldfldajd" f;a" fmd,a" rn¾
fldams
ì%;dkHhka hgf;a furg j.d lrk ,o m%:u wd¾Ól fNda.h jQfha fldams
j.djhs' ì%;dkHhka meñKSug fmr fldams f.j;= j.djla jYfhka mej;=K o th
fjf<ò fNda.hla jYfhka j.d fkdflreKs' 1822 j¾Ifha § fcda¾Ê n¾â keue;a;d
.ïfmd< isxy msáfha § m%:u jrg fldams j;a;la wdrïN l< nj ms<s.efka' bkamiqj
1824 § tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhd úiska .kafkdarefõ ish fm!oa.,sl bvul
fldams j;a;la wdrïN lrk ,È'
2'9 rEmh ¡ fldams lïy,la
44
fldams j.dj ckm%sh ùu ksid fm!oa.,sl jHdmdßlhka o bvï ñ, § f.k
fldams j.djg fhduq ùu fya;=fjka 1848 muK jk úg furg mej;s fldams j;=
m%udKh wlalr 60 000 blauù h' furg fldams j.dj ÈhqKqjg n, mE fya;= lsysmhla
my; iòyka fõ'
hqfrdamSh rgj, fldams mdkh ckm%sh ùu ksid fldamsj,g ;snQ b,aü

by<hdu fya;=fjka fldams j.dfjka úYd, jYfhka ,dN ,eîug yelsùu'
wvq úhoulska b;d Wiia ;;ajfha fldams furg j.d lsÍug yels ùu'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miq jHdmdßlhka úYd, m%udKhla fldams j;=
wdrïN lsÍu'
furáka tx.,ka;hg wmkhkh l< fldamsj,g ;Sre nÿ wvq lsÍu'
YS>%fhka j¾Okh jQ furg fldams j.dj 1848ka miq mßydkshg m;a úh'
Bg n,mE fya;= lsysmhla fufia h'
cdjd jeks w.aksÈ. wdishdkq rgj,ska hqfrdamSh fjf<òfmd<g fldams
wmkhkh lsÍu ksid Y%S ,xldfõ fldams iòyd b,aü wvq ùu'
1848 miq we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqofha n,mEu
1869 isg fyu,shd fjiag¾á%laia kï È,Sr frda.h je<`§u ksid fldams j;=
úYd, m%udKhla úkdY ùu'
isxfldakd yd fldfldajd j.dj
2'10 rEmh ¡ isxfldakd

45
1848 j¾Ifhka miq fldams j.dj
mßydkshg m;a ùu ksid furg isá j;=
jeú,slrefjda fjk;a wd¾Ól fNda. j.djka
flfrys fhduq jQy' tys m%;sM,hla f,i
isxfldakd iy fldfldajd j.dj flfrys jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq flßK' isxfldakd hkq T!IO
me<Eáhls' thska uef,aßhd frda.Ska iòyd wjYH
jk laúkska keu;s T!IOh ksmojkq ,eîh'
isxfldakd j.d l< o f,dal fjf<òfmdf<a ta
iòyd ;snQ b,aü wju ùu ksid È.= ld,Sk
,dN bmhSug fkdyels ùfuka jeú,slrefjda
isxfldakd j.d lsÍu w;yer oeuQy'
fldams j.djg úl,amhla f,i rch

úiska fldfldajd j.dj y`ÿkajd fok ,È'
fldfldajd j.d lsÍu iòyd wêl úhoula
oeÍug isÿùu;a" Èjhsfka b;d iq`M m%foaYhl
muKla fldfldajd j.d l< yels ùu;a
fya;=fjka wd¾Ól fNda.hla jYfhka th
id¾:l fkdù h'
2'11 rEmh ¡ fldfldajd
f;a j.dj
fldams j.dj mßydkshg m;a ùu;a iu. Bg úl,am fNda.hla f,i y`ÿkajd
ÿka isxfldakd yd fldfldajd j.dj o id¾:l fkdùu ksid furgg jvd;a .e<fmk
wd¾Ól fNda. fidhd ne,Su iòyd rch Wkkaÿ úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i furg
l`ÿlr foaY.=K ;;ajhg jvd;a .e<fmk wd¾Ól fNda.hla f,i f;a j.dj y`ÿkd
.kakd ,È' furg f;a j.dj ms<snò uQ,sl w;ayodne,Sï isÿ lrk ,oafoa 1873 j¾Ifha §
muK fÊïia fÜ,¾ keue;a;d úisks' Tyqg wh;a ¨,al`ÿr j;=hdfha wlalr lsysmhl
f;a j.d lrñka" furg j.d lsÍug WÑ; f;a j¾. y`ÿkd .ekSug W;aidy flßK'
wlalr 10l l=vd j;= hdhlska werUqK furg f;a j.dj 1890 j¾Ih muK
jk úg úYd, m%.;shla w;a lr f.k ;snqKs' wdikak jYfhka wlalr 220" 000lg
jeä m%udKhl ta jk úg f;a j.dj jHdma; ù ;snQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fï whqßka f;a
j.dj furg m%uqL wmkhk wd¾Ól fNda.h njg m;a ùug n,mE fya;= my; oelafõ'
46
2'12 rEmh ¡ f;a j.djla
f;a j.djg jvd;a WÑ; mßirhla furg f;;a l,dmfha mej;Su'

Y%S ,xldfõ f;a iòyd ,kavka yd f,dal fjf<ò fmdf<a by< b,aüla
;sîu'
ÿïßh yd uydud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq ùu f;a j.dfõ Wkak;shg n,mEu
ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq Y%ñlhka f.kajd .ekSug yels ùu ksid myiqfjka yd
,dNodhs f,i Y%uh ,nd .ekSug yels ùu'
wvq ksIamdok úhoulska jeä ,dN bmhSug yels ùu'
fmd,a j.dj
ì%;dkHhka hgf;a j¾Okh jQ ;j;a wd¾Ól fNda.hla jQfha fmd,a j.djhs'
w;S;fha isg u fmd,a j.dj furg mej;sh o th wmkhk fNda.hla f,i j.d
fkdflßK' oUfoKs rdcH iufha isg fldaÜfÜ hq.h olajd ld,fha § fmd,a j.dj
jHdma; lsÍu iòyd md,lhka lghq;= l< nj idys;H uQ,dY%j, iòyka fõ' wmkhk
fNda.hla f,i fmd,a j.d lsÍu ì%;dkH md,k iufha § wdrïN úh' 1910 j¾Ih
muK jk úg l=reKE.," .ïmy" y,dj; hk m%foaY flakaø lr .ksñka wlalr
850"000l muK N+ñ m%udKhl fmd,a j.dj jHdma;j ;snqKs' furg nyq;rhla fmd,a
j;=j, ysñlrejka foaYSh jHdmdßlhka jQ w;r tajd wmkhkh iïmQ¾Kfhka u
mdfya isÿ lrk ,oafoa úfoaYSh iud.ï úisks' furg j.d lrkq ,enQ fmd,a fNda.h
fmd,af;,a" fldmamrd" mqkaklal= jYfhka ilid wmkhkh flßK' fmd,a j.dfõ
ÈhqKqj iòyd fuka u m¾fhaIK meje;aùu iòyd miqld,fha § ¨Kqú, fmd,a
m¾fhaIKdh;khlaa msysgqjd we;'
47
2'13 rEmh ¡ rn¾ j.djla
rn¾ j.dj
Y%S ,xldfõ mßir ;;ajhkag .e<fmk ;j;a wd¾Ól fNda.hla jQ rn¾

j.d lsÍu iòyd m%:u jrg Wkkaÿjla ±lajQfha furg isá ì%;dkH iud.ï lSmhls'
tx.,ka;fha lsõ WoHdkfha j.d lr ;snQ rn¾ me< lSmhla furgg f.kajdf.k
1877 j¾Ifha § fmardfoKsh yd fykr;af.dv WoHdkfha § frdamKh lsÍu" rn¾
j.dfõ wdrïNl wjia:dj f,i ie,fla' 1910 j¾Ifhka miq rn¾ j.dj flfrys
foaYSh jeú,slrejkaf.a wjOdkh jeä jYfhka fhduq úh' 1900 yd 1906 w;r ld,h
;=< rn¾ j.dj YS>%fhka jHdma; jQ w;r ñ, o ta yd idfmalaIj j¾Okh úh' we;eï
jeú,slrefjda l=re`ÿ j.dj w;yer oud tu bvïj, rn¾ j.dj wdrïN l<y' rn¾
j.dfõ Wkak;shg n, mE fya;= lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
furg ksmojQ rn¾ iòyd weußld tlai;a ckmofha úYd, b,aüla mej;Su'
m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dal fjf<òfmdf<a rn¾ ñ, by< hdu'
hqfrdamfha fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h ÈhqKqjg m;aùu iy rn¾j,g we;s b,aü

by< hdu'
rn¾ j.dj iòyd jvd;a WÑ; mila iy foaY.=K ;;ajhla furg mej;Su'
48
03 wNHdih
ì%;dkHhka hgf;a mej;s j;= j.dj ms<snò f;dr;=re /ia

lrkak
foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h k.d isgqùu
1815 j¾Ifha § iuia; Èjhsk u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a ùfuka
miq tf;la furg mej;s iudc wd¾Ól rgdj m%n, mßj¾;khlg ,la úh' furg
mej;=Kq idïm%odhsl lDIs wd¾Ól rgdj ;=<ska fjf<ò wd¾Ólhla f.dvke.Sug
fkdyels nj f;areï .;a ì%;dkH md,lfhda j;= j.djg m%uqL;ajh foñka idïm%odhsl
lDIsl¾udka;h fkdi,ld yeÍfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul l<y' j;= wd¾Ól
rgdjla furg ia:dms; lsÍfuys ,d 1833 j¾Ifha § flda,anDDla fldñiu bÈßm;a
l< fhdackd fya;=fjka foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h oreKq lvd jeàulg ,la úh' foaYSh
lDIsl¾udka;h mßydkshg m;a ùug n, mE m%Odk fya;+ka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1840 mkjk ,o bvï mk;
by; mk; u.ska jir 30la ;siafia fkdlvjd N=la;súòs njg wêlrKhla
bÈßfha ;yjqre l< fkdyels bvï rchg mjrd .ekSug lghq;= flßK' furg ;snQ
bvï N=la;s l%uh ;=< kS;Hkql+, ,shlshú,s fkd;snqKs' tu ksid fndfyda lDIs bvï
rch úiska mjrd .ekSu fya;=fjka lDIsl¾udka;h wvmK úh'
furg nyq;r ck;djf.a Ôjfkdamdh jQ lDIsl¾uh iòyd w;HjYH jeõ

wuqKq kv;a;= lsÍfï lghq;= rch fkdi,ld yeÍu
rcfha bvï úlsKSfï m%;sm;a;sh fya;=fjka Wvrg yd my;rg idïm%odhsl
bvï foaYSh yd úfoaYSh jHdmdßlhka ñ, § f.k j;= j.djg fhdod .ekSu
Wvrg ;snQ iajdNdúl jkdka;r t<sfmfy<s fldg j;= j.dj wdrïN lsÍu
ksid c, W,am;a is`§ hdu yd my;rg lDIs bvï úkdY ùfï ;¾ckhlg
,la ùu
ld,dka;rhla ;siafia .%dóh jdß l¾udka;h kv;a;= l< .ï iNdj" Y%uh
,nd .;a rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh wfydais lsÍu fya;=fjka ldIsld¾ñl lghq;=
mj;ajdf.k hdug fkdyels ùu
49
03 wNHdih
ì%;dkH md,k iufha foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h mßydkshg

m;aùu ms<snò f;dr;=re /ia lrkak
ì%%;dkHhkaa foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h k.d isgqùug W;aidy .ekSu
1848 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkH md,khg úreoaOj ck;dj ke.S isàug m%Odk

fya;=jla f,i foaYSh lDIs l¾udka;h fkdi,ld yeÍug ;uka .;a m%;sm;a;s n,mE
nj md,lfhda f;areï .;ay' ta wkqj 1850ka miq furg md,k lghq;= l< ì%;dkH
wdKavqldrjreka lSm fofkl= foaYSh lDIsl¾uh ms<snò ie,ls,su;a fjñka jdßud¾.
m%;sixialrKh lsÍu yd f.dú ck;djf.a Y=N idOk lghq;= fidhd ne,Su iòyd o
fhduq jQ nj fmfka' ta w;r my; iòyka l%shdud¾. fnfyúka jeo.;a úh'
jeõ wuqKq m%;sixialrKh lsÍu
fykaß fjdaâ wdKavqldrjrhd - jdß l¾udka; ms<snò fidhd ne,Ssu iòyd

1855 § ldrl iNdjla m;a lsÍu'
kef.kysr m<df;a brlalduï yd wïmdr jej m%;sixialrKh lsÍu'
ol=Kq m<df;a .srejd m;a;=fõ lsru iy W!refndlal jeõ m%;sixialrKh
lsÍu'
y¾lshq,Sia frdìkaika wdKavqldrjrhd - jdß ud¾. mss<snò fidhd ne,Su
iòyd fldñIka iNdjla m;a lsÍu'
;siaiuydrdu jej m%;sixialrKh lsÍu'
ú,shï f.%.ß wdKavqldrjrhd - wkqrdOmqr nijlal=,u" ;sid jej" ueojÉÑh

uy jej" l,djej yd lka;f,a jej we;=`M jeõ lsysmhla m%;sixialrKh
lrùu'
wd;¾ f.daâka wdKavqldrjrhd - j<fõ .`. yd Wvqlsßj, wdY%s; jdß l¾udka;

m%;sixialrKh lsÍu we;=`Mj jeõ 42la w¨;ajeähd lsßu'
50
jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu
1900 j¾Ifha § fjiaÜ ßÊfõ wdKavqldrjrhd úiska jdßud¾. fomd¾;fïka;=j

msysgqùu furg lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;%fha jeo.;a wjia:djls' jdß l¾udka; ms<snò
wjfndaOhla we;s ks,OdÍka fomd¾;fïka;=jg nòjd .ksñka tys lghq;= ld¾hlaIuj
mj;ajdf.k hdug lghq;= flßKs' ta jk úg m%;sixialrKh fldg ;snQ jdß ud¾.
kv;a;= fldg mj;ajdf.k hdu;a kj jdß ud¾. ck.ykhg idfmalaIj y`ÿkdf.k
f.dvke.Su;a ksid furg f.dú ck;djg tu.ska hym;la isÿ úh'
iuqmdldr iñ;s msysgqùu
f.dú ck;djf.a hym; yd Y=N idOkh we;s lsÍfï wruqK we;s j 1911
j¾Ifha § uel,ï wdKavqldrjrhd úiska iuqmldr iñ;s jHdmdrh wdrïN lrk ,È'
tu.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wruqKq lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
f.dú ck;djg wvq fmd,shg Kh ,nd §u

Kh nr wvq fldg f.dú ck;djf.a wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍu'
rfÜ f.dú ck;djf.a Y=N idOkh by< kexùu

iuqmldr jHdmdrh Yla;su;a lsÍu ;=<ska .%dóh wd¾Ólh k.d isgqùu'
1914 - 1918 ld,fha mej;s m%:u f,dal ix.%%duh fya;=fjka keõ .uka
lghq;= wvmK ù furgg wjYH wdydr øjH wdkhkh lsÍfï § .eg¨ u;= úh' fï
ksid f,dal ix.%duh ksu ùfuka miqj foaYSh lDIsl¾uh k.d isgqùfï wjYH;dj
ì%;dkH md,lfhda f;areï .;ay' 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha isg Èjhsfka jeä jk
ck.ykhg idfmalaIj /lshd iemhSfï wjYH;djla o u;= úh' Bg ms<shula
jYfhka o foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h fhdod .eksK' 1931 j¾Ifha § fvdkfuda¾
m%;sixialrK wkqj lDIsl¾uh we;=`M wud;HdxY lsysmhlg Y%S ,dxlsl weu;sjre
m;a jQy' tfia u fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a i¾j ck Pkao n,h ,eîu ksid
furg foaYmd,k{hkag .ïno ck;dj flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug
o isÿ úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka o lDIsl¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .eksK'
ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § úh<s l,dmfha f.dú
ckmo msysgqùfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrkq ,eîu Bg WodyrKhls'
51
03 wNHdih
ì%;dkHhka hgf;a foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;h f.dvkexùu

ms<snò f;dr;=re /ia lrkak
52
03 Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl yd cd;sl
mqk¾Ôjkh
ye`Èkaùu
Y%S ,xldfõ §¾> ld,hla ;siafia mej;s iudc l%uh yd ixialD;sh
mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%Sis cd;slhka ,xldjg meñKSu;a iu. úúO
fjkialïj,g Ndck úh' mD;=.SiSyq frdaukq lf;da,sl wd.u;a" ,kafoaiSyq
frmrudÿ wd.u;a ish md,k m%foaYj, jHdma; l<y' l%s' j' 1815 j¾Ifha §
uq`M rg u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a jQ w;r ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha §
Èjhskg meñKs úúO ñIkdÍ ixúOdk l%sia;shdks wd.u me;srùug lghq;=
lsÍu ksid furg idïm%odhsl wd.ï yd ixialD;sfha meje;aug hï hï ndOd
t,a, úh'
;u ixialD;Ska uqyqK § isá fuu wk;=reodhl ;;aajh ksid 19 jk

ishji w. Nd.fha § ,xldfõ fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï ck;dj ;=< wd.ñl
yd cd;sl jYfhka úYd, msì§ula we;s úh' th Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl yd cd;sl
mqk¾Ôjkh f,i fuu mdvfï § idlÉPd flf¾'
53
3'1 ñIkdÍ ixúOdk yd tajdfha lghq;=
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § l%sia;shdks wd.u m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh

iafõÉPd ixúOdk lsysmhl idudðlfhda Y%S ,xldjg meñKshy' furg O¾u ¥;
lghq;=j, ksr; jQ tu ixúOdk ñIkdÍ ixúOdk f,i ye`Èkafõ' 19 jk ishji
uq,a Nd.fha § Y%S ,xldjg meñKs ñIkdÍ ixúOdk lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
,kavka ñIkdÍ iud.u

nemaáiaÜ ñIkdÍ iud.u
fjia,shka ñIkdÍ iud.u
wfußlka ñIkdÍ iud.u
p¾É ñIkdÍ iud.u
fuu ñIkdÍ ixúOdk rdcH wkq.%yh o ,nñka ,xldj mqrd iajlSh wd.u
me;srùug úúO l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lf<a h' th ñIkdÍ jHdmdrh f,i y`ÿkajkq
,efí' wd.u m%pdrh i|yd wOHdmkh" f,aLkh" foaYk yd iudc fiajd lghq;=
wdÈh Tjqyq fhdod .;ay'
wOHdmkh
3'1 rEmh ¡ .d,a, ßÉukaâ úoHd,h

^fjia,shka ñIkdÍka úiska bÈ lr we;&
54
ñIkdÍ ixúOdk úúO Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka wOHdmkh Tiafia
l%sia;shdks wd.u m;=rejd yeÍfuys kshe`MKs' isxy, yd fou< NdId bf.k.;a
ñIkdÍjre .ïno mdi,aj, foaYSh NdIdjkq;a" k.rno mdi,aj, bx.%Sis NdIdj;a
fhdod f.k wOHdmk lghq;= fufyhjQy' ñIkdÍ wOHdmkh wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug;a
ngysr ixialD;sh furg iudc.; lsÍug;a fhdod .eksKs'
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § rcfha ;k;=re ,nd .ekSug bx.%Sis oekqu wjYH
úh' fuys m%;sM, jYfhka bx.%Sis udOHfhka wOHdmkh ,enQ isxy," fou<" m%N+
mjq,aj, we;eï ;reKfhda ;u mdrïmßl wd.ï yd kï .ï w;yer l%sia;shdks
wd.u je<|f.k rcfha Wiia ;k;=re ,nd.;ay'
ñIkdÍyq ,xldfõ úúO m%foaY fnodf.k wOHdmk lghq;= mj;ajdf.k

.shy' fï ksid ,xldfõ ñIkdÍ mdi,a rdYshla ìys jQ w;r tu.ska ,dxlslhkaf.a
wOHdmkfha ie,lsh hq;= ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' fuh ñIkdÍ wOHdmkh ksid furg
isÿ jQ hym;a m%;sM,hls'
f,aLk yd foaYk udOH fhdod .ekSu
ñIkdÍ ixúOdk úiska ,xldfõ uqøKd, msysgqjd tu.ska iajlSSh wd.ñl

lreKq we;=<;a fmd;am;a" i`.rd wdÈh m%ldYhg m;a fldg fnod yeÍug lghq;=
lrk ,È' nhsn,h yd lsia;= O¾uhg wod< úúO fmd;am;a isxy, yd fou< NdIdjkag
mßj¾;kh flßKs' fn!oaO yd yskaÿ wd.ñl mqoisß;a ksire l%shdjka f,iska" olajk
woyia fuu f,aLk u.ska m;=rejd yeßKs' ñIkdÍka úiska ish wd.u m%pdrh i|yd
uqøKh lrk ,o m%ldYk lSmhl kï my; oelafõ'
udisl ;E.a.
Wr.,
,xld ksOdkh
isxy," fou< jeks foaYSsh NdId fhdodf.k mkai,a yd uyck;dj .ejfik

fjk;a ia:dkj, foaYk mj;ajñka ish wd.ñl woyia ck;dj fj; ióm lrùug
ñIkdÍ mQcljre lghq;= l<y'
55
iudc fiajd lghq;= isÿ lsÍu
ÿmam;a wirK ck;djg ;E.s fnda. msßkeóu" frda.Skag id;a;= imamdhï

lsÍu jeks iudc fiajdj, kshef,ñka o fmdÿ ck;djg ióm ùug ñIkdÍyq
W;aidy l<y'
by; i|yka mßoafoka ñIkdÍ iud.ï ish wd.u me;srùu i|yd f.k.sh
l%shdud¾. furg .ïno ck;dj flfrys t;rï n, fkdmE kuq;a" kd.ßl jYfhka
Okj;aj isá we;eï isxy," fou< msßia .%dóh ck;djg jvd l%sia;shdks wd.u
je<| .ekSug fm<UqKq nj fmfka' ñIkdÍ lghq;= tfia id¾:l ùug n,mE fya;=
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
rdcH wkq.%yh ,eîu

wd.u m%pdrh i|yd wOHdmkh fhdod .ekSu
uqøKd, wdrïN lsÍu
fmd;am;a" mqj;am;a" i`.rd jeks m%ldYk ksl=;a lsÍug uQ,H myiqlï ;sîu
ñIkdÍka i;= jQ ixúOdk Yla;sh
wd.ñl m%fndaOh
19 jk ishji w.Nd.h jk úg furg fn!oaO ck;dj ;=< muKla fkdj

yskaÿ yd bia,dï ck;dj ;=<;a wd.ñl m%fndaOhla we;s úh' ,dxlslhka ;=< fun`ÿ
m%fndaOhla we;s ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'
ñIkdÍkaf.a wd.ï m%pdrl lghq;= ksid foaYSh wd.ïj,g myr je§u

isxy," fou< jeks iajNdId wOHdmkh ÈhqKq lsÍug rch m%udKj;a
wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlsÍu'
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a iajlSh ixialD;sh úkdY fj;ehs ye`.Sula
iajfoaYslhkag we;sùu'
56
3'2 fn!oaO mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrh
19 jk ishji w.Nd.fha fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg kdhl;ajh imhk

,oafoa furg NslaIQka jykafia,d úisks' miqj .sys W.;ayq o fuu lghq;=j,g iydh
oelajQy'
fn!oaO mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhls'
msßfjka msysgqùu
uqøKd, msysgqùu yd uqøs; udOH fhdod .ekSu
jdoújdo meje;aùu
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu
foaYSh ixialD;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu
msßfjka msysgqùu
W.;a NslaIqka jykafia,d lsysm fofkl=f.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka kj msßfjka

lsysmhla msysgqùu fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha b;d jeo.;a isÿùuls' fuu msßfjkaj,ska
isxy," md,s" ixialD; jeks NdId l%udkql+,j yeoErE W.;=ka msßila ìys jQ w;r
fn!oaO mqkreohg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh ,eìKs'
uQ,sl jQ NslaIqka jykafia wdrïN l< msßfjk
mQcH j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñ r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjk
mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ ud,s.dlkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjk
mQcH r;au,dfka Y%S O¾udf,dal ysñ mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr msßfjk
57
mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ
1827 j¾Ifha § .d,a, m%foaYfha
yslalvqfõ § Wm; ,enQ fu;=ud 1840 jif¾
§ yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., hk kdufhka meúÈ
ìug we;=<;a úh' mQcH j,dfka Y%S isoaOd¾:
ysñhkaf.ka wOHdmkh ,enQ iqux., ysñfhda
tjlg furg isá lS¾;su;a W.f;l= njg m;a
jQy' 1873 j¾Ifha § ud,s.dlkafoa úfoHdaoH
msßfjk msysgqùu mQcH iqux., ysñhkaf.ka isÿ
jQ úYsIag fiajhls' 19 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha
mej;s fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha lemS fmfkk
kdhlfhl= f,i o Wkajykafia lghq;= l<y'
iso;a i`.rd ikaki" ldjHfYaLr ikaki wd§
fmd;am;a /ila o mQcH iqux., ysñhka úiska
rpkd lrk ,È' tfia u 19 jk ishji w.
furg wOHdmkfha Wkak;sh fjkqfjka o
iqux., ysñhka w;ska úYd, fiajhla isÿ úh'
uqøKd, msysgqùu yd uqøs; udOH fhdod .ekSu
19 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.h jk úg úúO ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj,g uqøKd,

/ila ;snqK kuq;a" fn!oaOhkag lsisÿ uqøKd,hla fkd;snqKs' fï ksid nq,;a.u
Oïud,xldr isß iquk;siai ysñfhda b;d wmyiqfjka wruqo,a /ia lr fn!oaOhka
i|yd uqødKd,hla msysgqùug lghq;= l<y' 1862 j¾Ifha § .d,af,a msysgjQ th
,xfldamldr uqøKd,h f,i ye|skafõ' miqj fn!oaOhka úiska ;j;a uqøKd,
/ila msysgqjk ,È'
uqøKd, msysgqùu ksid i`.rd" mqj;am;a yd fjk;a m%ldYk /ila uqøK

oajdrfhka t<s±laùug fn!oaOhkag yelshdj ,enqKs' tn`ÿ fn!oaO m%ldYk lsysmhla
my; oelafõ'
,lañKs myk iriú i|/i

isxy, cd;sh isxy, fn!oaOhd
58
3'2 rEmh ¡ l;¿j rkaje,a, mqrdK úydrfha ;sfnk merKs uqøK hka;%h iy
zziriú iò/iZZ uq,a msgqfõ Ñ;%h
ñIkdÍka iu. ;r.hg fuka fn!oaOhka úiska m< lrk ,o fulS mqj;am;a"
i`.rd yd fjk;a m%ldYk u.ska fn!oaO ck;dj ;=< m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug;a"
m%;sjd§kaf.a úfõpkj,g ms<s;=re ,nd §ug;a yels úh'
jdoújdo meje;aùu
by; iòyka mßÈ uqøs; udOH fhdod .ekSug wu;rj we;eï NslaIQka
jykafia,d ñIkdß mQcl;=uka,d iu. m%isoaO jdoújdo meje;aùug;a lghq;= l<y'
mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñfhda fuu jdo újdoj, uQ,sl;ajh .;ay' mQcH
yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ" mQcH jialvqfõ iqN+;s ysñ" mQcH r;au,dfka O¾udf,dal
ysñ jeks W.;a ysñjre o Bg iydh ÿkay' ,xldfõ ia:dk myl meje;ajQ fun`ÿ
m%isoaO jdo myla mxp uydjdo f,i ye|skafõ' fïjd keröug úYd, msßila
uy;a ´kElñka iyNd.s ù ;sfí' fuu jdo újdo ksid fn!oaO ck;dj ;=< úYd,
m%fndaOhla we;s úh'
59
mxpuyd jdo
1' noafoa.u jdoh - 1865 2' jrdf.dv jdoh - 1865

3' Wokaúg jdoh - 1866 4' .ïfmd< jdoh - 1871
5' mdkÿrdjdoh - 1873
fuu jdo w;=ßka mdkÿr m%foaYfha meje;ajQ mdkÿrdjdoh cd;Hka;r jYfhka o

m%isoaêhg m;a úh' fuu jdoh ms<sn|j ,shjqK l=vd fmd;la lshùfuka meyeÿK
weußldkq cd;sl fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud yd í,ejeÜials ue;sKsh ,xldjg
meñKshy'
mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ
ol=Kq m%foaYfha n,msáhg kqÿre fudfydÜáj;a;

fyj;a ñf.Ügqj;a; mQcH .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a .ï
m%foaYh úh' miqj mQcH ñf.Ügqj;a; .=Kdkkao ysñ hk
kdufhka rg mqrd m%isoaêhg m;a jQ Wkajykafia fn!oaO
mqkreo jHdmdrfha lemS fmfkk kdhlfhl= njg m;a jQ
fial' ñIkdÍ mQcl;=uka,d iu. nqÿoyu ms<snò m%isoaO
jdo újdo meje;aùu mQcH .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a Ôú;fha
lemS fmfkk isÿùuls' ta ysñhkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka 1873
j¾Ifha § ñIkdÍka iu`. mej;s mdkÿrdjdohg
cd;Hka;r m%isoaêhla ,enqKs' Wkajykafia úiska tfia
mj;ajk ,o jdo myla mxpuyd jdo jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
fld<U mru ú{dkd¾: iud.u msysgqùfï § fuka u
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrfha § o mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a
.=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.ka úYd, fiajhla isÿ úh'
60
fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu
l%s' j' 1880 §" weußldkq cd;sl fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud yd fyf,akd
í,ejeÜials ue;sksh ,xldjg meñK nqÿoyu je<| .;ay' ´,afldÜ;=udf.a
u.fmkaùu u; mru ú{dkd¾: iud.u kñka ixúOdkhla furg msysgqjQ w;r th
.sys meúÈ fomsßig u tlaj lghq;= l< yels fmdÿ ixúOdkhla njg m;a úh'
mdi,a msysgqùug yd mj;ajdf.k

hdug wjYH wruqo,a fkdue;s ùu yd
ixúOdk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fkdùu
ksid tf;la l,a fn!oaOhkag mdi,a
msysgqùug yelshdjla fkd;snqKs' fykaß
iaá,a ´,afldÜ;=ud furg fn!oaO mdi,a
msysgqùug fmruqK f.k l%shd lf<a h'
.sys meúÈ W.;=ka rdYshla o fï i|yd
l%shdldÍj lghq;= l<y' tn`ÿ kdhlhka
lsysm fofkl=f.a kï my; oelafõ'
3'3 rEmh ¡ ´,afldÜ;=ud yd fyf,akd

í,ejeÜials ue;sksh
- mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ - mQcH r;au,dfka O¾udf,dal ysñ

- mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ - wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud
fn!oaO mqkreoh iu. fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN l< ksid
furg m%Odk k.r lsysmhl mruú{dkd¾: iud.fï ueÈy;a ùfuka fn!oaO mdi,a
/ila msysgqùug yelshdj ,enqKs' tn`ÿ mdi,a lsysmhla fufia h'
fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h

uykqjr O¾urdc úoHd,h
.d,a, uyskao úoHd,h
kdj,msáh wkqreoaO úoHd,h
fld<U ñhqishia úoHd,h
61
fn!oaO mdi,a wdrïN ùu;a iu. kj mdi,a fmd;am;a uqøKh fldg orejka
w;g m;alsÍu" fn!oaO ¥ orejkag bx.S%is wOHdmkh ,nd§u wdÈh msKsi o lghq;=
flßKs' breÈk oyï mdi,a weröu" fjila fmdfydh Èkh ksjdvq Èkhla njg m;a
lsÍu" fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh lsÍu hk isÿùï fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha ;j;a
jeo.;a lghq;= lsysmhls'
fykaß iaà,a ´,alÜ;=ud
l¾k,a fykaß iaá,a T,alÜ;=ud 1832 j¾Ifha

§ weußldfõ ksõ c¾is m%dka;fha Wm; ,nd we;'
ksõfhda¾lays mdi,lska uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enQ fu;=ud
miqj fldf,dïìhd úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;aj ish
Wmdêh ,nd .;af;a h' T,alÜ;=ud uq,a ld,fha §
weußldkq kdjql fomd¾;fïka;=fõ l¾k,ajrfhla
f,i yuqod fiajfha kshe<S we;' miqj fyf,akd
í,ejeÜials kï ldka;dj iu. tla j ksõfhda¾la
m%foaYfha iudcfiajd lghq;= i|yd mruú{dkd¾:
iud.u weröug t;=ud mqfrda.dó ù we;' mdkÿrdjdoh
.ek ,shjqKq l=vd fmd;la lshùfuka meyeÿKq fykaß
iaà,a ´,alÜ ;=ud mQcH yslalvqfõ kdysñhka yd mQcH
ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka iu. ,sms yqjudre
lrf.k we;' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i 1880 j¾Ifha §
t;=ud ,xldjg meñKsfha h'
´,alÜ;=udf.ka isÿ jQ fiajh
fn!oaO mdi,a wruqo,la msysgqùug mqfrda.dó ùu

breÈk oyï mdi,a weröu
fjila fmdfydh Èkh rcfha ksjdvq Èkhla njg m;a lsÍug mqfrda.dó ùu
fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh lsÍu hk ld¾hka i|yd o fn!oaO NslaIQka
jykafia,d yd .sys kdhlhka iu. fu;=ud o fmruqK f.k lghq;= fldg
we;
62
foaYSh ixialD;sh wdrlaId lr.ekSug lghq;= lsÍu
ì%;dkH md,k iufha foaYSh ixialD;shg t,a, jQ wNsfhda. ksid we;s ù ;snQ
wNd.H iïmkak ;;ajh ms<sn|j wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud we;=`M fn!oaO kdhlfhda
wjOdkh fhduq l<y' ta wkqj cd;sldNsudkh kej; k.d isgqjd foaYSh ixialD;sfha
w.h jgyd §ug Tjqyq lem jQy' wk.dßl O¾umd,;=udg wu;rj j,sisxy
yßiapkaø" mshodi isßfiak yd fcdaka o is,ajd jeks W.;=ka o foaYSh ixialD;sfha
w.h ck;djg jgyd ÿka kdhlhka w;r lemS fmfkk lsysm fofkls'
ã' î' ch;s,l ue;s;=ud fld<U ;reK fn!oaO ix.uh msysgqùug mqfrda.dó
fjñka ;reK msßi ;=< cd;sl ye`.Sula we;s lsÍug lghq;= lf<a h' tfuka u
bx.%Sis rch úiska rg mqrd iqrdie,a újD; lsÍug úreoaOj NslaIQka jykafia,d yd
m%N+ka wuoHm jHdmdrhla wdrïN l< w;r foaYSh ck;dj uoHidr mdkhg mqreÿùu
j,lajd .ekSug tu.ska úYd, fiajhla isÿ úh'
óg wu;rj rg mqrd kgnqkaj .sh od.eí" ms<su wdÈh m%;sixialrKh

fldg h<s tajd k.d isgqùfï jHdmdrhla o werôK' fï w;r j,sisxy yßiapkaø
uy;d wkqrdOmqrfha kgnqkaj .sh fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk wdrlaId lr.ekSfï
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<a h' wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud bkaÈhdjg f.dia trg mj;sk
fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSug mshjr .;af;a h' ;j o fcdaka o is,ajd jeks
iqm%lg kdgHfõÈka ft;sydisl yd fn!oaO m%jD;a;Ska we;=<;a kdgH rpkd fldg
r`. oelaù h' mshodi isßfiak uy;d m%nkaO l;d rpkd lrñka yd mqj;am;a fhdod
.ksñka foaYSh ixiald;sfha w.h u;= fldg oelaùug lghq;= lf<a h'
wk.dßl O¾umd, ;=ud
3'4 rEmh ¡ wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud yd t;=ud Ndú; l< jdykh
63
wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud 1864 jifrys fld<U § Wm; ,enQ w;r t;=udf.a uq,a
kduh fodka fâúä fyajdú;drK úh' fu;=ud Ydka; f;dauia úoHd,fhka uQ,sl
wOHdmkh ,nd" miqj Ydka; fnkäla úoHd,fhka yd fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fhka
oaú;Shl wOHdmkh ,nd .;af;a h'
mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ we;=`M NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka md,s NdIdj
yd ;%smsglh yeoEÍug t;=ud lghq;= fldg we;' miqj fn!oaO mruú{dkd¾:
iud.ug ne`ÿKq t;=ud iajlSh kduh O¾umd, f,i fjkia lr .ksñka wk.dßl
Ôú;hla .; lf<a h' ish Ôú;h nqÿ oyu fjkqfjka lem l< fu;=ud ,dxlslhkaf.a
NdIdj" ixialD;sh we;=`M idïm%odhsl Wreuhka /l .ekSfï jeo.;alu rgjeishkag
myod foñka lghq;= lf<a h' t;=ud ish Ôú; ld,h wjidkfha § isß foajñ;a;
kñka bkaÈhdfõ § meúÈ Ndjh ,nd .;af;a h' 1933 j¾Ifha § bkaÈhdfõ idrdkd;ays
È isß foajñ;a; ysñfhda wmj;a jQy'
O¾umd,;=udf.a cd;sl fiajdjka

fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug lghq;= lsÍu
foaYSh ixialD;sh /l .ekSug l%shd lsÍu
,dxlslhka uoHidr mdkfhka uqojd .ekSug wuµm kdhlfhl= f,i l%shd
lsÍu
nqoaO.hdj we;=`M bkaÈhdfõ mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSug l%shd lsÍu
isxy, fn!oaOhd mqj;am; yd uydfndaê i`.rdj jeks m%ldYk wdrïN lsÍu
3'3 yskaÿ mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrh
ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj, l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka furg yskaÿ wd.ñlhkag o

myr jeÿKs' úfYaIfhka hdmk m%foaYfha b;d m%n, f,i ñIkdÍ jHdmdrh
me;srhdu ksid yskaÿ wd.ug wNsfhda. t,a, úh' óg m%;spdr f,i yskaÿ wd.ñl
kdhlhka .;a l%shdud¾. ksid yskaÿ wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl msì§ula we;s úh'
uqøKd, msysgqùu" uqøs; fmd;am;a yd m%isoaO foaYk u.ska yskaÿ ck;dj oekqïj;a
lsÍu yd yskaÿ YsIHhka iòyd kj mdi,a msysgqùu wdÈh yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdrfha
lemS fmfkk ,laIK fõ' yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdrhg kdhl;ajh imhk ,oafoa
wdreuq. kdj,¾;=uka úisks' uq,ska u zzWohNdKqZZ kñka mqj;am;la wdrïN fldg
yskaÿ wd.u yd ixialD;sfha jeo.;alu ms<snòj fou< ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug
t;=ud lghq;= lf<a h' wk;=rej jkakd¾mkafkhs zzffYj m%ldYaZZ úoHd,h msysgqjd
yskaÿ isiqkag iuhdkq.; wOHdmkhla ,nd §ug yskaÿ mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrhla
o t;=ud wdrïN lf<a h' t;=udf.a wNdjfhka miqj o fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï yd
fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka jeks kdhlfhda yskaÿ mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrh ;jÿrg;a
bÈßhg fufyhjQy'
64
wdreuq. kdj,¾ ;=ud
l%s' j' 1822 § Wm; ,o

wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud ñIkdÍ
mdi,l uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enqfõ
h' miqj fuf;daÈia; iNdfõ
foaj.e;sjrfhl= hgf;a t;=ud
fiajh lf<a h' fï ksid ñIkdÍ
lghq;= ms<sn| t;=udg fyd|
wjfndaOhla ;snqKs' yskaÿ orejkag
l=vd wjêfha isg u wd.u b.ekaùug
yd mqo mQcd lshd §ug yskaÿ mdi,a
wdrïN lsÍu yd fmd;am;a uqøKh
i|yd uqøKd,hla msysgqùfï
wjYH;dj wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud
ksrka;rfhka wjOdrKh lf<a h' ta
wkqj mß;Hd.YS,Skaf.a wdOdrfhka
hdmkfha ffYj m%ldYa úoHdYdff,
hkqfjka mdi,la weröug wdreuq.
kdj,¾;=ud mshjr .;af;a h'
ñIkdÍ mdi,aj,ska ,o w;aoelSï ksid t;=ud tys úIhud,d kQ;khg .e<fmk whqßka
ilia lf<a h' miqlf,l hdmkh mqrd yskaÿ mdi,a /ila wdrïN jQ w;r kdj,¾;=ud
msysgqjQ mdi, tys uQ,sl;ajhg m;a úh' ffYj mßmd,k iNdj yd yskaÿ wOHdmk
iNdj wdrïN fldg tu.ska yskaÿ mdi,a bÈ lsÍug mshjr .ekqKs' fou< isiqkayg
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh ,nd§u msKsi 1872 j¾Ifha § hdmkfha Ysjka., úoHd,h wdrïN
lf<a h' miqj th hdmkfha yskaÿ úoHd,h f,i m%p,s; úh' fufia yskaÿ ck;dj
fjkqfjka uy;a fiajhla isÿ l< fu;=ud 1879 j¾Ifha § wNdjhg m;a úh'
wdreuq. kdj,¾;=udf.a cd;sl fiajh
Y%S ,xldfõ yskaÿ wd.ñl mqkreohg kdhl;ajh iemhSu'

yskaÿ mdi,a msysgqùug mqfrda.dó ùu'
yskaÿ NdIdj" idys;H yd ixialD;sh /l .ekSug l%shd lsÍu'
nd, mdGï kï fm<fmd;a rpkh iy ialkao mqrdKï" fmßh mqrdKï jeks
.%ka: fou< NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍu'
65
3'5 rEmh ¡ hdmkh yskaÿ úoHd,h
fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d
1851 j¾Ifha § Wm; ,o fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka

uy;d fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh ,enQ w;r"
miqj kS;sfõÈfhl= f,i lghq;= lf<a h' fudyq yskaÿ
orejkaf.a wOHdmkh k.d isgqùu i|yd mdi,a wdrïN
lsÍug ish fm!oa.,sl Okh fkduiqrej mß;Hd. l<
fY%aIaG kdhlfhls' mrfïYajr úoHd,h" rdukdoka úoHd,h
wdÈ mdi,a msysgqjd yskaÿ orejkaf.a wOHdmk Wkak;shg
rdukdoka;=ud l%shd lf<a h'
fu;=ud 1879 j¾Ifha § jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ
iudðlfhl= f,i m;a úh' 1910 lDõ uel,ï m%;sixialrK
wkqj m%:u W.;a ,dxlsl uka;%jrhd jYfhka 1912 jif¾
§ t;=ud f;aÍ m;a úh'
1915 § isxy, - uqia,sï flda,dy, wjia:dfõ § wdKavqfjka fn!oaOhkag isÿ
jQ widOdrK yd whqla;s iy.; ;;ajh ms<snòj fn!oaOhka fjkqfjka o t;=ud y`v
ke.=fõ h'
fmdkakïn,ï wrekdp,ï uy;d

1853 j¾Ifha § Y%Su;a fmdkakïn,ï wrekdp,ï uy;d Wm; ,eî h' fu;=ud
fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;df.a ifydaorfhls' fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fhka
uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enQ fu;=ud ì%;dkHfha flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fhka ish Wmdêh
,nd .;af;a h' Tyq ish Wmdêh i|yd kS;sh yd b;sydih hk úIhka yodrd we;'
fu;=ud foaYmd,k{fhl= yd iudc fiajlfhl= f,i o jvd;a m%p,s; úh'
66
3'6 rEmh ¡ yskÿ
a yd uqi,
a ï
s wd.ñl mqk¾cSjk iufha wdrïN l, bkaÿ idokï mqj;amf;a
^jï miska& iy uqia,sï fkhsika mqj;a mf;a uq,a msgq ôl=Kq miska&
3'4 bia,dï mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrh
3'7 rEmh ¡ urodk iysrd úoHd,h
Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO yd yskaÿ mqkreohg iuld,Skj bia,dï ck;dj w;r;a

wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl mqkreohla we;s úh' furg bia,dï mqkreohg kdhl;ajh
imhk ,oafoa jD;a;sfhka kS;s{fhl= jQ weï' iS' isoaêf,ífí uy;d úisks' bx.%Siska
úiska Bðma;=fjka msgqjy,a lrk ,o Trì mdId 1883 j¾Ifha § furgg meñK
bia,dï mqkreo jHdmdrh iòyd isoaê f,ífí uy;dg iyfhda.h ,nd ÿkafka h'
bia,dï ck;dj uqøs; udOHfhka ±kqïj;a lsÍu iòyd isoaêf,ífí uy;d úiska
67
uqia,sï fkhsika kñka i`.rdjla wdrïN lrk ,È'
wk;=rej fld<U iysrd úoHd,h jeks mdi,a msysgqjñka
bia,dï oyug wkq.; wOHdmkhla uqia,sï orejkag
,nd §ug isoaê f,ífn uy;d lghq;= lf<a h' Tyqg
miqj à' î' chd jeks kdhlfhda bia,dï wd.ñl wOHd-
mk l%uh bÈßhg f.k hdug lem ù ls%hd l<y'
3'8 rEmh weï' iS' isoaêf,ífí uy;d
à' î' chd uy;d
1890 j¾Ifha ckjdß udifha .,f.or m%foaYfha §

Wm; ,eî h' ish uQ,sl wOHdmkfhka miqj fj,aia l=udr
úoHd,h" wdkkao úoHd,h jeks mdi,a lsysmhl .=rejrfhl=
f,i fiajh l< fu;=ud wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ,enQ w;a±lSï
fhdod .ksñka bia,dï mdi,a msysgqùu yd ÈhqKq lsÍfï
jHdmdrhg odhl;ajh ±laù h' fld<U iysrd úoHd,fha
úÿy,am;s ;k;=rg m;a jQ fu;=ud tys YdLd Èjhsfka úúO
m%foaYj, msysgqùug lghq;= lf<a h' jHjia:dodhlfha
ksfhdað;fhl= f,i lghq;= l< chd uy;d isxy, yd
fou< kdhlhka iu. tl;= ù cd;sl iu.sh
f.dvke.Sug o lemùfuka lghq;= lf<a h'
l%shdldrlu
,xldfõ wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreofha

kdhlhka ms<snò l;djla mka;shg bÈßm;a
lrkak'
68
ye`Èkaùu
foaY .fõIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1498 j¾Ifha § mD;=.Sis cd;sl
jiaflda o .dud we;=`M msßi bkaÈhdjg meñKSu" wdishdkq foaYmd,k b;sydifha
jeo.;a isÿùuls' fuu .ufkka miqj úúO ld, jljdkqj, mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais"
bx.%Sis yd m%xY cd;slfhda bkaÈhdjg meñK tys fjr<nv m%foaYj, ;u n,
lòjqre f.dvke.+y' fulS hqfrdamShka w;frka bkaÈhdj ;=< ia:djr foaYmd,k
n,hla f.dvk.k ,oafoa bx.%Siska úisks' úúO Wml%u Ndú; lrñka iuia;
bkaÈhdfjys u ;u n,h m;=rejd bx.%SiSyq th ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a
lr .;ay' bkaÈhdj ;=< bx.%Siska f.k .sh md,khg tfrysj 19 jk Y;j¾Ih
w. Nd.fha cd;sl ksoyia jHdmdrhla wdrïN jQ w;r 20 jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,a
Nd.h jk úg th oeä foaYdkqrd.S jHdmdrhla njg j¾Okh úh' úúO NdId
l;d l< úúO ck j¾.j,g wh;a jQ bkaÈhdkqfjda ish ud;DN+ñfha ksoyi
fjkqfjka foaYdkqrd.fhka hq;=j tlai;aj ke.S isàu bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka
lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' fun`ÿ fya;= ksid th fiiq wdishd;sl hg;a úð;j,
ksoyia jHdmdrj,g o wdo¾Yhla úh' fuu mßÉfþofha § bkaÈhdj flfrys
t,a, jQ hqfrdamSh n,mEï" bx.%Siska bkaÈhdj ;=< n,h me;srùu" bkaÈhdkq ksoyia
igfka iajrEmh yd tu igfka lemS fmfkk kdhlhka ms<snòj o wjOdkh
fhduq flf¾'
69
4'1 bkaÈhdj ;=< hqfrdamSh n,mEï
mD;=.SiSka bkaÈhdjg meñKSfuka miq bkaÈhdkq id.rh wdY%s;j tf;la mej;s

wrdì fjf<ò lghq;= fnfyúka wvmK úh' mD;=.SiSkag miqj ,kafoais" bx.%Sis yd
m%xY cd;slhka bkaÈhdjg meñKSu ksid fjf<ò lghq;= yd foaYmd,k n, jHdma;sh
iïnkaOfhka hqfrdamShka w;r u .egqï we;s úh' ta jk úg hqfrdamd cd;slhka
lsysmhla bkaÈhdkq fjr<nv m%foaYj, fjf<ò .nvd fyda n,fldgq msysgqjdf.k
isá fyhska Tjqfkdjqka w;r we;s jQ .egqï bkaÈhdj flfrys o n,mEfõ h' wdishdjg
meñKs uq,a ld,fha § fjf<òdfuka jdis ,nd .ekSu" wd.u me;srùu jeks wruqKq
flfrys hqfrdamShkaf.a m%uqL wjOdkh fhduqj mej;sh;a hqfrdamShka w;r u .egqï
we;sùu;a iu. foaYmd,k n, jHdma;sh flfrys o Tjqfkdjqka w;r m%n, Wkkaÿjla
we;s úh' bkaÈhdj ;=< foaYmd,k n, jHdma;sfha § bx.%SiSyq fiiq hqfrdamShkag jvd
bÈßfhka isáhy' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka bkaÈhdj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a
úh'
mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais" bx.%Sis yd m%xY cd;slhka bkaÈhdjg meñKSu

jiafldao .dud bkaÈhdjg meñKs wjêh jk úg trg foaYmd,k tlai;alula
fkd;snqKs' ol=fKa mej;s úch k.r rdcH yereKqúg rg we;=<; m%foaY /il
iajdëk rdcOdks mej;=Ks' tfia u bkaÈhdfõ fjr<nv m%foaYj, le,slÜ" f.daj wdÈ
l=vd rdcOdks lsysmhla olakg ,enqKs' fuu rdcOdks w;r tlai;alula fkd;sîu
mD;=.SiSkag bkaÈhdfõ fjr<nv m%foaY lsysmhl n,h m;=rejd .ekSug Wmldß úh'
1509 j¾Ifha § fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis m%;srdchd jYfhka m;aj wd wfmdkafida o

w,anHql¾la bkaÈhdj yd bkaÈhdkq id.r l,dmfha mD;=.Sis n,h me;srùug úYd,
fiajhla lf<a h' Tyq 1510 j¾Ifha § f.daj hg;a lr th fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis uOHia:dkh
njg m;a lr bka fkdkej;S bkaÈhdkq id.rfha mD;=.Sis fjf<ò n,hla f.dvke.Sug
o mshjr .;af;a h' wk;=rej .; jQ ld,fha § bkaÈhdfõ m%foaY /il mD;=.SiSyq ;u
n,h f.dvke.+y' flfia fyda mD;=.SiSkag bkaÈhdfõ fjr<nv m%foaYj,ska Tíng
rg we;=<; n,hla f.dvke.Sug yelshdj fkd,enqKs' tfy;a f.daj uOHia:dkh
lrf.k Y;j¾Ihlg jeä ld,hla Tjqyq bkaÈhdkq id.rfha fjf<ò taldêldrhla
mj;ajdf.k .shy'
bkaÈhdkq fjr<nv mej;s mD;=.Sis n,hg uq,ajrg ;¾ck t,a, jQfha

,kafoaiSkaf.ks' ,kafoaiSyq 1602 j¾Ifha § fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<ò iud.u
msysgqjdf.k ^VOC iud.u& bkaÈhdkq id.rhg Yla;su;a keõ lKavdhula tùug
lghq;= l<y' ,kafoaiSkaf.a meñKSu;a iu. fjf<òdu yd foaYmd,k n,h
me;srùu iïnkaOfhka mD;=.SiSka iu. .egqï we;s úh' ,kafoaiSka uq,ska u
wjOdkh fhduq lf<a l=`Mnvq nyq,j jefjk w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaY flfrys h'
l=`M nvq Èjhskaj,ska mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍfuka miqj Tjqyq bkaÈhdj flfrys o ;u
70
wjOdkh fhduq l<y' mD;=.Sis n,h me;srùug w,anHql¾la lghq;= l< mßoafoka
wdishdfõ ,kafoais n,h me;srùfï § mSg¾i¾ l+ka kï ,kafoais cd;slhdf.ka
úYd, fiajhla isÿ úh' fï wkqj bkaÈhdfõ .=crdÜ" fnx.d," Tßiaid" ìyd¾ jeks
m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h me;sreKs'
ì%;dkH" ;u uõrg lr.;a bx.%SiSyq fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.u

msysgqjdf.k 17 jk ishji wdrïNfha § wdishdjg meñKshy' bx.%Siska uq,a ld,fha
§ cdjd" iqud;%d jeks m%foaY flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<;a ,kafoaiSka iu. .egqï
we;s ùu;a iu`. Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh bkaÈhdj foig fhduq úh' bx.%Siska bkaÈhdjg
meñfKk úg tys uQ.,a wêrdcH Yla;su;aj mej;=Ks' fï ksid uQ.,a wêrdchd jQ
cyka.S¾f.a wjirh mßÈ 1613 j¾Ifha § Tjqyq iqrdÜj, fjf<ò .nvdjla msysgqjd
.;ay' fufia ld,hla .; jk úg bkaÈhdfõ wyuodndoa" w.%d" uÿrdis wdÈ m%foaY
/il u n,h msysgqjd .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' tx.,ka;fha fojk pd,aia rcq
mD;=.d,fha le;ßka l=ußh újdy lr .;a w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka mD;=.SiSyq
;uka i;= jQ fndïndh odhdo jYfhka bx.%Siskag mejrEy'
m%xY cd;slhka bkaÈhdj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lf<a fiiq hqfrdamShkag

miqj h' 1664 j¾Ifha § fmrÈ. m%xY fjf<ò iud.u msysgqjdf.k 1668 j¾Ifha
§ bkaÈhdjg meñKs m%xY cd;slfhda iqrdÜys fjf<ò .nvdjla bÈ l<y' wk;=rej
fmdkaäfÉß" lßld,a yd pkaøk.¾ jeks m%foaY /il m%xY n,fldgq bÈ flßK'
uQ.,a wêrdcH
uQ.,a wêrdcHhg moku ouk

,oafoa ndnq¾ kue;s md,lhd úisks'
1526 j¾Ifha § W;=re bkaÈhdkq m%foaY
lsysmhla wdl%uKh l< fyf;u tys
fjk u md,khla msysgqù h' ndnq¾f.a
uqKqmqfrl= jQ uyd wland¾ rcq uQ.,a
n,h wêrdcH ;;ajhg jHdma; lf<a h'
1556-1605 ld,fha § md,k n,h oerE
Tyq W;=re bkaÈhdfõ úYd, m%foaYhl
;u n,h me;srù h' wland¾g miqj
n,hg meñKs ckka.S¾ yd Id cyka
hk rcjreka o lemS fmfkk uQ.,a
wêrdcHfhda fj;s' Id cyka rcq
úiska gÊuy,a kï iqm%lg ks¾udKh bÈ lrjk ,È' Tyqf.ka miq n,hg meñKs
T!rxfiíf.a ld,fha § uQ.,a wêrdcHh mßydksh lrd .uka lf<a h'
71
4'1 is;shu ¡ bkaoshdfõ hqfrdamSh n, jHdma;sh
bkaÈhdj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a ùu

bx.%Siska yd m%xY cd;slhka hqfrdamfha § fkdfhla úg .egqï we;s lr .;a
fomsßils' fï ksid m%xY cd;slhka bkaÈhdjg meñKSu tys bx.%SiS n,hg wNsfhda.
hla úh' 18 jk ishji ueo jk úg fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais n,h msßfyñ-
ka ;snqKs' fï ksid bkaÈhdfõ wNHka;r n,h m;=rejd .ekSu bx.%Siska yd m%xY
cd;slhka w;r .egqula njg m;a úh'
bkaÈhdfõ wjika uQ.,a wêrdchd jQ T!rxfií 1707 j¾Ifha § ñh hdu;a
iu. tf;la bkaÈhdfõ úYd, m%foaYhl n,h m;=rejdf.k isá uQ.,a wêrdcHh
leã ì`§ hEug lreKq ie,iqKs' tys m%;sM, jYfhka tf;la l,a uQ.,a n,h bjid
isá bkaÈhdfõ úúO cd;Ska iajdëk rdcH ìys lr .;a fyhska bkaÈhdj ;=< m%dfoaYSh
rdcOdks /ila ìys úh' fuu l=vd rdcOdks w;r tlai;alula fkd;sîu bx.%Siskag
fnfyúka jdisodhl úh' bx.%Siska i;= jQ kdúl Yla;sh;a tx.,ka; wdKavqj bx.%Sis
fjf<ò iud.ug wjYH iyh ,nd §u;a m%xY cd;slhkag tfrysj igka lsÍfï §
bx.%Siskag WmldÍ úh'
fï wkqj uÿrdish uq,a lrf.k bx.%iS k
s a o fmdkaäfÉßh uq,a lrf.k m%xY
cd;slfhda o bkaÈhdkq fjr<nv m%foaYj, n,h m;=rejd .ekSug igka jeÿKy' bx.%i S k
s a
yd m%xY cd;slhka w;r we;s jQ igka ud,dj wjika jQfha 1761 j¾Ifha § fmdkaäfÉßh
bx.%i
S k
s g
a hg;a ùfuks' ta iu. u bkaÈhdfõ m%xY n,h fnfyúka ÿ¾j, úh'
72
bkaÈhdj wNHka;rfhys bx.%Sis
n,h msysgqùfï l%shdj,sh fnx.d,fhka
werôK' fnx.d,h yd wjg m%foaY w;r
mej;s wiu.s;d yd n, wr.,j,ska
m%fhdack .;a bx.%SiSyq 18 jk Y;j¾Ifha
w. Nd.h jk úg fnx.d,h bx.%SiS
fjf<ò iud.fï md,khg k;= lr
.;ay' Bg miq bkaÈhdjg m;aj wd
bx.%SiS wdKavqldrjre hqoaO u.ska fuka
u fjk;a WmdhYS,s lghq;= u.ska o
bkaÈhdj ;=< ;u n,h me;srùug l%shd
l<y' fuys § hqoaO u.ska m%foaY hg;a
lr .ekSug wu;rj Wmldrl .súiqï
l%uh yd wiajdñl kHdh kï WmdhYS,s
m%;sm;a;s fhdod .ekSu o lemS fmfka'
Wmldrl .súiqï l%uh hgf;a

wNHka;r n, wr., fyda ndysr i;=re
;¾ck ;snQ iajfoaYSh md,lhka iu.
bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.u .súiqï we;s 4'1 rEmh ¡ isfmdhs Nghka msßila
lrf.k tlS rdcOdksj, wdrlaIdjg
bx.%Sis yuqodj k;r flßK' .súiqu mßÈ bx.%Siskaf.a fiajh fjkqfjka fiajh ,nd
.;a rdcHh kshñ; uqo,a f.ùug wfmdfydi;a jQ úg tu rdcOdksfha fldgila
fjf<ò iud.ug wh;a úh' fuu Wmdh wkqj bx.%SiSyq yhsødndoa" uhsiq¾ we;=`M
bkaÈhdkq m%foaY /ila w;am;a lr .;ay'
wiajdñl kHdh wkqj" kS;Hkql+, rc mrmqrg wh;a rdcH Wreulrefjl=

fkdue;sj ñh hk md,lhkaf.a rdcOdks fjf<ò iud.ug wh;a f,i ms<s.ekqKs'
fï l%uh hgf;a cdhsmq¾" kd.amq¾ jeks l=vd rdcOdks /ila bx.%SiSyq w;am;a lr .;ay'
fufia hqoaO n,fhka o úúO WmdhYS,s lghq;= u.ska o 19 jk ishji ueo jk úg
iuia; bkaÈhdj u ì%;dkH md,khg k;= lr .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy'
4'2 1857 - isfmdhs le/,a,
bx.%SiSka hgf;a yuqod fiajhg nòjdf.k isá bkaÈhdkqjka" isfmdhs yuqodj

jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' bkaÈhdj úYd, rgla jQ neúka bx.%Sis yuqodj muKla trg
wdrlaIl lghq;= iòyd m%udKj;a fkdù h'
73
4'2 is;shu ¡ isfmdhs le/,a, jHdma; jQ m%foaY
fï ksid bkaÈhdfõ isá bx.%Sis yuqodj fuka ;=ka .=Khla muK bkaÈhdkqjka
msßila trg yuqodjg nòjdf.k ;snqKs'
isfmdhs yuqodj jYfhka y`ÿkajk tlS bkaÈhdkqjka jeä msßi yskaÿ yd

uqia,sï Nla;slfhda jQy' fuu isfmdhs Nghka úiska 1857 j¾Ifha § bx.%Sis md,khg
úreoaOj úYd, le/,a,la wdrïN lrk ,È' th isfmdhs le/,a, jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq fjf<ò iud.u f.k .sh md,kh ms<snòj uq, isg u
bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< úfrdaOhla ;snqKs' fï ksid fjf<ò iud.fï md,khg úreoaOj
bkaÈhdj ;=< jßka jr ler,s we;s úh' 1763 - 1856 w;r ld,fha tn`ÿ ler,s úis-
mylg jeäh we;s ù ;sfí' bkaÈhdfõ úúO m%foaYj, jßka jr we;s jQ tu ler,s
jeä ÿr jHdma; ùug fmr bx.%SiSka úiska u¾okh lrk ,È' tfy;a 1857 j¾Ifha §
isfmdhs Nghka úiska wdrïN lrk ,o le/,a, yuqodj ;=<g muKla iSud fkdù
uyck;dj w;rg;a me;sßK' bx.%SiSkag tu le/,a, u¾okh lsÍug úYd, fjfyila
oeÍug isÿ úh' we;eï m%foaYj, fmdÿ ck;dj iu. tla fjñka bx.%SiSka m,jdyer
iajfoaYslhkaf.a md,khla msysgqjd .ekSug isfmdhs Ngfhda W;aidy l<y'
74
4'2 rEmh ¡ isfmdhs le/,af,a wjia:djla Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl=f.a weiska
1857 j¾Ifha le/,a, bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< ksoyi ms<snò ye`.Sï j¾Okh ùug
fya;= jQ w;r th bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka o i,lKq
,efí' 1857 j¾Ifha isfmdhs le/,a, we;s ùug n, mE fya;= /ils'
le/,a, we;s ùug n, mE fya;=
bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdkq m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSfï § wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;sh

flfrys bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< mej;s úfrdaOh
bx.%Sis fjf<ò iud.fï jdis ;ld" f.k .sh md,kh ms<snò bkaÈhdkqjka ;=<
mej;s l,lsÍu
fjf<ò iud.fï wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ksid foaYSh l¾udka; wNdjhg hdu yd
/lshd ys`.ùu
iajfoaYslhkaf.a weoys,s" úYajdi fkdi,ld yer l%sia;shdks wd.u me;srùug
bx.%SiSkaf.a iydh ,eîu
isfmdhs Nghka ;=< bx.%SiSka flfrys mej;s l,lsÍu
75
le/,af,a iajrEmh
isfmdhs le/,a, we;s ùug n, mE

wdikak;u fya;=j yuqodj ;=<ska u ks¾udKh
jQjls' w¨f;ka ksmojk ,o tkamS,aâ kï rhsm,a
j¾.hla isfmdhs yuqodfõ Ndú;h iòyd bx.%SiSka
úiska y`ÿkajd fok ,È' tu rhsm,aj,g fhdok
m;frdï ljrhl nyd ;snQ w;r m;frdu msg;g
.ekSu iòyd tu ljrh láka lvd újD; l< hq;=
úh' fï w;r wod< m;frdïj,g .%Sia ;ejÍfï §
.j f;,a fyda W!re f;,a ñY% lr we;ehs isfmdhs
Nghka ;=< úYajdihla me;sßK' yskaÿjreka .jhd
mQckSh i;ajfhl= f,i ie,l+ w;r uqia,sï
cd;slfhda W!rd wmsßisÿ if;l= f,i ie,l+y'
tn`ÿ i;=kaf.a f;,a ;ejreKq ljr láka leãug
ie,eiaùu bx.%SiSka ;uka wjudkhg ,la lsÍulehs
tu fin`M úYajdi l<y' fï ksid isfmdhs Ngfhda
tu kj rhsm,a Ndú;h m%;slafIam l<y' bx.%Sis
yuqod ks,Odßka tn`ÿ Nghkag o`vqjï meñKùu
4'3 rEmh ¡ ux.,a mdKafâ ksid .egqu l%ufhka W;aikak úh' th isfmdhs
le/,a,g n, mE wdikak;u fya;=j fõ' fï w;r
ux.,a mdKafâ kï isfmdhs Ngfhla bx.%SiS yuqod ks,Odßfhl=g fjä ;eî h' bx.%SiSka
ux.,a mdKafâg o`vqjï meñKùu ksid isfmdhs yuqodfõ l,lsÍu ;j;a jeä jQ
nj fmfka' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1857 j¾Ifha uehs 10 Èk órEÜ yuqod lòjqfrys
isfmdhs Ngfhda bx.%Sis yuqod ks,OdÍkag fjä ;nd isr fldg isá fiiq bkaÈhdkq
Nghka ksoyia lrf.k le/,a, wdrïN l<y'
bx.%Sis yuqodjg tfrysj ke.S isá isfmdhs Nghka È,a,shg lvd je§ flá
l,lska u È,a,s k.rh w,a,d .ekSu ksid yuqodj ;=< we;s jQ le/,a, uyck;dj
w;rg o jHdma; úh' È,a,sfha isá uQ.,a md,lfhl= jQ nyÿ¾ Id bkaÈhdfõ wêrdchd
nj m%ldYhg m;a l< ler,slrefjda bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj ke.S isáhy' È,a,sfha
we;s jQ fuu foaYmd,k fmr<sh bkaÈhdj mqrd m%pdrh jQ fyhska W;=re bkaÈhdfõ
m%foaY /il u le/,a, jHdma; úh' tn`ÿ m%foaYj, isá iajfoaYSh md,lhka
ler,slrejka yd tlaj bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj igkg msúiSu ksid bx.%SiSyq n,j;a
ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK ÿkay' fufia jirlg wdikak ld,hla W;=re bkaÈhdfõ m%foaY
/ila ler,slrejkaf.a md,kh hgf;a mej;=Ks'
È,a,sh jeks k.rhla ler,slrejka hg;g m;a ùu bx.%SiSkag wjudkhla

úh' fï ksid ish¨ Yla;sh fhdod igka fldg bx.%Sis yuqodj úiska È,a,sh h<s
76
w;am;a lr.kakd ,È' tys § ler,slrejkag uy;a úkdYhla isÿ úh' wk;=rej bx.%Sis
md,kfhka .s,syS ;snqKq tlsfkl m%foaYj, ler,s uevmj;ajd tu m%foaY h<s ;u
md,khg k;= lr .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' fufia 1858 j¾Ifha cQ,s udih jk úg
le/,a, wid¾:l ù kej; jrla W;=re bkaÈhdkq m%foaYj, bx.%Sis n,h ia:dms; úh'
le/,a, wid¾:l ùug fya;=
bx.%SiSkaf.a md,khg tfrysj bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< mej;s fmdÿ wm%idoh ksid

le/,a, fõ.fhka me;sr .sh;a ;uka w,a,d .;a m%foaY È.g u wdrlaId lr .ekSug
ler,slrefjda wiu;a jQy' w,a,d .;a m%foaYj, ia:djr md,khla msysgqùug wjYH
o¾Ykhla fyda È.= ld,Sk jev ms<sfj<la ler,slrejkag fkd;snqKs' bx.%SiSkaf.a wú
.nvdj,ska meyer.;a .sks wú yereKq úg wjYH wú wdhqO imhd .ekSfï l%ufõohla
o ler,slrejka i;= fkdù h' fï ksid bx.%Sis yuqod meñKs úg fndfyda wjdisodhl
;;ajhka hgf;a igka lsÍug ler,slrejkag isÿ úh' bkaÈhdkq fin`Mkaf.ka yß
wvla muK ;jÿrg;a bx.%SiSkag iydh ,nd§u o bkaÈhdkq ck;djf.ka fldgila
le/,a,g tl;= fkdùu o tys wid¾:l;ajhg ;=vq ÿka lreKls' le/,a,g iïnkaO
jQ bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< bx.%Sis úfrdaOh" lemùu yd igkaldó;ajh fkdwvqj mej;s
kuq;a Tjqkaf.a ùr;ajhg muKla bx.%SiSkaf.a m%ydr je,elaùug yels fkdù h' fï
;;ajh hgf;a le/,a, wid¾:l ùug n, mE fya;= lsysmhla my; iòyka f,i
fláfhka oelaúh yels h'
fmdÿ ie,eiaula fyda wkd.; jevms<sfj<la le/,slrejkag fkd;sîu

uOH.; kdhl;ajhla fkd;sîu
bx.%Sis yuqodjg uqyqK§ug wjYH ;rï wú wdhqO fkdue;sùu
igkaldóka w;r mKsúv yqjudrej yd ikaksfõokh ÿ¾j, ùu
bkaÈhdkqjka fldgilf.a iydh bx.%SiSkag ,eîu
le/,af,a m%;sM,
1857 j¾Ifha § le/,a, wid¾:l jqj;a bkaÈhdfõ wkd.;h flfrys n,mdk

m%;sM, /ila tu.ska we;s úh' tn`ÿ m%;sM, lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq bx.S%is fjf<ò iud.fï md,kh wjika lr bkaÈhdj
md,kh lsÍfï j.lSu ì%;dkH rch fj;g mjrd .ekSu
;jÿrg;a bkaÈhdkq m%foaY w;am;a lr fkd.ekSug yd uydrdcdjrekaf.a
whs;sjdislï ms<s.ekSug ì%;dkH tl`. ùu
bkaÈhdkqjkag wd.ñl ksoyi ,nd §u
bkaÈhdkqjka ixúOdk;aulj cd;sl jHdmdrh fufyhùug fm<öu
77
4'3 bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka lemS fmfkk ,laIK
cd;sl ix.uh msysgqùfï miqìu
isfmdhs le/,a, wid¾:l ùfuka miqj f.jqKq wv ishjil muK ld,h

ta ta ckj¾.j,g iqúfYaI jQ ye`.Sï wNsNjd bkaÈhdkq cd;sl;ajh ms<snò ye`.Su
j¾Okh jQ ld,hla úh' bx.%SiSka hgf;a bkaÈhdj ;=< ngysr ixialD;sh me;srhdu
ksid foaYSh idïm%odhsl ixialD;sh /l .ekSu ms<snòj ful, n,j;a Wkkaÿjla
we;s jQ nj fmfka' fï ksid wd.ñl yd iudÔh m%;sixialrK we;s lr .ekSfï
wruqfKka ixúOdk rdYshla ìys jk wdldrh o ful, olakg ,efí' th bkaÈhdj
;=< mek ke.=Kq wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl mqkreohla njg m;a úh'
fmrÈ. fuka u wmrÈ. NdId Ydia;%fhys ksmqK m`äjrfhl= jQ rdï fudayka

frdahs 19 jk ishji uq,a Nd.fha § u wd.ñl mqkreohlg wä;d,u oeó h' t;=ud
úiska msysgqjk ,o n%yau iudch keue;s ixúOdkh yskaÿ ck;dj ;=< wd.ñl yd
ixialD;sl msì§ulg u. mE§ h' fï ksid rdï fudayka frdahs yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdrfha
mqfrda.dñhd f,i i,lkq ,efí' tfia u m%d¾:kd iudch" wd¾h iudch wdÈh yskaÿ
wd.u yd iudc m%;sixialrK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< ixúOdk w;r lemS
fmfka' óg wu;rj wyuähd iy w,s.d¾ jHdmdr uqia,sï ck;dj w;r o isx
iNd jeks jHdmdr iSla ck;dj w;r o ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug odhl
úh' by; lS ixúOdk udkj ys;jd§j lghq;= lrñka 19 jk ishji w.Nd.fha §
ld,hg .e<fmk f,i bkaÈhdkq Ñka;kh ieliSug l%shdldÍ úh' ì%;dkH md,k
iufha § bkaÈhdfõ uydud¾. yd mKsúv yqjudrej ÈhqKq ù mßmd,k jYfhka rg
taldnoaO ù ;snqKs' fï ;;ajh tf;la mej;s yskaÿ" uqia,sï" fnx.,a" mxcdí wdÈ ck
wkkH;d wNsNjd hk bkaÈhdkq cd;sl;ajhla f.dvke.Sug WmldÍ úh' wd.ñl
mqkreo iufha § úúO ck;dj tla/ia lr foaYk meje;aùu" mqj;am;a we;=`M uqøs;
udOH fhdodf.k ck;dj oekqïj;a lsÍu wdÈhg lghq;= flßKs' fï ksid wd.ñl
mqkreoh iu. wOHdmk m%fndaOhla we;s úh' bkaÈhdj ;=< kj mdi,a msysgqùu"
ldka;djkag wOHdmkh ,nd §u" bkaÈhdkq ldka;djf.a iudc ;;ajh k.d isgqùu
jeks lghq;=j,g ful, m%n, Wkkaÿjla ;snqKs'
ì%;dkH md,k iufha § bkaÈhdfõ we;s jQ wOHdmk wjia:d ksid

we;eï bkaÈhdkqfjda hqfrdamd rgj,g f.dia wOHdmkh ,enQy' tu.ska ksoyi"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd ñksia whs;sjdislï wdÈh ms<snò hqfrdamfha mej;s wdl,am .ek
bkaÈhdkq W.;=kag wjfndaOhla ,enqKs' tx.,ka;h m%xYh jeks rgj, wOHdmkh
,enQ bkaÈhdkq W.;a;= hqfrdamd rgj, ck;dj N=la;sú`Èk ksoyi w.h l<y'
tfy;a bkaÈhdfõ ì%;dkH md,kh ksid uõìfï ck;djg ish ksoyi wysñ ù we;s
wdldrh .ek Tjqyq lïmd jQy' bkaÈhdkqjka fl;rï by< wOHdmkhla ,enQ kuq;a
78
fï jk úg Tjqkag bkaÈhdfõ isú,a fiajdjg fyda
we;=`M ùug bx.%SiSka bv ,nd § fkd;snqKs' fï ksid
tlS W.;a;= iajlSh whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSu iòyd
lghq;= lsÍug úúO ixúOdk msysgqùug;a ck;dj
ixúOdkh lsÍug;a bÈßm;a jQy' by;ska idlÉPd
l< lreKq wkqj 20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg
bkaÈhdj ;=< foaYdkqrd.S ye`.Sï j¾Okh ùug n,
mE lreKq /ila y`ÿkd.; yels h'
bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< foaYdkqrd.h j¾Okh ùug n,

mE fya;="
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a bkaÈhdj foaYmd,k

jYfhka tlai;aùu" uydud¾. yd mKsúv
yqjudre myiqlï ÈhqKq ùu ksid tluq;=lu
ms<snò ye`.Sï j¾Okh ùu
4'4 rEmh ¡ we,ka Tlagúhka yshqï
bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdkqjka my;a fldg ie,lSu
ngysr wOHdmkh ,enQ bkaÈhdkq W.;=ka u.ska ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj"

m%cd;ka;%jdoh wdÈh ms<snò ngysr oekqu bkaÈhdjg ,eîu
bkaÈhdkq W.;a uOHu mka;sh úúO ixúOdk msysgqjñka yd ckudOH fhdod

.ksñka ck;dj ;=< foaYdkqrd.h weú<ùug l%shd lsÍu
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh msysgqùu
19 jk ishjfia w.Nd.h jk úg bkaÈhdkq W.;=ka yd jHdmdßl m%cdj ;=<

mej;s foaYmd,k Wkkaÿj ksid úúO foaYmd,k ixúOdk /ila ìysj ;snqKs' tfy;a
fuu ixúOdk lsisjlg úYd, rgla jQ bkaÈhdj mqrd foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùug
Yla;shla fkd;snQ w;r bkaÈhdj ;=< úisÍ isá W.;=kaf.a foaYmd,k woyia tla
fõÈldjlg f.k taug yelshdjla o fkd;sìK' fï ksid lsis ÿ fNaohlska f;drj
ish¨ bkaÈhdkqjkag idudðl;ajh ,nd .; yels iuia; Ndr;h mqrd u foaYmd,k
lghq;= fufyhùu ;rï Yla;su;a tla ixúOdkhla msysgqùfï wjYH;djla u;=j
;snqKs'
1885 j¾Ih jk úg bkaÈhdkq W.;=ka w;r cd;sl ix.uhla msysgqjd .ekSug

wjYH wfkHdakH wjfndaOh yd tluq;=lu f.dvke.Sug yels úh' fï wkqj
79
4'5 rEmh ¡ bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha m%:u /iaùu
iuia; bkaÈhdj u ksfhdackh jk tn`ÿ ix.uhla msysgqùug wjYH mshjr .kakd

,oafoa isú,a fiajdfjka úY%du ,nd isá we,ka Tlagúhka yshqï keue;a;d úisks'
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha ks¾udK Ys,amshd jQ yshqïg bx.%Sis wdKavqfjka o Bg wjYH
iydh ,enqKs' bkaÈhdkq W.;=ka tla ixúOdkhlg fhduq jqjfyd;a Tjqkaf.a u;h
myiqfjka wdKavqjg oek.; yels hehs bx.%SiSyq l,amkd l<y' fï wkqj yshqïf.a
u.fmkaùu u; 1885 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui bkaÈhdfõ úúO ixúOdk ksfhdackh
l< ksfhdað;hka /ila fndïndhg tlaj bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh msysgqù h' th
bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka b;d jeo.;a wjia:djls' fnx.,s cd;sl kS;s{fhl= jQ
ví,sõ' iS' fnk¾ð bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha m%:u iNdm;s ;k;=rg m;a lr .kakd
,È' t;eka isg tu ix.uh bkaÈhdkq foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK fufyhjk m%Odk;u
foaYmd,k ix.uh njg m;a úh'
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha wruqKq
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh tjlg bkaÈhdfõ mej;s cd;s" wd.ï" l=," fNao wdÈh
fkdi,ld lghq;= l< ixúOdkhls' uq,a ld,fha § W.;=ka yd jHdmdßlhka jeks
msßilg iSud ù ;snQ tu ixúOdkh miqj iuia; Ndr;h mqrd jHdma; jQ mq`M,a ck;d
iyNd.s;ajhla ,enqKq b;d Yla;su;a ix.uhla njg m;a úh' tfia u bkaÈhdkq
cd;sl ix.uh hkq 1885 j¾Ifha isg 1947 j¾Ifha bkaÈhdjg ksoyi ,efnk f;la
trg ksoyia jHdmdrfha lghq;=j,g kdhl;ajh ÿka ixúOdkh fõ' fufia oYl
yhlg;a jeä ld,hla foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK fufyhjQ tu ixúOdkfha wruqKq
l,ska l,g mq`M,a úh' wjidk ld,fha § tu ixúOdkfha m%Odk;u wruqK jQfha
80
bkaÈhdjg iïmQ¾K ksoyi ,nd .ekSuhs' cd;sl ix.uh msysgjQ uq,a ld,fha § tys
wruqKq ksoyi Èkd .ekSu f;la j¾Okh ù fkd;snqKs'
tlS uq,a ld,h ;=< bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha m%Odk;u wruqKq lsysmhla
my;ska oelafõ'
ish¨ bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< ñ;%;ajh yd iyfhda.s;ajh j¾Okhg lghq;= lsÍu

l=,h" wd.u" j¾.h yd m%foaY wdÈ fNao fkdi,ld bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< cd;sl
ye`.Su ÈhqKq lsÍug l%shdldÍ ùu'
bkaÈhdkq W.;=ka ;=< mj;sk woyia yd fhdackd tla /ia fldg iudc .eg¨
wOHhkhg lghq;= lsÍu'
bkaÈhdkq ck;djf.a iqnfi; iòyd l%shd lsÍug wjYH wkd.; ie,iqï yd
fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu'
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha l%shdldß;ajh
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh wdrïN l< uq,a wjêfha th kS;s{hka" bxðfkarejka"

ffjoHjreka jeks W.;a nqoaêu;a msßilg iSud ù ;snqKs' tl, ix.ufha ksfhdað;hka
.ïj,ska fkdj k.rj,ska meñKs msßils' bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdjg hqla;sh yd idOdrKh
bgq lrkq we;ehs l,amkd l< Tjqyq yels ;rï wdKavqj iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lsÍug W;aidy l<y' fï msßi cd;sl ix.uh ;=< isá uOHia:jd§ka f,i yeòskafõ'
cd;sl ix.ufha m%:u iNdm;s jQ ví,sõ' iS' fnk¾ð" tys fojk iNdm;s jQ ovdndhs
kUfrdað yd iqf¾kaøkd;a nek¾ð jeks wh tu msßig WodyrK fj;s' 1885 -1905
w;r ld,fha § cd;sl ix.uh by; lS uOHia:jd§kaf.a n,mEug ,laj ;snqKs'
ix.uh msysgjQ uq,a ld,fha § wdKavqj fj; bÈßm;a l< b,a,Sï my; iòyka mßÈ
fõ'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj mq`M,a fldg tys n,;, jeä lsÍu

úOdhl iNd ksfhdackhg bkaÈhdkqjkag wjia:dj ,nd §u
isú,a fiajhg we;=`M lr .kakd bkaÈhdkqjka msßi jeä lsÍu
isú,a fiajhg nòjd .ekSfï úNd. ì%;dkH ;=< muKla fkdj bkaÈhdj ;=<;a
meje;aùu
hqoaO yuqod lghq;= iòyd rch ork úhou wvq lsÍu
cd;sl ix.ufha fuu b,a,Sï foi n,k úg md,k lghq;=j,g iyNd.s ùug
bkaÈhdkqjkag ,efnk bvlv mq`M,a lr .ekSu jgd tajd b,lal.;j ;snQ nj
fmfka' b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSug l%shd lsÍfï § o ix.uh tl, wkq.ukh lf<a
81
n,Odßkag fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍu" Tjqka iu`. idlÉPd lsÍu" /iaùï meje;aùu"
f,aLk udOH fhdod .ksñka ;u lghq;=j,g m%pdrhla ,nd §u jeks rch wmyiq;djg
m;a fkdjk wdldrfha m%;sm;a;shls' tfy;a ix.ufha b,a,Sï bgq lsÍug wdKavqj
lghq;= fkdlsÍu ksid b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSug tn`ÿ iSñ; l%shdud¾. m%udKj;a fkdjk
nj meyeÈ,s fjñka ;snqKs'
1905-1919 ld,fha § cd;sl ix.ufha m%;sm;a;sj, fuka u l%shdldß;ajfha o

fjkila we;s úh' fï ld,fha § ix.ufha uOHia:jd§kaf.a n,h ÿ¾j, ù /äl,a u;
ork ;reK msßila tys n,j;a ùu tn`ÿ fjkilg n, mE fya;=j nj fmfka'
uOHia:jd§kaf.a m%;sm;a;s m%;slafIam l< tu msßi wka;jd§ka jYfhka y`ÿkajkq
,efí' wdKavqj iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍug jvd iajlSh b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSug
kï igkaldó udj;la wkq.ukh l< hq;= hehs tlS wka;jd§yq l,amkd l<y'
wdKavqj fj; fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍu" idlÉPd iòyd ksfhdað;hka heùu

wdÈfhka n,OdÍka bÈßfha ne.Em;a ùu foaYmd,k ys`.dlEula f,i úfõpkh
l< fuu wka;jd§yq cd;sl ix.uh igkaldó udj;lg fhduq lsÍug l%shd l<y'
bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igk .ek fmd;a m;a ,shQ we;eï .%ka: l;=jrfhda wka;jd§
Ñka;kh fmdaIKh lf<a ,d,a" nd,a yd md,a hehs iòyka lr;s' thska woyia lf<a
,d,a ,Êm;ardhs" nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la yd ìmka pkaømd,a hk wh wka;jd§ msßig
kdhl;ajh ÿka njls'
cd;sl ix.uh wka;jd§kaf.ka n,mEug ,laj ;snQ ld,fha § ì%;dkH NdKav

j¾ckh lsÍfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN úh' ì%;dkH ksIamdok NdKav j¾ckh fldg
bkaÈhdkq îajfoaYSh& ksIamdok Ndú;h m%p,s; flreKq th iajfoaYSh jHdmdrh
jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' fnx.d,fhka wdrïN jQ iajfoaYSh jHdmdrh rg mqrd jHdma;
lsÍug cd;sl ix.ï kdhlfhda l%shd l<y'
bkaÈhdkq ksIamdok Ndú;hg ck;dj yqre lsÍfï § foaYSh l¾udka; ÈhqKq

lsÍu ms<snòj o Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' fï ksid iajfoaYSh jHdmdrh ;=<ska wd¾Ól
ksoyi ms<snò Ñka;kh ÈhqKq úh' bkaÈhdkqjka bkaÈhdkq NdKav Ndú;hg yqreùu"
ksoyi Èkd.ekSfuka miqj o bkaÈhdkq l¾udka; yd fjf<ò jHdmdrj, m%.;shg
bjy,a úh'
bkaÈhdfõ ksoyia jHdmdrh l%shd;aul jk úg bx.%SiSka úiska hï

hï m%;sixialrK ,nd fok ,È' 1909 fud¾,s - ñkafgda m%;sixialrK yd 1919
fudkafÜ.= -fpïia*¾â m%;sixialrK Bg WodyrK fõ' fuu wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK
u.ska md,k lghq;=j,g iajfoaYslhka iyNd.s lr .ekSu l%ufhka jeä flßKs'
tfy;a tu m%;sixialrKj,ska cd;sl ix.uh iEySug m;a fkdù h' 1920 j¾Ih
jk úg iq`M m%;sixialrKj,g jvd iajrdcH ,nd .ekSu ix.ufha wruqK úh'
iajrdcH hkq bkaÈhdj ì%;dkH wêrdcH hgf;a mj;sk w;r u rfÜ md,k n,;,
82
bkaÈhdkqjkag mejrE md,k l%uhls' th tla w;lska fvdókshka ;;ajhg iudk
fõ' nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la yd wekS fnikaÜ hk kdhl kdhsldfjda iajrdcH ixl,amh
m%p,s; l< whg WodyrK fõ'
1919 j¾Ifha § frda,Ü mk; hkqfjka úfYaI mk;la mkjñka bx.%Sis

wdKavqj bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a ksoyi iSud lsÍug W;aidy oeÍ h' frda,Ü mk; u.ska
´kE u mqoa.,fhl= kvq úNd.hlska f;drj jir folla nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍug
rchg n,h ,enqKs' cd;sl ix.uh úiska Bg tfrysj uy;aud .dkaê ;=udf.a o
iydfhka i;H.%y jHdmdrhla l%shd;aul lrk ,È' i;H yd i;Hfha n,h fmkaùu
u.ska úreoaOjdÈhd i;H f;areï .ekSug fm<Uùu i;H.%y hkqfjka fuys § úia;r
flf¾' th uy;aud .dkaê;=ud y`ÿkajd ÿka wúysxidjd§ igka l%uhls' frda,Ü mk;g
tfrys i;H.%yh rg mqrd me;=reK w;r m%n, ck;d úfrdaOhla tu.ska f.dvke.sK'
fï w;r 1919 j¾Ifha wfma%,a ui wñß;aid¾ys c,shkaj,d nd.a k.rfha /iaùulg
meñKs oyia ixLHd; ksrdhqO bkaÈhdkq msßilg yuqodj úiska fjä ;nk ,È' fuu
fjä ;eîï fya;=fjka 400l muK bkaÈhdkqjka msßila ñh .sh w;r ;j;a úYd,
msßila ;=jd< ,enQy' fuh c,shkaj,d nd.a fÄojdplh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
4'6 rEmh ¡ c,shkaj,d nd.a fÄojdplh

1920 j¾Ih muK jk úg frda,Ü mk;" c,shkaj,d nd.a fÄojdplh iy
wdKavqj fnx.d,fha hqoaO kS;sh mekùu wdÈh ksid bkaÈhdkq ck;dj ;=< wdKavq
úfrdaë ye`.Sï W;aikak ù ;snqKs' ksoyia igfka ksr; jk ck;dj u¾okh lsÍug
yd wjudkhg md;% lsÍug rch .kakd mshjrj,g tfrys fkdù ;jÿrg;a wjudkh
úò ord .ekSu ìhiq¨lula f,i we;eï bkaÈhdkqfjda ie,l+y' tjlg mej;s
83
foaYmd,k ;;ajh f;areï .;a cd;sl ix.uh 1920 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha §
rchg iydh fkdoelaùfï jevms<sfj<la fyj;a iyfhda.s;d j¾ckhla l%shd;aul
lsÍug ie,iqï lf<a h' 1921 j¾Ifha ckjdß udih jk úg tlS iyfhda.s;d
j¾ckh rg mqrd me;=reKs' bx.%SiSka m%odkh lr ;snQ moúkdu yd kïnqkdu wdmiq
§u" úfoaYSh NdKav j¾ckh" Widú we;=`M rcfha ld¾hd, j¾ckh" jHjia:dodhl
iNdj j¾ckh we;=`M l%shdud¾. /ila fuys § l%shd;aul flßKs' uy;aud .dkaê
;=ud iy iS' wd¾' odia we;=`M kdhlfhda rg mqrd ixpdrh lrñka fï iòyd l%shdldÍ
jQy' cd;sl ix.uh wkq.ukh l< fun`ÿ wúysxidjd§ igka Wml%u ksid rch uy;a
wmyiq;djlg m;a úh' tu igka ksid cd;sl ix.uhg jv jvd;a ck;djg ióm
ùug bv ,enqKs' fufia 1920 j¾Ifha isg bkaÈhdjg ksoyi Èkd .ekSfï igfka §
iuia; Ndr; ck;dj u cd;sl ix.uh jgd f.dkq ù isáhy' 1920 j¾Ifhka miq
cd;sl ix.uh wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; iòyka fõ'
1921 j¾Ifha iyfhda.s;d j¾ck jHdmdrhla l%shd;aul lsÍu

1928 j¾Ifha bkaÈhdfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<snòj fidhdn,d ks¾foaY
,nd §ug n,OdÍka m;a l< iSuka fldñiug tfrysj y¾;d,a jHdmdrhla
l%shd;aul lsÍu
1928 j¾Ifha bkaÈhdfõ ish¨ mlaI iyNd.s lr .;a i¾jmdlaIsl iuq`Mjla
leòjd bkaÈhdjg .e<fmk jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
1929 j¾Ifha mQ¾K iajrdcH ixl,amh fyj;a bkaÈhdjg ksoyi ,nd .ekSu
cd;sl ix.ufha wruqK njg m;a fldg ta iòyd l%shd;aul ùu
1930 j¾Ifha rchg tfrysj isú,a kS;s lvlsÍfï jHdmdrhla ixúOdkh lsÍu
1942 j¾Ih jk úg zbx.%SiSka bkaÈhdfjka msg fjkqZ hk igka mdGh uq,a lr
f.k i;H.%yhla l%shd;aul lsÍu
1920 - 1947 w;r ld,h bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.ufha jvd;a l%shdYS,S wjêh
fõ' fï ld,fha cd;sl ix.uh muKla fkdj uq`M uy;a bkaÈhdkq ksoyia
igku uy;aud .dkaê;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hg;g m;aj ;snqKs' .dkaê;=udf.a u.
fmkaùu u; fuu ld, mßÉfþofha § i;H.%y meje;aùu" rchg iydh fkdoelaùu"
úfrdaO;d md.uka ixúOdkh yd isú,a kS;s lvlsÍu jeks wúysxidjd§ igka Wml%u
flfrys cd;sl ix.uh fhduq jQ nj oelsh yels h' fï ksid tu ix.uh jv
jvd;a bkaÈhdkq fmdÿ ck;djg ióm fjñka ful, bkaÈhdjg ksoyi Èkd .ekSfï
b,lalh fj; <`.d jQ nj o olakg ,efí'
uqia,sï ,S.h msysgqùu

bx.%SiSka úiska hg;a úð; md,kh lsÍfï § rgjeishka ;u md,khg
tfrysj tlai;a ùu je<elaùu iòyd ck;dj w;r fNao we;s lr md,kh lsÍfï
84
m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrk ,È' ta ta rgj, mj;sk m%foaYSh yd jd¾.sl fNao wkqj
ck;dj w;r fn§ï we;s l< úg nyq;rh rchg tfrys jk úg iq`M;rfha iydh
;ukag ,nd .; yels nj bx.%SiSyq oek isáhy'
bkaÈhdfõ nyq;r ck fldgi yskaÿ Nla;slhka jk w;r ie,lsh hq;=

bia,dï Nla;sl uqia,sï cd;slhka msßila o trg jdih lr;s' bkaÈhdkq cd;sl
ix.uh wdrïN l< wjêfha § trg isá yskaÿ" uqia,sï" W.;=ka fmdÿ .eg¨
lsysmhlg uqyqK § isá fyhska cd;sl jHdmdrh ;=< tlai;aj lghq;= l< njla
olakg ,efí' tfy;a cd;sl ix.uh l%shd;aul ùfï § yskaÿ ck;djg ;rï uqia,sï
ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï flfrys ie,ls,a,la fkdolajkafka hehs we;eï uqia,sï
kdhlfhda l,amkd l<y' cd;sl ix.uhg miqj tl;= jQ ;reK msßia ;=< kQ;k
ngysr ixialD;shg jvd merKs yskaÿ iNH;ajh wdOHd;añl jYfhka Wiia hehs
ms<s.;a lKavdhula o isáhy' fun`ÿ lreKq ksid uqia,sï ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï
Èkd.ekSug fjk u ixúOdkh úh hq;= hehs we;eï uqia,sï kdhlhka l,amkd
l< nj fmfka' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka w.dLdkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka 1906 j¾Ifha
foieïn¾ ui iuia; bkaÈhdkq uqia,sï ix.uh fyj;a uqia,sï ,S.h msysgqjk ,È'
wdrïNfha § uqia,sï ,S.hg bkaÈhdfõ uOHu mdka;sl uqia,sï W.;=kaf.a

iydh ,enqKs' bkaÈhdkq uqia,sï ck;djf.a y`v talrdYS fldg Tjqka ixúOdkh
lsÍu" isú,a fiajhg we;=`M ùug uqia,sï cd;slhkag we;s bvlv mq`M,a lr .ekSu"
jHjia:dodhl ksfhdackfha § Tjqkag m%udKj;a ksfhdackhla ,nd .ekSu wdÈh uq,a
ld,fha tu ix.ufha wruqK ù ;snqKs'
bx.%SiSka wkq.ukh l< Wmdh ud¾.
bkaÈhdj ì%;dkH n,hg hg;a lr .ekSfï § WmdhYS,sj lghq;= l<

whqßka u ksoyia igk wvmK lsÍu msKsi o fhdod .; yels iEu Wmdhla u bx.%SiSyq
fhdod .;ay' ck;dj ìh jeoa§ug fuka u ksoyia igk wvmK lsÍug o bx.%SiSka
nyq,j fhdod.;a Wmdh jQfha w;awvx.=jg f.k nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍuhs' fï ksid
bkaÈhdkqjka oyia .Kkska w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ w;r cd;sl ix.ï kdhlhkag o
tu brKug uqyqK§ug isÿ úh' nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la" uy;aud .dkaê" cjy¾ ,d,a
fkare jeks lemS fmfkk kdhlhka yeu fofkl= u úáka úg bx.%SiSka úiska
w;awvx.=jg f.k nkaOkd.dr .; lrk ,È' tn`ÿ l%shd igk wvmK ùug jvd
úfrdaO;d W.% ùug o fya;= úh' 1921 j¾Ifha iyfhda.s;d j¾ckh mej;s iufha §
thg kdhl;ajh ÿka tla kdhlfhl= jQ iS' wd¾' odia w;awvx.=jg .;a úg fnx.d,
;reKhka flf;la l=ms; ù o h;a ;uka w;a wvx.=jg .kakd f,i b,a,ñka oyia
.Kkska bÈßhg meñKs nj jd¾;d fõ' fï ksid w;awvx.=jg .ekSu ksoyia igk
wvmK lsÍfï Wmdhla jYfhka id¾:l fkdù h'
85
fnx.d,h fn§u
Bidk È. bkaÈhdfõ msysá

fnx.d,h 20 jk ishji wdrïN
jk úg bkaÈhdfõ mej;s úYd,;u
m<d; úh' fnx.d,h ;=< yskaÿ
ck;dj fuka u uqia,sï yd ;j;a iq`M
ck fldgia lsysmhla o Ôj;a úh'
N+ñ m%udKh w;ska úYd, m%foaYhla
jQ fnx.d,h ;=< ñ,shk .Kkla
ck;dj Ôj;a jQ fyhska md,k myiqj
;ld th m%foaY follg fnÈh hq;=
hehs bx.%Sis wdKavqj ;SrKh lf<a h'
fï ld,h jk úg bkaÈhdkq ksoyia
igfka lghq;= fnx.d,h ;=< irejg
jHdma; ù ;sìKs' tneúka ck j¾.
w;r fNao wjq`Mjd ksoyia igk ÿ¾j,
lsÍu msKsi bx.%SiSka fnx.d,h fn§ug
ierfi;ehs u;hla bkaÈhdkqjka ;=<
we;s úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka fnx.d,h fn§ug tfrysj m%n, Woaf>daIKhla l%shd;aul
flßK' tfy;a bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a woyia .ek ie,ls,a,la fkdoelajQ wdKavqj 1905 j¾Ifha §
fnx.d,h fnod fjka lf<a h'
w;awvx.=jg .ekSu yereKqúg fmd,Sish yd yuqodj fhdojd Woaf>daIK yd

/iaùï lvdlmam,a lsÍu" fjä ;eîu" mqj;am;a ;yku" uqøKd, iS,a ;eîu" hqoaO
kS;sh m%ldY lsÍu jeks Wml%u o úúO wjia:dj, bx.%SiSka úiska fhdod .kakd ,È'
bx.%SiSkag tfrysj iajfoaYslhka tluq;=j ke.S isàu je,elaùu iòyd cd;s fNao
weú<ùug o md,lfhda lghq;= l<y'
1905 j¾Ifha § fnx.d,h fn§u Bg tla WodyrKhls' yskaÿ ck;dj yd

uqia,sï ck;dj tluq;=j ke.S isáh fyd;a th ;ukag b;d u wjdisodhl hehs
l,amkd l< bx.%SiSyq uqia,sï cd;slhkag whs;sjdislï Èkd.ekSu iòyd Tjqkag fjk
u ixúOdkh ùug Èß ÿkay' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1906 j¾Ifha § uqia,sï ,S.h
ìys úh'
cd;sl igk wvmK lsÍfï ;j;a Wmdhla jQfha jHjia:d m%;sixialrK

,nd§uhs' n,OdÍka úiska úúO fldñiï m;a lsÍu" m%;sixialrK ms<snòj woyia
úuiSu" idlÉPd meje;aùu wdÈh fldf;l=;a isÿ lrk ,È' tfy;a ksoyia igfka
86
kdhlfhda tn`ÿ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKj,ska iEySulg m;a fkdjQy' cd;sl ix.uh
yeuúg u ;u b,lalh jQ iajrdcH ke;fyd;a mQ¾K iajrdcH hk wruqK ;=< /`§
isáñka ta iòyd ck;dj ixúOdkh lsÍug bÈßm;a úh' nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la jrla
zziajrdcHh hkq uf.a ckau Wreuhls' th uu ,nd .ksñZZ hehs m%ldY lf<a h'
ksoyi ms<snòj bkaÈhdkqjka ;=< mej;s wdl,amh fun`ÿ m%ldYj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
uy;aud .dkaê;=udf.a lghq;=
4'7 rEmh ¡ uy;aud .dkaê;=ud /iaùula wu;k wjia:djla
uy;aud .dkaê;=ud hkq bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka isá fY%aIaG;u kdhlhd

fõ' cd;s" wd.ï" l=," fNao fkdi,ld lghq;= l< t;=ud wúysxidjdoh w.h l<
;eke;af;ls' tfia u bkaÈhdkq ksoyia jHdmdrh wúysxidjd§ igkla njg m;a
lrk ,oafoa o .dkaê;=ud úisks' t;=ud wOHdmk lghq;=j,ska miq kS;s{fhl= njg
m;a ù ol=Kq wm%sldfõ fiajh fldg 1915 j¾Ifha § kej; ujqìug meñKsfha h'
bkaÈhdjg meñK .; jQ uq,a jir lsysmfha § .dkaê;=ud trg f.dú lïlre ck;dj
uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ úi`§ug ueÈy;a úh'
ìyd¾ m%dka;fha pïmrka Èia;%slalfha bkaäf.da j.d l< f.dú ck;djf.a

ÿla .ekú,sj,g ueÈy;a ù tajd úi`§ug .dkaê;=ud f.k .sh igk pïmrka jHdmdrh
87
4'8 rEmh ¡ oKaã md.uk
jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' tfia u .=crdgfha fÄvd
m%foaYfha jix.; frda. yd ksh`.h ksid nÿ
f.ùug fkdyelsj isá ck;djg iyk w;alr
§ug t;=ud f.k .sh igk fÄvd jHdmdrh
f,i ye`Èkafõ' uy;aud .dkaê;=udf.a Ôú;h
fun`ÿ wúysxidjd§ igka /ilska hqla; h'
1920 - 1947 ld,h ;=< uy;aud

.dkaê;=ud bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka
kdhlhd jYfhka l%shd lf<a h' tu ld,fha
§ i;H.%yh" rchg iydh fkdoelaùu isú,a
kS;s lvlsÍu" md .ukaj, fh§u" Wmjdi lsÍu
jeks wúysxidjd§ igka Wml%u /ila .dkaê;=ud
úiska bkaÈhdjg ksoyi ,nd .ekSu fjkqfjka
l%shd;aul lrk ,È' fuu igka Wml%u f,a
je.sÍï fyda m%pKav l%shdj,ska f;dr tajd úh' 4'9 rEmh ¡ uy;aud .dkaê;=ud
bkaÈhdfõ isá Okj;a msßig fuka u ÿmam;a ¨Kq tl;= lsÍu
f.dú lïlre ck;djg o b;d myiqfjka fuu
igkaj,g iïnkaO ùug yelshdj ,eìKs'
fï ksid .dkaê;=udf.a igkaj,g lsis ÿ fNaohlska f;drj ,laI ixLHd;

bkaÈhdkq ck;dj iyNd.s jQy' fï wkqj bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh yd idudkH
ck;dj w;r inò;dj f.dvk.k ,oafoa o .dkaê;=ud úisks'
88
uy;aud .dkaê ;=udf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka 1921 j¾Ifha § rchg úfrdaOh oelaùu
iòyd iyfhda.s;d j¾ckhla l%shd;aul l< wdldrh óg by; § meyeÈ,s flßK'
tys ;j;a bÈß mshjrla jYfhka 1930 j¾Ifha § .dkaê;=udf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka isú,a
kS;s lvlsÍfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN úh' bkaÈhdfõ ¨Kq ksIamdokhg b;d wvq uqo,la
jeh jqj;a rch wêl nÿ mkjd ¨Kq fjf<òdfuka úYd, ,dNhla ,eî h' isú,a kS;s
leãfï jHdmdrfha § rcfha ¨Kq iïnkaO kS;s lvd" úfrdaOh mEug .dkaê;=ud lghq;=
lf<a h' th oKaä md .uk jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
1930 j¾Ifha ud¾;= udifha § inru;S wdY%ufha isg oKaä fjr< olajd ie;mqï
400lska muK hq;= md.uk wdrïN úh' bx.%SiSkag nÿ fkdf.jd bkaÈhdkqjkag ¨Kq ,nd
.; yels nj fmkajQ fï md .uk w;sYhska u id¾:l jQ w;r tn`ÿ md .uka bkaÈhdj
mqrd u mej;=Ks' isú,a kS;s lv lrk w;r;=r u ì%;dkH frÈms<s yd uoHidr j¾ckhla
o l%shd;aul flßK' úfrdaO;d jHdmdr fya;=fjka bx.%SiSyq n,j;a ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK
ÿkay' fï ksid .dkaê;=ud we;=`M oyia .Kkla w;awvx.=jg .ekSug bx.%SiSyq l%shd
l<y' rg mqrd jHdma; jQ úfrdaO;d wjika jQfha .dkaê;=ud yd bkaÈhdkq m%;srdchd
w;r we;s jQ .súiqulsks' th 1931 j¾Ifha .dkaê - w¾úka .súiqu jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
.dkaê;=udf.a kdhl;ajfhka cd;sl ix.ufha iydh we;sj l%shd;aul jQ fun`ÿ

wúysxidjd§ igka iuia; Ndr;h mqrd u me;sreKq fyhska fmd,Sish fyda yuqodj
fhdojd tajd u¾okh lsÍu bx.%SiSkag ÿIalr úh' tfia u fujeks igka yd úfrdaO;d
u.ska ish¨ bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a ck u;h ksoyi keue;s W;=ï b,lalh jgd f.dkq lr
.ekSug .dkaê;=udg yelshdj ,enqKs'
bkaÈhdjg ksoyi ,eîu

1930 j¾Ifha § bkaÈhdkqjka l%shd;aul l< isú,a kS;s lvlsÍï jHdmdrh ksid
wdKavqj uy;a wmyiq;djg m;a úh' fï ksid wdKavqj yd ksoyia igfka kdhlhka w;r
jg fïi idlÉPd lsysmhla meje;ajqKs'
wk;=rej 1935 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka úiska
bkaÈhdjg kj wdKavq mk;la y`ÿkajd
fok ,È' tu mk; wkqj bkaÈhdkq
ksfhdað;hka o yjq,a lr .;a fmvr,a
jHQyhlska hq;= md,k l%uhla bkaÈhdjg
,enqKs' fuu md,k l%uhg cd;sl
ix.ufha mQ¾K tl`.;dj fkd,enqKq
kuq;a ta hgf;a meje;ajQ ue;sjrKj,g
tu ix.uh fuka u uqia,sï ,S.h o bÈßm;a
úh' 1937 j¾Ifha § mej;s ue;sjrKfhka
cd;sl ix.uhg m%dka; nyq;rhl n,h
,enqKq w;r ta ta m%dka; fjkqfjka weu;s
uKav, o m;a flreKs' jir folla muK 4'10 rEmh ¡ cjy¾,d,a fkare iy .dkaê;=ud
89
tu md,kh l%shd;aul jk úg 1939 § fojk f,dal
ix.%duh wdrïN úh' bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a u;h
fkdúuid bkaÈhdj hqoaOhg wEòd .ekSu .ek cd;sl
ix.uh úreoaO jQ neúka tys weu;sjre b,a,d wiajQy'
f,dal hqoaOfha § bx.%SiSkag bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a

iydh wjYH jQ neúka hqoaOh ksu jQ miq wNHka;r
md,k n,h bkaÈhdkqjkag mejfrk md,khla
msysgqjk njg bx.%SiSyq m%;s{d ÿkay' rgg ksoyi ,nd
§u fjkqjg msysgqjk fjk;a l=uk fyda md,khlg
cd;sl ix.uh úreoaO jQ ksid kej; úfrdaO;d wdrïN
úh' 1941 j¾Ifha § cmdkh hqoaOhg wj;S¾K ùu;a
iu. cmdkh bkaÈhdj wdl%uKh l<fyd;a ì%;dkHhg
tfrysj bkaÈhdkqjka wdl%uKslhkag iydh §ug bv
we;ehs bx.%SiSyq iel l<y' fï ksid ì%;dkH w.ue;s
úkaikaÜ p¾Ñ,a bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a b,a,Sï i,ld ne,Sug
leue;a; m%ldY lrñka úfYaI ksfhdað;fhl= jYfhka
4'11 rEmh ¡ fudfyduâ w,s ðkakd
iagem¾â l%smaia bkaÈhdjg tùug lghq;= lf<a h'
bkaÈhdkq kdhlhka l%smaiaf.a ¥; .uk m%;slafIam l< neúka tu.ska id¾:l m%;sM,
fkd,eìKs' fï jk úg fudfyduâ w,s ðkakdf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a uqia,sï ,S.h
uqia,sï ck;dj fjkqfjka mlsia:dkh hkqfjka fjk u rgla msysgqjd .ekSfï m%n,
jHdmdrhla f.k .sfha h' uy;aud .dkaê;=udf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka cd;sl ix.ufha
kdhlfhda bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdfjka msg fjkq hk igka mdGh hgf;a oeä úfrdaO;d
jHdmdrhla wdrïN l<y' thg m%;spdr jYfhka wdKavqj úiska cd;sl ix.uh kS;s
úfrdaê ixúOdkhla f,i m%ldY fldg tys kdhlhka w;awvx.=jg .kakd ,È'
1945 j¾Ih jk úg fojk f,dal ix.%duh ksudjg m;a úh' ì%;dkHfha

mej;s md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhka p¾Ñ,af.a wdKavqj mrdchg m;a ù lïlre
mlaIfha rchla n,hg m;a úh' fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïNfha isg bkaÈhdjg
ksoyi ,efnk f;la ld,h foi n,k úg bkaÈhdkq foaYmd,kfha lemS fmfkk
,laIK lsysmhla oelsh yels h'
bkaÈhdjg ksoyi b,a,d flfrk Woaf>daIK b;d ;shqKq uÜgulg meñKSu'

bkaÈhdj ;jÿrg;a hg;a úð;hla f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug fkdyels nj
ì%;dkHh úiska f;areï .ekSu'
ì%;dkH rch bkaÈhdkq kdhlhka yd idlÉPd lrñka ksoyi ,nd §u wjYH
lghq;= iQodkï lsÍu'
fudfyduâ w,sðkakdf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a uqia,sï ,S.h mlsia:dkh
hkqfjka fjk u rgla msysgqjd .ekSfï jHdmdrhla f.k hdu'
90
1945 j¾Ifha isg ì%;dkH ks,OdÍka yd bkaÈhdkq kdhlhka w;r §¾> f,i
mej;s idlÉPdj, m%;sM, jYfhka 1946 iema;eïn¾ ui bkaÈhdfõ ;djld,sl
wdKavqjla msysgqù h' bkaÈhdfõ wjika ì%;dkH m%;srdchd jYfhka meñKs
ujqkaÜnegka idñ bkaÈhdkqjkag n,h mjrd §fï lghq;= blauka lf<a h' ta wkqj
1947 j¾Ifha wf.daia;= 15 jk Èk isg bkaÈhdj ì%;dkH md,kfhka iïmQ¾Kfhka
u ksoyi ,enQ iajdëk rdcHhla njg m;a úh' trg ksoyi ,efnk wjêh jk úg
mej;s yskaÿ uqia,sï fNao fya;=fjka bkaÈhdj yd mlsia:dkh jYfhka rg folv
lsÍug isÿ úh' bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka lemS fmfkk kdhlfhl= jQ uõ,dkd wnq,a
l,dï widoa iòyka lr we;s mßÈ rg folv ùfuka fyda yskaÿ uqia,sï jYfhka
mej;s jd¾.sl fNao wjika fkdù h' bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igk foi n,k úg úYd,
wêrdcHhla f.dvk.d f.k isá ì%;dkH fiiq ñ;%cd;Skaf.a o iydh we;sj fojk
f,dal hqoaOfha § c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾f.a taldêm;sjdoh mrdch lsÍug iu;a jqj;a
bkaÈhdfõ uy;aud .dkaêf.a wúysxidjdoh mrdch lsÍug iu;a fkdjQ nj fmfka'
4'4 bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka lemS fmfkk kdhlfhda
ovdndhs kUfrdað
1825 j¾Ifha § fndïndfha Wm;
,enQ ovdndhs kUfrdað wOHdmk lghq;=j,ska
miqj fndïndfha t,amskaiagka wdh;kfha
.Ks;h ms<snò uydpd¾hjrfhl= f,i
lghq;= lf<a h' miqj ,kavka k.rh n,d
.sh fyf;u bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól
;;ajh wdÈh .ek tx.,ka; ck;dj oekqïj;a
lsÍug lem ù l%shd lf<a h' bkaÈhdkq cd;sl
ix.uh msysgqùfï mqfrda.dñfhl= jYfhka
lghq;= l< kUfrdað wjia:d lsysmhl § u
tys iNdm;s ;k;=rg o m;a úh' uOHia:
u;Odßfhl= jQ Tyq bkaÈhdfõ wd¾Ól ksoyi
.ek úfYaI Wkkaÿjla oelaù h' bx.%SiSkaf.a
wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ksid bkaÈhdj Èfkka Èk
ÿmam;a rgla njg m;a jk wdldrh uq,ska
u meyeÈ,s l< kdhlfhl= yeáhg o kUfrdað m%isoaêhla Wiq,hs' bkaoshdkq
ksoyia jHdmdrh ;=< isá jvd;a merKs kdhlfhl= fuka u nqoaêuf;l= jk Tyq
bkaÈhdfõ ziïNdjkSh uy,a,dZ hk wkaj¾: kdufhka o m%lg h'
91
f,dalaudkH ;s,la hk f.!rj kdufhka ye`Èkafjk nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la
bkaÈhdkq ksoyia jHdmdrh igkaldó udj;lg fhduq l< kdhlhka w;r lemS
fmfkk wfhls' iajrdcH hkq uf.a ckau Wreuhla hehs m%ldY l< fyf;u
iajrdcH ,nd .ekSu fjkqfjka ck;dj oekqïj;a lsÍug lem úh'
fï ksid wjia:d lsysmhl § u nkaOkd.dr .;ùug o Tyqg isÿ úh' wdKavqj

fm;aiï heùu" n,OdÍka iu. idlÉPd meje;aùu" bx.%SiSka bÈßfha ne.Em;a ùu"
b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSug m%udKj;a ke;ehs f,dalaudkH ;s,la úYajdi lf<a h' ksoyi
Èkd .ekSug kï bkaÈhdkqjka tlai;a ù fkdkj;sk wr.,hl ksr; úh hq;= nj
Tyqf.a woyi úh' igkaldó;ajh w.h l< kuq;a fyf;u ysxidj ms<sl=,a lf<a
h' nd,a .x.dOd¾ ;s,la hkq bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka § l=uk ndOl bÈßfha jqj;a
m¾j;hla fuka fkdie,S isá kdhlfhls'
uy;aud .dkaê
1869 j¾Ifha § Wm; ,enQ fudykaodia lrïpkaoa

.dkaê fyj;a uy;aud .dkaê;=ud ;u mdi,a wOHdmkh
ksu lsÍfuka miq jeäÿr wOHdmkh iòyd tx.,ka;h
n,d msg;aj .sfha h' tys § kS;s úNd.h iïmQ¾K l<
t;=ud ol=Kq wm%sldjg f.dia kS;s{fhl= jYfhka fiajh
lf<a h' ol=Kq wm%sldjg meñK isá hqfrdamshka tys
n,h b,a,df.k j¾KfNaojdoh fhdod .ksñka l`M
cd;slhkag my;a wkaoñka i,lk wdldrh .dkaê;=udg
oel .ekSug ,enqKs' tl, ÿïßh ueÈßj, mjd we;eï
ueÈß l`M cd;slhkag ;ykï lr ;sìK' tn`ÿ ueÈßhl
.uka lrñka isáh § .dkaê;=udj o tu ueÈßfhka bj;a
lr we;' .dkaê;=ud ol=Kq wm%sldfõ isá ld,fha § u
fun`ÿ widOdrKlïj,g tfrysj ck;dj ixúOdkh
lsÍug lghq;= lr ;sfí'
1915 j¾Ifha § kej; bkaÈhdjg meñKs .dkaê;=ud trg ksoyia jHdmdrhg

tl;= úh' .dkaê;=ud bkaÈhdjg meñKs uq,a ld,fha § trg f.dú lïlre ck;dj
uqyqKÿka .eg¨j,g ueÈy;a ù lghq;= lf<a h' t;=udf.a ueÈy;aùï bkaÈhdfõ isá
idudkH ck;dj ksoyia jHdmdrh jgd frdla ùug fya;= úh' .dkaê;=ud ksoyia
igkg tl;= ùfuka miq bx.%SiSkag fyda Tjqkag ys;j;a whg ysxid lsÍfuka f;drj
wúysxidjd§ l%u u.ska ksoyia igk fufyhjk yeá ck;djg fmkajd ÿkafka h'
93
i;H.%yh" rchg iydh fkdoelaùu" isú,a kS;s lv lsÍu" md .uka ixúOdkh
t;=ud Ndú; l< tn`ÿ wúysxidjd§ igka Wml%u fõ' cd;s" wd.ï" l=," ÿmam;a"
fmdfydi;a wd§ fNaoj,ska f;drj ish¨ bkaÈhdkqjkag fuu igkaj,g iyNd.s úh
yels úh' fï ksid bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igk fmdÿ ck;djf.a igkla njg m;a l<
kdhlhd uy;aud .dkaê;=ud fõ'
tjlg bkaÈhdfõ mej;s cd;s" fNao" l=, fNao wdÈh fkdi,ld lghq;= l<
.dkaê;=ud ish¨ bkaÈhdkqjkag iudk whs;sjdislï ysñ úh hq;= nj úYajdi lf<a h'
b;d u ksy;udkS ;eke;af;l= jQ fyf;u fndfyda ir, wdo¾Yj;a Ôú;hla .;
lf<a h' bkaÈhdkqjka trg ksIamdok w.h l< hq;= nj m%ldY l< .dkaê;=ud ;ud
u lmq frÈ úùfuka yd tn`ÿ frÈ ms<s Ndú;fhka bkaÈhdkqjkag wdo¾Yhla ,nd
ÿKs' lmqleàu" l=, fNaoh fkdie,lSu" uoHidr j¾ckh" yskaÿ uqia,sï iu.sh"
ldka;djkag iu whs;sh ,nd §u .dkaê;=udf.a o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK úh'
tu lreKq bkaÈhdfõ ÈhqKqjg fya;= jkq we;ehs .dkaê;=ud woyia lf<a h'
ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka bkaÈhdj ksoyia lr .ekSfï igfka kdhlhd f,i

lghq;= l< t;=ud ish¨ bkaÈhdkqjkaf.a f.!rj wdorhg ,la jQ wfhls' wúysxidjd§
igk ksid .dkaê;=ud iuia; f,dal ck;dj w;r u m%isoaêhg m;a úh' bkaÈhdfõ
§ fl;rï ld¾h nyq, Ôú;hla .; l< kuq;a 1927 j¾Ifha § uy;aud .dkaê;=ud
Y%S ,xldjg o meñKsfha h' i;s ;=kl muK ld,hla furg /§ isá t;=ud fld<U"
l`M;r" .d,a," uykqjr" hdmkh wd§ ia:dkj,g f.dia uy ck;dj wu;d l:d lf<a
h' t;=ud .sh furg iEu ia:dkhl u WKqiqï ms<s.ekSula ,enqKs'
ujq,dkd wnq,a l,dï widoa
1888 j¾Ifha § Wm; ,enQ uõ,dkd wnq,a l,dï

widoa <ud wjêfha § jhig jvd uqyql=rd .sh oekqula iys;
YsIHfhl= úh' bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh ;=< isá lemS fmfkk
uqia,sï kdhlfhl= jk t;=ud yskaÿ uqia,sï iu.sh ;=<ska tlai;a
bkaÈhdjla ìys lsÍug lem jQ kdhlfhls' ;reK wjêfha §
u t;=ud mqj;am;a iÕrd wdÈhg ,sms imhñka olaI f,aLlfhl=
njg m;a úh' wk;=rej t;=ud w,ays,d,a kñka mqj;am;la
wdrïN lf<a h' th uqia,sï ck;dj w;r ckm%sh úh'
ujq,dkd wnq,a l,dï widoa ;=ud bkaÈhdkq cd;sl

ix.uhg iïnkaO ùfuka miq ksoyia igk fjkqfjka uy;a
lemùfuka fiajh lf<a h' fï ksid jir 8la tu ix.ufha
94
iNdm;s jYfhka lghq;= lsÍfï b;d ÿ¾,N wjia:djla t;=udg ,enqKs' cd;sl
ix.ufha ish¨ kdhlhkaf.a f.!rjh Èkd .;a t;=ud uy;aud .dkaê;=udf.a o
ióm;u ñ;=frl= úh' .dkaê;=ud fufyhjQ iEu Woaf>daIKhlg u t;=udf.a iydh
,enqKs' cd;sl ix.ufha kdhlhka w;r úúO u; .egqï we;s jQ wjia:dj, mjd
tajd iukh lrñka ksoyia igk bÈßhg fufyhùug fyf;u lghq;= lf<a h'
bkaÈhdjg ksoyi ,eîug wdikak ld,fha § n,OdÍka iu. úúO

idlÉPdj,g iyNd.s fjñka o bkaÈhdfõ úúO m%foaYj, ixpdrh fldg ck;dj
ikaiqka lrjñka o bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka § t;=ud úYsIag fiajhla isÿ lf<a h'
cjy¾,d,a fkare
1889 j¾Ifha § w,yndoays Wm; ,enQ

cjy¾,d,a fkare uQ,sl wOHdmkfhka miq
tx.,ka;hg f.dia jeäÿr wOHdmkh ,nd kS;s{fhl=
njg m;a úh' wdmiq bkaÈhdjg meñKSfuka miq
Tyq bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uhg tl;= ù ksoyia
igfka kdhlfhl= jYfhka lghq;= lf<a h' fkare
nqoaêuf;l= fuka u cd;sl ix.uh ;=< isá olaI
ixúOdhlfhla o fõ' bkaÈhdj ksoyi ,eîfuka miq
w.ue;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= lrñka fyf;u kQ;k
bkaÈhdj f.dvke.Sug úYd, fiajhla isÿ lf<a h'
Tyq .%ka: lsysmhl l;=jrfhl= jk w;r fkare rpkd
l< f,dal b;sydih isysjgk kï lD;sh NdId
lsysmhlg u ke.+ .%ka:hls' bkaÈhdfõ w.ue;sKshl
jQ bkaÈrd .dkaê uy;añh cjy¾,d,a fkare ;=udf.a
ÈhKshls'
95
l%shdldrlu
uy;aud .dkaê" ovdndhs kUfrdað" ujq,dkd" wnq,a
l,dï widoa" iqf¾kaøkd;a nek¾ð" cjy¾,d¾ fkare
hk kdhlhka ms<snò f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'
l%shdldrlu
bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ksoyia igfka wjia:d
lsysmhla my; oelafõ' ta ta wjia:d yd
thska ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y ms<snò Tfí
wNHdi fmdf;a igyka lr .kak'
1' tluq;=lfï wjYH;dj yd cd;sl ix.uh msysgqùu
2' iajfoaYSh jHdmdrh
3' wúysxidjd§ igka
4' fkdmiqngj wruqKq lrd <`.dùu
5' iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lr ksoyi ,nd .ekSu
96
05 Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK
yd cd;sl ksoyia jHdmdrh
ye`Èkaùu
ì%;dkHhka 1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu;a
iu. tf;la furg mej;s rdcdKavq md,k l%uh ìò jegqKs' t;eka
isg 1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldj ksoyi Èkd .kakd f;la jir 133l
ld,hla ì%;dkHfhda furg md,kh l<y'
,dxlslhka fkdlvjd f.k.sh Woaf>daIK fya;=fjka jßka jr
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ,nd§ug ì%;dkH md,lhkag isÿ úh' tu
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKj,ska iajfoaYslhkag mejrE n,h ms<snòj
iEySulg m;a fkdjQ ,dxlslfhda wLKavj Woaf>daIK jHdmdr Èh;a
l<y' 1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldjg h<s ksoyi Èkd .; yels jQfha tu
Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM, jYfhks' ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg mej;s
foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK iy wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKj, iajrEmh wdÈh
ms<snòj fuu mßÉfþofha § wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
97
5'1 -flda,anDDla -¡ leurka m%;sixialrK 1833
1815 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu;a iu. iuia;

Èjhsk u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a úh' t;eka isg ì%;dkHhka furg md,k
lghq;= f.k hdfï § Wvrg yd my; rg m%foaY fjka fjkaj md,kh lsÍu;a"
ì%;dkHfhka meñKs ks,Odßkaf.a jegqma yd myiqlï fjkqfjka úYd, jeh nrla
±Íug isÿ ùu;a" wdÈh ksid 1828 j¾Ih muK jk úg rcfha wdodhug jvd jeh mlaIh
YS>%fhka by< .sfha h' fï ksid furg wdKavqfõ úhoï mshjd .ekSug ì%;dkH uõ
wdKavqfõ uqo,a fhoúh hq;= ;;ajhla Woa.;j ;snqKs' tfy;a hg;a úð;j, lghq;=
fjkqfjka uõ wdKavqfõ uqo,a jeh lsÍu fï jk úg ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;sh fkdù h'
tneúka ,xldjg meñK furg wdodhï yd úhoï ;;ajh fidhd n,d md,k l%ufha
ÿ¾j,;d wOHhkh fldg wjYH m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍu iòyd hg;a úð; Ndr
f,alïjrhd úiska úfYaI fldñIka iNdjla m;a lrk ,È' ví' tï' Ô' flda,anDDla
uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;=j m;a flreKq tu fldñiu flda,anDDla fldñiu
f,i ye`Èkafõ' flda,anDDla uy;dg wd¾Ól yd md,k lghq;= fidhd ne,Sfï j.lSu
mejreKs' furg wêlrK lghq;= mÍlaId fldg wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu iòyd
pd,aia fya leurka keue;a;d miqj m;a flßK'
flda,anDDla fldñifuys úu¾Ykhg ,la jQ lafIa;%
rcfha wdodhï ud¾. yd úhoï lghq;="- ví' tï' Ô' flda,anDDla

wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurka
flda,anDDla yd leurka hk fofokd furgg meñK ,xldfõ md,k l%uh

yd wêlrK lafIa;%h .ek lreKq msßlaid we;eï ,dxlslhkaf.a o woyia úuid n,d
;u ks¾foaY we;=<;a fhdackdj,shla bÈßm;a l<y' 1833 j¾Ifhaa isg l%shd;aul jQ
th flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK

jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'
Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaY taldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u'
mßmd,k lghq;= iòyd uq`M rg m<d;a mylg fn§u'
wksjd¾h rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu'
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh mq`M,a lsÍu'
ó<`.g wms by; iòyka ,laIK tlska tl f.k ixlaIsma;j lreKq úuid
n,uq'
98
jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu
flda,anDDla fldñiu furgg meñfKk úg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd

fj; jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl yd wêlrK n,;, talrdYS ù ;snqKs' fuu ;;ajh
flda,anDDlaf.a úu;shg fya;= jQ w;r wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍfï wruqK
we;sj fyf;u jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùug fhdackd lf<a h'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
flda,anDDla fhdackd wkqj kS;s iïmdokh iòyd msysgqjk ,o jHjia:dodhl

iNdj idudðlhka 15lska hqla; úh' Tjqka ks, ,;a yd ks, fkd,;a jYfhka
fldgia follg fnod ;snqKs' ta wkqj ks, ,;a idudðlhka ixLHdj kjhla jQ
w;r Tjqyq ks, n,fhka f;aÍ m;a jQ rcfha Wiia ks,OdÍka jQy' ks, fkd,;a
idudðlhka yhla isá w;r Tjqka ck jd¾.sl moku hgf;a wdKavqldrjrhd úiska
kdulrKfhka m;a lrk ,È' ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda hqfrdamSh ksfhdað;hka
;sfofkl=f.ka o isxy," øúO" n¾.¾ hk tla tla ck fldgia fjkqfjka f;dard.;a
ksfhdað;hka ;sfofkl=f.ka o iukaú; jQy' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ uq,iqk
wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñ úh' flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska tla tla ck j¾. mokï
lrf.k jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ksfhdað;hka f;dard .ekSug y`ÿkajd ÿka jd¾.sl
ksfhdack l%uh miq ld,fha § furg ck j¾. w;r fNao we;s ùug fya;= jQfha hehs
ms<s.efka'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj -1833
15
ks, ,;a ks,

09 fkd,;a
06
hqfrdamSh isxy, øúv n¾.¾

03 01 01 01
99
1833 j¾Ifha msysgq jQ jHjia:dodhl iNdj jßka jr m%;sixialrKhg
,la fjñka ,dxlslhka w;g ,enqK n,;, m%udKh jeä ù ta ;=<ska wkd.;fha
md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla lrd hdug moku jegqKs' fï ksid flda,anDDla
wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdj y`ÿkajd§u furg foaYmd,k l%ufhys
jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
úOdhl iNdj
flda,anDDla fhdackdj,g wkqj msysgqjk ,o úOdhl iNdj wdKavqldrjrhd yd

rcfha ñkqïm;s jeks rcfha by< ks,Odßka msßilf.ka iukaú; úh' wdKavqldrjrhd
fuys uQ,dikh ±Í h' rfÜ ish¨ mßmd,k yd uQ,H lreKq iïnkaOfhka
wdKavqldrjrhd fuu iNdfõ woyia úuiSu wjYH úh'
Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaY taldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u
1815 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSfuka miq Wvrg

yd my;rg m%foaY fjka fjkaj md,kh lsÍfï l%uhla wkq.ukh lf<a h' fuu
l%uh rcfha úhoï by< hdug fya;= ù we;s nj fmkajd foñka tu m%foaY taldnoaO
fldg talSh md,k l%uhla we;s lsÍug flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h'
mßmd,k lghq;= iòyd uq`M rg u m<d;a mylg fn§u
1833 j¾Ih f;la mßmd,k lghq;= iòyd ,xldj m<d;a /ilg fnod
;snqKs' fufia m<d;a ixLHdj jeä ùu ksid ks,OdÍka yd Tjqkaf.a myiqlï wdÈhg
úYd, uqo,la ±Íug isÿ ùfuka rcfha úhoï by< hk nj fmkajd ÿka flda,anDDla
úhoï wvq lsÍu msKsi mßmd,k m%foaY mylg fnod ta ta m<d;a iòyd md,k
uOHia:dk myla msysgqùug fhdackd lf<a h' tu m<d;a Ndrj lghq;= lsÍug rcfha
tacka;jrfhl= ne.ska m;a lsÍug o ;SrKh flßK'
flda,anDDla fhdackd l< m<d;a yd tajdfha md,k uOHia:dk
m<d; mßmd,k uOHia:dk
W;=re m<d; hdmkh

ol=Kq m<d; .d,a,
kef.kysr m<d; ;%sl=Kdu,h
niakdysr m<d; fld<U
uOHu m<d; uykqjr
100
wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu
rfÜ isá jeäysá msßñ ish¨ fokd u wjqreoaog kshñ; Èk .Kkla rchg
fkdñf,a fiajd iemhSu wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh f,i ye`Èkafõ' w;S;fha §
rdcHfha fmdÿ lghq;= iòyd rgjeishkaf.a Y%uh ,nd .ekSug fuu rdcldÍ l%uh
fhdod .;ay' Tjqka Ôj;a jQ .ïudkj, jeõ wuqKq" we<fõ,s" mdrj,a m%;sixialrKh
lsÍu jeks fmdÿ ld¾hka fï hgf;a isÿ flßK' uqo,a f.ùulska f;drj ,nd .;a
fuu fiajdj ñksiqkaf.a ksoyig fuka u ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla nj fmkajQ flda,anDDla
tu l%uh wj,x.= lsÍug ks¾foaY lf<a h'
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍu
flda,anDDla meñKs wjêh jk úg wdKavqfõ úhoï by< hdug ;=vq ÿka

m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha furg mßmd,k lghq;=j,g wjYH ks,OdÍka hqfrdamfhka
f.kaùuhs' Tjqkaf.a jegqma" kjd;eka myiqlï yd fjk;a fiajd ,nd §ug rchg
úYd, uqo,la jeh úh' fï ksid rcfha úhoï wvq lsÍug kï úfoaY ks,OdÍka
fjkqjg foaYSh ks,OdÍka fhdod .; hq;= hehs flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h' ta iòyd
bx.%Sis wOHdmkh mq`M,a lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;=j ;snqKs' iajfoaYSlhka w;r isá uqo,a
f.jd wOHdmkh ,nd .; yels msßig bx.%Sis udOHfhka fydò wOHdmkhla ,nd
§fuka wdKavqfõ lghq;=j,g wjYH ks,OdÍka imhd .; yels fj;ehs flda,anDDla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'
5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK
1833 j¾Ifha flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul ùfuka miqj tu wdKavq

l%ufha hï hï fjkialï we;s lr .ekSu iòyd Woaf>daIKhla uq,ajrg wdrïN
lrk ,oafoa furg isá hqfrdamShka úisks' fulS hqfrdamShka j;= j.d lghq;=
iòyd ,xldjg meñK Wvrg m%foaYj, jeú,s lghq;=j, ksr; jQ Okj;a;= fj;s'
Tjqkaf.a j;= msysá m%foaYj,g ud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq lr .ekSu" ;eme,a yd mKsúv
yqjudre myiqlï we;s lr .ekSu yd j;=lrhg wjYH fjk;a myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu
fjkqfjka jHjia:dodhlh u.ska uqo,a fjka lr .ekSfï wjYH;djla fï jk úg
u;=j ;snqKs' fuu hqfrdamSh m%cdj ksfhdackh lsÍug jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ks,
fkd,;a ksfhdað;hka ;sfofkl= m;a lr isá nj óg fmr iòyka flßK' tfy;a
jHjia:dodhlfha ks, fkd,;a msßig jvd ks, ,;a ks,OdÍka nyq;rhla ùu;a
tu iNdjg ,eî ;snQ n,;, m%udKj;a fkdùu;a ksid Tjqyq Woaf>daIK wdrïN
l<y' fuu Woaf>daIK f.k hdug 1865 j¾Ifha § Tjqka úiska ,xld ix.uh kï
ixúOdkhla msysgqjk ,È' ú,shï ä.aì" fcda¾Ê fjda,a jeks wh tu Woaf>daIKj,
lemS fmfkk kdhlfhda jQy'
101
flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miq furg j;= j.dj ÈhqKq ùu;a" wdkhk
wmkhk wd¾Ólhla ìys ùu;a ksid ,dxlslhkag o hï hï jHdmdr lghq;=j,
ksr; ùfuka uqo,a Wmhd .ekSug wjia:dj ,enqKs' ì%;dkH md,k iufha § jeú,s
lghq;=" f;d. yd is,a,r fjf<òdu" ñksrka l¾udka;h wd§ jHdmdr lghq;=j,
fh§fuka uqo,a Wmhd .;a ,dxlsl msßila ìys jQy' tfia ìys jQ ,dxlsl Okj;=ka ;u
¥ orejkag furg § fuka u úfoaY rgj,g heùfuka o Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd §u
ksid bx.%Sis W.;a uOHu mdka;sl msßila ìys jQy' 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha § tu
msßi wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,d Woaf>daIK lsÍug fm<ôK' th ,dxlslhkaf.a
foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj, wdrïNh f,i ie,fla'
W.;a ,dxlsl uOHu mka;sh w;ßka uq,a ld,fha § foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj,g

kdhl;ajh ÿka msßi w;r fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka" fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï"
i¾ fÊïia mSßia" tÉ' Ô' iS' fmfrhsrd jeks wh úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fufia
W.;a ,dxlslhkaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka Woaf>daIK fufyhùug uq,a ld,fha msysgq jQ
ixúOdk w;r my;rg ksIamdok ix.uh" y,dj; ix.uh" hdmk ix.uh lemS
fmfkk ixúOdk lsysmhls'
W.;a ,dxlslhka w;ßka wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhl wjYH;dj ms<snòj

§¾>j lreKq meyeÈ,s lrñka 1908 j¾Ifha § uq,ajrg úêu;a ikafoaYhla hg;a
úð; Ndr f,alïjrhd fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa i¾ fÊïia mSßia uy;d úisks'
bka wk;=rej úúO ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka úiska o ;j;a tn`ÿ fm;aiï /ila o
bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tu fm;aiï u.ska ,dxlslhka bÈßm;a l< m%;sixialrK fhdackd
lsysmhla fufia h'
jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks, fkd,;a idudðlhka msßi jeä lsÍu

jHjia:dodhl iNdjg Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka f;aÍu
jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lsÍu
5'3 lDDõ- - uel,ï wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1910
1910 j¾Ih jk úg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrOqrh ±rE fykaß uel,ï

wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks¾foaY mokï fldgf.k hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï lDDõ idñjrhd
úiska 1910 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ udifha § kj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla furgg
,nd fok ,È' th lDDõ-uel,ï wdKavql%uh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' fuu wdKavql%uh
hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 21 olajd jeä lr ;snqKs' ks, ,;a
msßi 11 fofkl= jQ w;r 10 fofkla ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' tlS ks,
fkd,;a idudðlhka 10 fokd jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%ufhka yh fofkl= o iSñ;
Pkao n,fhka y;r fofkl= o ^hqfrdamSh fofofkla o n¾.¾ tla wfhl= yd W.;a
,dxlslhka tla wfhl=& jYfhka m;a flßK'
102
lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1910
ks, ,;a ks, fkd,;a

11 10
Pkao n,fhka kdulrKfhka

04 ^jd¾.sl& 06
hqfrdamShka n¾.¾ W.;a ,dxlsl

02 01 01
by; igyk foi n,k úg

jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ksfhdað;hka f;dard
.ekSfï § Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka
f;dard .ekSug bv ,eîu;a W.;a ,dxlslhka
fjkqfjka tla ksfhdað;fhla f;dard .ekSug
wjia:dj i,id § ;sîu;a fuu m%;sixialrKfha
lemS fmfkk ,laIK fõ'
W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka

ksfhdað;fhl= f;dard m;a lr .ekSu ksid
furg uOHu mka;shg jHjia:dodhl iNdj
ksfhdackh lsÍug bv ,enqKs' fuu Oqrh
iòyd uq,ajrg m;a jQfha fmdkakïn,ï
rdukdoka uy;d h'
5'4 ,xld cd;sl ix.uh
lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u

m%;sixialrKhg fmr b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lsÍfï
§ úúO ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka hg;a úð;
Ndr f,alïjrhdg fjka fjkaj fm;aiï
hejQ wdldrh by; iòyka flßK' l=vd l=vd 5'1 rEmh ¡ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï
uy;d
103
ixúOdk jYfhka fm;aiï heùfuka hg;a úð; md,lhkag n,mEï l< fkdyels
nj;a ,dxlslhka tl;= ù Yla;su;a y`vla ke.Sug kï ish¨ fokdf.aa iyfhda.h
,efnk fmdÿ ixúOdkhla msysgqúh hq;= nj;a uOHu mdka;slfhda f;areï .;ay'
bkaÈhdkqjka bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjd tlai;aj lghq;= l< wdldrh fuys
§ ,dxlsl W.;=kag o wdo¾Yhla úh' 1919 j¾Ifha § ,xld cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjQfha
tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' tjlg wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK Woaf>daIK jHdmdrfha lemS
fmfkk kdhlfhl= jQ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha
m%:u iNdm;s ;k;=rg m;a úh'
y,dj;
ix.uh
,xld cd;sl
,xld
hdmk cd;s l ,xld
ix.uh m%;sixialrK
ix.uh ix.uh
ix.uh
,xld cd;sl
ixúOdkh
,xld cd;sl ix.uhg tla jQ l=vd ixúOdk lsysmhla by; ±lafõ'
isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jeks furg jd¾.sl ck fldgia ksfhdackh l<

ixúOdk /ila ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jYfhka fmdÿ wruqKla fjkqfjka tlg
tl;= ùu furg foaYmd,k b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i fmkakqï l<
yels h'
,dxlslhka w;g foaYmd,k n,;, ,nd .ekSu iòyd Yla;su;a Woaf>daIK
jHdmdrhla Èh;a lsÍu ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha m%Odk wruqK úh' fï wkqj bÈß
m%;sixialrKj, § jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ,dxlsl idudðlhka ixLHdj jeä lr
.ekSu" tys n,;, jeä lr .ekSu" Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka nyq;rhla f;dard
.ekSug wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu" foaYSh kdhlhkag md,k lghq;=j,g jeä jeäfhka
iïnkaO ùug wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu jeks wruqKq ta w;r lemS fmkqKs'
104
fuu wdKavql%uh wkqj jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks, ,;a msßig jvd ks,
fkd,;a msßi jeä jQ nj neÆ ne,aug fmfkk kuq;a ;SrKd;aul Pkao úuiSul §
ks, ,;a ody;r fokdg kdulrKfhka m;a jQ y;a fokd o tla jk neúka" Pkaofhka
m;a jQ oyih fokdg jvd jeä Pkaohla wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñj ;sìK'
5'6 1924 ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh
1920 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka ,dxlslhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq fkdjqKs'

fï ksid ,xld cd;sl ix.uh fuu m%;sixialrKhg úreoaO úh' fuu ix.uh 1920¡
m%;sixialrKh hgf;a meje;afjk ue;sjrKh j¾ckh lsÍug;a ieriqKs' fï jk úg
bkaÈhdfõ bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj m%n, Woaf>daIKhla isÿ fjñka mej;=Ks' ,xldfõ
o tn`ÿ ;;ajhla we;s fj;ehs bx.%SiSyq ìh jQy' tneúka 1920 ¡ m%;sixialrKh ms<sf.k
lghq;= lrkafka kï b;d flál,lska kej; m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok njg ueksx
wdKavqldrjrhd ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 1924 ¡ j¾Ifha § kej; jrla
wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,nd §u isÿ jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' ú,shï ueksx
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks¾foaYh u; hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï fvfjdkaIh¾ úiska ilia
lrk ,o fuu m%;sixialrKh ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
ueksx ¡ fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNd-

fõ idudðl ixLHdj 49 olajd jeä flßK' 12 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka jQ w;r
37la ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' ks, fkd,;a idudðlhkaf.ka 29 fofkl= Pkao
n,fhka m;a flreK w;r wg fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhd kdulrKfhka m;a lf<a h'
Pkao n,fhka m;a flreK 29 fokdf.ka 23 fofkl= m<d;ano Pkao fldÜGdi l%uh
hgf;a o yh fofkl= jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a o m;a flßK'
ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh --1924
jHjia:dodhl iNdj
49
ks, ,;a ks, fkd,;a

12 37
Pkaofhka kï lsÍfuka
29 08
m<d;ano Pkaofhka ck jd¾.sl mokfuka

23 06
106
fuu m%;sixialrKh hgf;a ks, ,;a idudðlhka 12 fokd yd kdulrKfhka
m;a l< 8 fokd tl;= jqj;a" Pkaofhka m;a jQ 29 fokdg jvd th iq`M;rhla úh'
tneúka jHjia:dodhl iNdj ;=< wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd; nyq;r Pkaohla fkdù
h' fï ksid wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul ùfï § wdKavqldrjrhd wiSre ;;ajhlg m;a úh'
1920 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka fuka u 1924 ¡ m%;sixialrKh hgf;a

o jHjia:dodhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;aÍfï § Pkao odhlfhl= ùug wjYH iqÿiqlï
.ek ,dxlslhka ;=< wm%idohla mej;=Ks' Pkao odhlfhl= ùug lsishï NdIdjla
,sùug fyda lshùug yels ùu;a foam< fyda wdodhï ysñldß;ajhla ;sîu;a wjYH
úh' tneúka furg isá Pkao odhlhka ixLHdj iSud ù ;snqKs'
5'7 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - 1931
ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ nyq;r wdik

ixLHdjlaa ,dxlslhkag ,eîu ksid wdKavqldrjrhdg WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= lsÍug
isÿ úh' fuu ;;ajh furg wdKavqldrjreka úiska hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïjrhdg
±kqï §u ksid ,xldjg meñK ;;ajh fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug
1927 j¾Ifha § fvdkfuda¾ fldñiï iNdj m;a flßK' fvdkfuda¾ idñjrhdf.a
iNdm;s;ajfhka m;a jQ fuu fldñiu ,xldjg meñK ,dxlslhkaf.a idlaIh ,nd
f.k mq`M,a úu¾Ykhla isÿ fldg ;u ks¾foaYh bÈßm;a lr we;' tu ks¾foaYh
mokï lr .;a m%;sixialrK 1931 isg l%shd;aul flreK w;r th fvdkfuda¾
wdKavql%uh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
ó<`.g wms fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK fhdackd lsysmhla fjka fjkaj f.k

i,ld n,uq'
rdcH uka;%K iNdjla msysgqùu
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ jHjia:dodhl iNdj rdcH

uka;%K iNdj kñka ye`Èkaù h' tys idudðlhka ixLHdj 61ls' 50 fofkl= Pkao
fldÜGdi wkqj uyck Pkaofhka f;dard .;a w;r ksfhdackhla fkd,enQ iq`M
cd;Ska fjkqfjka wdKavqldrjrhdf.a kdulrKfhka wg fofkl= m;a flßKs'
rdcH ks,OdÍka f,i ye`ÈkajQ b;sß ;sfokd rdcH f,alï" uqo,a f,alï" kS;s f,alï
jYfhka lghq;= l< wh fõ'
107
fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK hgf;a rdcH uka;%K iNdj
61
m<d;ano Pkao rdcH ks,Odßka wdKavqldrjrhd kï l<

fldÜGdij,ska 03 08
50
rdcH f,alï
uqo,a f,alï
kS;s f,alï
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uq,iqk ysñ jQfha tys idudðlhkaf.a Pkaofhka f;dard
.;a l:dkdhljrhdg h' ta wkqj fuys m%:u l:dkdhl Oqrhg ta' t*a' fud,uqf¾
uy;d m;a úh' rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ks, ld,h wjqreÿ myls'
i¾jck Pkao n,h m%odkh lsÍu
1910 lDDõ - uel,ï m%;sixialrKfha isg jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uka;%Ska

f;aÍfï § Pkao n,h l%shd;aul jqj;a" th ysñ jQfha ck.ykfhka iSñ;
msßilg h' Pkao odhlfhl= f,i iqÿiqlï ,eîug lsishï m%udKhl wOHdmk
iqÿiqlula yd Okhla wjYH úh' fï ksid idudkH ck;djg Pkao n,h ysñ fkdjQ
w;r Pkao odhl msßi ck.ykfhka 4%la ;rï iq`M msßilg iSud úh' idudkH
ck;dj fï wdldrfhka foaYmd,k N+ñfhka wE;a lr ;eîu foaYmd,lhkaf.a
wjOdkh Tjqka flf¾ fhduq fkdùug fya;= ù we;ehs fvdkfuda¾ flduidßiajre
fmkajd ÿkay' tu ksid idudkH ck;dj foaYmd,k jYfhka iún, .kajd Tjqkaf.a
Y=NidOkh iòyd foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrùug kï i¾jck Pkao
n,h ,nd Èh hq;= hhs fldñiu ks¾foaY lf<a h' fï wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 21g jeä ia;%S
mqreI fomlaIhg u Pkao n,h ysñ úh' fuh fmdÿ ck;dj ,o úYd, ch.%yKhla
f,i ie,lsh yels h' fï wdldrhg lsis ÿ fNaohlska f;drj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;
w;ßka Pkao n,h ysñ lr .;a m%:u wdishd;sl rg njg Y%S ,xldj m;a úh'
108
úOdhl ldrl iNd msysgqùu
rdcH uka;%K iNdj jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl lghq;= lrk uKav,hla

f,i l%shd;aul úh' thg mjrd ÿka jHjia:dodhl lghq;= tu uKav,h iuia;hla
f,i /iaj l%shdjg kexù h' úOdhl lghq;= iòyd rdcH uka;%K iNdj ldrl iNd
y;lg fnod ;snqKs' fï wkqj uy ue;sjrKhlska miqj rdcH uka;%K iNdjg f;aÍ
m;a jk uka;%Ska 61 fokdf.ka l:dkdhljrhd iy rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd yer
b;sß 57 fokd ldrl iNd y;lg fnÈKs' tu ldrl iNd y; my; iòyka fõ'
iajfoaY lghq;= ms<snò ldrl iNdj

lDIsl¾u yd bvï ms<snò ldrl iNdj
m<d;a md,kh ms<snò ldrl iNdj
fi!LH ms<snò ldrl iNdj
wOHdmkh ms<snò ldrl iNdj
lïlre l¾udka;h yd fjf<òdu ms<snò ldrl iNdj
.ukd.ukh yd fmdÿ jev lghq;= ms<snò ldrl iNdj
iEu ldrl iNdjla u fjka fjkaj /ia ù ta ta ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd

m;a lr .; hq;= úh' iNdm;sjre ta ta úIh lafIa;%h Ndr wud;Hjreka f,i m;a jQy'
fuu iNdm;sjreka y;a fokd fuka u rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd o weu;sjreka

f,i ie,lsK'
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ úOdhl ldrl iNd ksid

,dxlsl foaYmd,k{hkag md,kh ms<snò mqyqKqjla ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj ysñ jQ
w;r md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla lrd hk .ufka § th jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla úh'
wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd
fuf;la l%shd;aul jQ wdKavql%uhkag idfmalaIj fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh

hgf;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,h fndfyda ÿrg wvq lr ;snqKs' wdKavqfõ ish¨
j.lSï ;jÿrg;a wdKavqldrjrhdg mejÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ fvdkfuda¾
flduidßiajre bka fldgila ,dxlslhka fj; mejÍug wfmalaId l<y' ta wkqj
rdcH ukaa;%K iNdj iïu; lrk mk;aj,g wjidk wkque;sh §u" rdcH fiajfha
ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" ì%;dkH wêrdcHh iïnkaOfhka n,mdk l%shd ms<snò ;SrK
.ekSu wdÈ n,;, wdKavqldrjrhdg mejreKs'
109
fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a wdrlaIdj" uqo,a lghq;= kS;s jeks jeo.;a wxY
ms<sfj<ska rdcH f,alï" uqo,a f,alï" kS;s f,alï hk rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd
hgf;a mej;sK'
jd¾.sl ksfhdackh wfydais lsÍu
jHjia:dodhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;dard .ekSfï § 1833 j¾Ifha isg ì%;dkHhka

úiska jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh ls%hd;aul lrk ,È' fuh ,xldfõ úúO ckj¾. w;r
fNao we;s ùug ;=vq ÿka ksfhdack l%uhls' fï ksid jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais
l< hq;= hehs 1931 j¾Ih olajd u ,dxlslfhda y`v ke.+y' fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrKfhka jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais fldg m%dfoaYSh ksfhdackh
Yla;su;a lsÍu w.h l< hq;= lreKls'
5'8 fida,anß wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - 1947
fida,anß fldñiu m;a lsÍu
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a msysgqjQ wud;HdxY

oyfhka y;l n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,enqKq kuq;a rdcH
ks,OdÍka ;sfokdg jeo.;a wud;HdxY ;=kla mjrd
§ ;sîu;a" wdKavqldrjrhdg mjrd ;snQ n,;, wdÈh;a
.ek furg foaYmd,k{fhda i;=gq fkdjQy' fï ksid
fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul l< ld,fha u tu
wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh fldg kj wdKavql%uhla ,nd
.ekSfï Woaf>daIKhla werôK' tu Woaf>daIKj, uQ,sl
wruqKq lsysmhla fufia h'
rdcH ks,OdÍkag mjrd ;snQ wud;HdxY ,dxlslhkag

,nd .ekSu
,dxlsl wud;Hjrekag mjrd ;snQ n,;, mq`M,a lr
.ekSu
5'2 rEmh ¡ fida,anß idñ úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh fjkqjg leìkÜ l%uhla
,nd .ekSu
fuu Woaf>daIKj, § weu;s uKav,h;a" rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uyck

ksfhdað;jre;a m%uqL;ajh f.k lghq;= l<y' ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jeks ixúOdk
weu;s uKav,hg iydh ,nd ÿKs'
110
1939 j¾Ifha § fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN ùu ksid f,dal hqoaOfha §
ì%;dkHhkag ,dxlslhkaf.a iyfhda.h wjYH úh' f,dal ix.%dufha § c¾ukshg
tfrysj igka jeÿKq rgj,a w;r ì%;dkHh lemS fmkk fiajhla bgq lf<a h' fuu
ÿIalr wjia:dfõ § weu;s uKav,h furg iyh ì%;dkHhkag ,nd§ug bÈßm;a
jQ w;r hqoaOh ksu ùfuka miqj ,dxlslhkag jeä n,;, ,efnk wdKavql%u
m%;sixialrKhla ,nd .ekSu Tjqkaf.a wruqK úh' hqoaO iufha § furg weu;sjrekag
o wdKavqldrjrhd we;=`M ì%;dkHh ks,OdÍka iu. iómj" iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lsÍug wjia:dj ,enqKs' fï ksid ,dxlslhkaf.a foaYmd,k b,a,Sï ms<snòj ì%;dkH
ks,OdÍka ;=< o kuHYS,S wdl,amhla we;s jQ nj fmfka'
Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<snò ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sh

meyeÈ,s flfrk m%ldYhla 1943 j¾Ifha uehs udifha § furg wdKavqldrjrhd
úiska ksl=;a lrk ,È' ta wkqj rfÜ wNHhka;r lghq;= ms<snò j.lSu ,dxlslhkag
mejfrk m%;sixialrKhla ,nd§ug ì%;dkH lghq;= lrk nj m%ldY úh' tu m%ldYhg
wkqj iqÿiq jHjia:d flgqïm;la ms<sfh, lsÍfï n,h weu;s uKav,hg mejßK'
jHjia:d flgqïm; ms<sfh, lsÍfï § wdKavql%u jHjia:d ms<snò úfYaI{fhl= jQ
Y%Su;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;df.a iydh ,nd .ekSug weu;sjre lghq;= l<y'
weu;s uKav,fha flgqïm; 1944 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha § ilia fldg

wjika úh' weu;s uKav,fha jHjia:d flgqïm; mÍlaId fldg furg iq`M cd;Ska
we;=`M úúO lKavdhï iu`. idlÉPd fldg ì%;dkH wdKavqjg jd¾;djla bÈßm;a
lsÍu iòyd 1944 j¾Ifha cQ,s ui ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska úfYaI fldñika iNdjla
m;a lrk ,È' fida,anß idñjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;= tu fldñiu fida,anß
fldñiu f,i ye`Èkafõ'
1944 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fida,anß fldñiu furgg meñK

lreKq fidhd n,d 1945 § fldñifï jd¾;dj ksl=;a lf<a h' tu jd¾;dj mokï
lrf.k ieliqKq wdKavql%uh 1947 j¾Ifha isg furg l%shd;aul úh' th fida,anß
wdKavql%uh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
fida,anß wdKavql%ufha m%Odk ,laIK
wdKavqldr Oqrh wfydais fldg wd.%dKavqldr Oqrhla ia:dms; lsÍu'

oaùuKav, md¾,sfïka;=jla msysgqùu'
ûyck uka;%S uKav,h yd fifkÜ iNdj&
w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,hla we;s lsÍu
rdcH fiajd fldñiu yd wêlrK fiajd fldñiu msysgqùu
111
w.%dKavqldrjrhd
fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a fuf;la

mej;s wdKavqldrOqrh wfydais flßK' fuu
wdKavql%uh hgf;a o ì%;dkH /ðk ,xldfõ
kdhsldj f,i ms<s.;a ksid weh ksfhdackh
lsÍug w.%dKavqldr ;k;=rla y`ÿkajd ÿkafka
h' ì%;dkH /ðk úiska w.%dKavqldrjrhd
m;a lrk ,È' Tyqg jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl"
wêlrK wxYhkays n,;, /ila ysñ jqj;a
w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrjrhd
lghq;= l< hq;= jQ fyhska ;k;=r kduud;%
úOdhl ;k;=rla njg m;a úh' tjlg
5'3 rEmh ¡ fykaß ukala fïika uqj¾ wdKavqldr ;k;=r ±rE i¾ fykaß ukala fïika
uqj¾ furg m%:u w.%dKavqldrjrhd
jYfhka o lghq;= lf<a h'
md¾,sfïka;=j
fida,anß wdKavql%uhg wkqj jHjia:dodhlh fyj;a kS;s iïmdokh l<
wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j kñka y`ÿkajkq ,eî h' md¾,sfïka;=j uyck uka;%S
uKav,h yd fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,h hk uKav, follska iukaú; jQ neúka th
oaùudKav,sl md¾,sfïka;=jla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
5'4 rEmh ¡ merKs md¾,sfïka;=j

112
uyck uka;%S uKav,h md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uqjk uKav,h jQ w;r thg
uka;%Sjreka 101 fofkla wh;a jQy' thska 95la Pkao fldÜGdi moku hgf;a
uyck Pkaofhka f;dard .kakd ,È' b;sß yh fokd ksfhdackhla fkd,enQ iq`M
cd;Ska fjkqfjka w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,È'
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h jir myls'
md¾,sfïka;=fõ fojk uKav,h fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,h fyj;a W;a;r
uka;%S uKav,h f,i ye`ÈkaúK' fuu uKav,h idudðlhka 30lska hqla; úh'
15la w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,È' b;sß 15 fokd
m;a lr .kakd ,oafoa uyck uka;%S uKav,fha Pkaofhks' fifkÜ iNdfõ ks,
ld,h jir yhls'
w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ
uKav,h
fida,anß
wdKavql%uh hgf;a úOdhl
n,h fyj;a kS;s l%shd;aul
lsÍfï n,h w.ue;s m%uqL
leìkÜ uKav,hg ysñ
úh' leìkÜ uKav,fha
kdhl;ajh w.ue;sjrhdg
,enqKs' w.%dKavqldrjrhd
úiska uyck uka;%S
uKav,fha nyq;r úYajdih
Èkd .;a mqoa.,hd w.ue;s
5'5 rEmh ¡ m%:u leìkÜ uKav,h
;k;=rg m;a lrkq ,eî h' w.ue;sjrhdf.a

ks¾foaYh msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska leìkÜ
uKav,h m;a lrk ,È' uyck uka;%S uKav,fha"
wdKavq mlaIfha uka;%Sjreka yd fifkÜ uKav,fha
uka;%Sjreka w;=ßka leìkÜ uKav,h f;dard
.ekqKs' fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,fhka fofofkl=
leìkÜ uKav,hg m;a l< hq;= nj yd bka tla
wfhl= wêlrK weu;sjrhd úh hq;= nj fida,anß
jHjia:dfõ iòyka úh' wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh
wdrlaId lsÍu bka wfmalaId lf<a h' wdKavqj
.kq ,nk ;SrK iïnkaOfhka md¾,sfïka;=jg
iduqyslj u j.lSu" leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odk
,laIKhla úh'
5'6 rEmh ¡ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d
113
rdcH fiajd fldñiu
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a kS;sm;s" ú.Kldêm;s" iaÒr f,alï jeks rcfha

by< ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk
,È' Bg wu;rj my< rdcH fiajlhka m;a lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu" úkhdkql+, md,kh
wdÈh iòyd rdcH fiajd fldñiï iNdjla m;a flßK' rdcH fiajd fldñiu
idudðlhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh'
wêlrK fiajd fldñiu
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a w.%úksYaphldrjrhd yd by< wêlrKh

jQ fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksYaphldrjreka m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg
w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk ,È' wfkla my< wêlrKj, úksYaphldrjreka
m;a lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu" úkhdkql+, md,kh iòyd wêlrK fiajd fldñiï iNdj m;a
lr ;snqKs' fuh w.%úksYaphldrjrhd yd ;j;a úksYaphldrjreka fofofkl=f.ka
hqla; úh'
l%shdldrlu
my; iòyka lreKq weiqßka ì%;dkHhka hgf;a
isÿ jQ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<snò f;dr;=re
we;=<;a msgq fmr<khla ilia lrkak'
1' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a isÿ jQ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK

2' wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhg we;=<;a jeo.;a fhdackd
3' wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKj, hym;a whym;a ,laIK
114
06 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldj
ye`Èkaùu
1948 j¾Ifha oS Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu;a iu. md¾,sfïka;=
m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uhla furgg ,enqKs' tf;la l%shd;aul jQ fida,anß
wdKavql%uh fjkqjg 1972 j¾Ifha § ckrc jHjia:djla y`ÿkajd§u;a"
1978 § úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh iys; kj jHjia:djla l%shd;aul lsÍu;a
furg b;sydifha jeo.;a ikaêia:dk fõ' ksoyiska miqj f.jqKq oYl ;=kl
muK ld,fha § n,hg m;a jQ wdKavq yd tu wdKavqj, m%;sm;a;s ms<snòj
fuka u Èjhsfka ixj¾Ok lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk wxY lsysmhla ms<snòj o
fuu mßÉfþofha § wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' tfia u 1972 yd 1978 jirj,
y`ÿkajd ÿka kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj, uQ,sl ,laIK flfrys o fuys §
wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
115
6'1 1947 uy ue;sjrKh yd ksoyi ,eîu
fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a msysgqjQ md¾,sfïka;=j iòyd uka;%Sjreka 95

fofkl= f;dard .ekSfï ue;sjrKh 1947 j¾Ifha wf.daia;= udifha § meje;aúK'
th Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh fõ' fuu ue;sjrKhg
uqyqK §u iòyd ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh msysgqjk
,È' by; ue;sjrKfhka md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 42la Èkd .ekSug tlai;a cd;sl
mlaIh iu;a úh' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yereKq úg jeä u wdik ixLHdjla Èkd
.kakd ,oafoa ,xld iuiudc mlaIh úisks' tu wdik ixLHdj 10ls' fiiq ish¨
mlaI wdik 22 Èkd .;a w;r iajdëkj ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a jQ wfmalaIlhka 21
fofkl= ue;sjrKfhka ch .ekSu o lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' jeä u wdik
ixLHdjla Èkd .;a tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha kdhl ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d
iajdëk wfmalaIlhka lsysm fofkl=f.a o iydh ,nd f.k wdKavqjla msysgqù h' ta
wkqj ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d furg m%:u w.ue;sjrhd njg m;a úh'
ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d 1947 j¾Ifha ue;sjrKhg;a fmr furgg
ksoyi ,nd .ekSu ms<snòj ì%;dkH rch iu. idlÉPd wdrïN lr ;snqKs' fï
jk úg bx.%SiSyq bkaÈhdjg ksoyi ,nd §ug iQodkïj isáhy' fojk f,dal hqoaOh
mej;s ÿIalr wjia:dfõ § ì%;dkHhg iydh ÿka rgla jYfhka ,xldjg o ksoyi
,nd .ekSug whs;shla we;s nj fiakdkdhl uy;df.a ksfhdað;fhda ì%;dkHhkag
meyeÈ,s l<y' ,dxlslhka bÈßm;a l< ;¾lj, idOdrK;ajh ms<s.;a bx.%SiSyq 1947
j¾Ifha ue;sjrKfhka miqj furgg ksoyi ,nd§u ms<snò lghq;= flfrk nj
ue;sjrKhg fmr u m%ldYhg m;a l<y' 1947 j¾Ifha ue;sjrKfhka tlai;a
cd;sl mlaIh ch.%yKh fldg ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg
m;a ùu ì%;dkHhkaf.a o i;=gg fya;=jla úh' kj w.ue;s jYfhka
ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d ì%;dkH iu. wdrlaIl lghq;= .súiqula we;s lr .kakd
,È' tu .súiqu wkqj ,xldfõ wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka ì%;dkHhka lghq;= lsÍug tl`.
jQ w;r wjYH wjia:djl ,xldfõ jrdh" .=jkaf;dg we;=`M ia:dk ì%;dkHhkaf.a
hqoaO lghq;= iòyd Ndú; lsÍug o bv ,enqKs' tu .súiqï w;aika lsÍfuka miq
,xldjg ksoyi ,nd .ekSu ms<snò úê úOdk we;=<;a ,xld iajdëk mk; 1947
j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ udifha § ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lrk ,È' rcqf.a
kshuh mßÈ 1948 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 4 jk Èk isg tu mk; l%shd;aul úh' ta
iu. u Y%S ,xldjg kej; jrla ksoyi ,enqKs'
6'2 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ meje;ajQ uyue;sjrK yd n,hg m;a wdKavqj,
jevms<sfj<
1952 uy ue;sjrKh
ksoyia ,xldfõ m<uq w.ue;sjrhd jQ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d 1952 j¾Ifha
ud¾;= udifha § wNdjm%dma; úh' mqrmamdvq jQ w.ue;s ;k;=r iòyd w.%dKavqldrjrhd
úiska ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;df.a mq;a vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d m;a lrk ,È'
fï jk úg tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfhka
bj;aj Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh kñka w¨;a foaYmd,k mlaIhla msysgqjdf.k ;snqKs'
vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;df.a Wmfoia u; w.%dKavqldrjrhd kshñ; ld,hg fmr
md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍu ksid 1952 j¾Ifha ue;sjrKhg wjia:dj Wod úh'
116
1952 ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,
Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSug kshñ; wdik ixLHdj - 95
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ch .;a wdik ixLHdj - 54
Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 09
fiiq mlaI yd iajdëk lKavdhï ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 32
1952 ue;sjrKfhka nyq;r wdik ixLHdjla ,nd .;a tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh
wdKavqjla msysgqjQ w;r tys kdhl;ajh oerE vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s
;k;=rg m;a úh'
6'1 rEmh ¡ y¾;d,h wjia:dfõ mej;s uyck /iaùula
1952 - 1956 ld,fha furg foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk ,laIK

lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
iy,a we;=`M wdydr øjHj, ñ, by< hdu ksid 1953 j¾Ifha § vâ,s
fiakdkdhl uy;df.a rchg úreoaOj y¾;d,a jHdmdrhla wdrïN ùu
jdudxYsl mlaIj, yd jD;a;Sh ix.ïj, iyfhda.fhka fuu y¾;d,a
jHdmdrh l%shd;aul ùu
y¾;d,a jHdmdrfha m%;sM,hla f,i vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s
;k;=frka b,a,d wiaùu yd tu ;k;=rg mlaIfha fcHaIaGfhl= jQ i¾ fcdaka
fld;,dj, uy;d m;aùu
i¾ fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;df.a md,k iufha tkï 1955 j¾Ifha § Y%S
,xldjg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha idudðl;ajh ,eîu
kshñ; ld,hg fmr wdKavqj úiqrejd yeÍu
ta wkqj 1956 j¾Ifha § ue;sjrKhla meje;aùu
117
1956 uy ue;sjrKh yd kj wdKavqj
1956 ue;sjrKhg tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh
;ks mlaIhla jYfhka ;r. l< w;r Y%S ,xld
ksoyia mlaIh úma,jldÍ iuiudc mlaIh"
NdId fmruqK jeks mlaI lsysmhla yd whs' tï'
wd¾' ta' Bßhf.d,a, uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka
hq;= iajdëk wfmalaIlhka msßilf.a iydh
,nd f.k uyck tlai;a fmruqK jYfhka
ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;aùu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
fï jk úg i`." fjo" .=re" f.dú" lïlre hk
mxpuyd n,fõ.hkays iydh o tu fmruqKg
,enqKs'
6'2 rEmh ¡ tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl

uy;d
1956 ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,

uyck tlai;a fmruqK ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 51
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 08
fiiq mlaI yd iajdëk lKavdhï ch.;a wdik - 36

ue;sjrKfhka ch.;a uyck tlai;a fmruqK wdKavqjla msysgqjQ w;r tys
kdhl;ajh oerE tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a úh'
1956 j¾Ifha ue;sjrKfhka msysgjQ wdKavqfõ jevms<sfj<
foaYSh l¾udka; yd f.dú;eka lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .ekSu
jrdh yd nia ck i;= jHdmdr we;=`M cki;= jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu
isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj njg m;a lsÍu'
1959 j¾Ifha § idyislfhl=f.a fjä myßka w.ue;s nKavdrkdhl uy;d
>d;kh ùu ksid mqrmamdvq jQ w.ue;s ;k;=rg úchdkkao oykdhl uy;d m;a
flreKs' tfy;a jeä l,a hdug fmr wdKavqj wNHka;rfha we;s jQ wdrjq,a ksid
rch úiqrejd yeÍug isÿ úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1960 j¾Ifha ud¾;= udifha §
kej; ue;sjrKhla meje;aúKs'
1960 ud¾;= ue;sjrKh
1960 jk úg md¾,sfïka;=fõ Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jk wdik .Kk 151la
úh hq;= hehs ue;sjrK fldÜGdi fnod fjka lrkq ,nk iSud kS¾K fldñiu
118
;SrKh lr ;snqKs' 1956 j¾Ifha ue;sjrKfha § uyck tlai;a fmruqK f,i
ixúOdkh ù isá mlaI fï jk úg ;ks ;ksj ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a ùu o lemS
fmfkk ,laIKhla úh'
1960 ud¾;= ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,

by; igykg wkqj fuu ue;sjrKfha § lsis ÿ mlaIhlg nyq;r wdik

ixLHdjla Èkd .ekSug fkdyels jqj;a tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh l=vd mlaI .Kkdjla
tl;= lr .ksñka wdKavqjla msysgqù h' tfy;a md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk ,o
m%:u rdcdik l:dj mrdchg m;a ùu ksid wdKavqj úiqrejd yeÍug isÿ jQ w;r
1960 cQ,s udifha § kej; ue;sjrKhla meje;aùug isÿ úh'
1960 cQ,s ue;sjrKh yd wdKavqj

1960 cQ,s ue;sjrKh jk úg Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha kdhsldj jYfhka
isßudfjda nKdvdrkdhl ue;sKsh m;aj isáhd h' ,xld iuiudc mlaIh yd
fldñhqksÜia mlaIh iu. ks;r. .súiqulg t<U Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh ue;sjrKhg
bÈßm;a ùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
1960 cQ,s ue;sjrK - m%;sM,

fmvr,a mlaIh - 16
,xld iuiudc mlaIh ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 12

YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh" ,xld iuiudc mlaIh yd fldñhqksÜia mlaIh

iu`. tlaj iu.s fmruqK f,i ixúOdkh ù fuu ue;sjrKfhka miqj wdKavqjla
msysgqjd .;a w;r isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;sKsh tys w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a jQjd
h' fï wkqj f,dj m%:u w.ue;sKsh ùfï Nd.H wehg ,enqKs'
119
1960 cQ,s ue;sjrKfhka msysgqjQ wdKavqfõ jevms<sfj<
1956 nKavdrkdhl uy;df.a rch úiska wdrïN l< cki;= jHdmdr
;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hdu
fï hgf;a ish¨ mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu isÿ úh'
foaYSh wd¾Ólh k.d isgqùug fhduq jQ m%;sixialrK wkq.ukh lsÍu
fï hgf;a 1961 j¾Ifha § uyck nexl=j msysgqjkq ,eî h'
f.dú;eka lghq;= iòyd Kh uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj fï ;=<ska f.dúhdg
Wod úh'
1965 uy ue;sjrKh iy t' cd' m' wdKavqj
Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha fcHaIaG;u idudðlfhl= jQ iS' mS' o is,ajd m%uqL
uka;%Ska 14 fofkl= wdKavqfjka b,a,d wiaùu" oreKq wd¾Ól w¾nqoj,g uqyqKmEug
isÿ ùu wdÈ w¾nqo ksid 1960 j¾Ifha n,hg m;a jQ wdKavqj kshñ; ld,h ksud ùug
m%:u úiqrejd yeÍug isÿ úh' fï wkqj 1965 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui kej; ue;sjrKhla
meje;aù h'
1965 ue;sjrKfha - m%;sM,

fmvr,a mlaIh ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 14
,xld iuiudc mlaIh ch.;a wdik ixLHdj - 10
fiiq mlaI yd iajdëk lKavdhï ch.;a wdik - 20
fuu ue;sjrKfha § wdKavqjla msysgqùug m%udKj;a nyq;r n,hla lsis ÿ

mlaIhlg ysñ fkdjQj;a fmvr,a mlaIh yd ;j;a l=vd mlaI .Kkdjl iydh ,nd
f.k tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yjq,a wdKavqjla msysgqù h' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha kdhl
vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d f;fjks jrg;a w.ue;s ;rk;=rg m;a úh' fuu wdKavqj
kshñ; ks, ld,h jk wjqreÿ my .;jk f;la u n,fha /`§ isàu lemS fmfkk
,laIKhls'
6'3 1972 m<uq ckrc jHjia:dj y`ÿkajd§u yd Y%S ,xldj ckrchla njg m;a ùu
1948 - 1972 olajd ì%;dkHhka úiska

y`ÿkajd fok ,o fida,anß wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
furg l%shd;aul úh' fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a
ì%;dkH /ðk ;jÿrg;a furfgys rdcH
kdhsldj f,i ms<s.ekSu;a" kS;s iïmdokfha §
md¾,sfïka;=jg fkdfhl=;a iSudjka mej;Su;a
jeks fya;= ksid Y%S ,dxlslhka ,enQ ksoyi wx.
iïmQ¾K ke;ehs hk woyia mej;=Ks'
6'3 rEmh ¡ isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;sKsh
120
fï ksid 1950 oYlfha
isg foaYmd,k{hka" nqoaêu;=ka"
f,aLlhka" úpdrlhka jeks ã' tia' fiakdkdhl
iudcfha hï hï fldgia úiska 1947 - 52
kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla
iïmdokh lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj
fmkajd fok ,È' tfy;a fida,anß
jHjia:dj fjkia lsÍug kS;suh
vâ,s fiakdkdhl
iSud mej;s ksid 1972 j¾Ih jk 1952 - 53
f;la u thg bvla fkd,eìKs' 1960 ud¾;= - cQ,s
1965 - 1970
1970 uy ue;sjrKfha
§ iu.s fmruqK bÈßm;a l<
m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh u.ska kj
jHjia:djla ilia fldg iïu;
lr .ekSu iòyd jHjia:d iïmdol
uKav,hla f,i l%shd;aul ùug fcdaka fld;,dj,
1972 olajd
;u mlaIhg ck jrula ,nd 1953 - 56
Y%S ,xldfõ
fok fuka ck;djf.ka b,a,d
isáfha h' fï wkqj ue;srKfha w.ue;sjre
§ md¾,sfïka;=fõ 2$3l nyq;r
wdik ixLHdjla ,nd .ekSug
iu;a jQ w;r th mdol lr
.ksñka kj jHjia:djla
iïmdokh lr .ekSu iòyd wjYH tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl
1956 - 59
lghq;= ms<sfh, flßK' tu
wdKavqfõ w.ue;s ;k;=r ,nd .;a
isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;sKsh
hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=j jHjia:d ví,sõ' oykdhl
1959 - 60
iïmdol uKav,hla f,i
/iaj 1972 uehs 22 jk Èk kj
jHjia:djla iïu; lrk ,o isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl
w;r th m<uq ckrc jHjia:dj 1960 - 65
1970 - 72
f,i ye`Èkafõ' tu jHjia:dj 1972 - 77
u.ska fuf;la mQ¾K ksoyig 1994 - 00
;snQ ndOd bj;a fldg Y%S ,xldj

ckrchla njg m;a flßK'
121
1972 m<uq ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ m%Odk wx. ,laIK
cd;sl rdcH iNdj
1972 m<uq ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj jHjia:dodhlh fyj;a kS;s
iïmdokh l< wdh;kh cd;sl rdcH iNdj f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuh uyck Pkaofhka
f;dard m;a lr .;a ksfhdað;hkaf.ka muKla iukaú; wdh;khls' tneúka th
tal udKav,sl jHjia:dodhlhla f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h' cd;sl rdcH iNdjg
uka;%Sjreka 168 fofkla wh;a jQy' kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï mQ¾K n,h tu iNdjg
;snqKs' tys ks, ld,h jir yhls' cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ ld¾hka lsysmhla my;
oelafõ'
kS;s iïmdokh
uQ,H md,kh
úOdhlh md,kh lsÍu
ckdêm;s ;k;=r
fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqj l%shd;aul jQ w.%dKavqldr
Oqrh fjkqjg 1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;s Oqrhla
y`ÿkajd fok ,È' fuf;la w.%dKavqldrjrhd ì%;dkH
/ðkf.a ksfhdað;hd f,i fmkS isáh;a 1972 jHjia:dj
hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd ,dxlsl ck;djf.a kdhlhd úh'
w.ue;sjrhd úiska ckdêm;sjrhd m;a lrk ,o w;r ta
iòyd Tyq Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeisfhl= m;a l< hq;=j ;snqKs'
fuf;la w.%dKavqldrjrhdg ysñ jQ n,;, fndfyduhla
kj jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhdg ysñ ù ;snqKs'
ckdêm;sjrhd w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia u; tu n,;,
l%shd;aul l< hq;= úh' fï ksid 1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a
ckdêm;sjrhd kdñl úOdhl ;;ajhla bis,S h' Tyqf.a
ks, ld,h jir y;rls' tjlg w.%dKavqldr Oqrh oerE
ú,shï f.dm,a,j uy;d furg m%:u ckdêm;s Oqrhg m;a
úh' 6'4 rEmh
ú,shï f.dm,a,j uy;d
w.ue;s m%Odk wud;H uKav,h
1972 m<uq ckrc jHjia:dj hgf;a úOdhl n,h fyj;a kS;s l%shd;aul
lsÍfï n,h w.ue;s m%Odk wud;H uKav,hg mejßK' fuh i;H úOdhlh f,i
o ye`Èkafõ' wud;H uKav,fha kdhl;ajh w.ue;sjrhdg ysñ úh' cd;sl rdcH
iNdfõ Wmßu úYajdih Èkd .;a mqoa.,hd ckdêm;s úiska w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a
lrk ,È' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska w.ue;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia mßÈ wfkl=;a wud;Hjreka
m;a lr .kq ,eî h' w.ue;s m%uqL wud;H uKav,h cd;sl rdcH iNdjg iduQyslj
j.lSug ne`§ isàu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
122
6'5 rEmh ¡ fY%aIaGdêlrKh
wêlrKh
1972 m<uq ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a hqla;sh misò,Su iòyd
wêlrK moaO;shla msysgqjd ;snqKs' my; iòyka mßÈ wêlrK wdh;k lsysmhla
Bg we;=<;a úh'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh
uydêlrKh
Èid wêlrKh
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh
1972 m<uq ckrc jHjia:dj hgf;a by< wêlrK wdh;k fol jQfha
fY%aIaGdêlrKh yd uydêlrKhhs' fida,anß wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a furg
wNshdpkd kvq úi`§fï n,h ì%;dkH m%Sú ljqkai,hg ysñ ù ;snqK;a 1972 jHjia:dj
hgf;a tu n,h fY%aIaGdêlrKhg mjrd ;snqKs'
Èid wêlrKhg ish¨ wdldrfha isú,a kvq úNd. lsÍfï n,h ysñ jQ w;r
ish¨ wdldrfha wmrdO kvq úNd. lsÍfï n,h ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKhg ysñ
úh'
123
md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk mk;a flgqïm;la wdKavql%u jHjia:djg
wkql+, oehs mÍlaId lsÍu iòyd wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh msysgqjd
;snqKs'
6'4 1978 fojk ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
1973 j¾Ifha vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;df.a

wNdjfhka miqj tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha kdhl;ajhg
fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d m;a úh' Tyqf.a kdhl;ajfhka
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh 1977 j¾Ifha § meje;ajQ uy
ue;sjrKhg uqyqK ÿka w;r cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ
uka;%Sjrekaf.ka 5$6l n,hla tu mlaIhg ,enqKs'
øúv tlai;a fmruqK wdik oywgla Èkd f.k
m%Odk úmlaIh njg m;a úh' tu mlaIfha kdhl
ta' wñ¾;,sx.ï uy;dg úmlaI kdhl ;k;=r ysñ úh'
fï jk úg m%n, mlaIhla jQ Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIhg
Èkd .; yels jQfha wdik wgla muKs' tlai;a cd;sl
mlaIh w;a lr .;a w;súYd, n,h mokï lr .ksñka
kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïu; lr .ekSug lghq;=
lf<a h' 1978 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jQ tu jHjia:dj 6'6 rEmh ¡ furg m%:u úOdhl ckdêm;s
fojk ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj f,i ye`Èkafõ' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d
1978 j¾Ifha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj Y%S ,xldj" Y%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%jd§
iudcjd§ ckrch f,i ye`Èkafjk w;r talSh rdcHhla nj o olajd we;' fuf;la
l%shd;aul jQ jHjia:djkays fuka jHjia:dodhl n,h fyj;a kS;s iïmdok n,h
l%shd;aul lrk tl u wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j fkdjk w;r cku; úpdrKhl §
ck;djg o tu whs;sh we;s nj olajd ;sîu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ m%Odk wx.

úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh
tf;la mej;s kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh
fjkqjg mQ¾K úOdhl n,h iys; ckdêm;s Oqrhla y`ÿkajd
§u 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ m%Odk ,laIKhls'
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd Y%S
,xldfõ rdcH kdhlhd o" úOdhlfha kdhlhd o wdKavqfõ
kdhlhd o ikakoaO fiajdjkays fiakdêkdhlhd o fõ'
fï wkqj ckdêm;s Oqrh mQ¾K úOdhl n,;, iys;
rcfha by< u úOdhl ;k;=r o fõ' ckdêm;sjrhd Rcq
uyck Pkaohlska f;dard .kakd w;r ta iòyd fjk u
ckdêm;sjrKhla meje;afõ' uq,ska ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ks,
ld,h jir yh jqj;a wdKavql%u jHjia:djg f.k tk ,o 6'7 rEmh ¡ úmlaI kdhl
ta' wñ¾;,sx.ï uy;d
19 jk ixfYdaOkfhka miq th jir my olajd wvq lr we;'
124
ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK lafIa;%hkays n,;,
rdYshla ysñ fõ' md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlfhl= fkdjqK o md¾,sfïka;=j iïnkaOj
n,;, rdYshla Tyqg ysñj ;sfí' bka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
md¾,sfïka;=j leòùu" jdrjidk lsÍu" úiqrejd yeÍu'

md¾,sfïka;=fõ ux., /iaùïj, uq,iqk oeÍu
wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lsÍu'
´kE u wjia:djl md¾,sfïka;=fõ /iaùïj,g iyNd.s ùu yd md¾,sfïka;=j
weu;Su'
ckdêm;sjrhdg ysñj we;s úOdhl n,;, lsysmhla fufia h'

w.ue;sjrhd m;a lsÍu'
wud;H uKav,h m;a lsÍu yd Tjqkag úIh yd ld¾hka mejÍu'
rcfha Wiia ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu
wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu
w.%úksYaphldrjrhd we;=`M fY%aIaGdêlrKfha wfkl=;a úksYaphlrejka
m;a lsÍu
wNshdpkdêlrKfha iNdm;s;=ud yd wfkl=;a úksYaphldrjreka m;a lsÍu'
wêlrKfiajd fldñika iNdj m;a lsÍu
jrolrejkag iudj §u'
óg wu;rj rdcH kdhlhd jYfhka ckdêm;sjrhdg ld¾hka /ila mejÍ

we;' bka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
cd;sl W;aijj, uq,iqk .ekSu

rdcH uqødj ;nd .ekSu yd uqødj ;nd w;aika l< hq;= f,aLkj, w;aika
;eîu'
cd;Hka;r jYfhka ckrch ksfhdackh lsÍu
rdcH ¥;hka m;a lsÍu yd furgg meñfKk rdc ¥;hka ms<s.ekSu'
w.ue;s iy wud;H uKav,h

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhdg wu;rj
úOdhlfha fldgila f,i wud;H uKav,hla o l%shd;aul fõ' ckdêm;sjrhd
weu;s uKav,fha kdhl;ajh ork w;r w.ue;sjrhd yd fiiq wud;Hjreka f;dard
m;a lsÍu o ckdêm;sf.a ld¾hls' 1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a w.ue;sjrhd fj; ysñj
;snQ n,;, fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ysñj ;sîu o lemS fmfkk
,laIKhls' md¾,sfïka;=j mkjk kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu" ta ta wud;Hjrhdg mejreKq
úIh Ndrj lghq;= lsÍu weu;sjrekaf.a ld¾hkaj,g WodyrK fõ'
125
md¾,sfïka;=j
1978 fojk ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a msysgqjk ,o jHjia:dodhlh

fyj;a kS;s iïmdok wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j kñka ye`Èkafõ' ksfhdað; uka;%S
uKav,fhka muKla iukaú; jk ksid th tal udKav,sl jHjia:dodhlhla
jk w;r uka;%Sjreka 225lska iukaú; fõ' thska uka;%Sjreka 196 fofkl=
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a uyck Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr .kakd w;r
29 fofkl= cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka m;a lr .efka' uy ue;sjrKfha § ta ta mlaI ,nd
.;a uq`M Pkao ixLHdfõ wkqmd;hg wkqj cd;sl ,ehsia;= uka;%Sjre f;dard .efk;s'
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h jir yhla úh' 19 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka miq
jir my olajd th wvq lr ;sfí'
kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu

uQ,H md,kh lsÍu
ckdêm;sjrhdg úreoaOj fodaIdNsfhda. bÈßm;a lsÍu
uyck ÿla .ekú,s bÈßm;a lsÍu
wdÈh md¾,sfïka;=fõ ld¾hkaj,g WodyrK fõ'
wêlrKh
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a hqla;sh misò,Su iòyd wêlrK moaO;shla
y`ÿkajd § we;' th my; oelafõ'
fY%aIaGdêlrKh
wNshdpkdêlrKh
uydêlrKh
Èid wêlrKh
mjq,a wêlrKh
ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh
m%d:ñl wêlrKh
fY%aIaGdêlrKh yd wNshdpkdêlrKh yer fiiq wêlrK uq,a wjia:d

wêlrK fõ' uq,a wjia:d wêlrK hkqfjka y`ÿkajkafka fY%aIaGdêlrKhg fyda
wNshdpkdêlrKhg fhduq fkdjk lsishï kvqjla uq,ska u úNd.hg .kq ,nk
wêlrKhka h'
Y%S ,xldfõ by< u wêlrKh fuka u wjidk wNshdpkdêlrKh jkafka

fY%aIaGdêlrKhhs' fuh w.%úksYaphldrjrhd m%Odk ;j;a úksYaphldrjreka yh
fofkl=g fkdwvq oi fofkl=g fkdjeä ixLHdjlska hqla; fõ' w.%úksYaphldrjrhd
yd fiiq úksYaphldrjreka ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí'
126
fY%aIaGdêlrKhg mejfrk ld¾hka lsysmhla my; iòyka fõ'
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<snò kvq úi`§u

ckdêm;sg úreoaOj md¾,sfïka;=jg f.k tk fodaIdNsfhda. úNd. lsÍu'
Pkao fm;aiï ms<snò kvq úNd. lsÍu'
wjidk wNshdpkdêlrKh f,i l%shd;aul ùu'
my< wêlrKj,ska ,ndfok ;Skaÿj,g tfrysj bÈßm;a jk wNshdpkd kvq

úi`§fï n,h wNshdpkd wêlrKhg ysñ fõ'
uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ;=kajk mßÉfþofha uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï
ms<snòj olajd we;s w;r 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd whs;sjdislï iúia;rd;aulj
tys olajd ;sîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' jHjia:dfõ oelafjk tn`ÿ whs;sjdislï lsysmhla
my; oelafõ'
l;d lsÍfï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh
leu;s /lshdjla lsÍfï whs;sh
leu;s wd.ula weoySfï whs;sh
jO ysxidj,ska ñ§fï whs;sh
kS;sh bÈßfha iudkd;au;dfjka i,lkq ,eîfï whs;sh
hïlsis fya;=jla ksid whs;sjdislï lv jqjfyd;a .; yels mshjr 1972
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ iòyka fkdù h' fuu wvqmdvqj u`.yrjñka tjka wjia:djl
fY%aIaGdêlrKfha yd Tïnqâiaukajrhdf.a msysg me;sh yels nj 1978 wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ iòyka fõ'
6'5 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Ok lghq;=
ì%;dkH md,k iuh ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh bx.%Siskaf.a wjYH;d bgq lr
.ekSfï wruqfKka ixúOdkh lr ;snqKs' 1948 j¾Ifha § ksoyi ,eîfuka miq furg
n,hg m;a foaYmd,k{hkag rfÜ wd¾Ólh ck;djf.a wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug
yels jk whqßka fufyhùfï j.lSu mejreKs' tu ksid 1948 j¾Ifha isg n,hg
m;a iEu wdKavqjla u ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;aajh Wiia lsÍu iòyd úúO ie,iqï
l%shd;aul lsÍug mshjr f.k we;' ta wkqj lDIsl¾udka;h yd l¾udka; ÈhqKq
lsÍu" rfÜ wOHdmk ;;ajh k.d isgqùu yd iudc Y+N idOkh jeks lafIa;%j,g
wod<j úúO m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixúOdkh lr l%shd;aul fldg ;sfí'
127
ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a 1931 j¾Ih olajd j;= j.dj uq,a lr.;a wmkhk
lDIsl¾udka;hg rcfha m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq ùu ksid ù f.dú;eka lghq;= wvd<
úh' fï ksid fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK isÿ jQ wjêh jk úg rgg wjYH iy,a
we;=`M wdydr øjH ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍug isÿj ;snqKs'
1931- 1947 ld,fha furg lDIsl¾u wud;Hjrhd jYfhka lghq;= l< ã'
tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § u ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍfï
w.h jgydf.k lghq;= lf<a h' 1948 j¾Ifhka miqj furg m%Yak úi`§fï j.lSu
,dxlslhka fj; u mejreKq fyhska n,hg m;a iEu wdKavqjla u ù f.dú;ek
ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lr we;' tys § ù f.dú;ek k.d isgqùug yd f.dú ck;djf.a
ÈhqKqj msKsi l%shd;aul l< m%;sm;a;s lsysmhla fufia h'
úh<s l,dmfha f.dúckmo msysgqùu
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackdl%uh l%shd;aul lsÍu" ù m¾fhaIK wdh;k
msysgqjd kj ù m%fNao f.dúhkag y`ÿkajd§ug lghq;= lsÍu
f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dk msysgqùu yd iy;sl ñ, l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u'
rcfha nexl= u.ska f.dú ck;djg Kh myiqlï ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍu'
ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § u wdrïN
lrk ,o f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï jHdmdrh ksoyiska miqj o wLKavj l%shd;aul úh'
f;;a l,dmfhka ck;dj f;dardf.k úh<s l,dmhg leòjdf.k f.dia bvï ,nd
§ mÈxÑ lrùu fï hgf;a isÿ úh' f.dúckmo wdrïN lsÍfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ
wruqKq lsysmhls'
rfÜ wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu'
úh<s l,dmfha merKs jeõ yd jdßud¾. w¨;ajeähd fldg tys bvï wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhg fhdod .ekSu'
f;;a l,dmfha by< hñka mj;sk ck.yk ;onoh yd /lshd ys`.h wvq
lsÍu
ksoyi ,eîug fmr yd miq furfgys f.dú ckmo .Kkdjla msysgqjd we;'
foajyqj" .,a Th" lka;f,a" brKuvq" ñkafkaßh" ñKsfma" moúh" rdcdx.Kh
bka lsysmhls'
f.dúckmo wdrïN lsÍfuka miq merKs jeõ wuqKq m%;sixialrKh yd

jdßud¾. ;ekùu flfrys rg ;=< uy;a Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' 1949 j¾Ifha § wdrïN
l< .,a Th ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh tjeks kj jdß ud¾. ;ekùug WodyrKhla
f,i fmkakqï l< yels h' fuh ld¾hka rdYshla bgq lsÍug fhdod .;a furg we;s
l< m%:u nyq ld¾h fhdackd l%uh o fõ'
128
6'8 rEmh ¡ úlafgdaßhd c,dYh
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh
ksoyi ,eîfuka miq n,hg m;a wdKavq furg ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu yd
lDIsl¾udka;h k.d isgqùu iòyd wdrïN l< fhdackd l%u w;r uyje,s ixj¾Ok
fhdackd l%uh úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' w;= .x.d /ilska fmdaIKh ,nk uyje,s
.f`.ys c,h rfÜ wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj iòyd fhdod .ekSug fuu fhdackd l%ufhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%ufha wruqKq lsysmhls'
úh<s l,dmfha f.dúìïj, lDIsl¾u lghq;=j,g wjYH ks;H c, myiqlï

,nd §u'
úÿ,s n,h ksIamdokh lsÍu'
kj ckdjdi ìys lsÍfuka bvï ke;s ck;djg bvï ,nd § wdydr fNda.
jHdma; lsÍu yd ;Dma;su;a f.dú mrmqrla ìys lsÍu'
ñßÈh uiqka fnda lsÍu'
/lshd wjia:d ìys lsÍu'
uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%:u mshjr jYfhka

uyje,s .`. yryd fõ,a,la neò fmd,af.d,a, jHdmdrh wdrïN flßKs' thska
l,d Th" kdÉÑ¥j jej" kqjr jej jeks jeõ lsysmhlg c,h ,nd .ekSug ie,iqï
flßK'
129
uq, § ;sia jirlska ksu lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ uyje,s fhdackd l%uh
1977 j¾Ifha n,hg m;a fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a rcfha Wmfoia mßÈ ih
wjqreoaolska ksu lsÍug mshjr .;af;a h' úlafgdaßhd" rkafoKs.," rkagefò"
fld;auf,a" W,aysáh" r;alsò yd udÿre Th hkd§ úYd, fhdackd l%u l%shd;aul
flreK w;r ta hgf;a lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Ok m%foaY rdYshla u ìys úh' uyje,s
c,h kj c,dYj,g /ia fldg úÿ,s n,h ksmoùug fhdodf.k wk;=rej úh<s
l,dmhg ,nd §u u.ska tf;la j.d l< ìïj,g fuka u w¨;a ìï iòyd o c,h
,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,enqKs'
ld¾ñl wxYfha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj
1931 j¾Ihg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; lafIa;%h f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks jeú,s
ksIamdok ms<sfh, lsÍug fyda ieliSug iSud ù ;snqKs' wuq f;a o¨j,ska f;a fld<
ksIamdokh" rn¾ lsßj,ska ISÜ rn¾ ksmoùu" fmd,aj,ska fldmamrd fyda fmd,af;,a
ksIamdokh wdÈh Bg WodyrK fõ' frÈ úùu" j;=j,g wjYH fuj,ï ;ekSu wdÈhg
lïy,aj, mej;s l¾udka; lsysmhla o úh' Bg wu;rj idïm%odhslj mej; wd
f,dal=re jev" j<x ;ekSu" fõje,a NdKav ksIamdokh jeks .Dy l¾udka; yd yia;
l¾udka; /ila o mej;=Ks' fufia ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha ie,lsh hq;= m%.;shla fkdjQ
neúka rgg wjYH ld¾ñl NdKav úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ úh'
fojk f,dal ix.%duh mej;s 1939-1945 ld,fha § úfoaY NdKav wdkhkh

ÿIalr úh' fï ksid ,dxlslhkag wjYH ms`.ka NdKav" lvodis" inka" iqjòú,jqka
wd§ NdKav rg ;=< u ksIamdokh lsÍfï l¾udka; wdrïN úh' tfy;a f,dal hqoaOh
ksu ùfuka miqj keõ .ukd.ukhg mej;s ndOl wjika ùu ksid kej; úfoaYSh
ksIamdok furgg wdkhkh flßKs' kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu ksid .=Kd;aul
;;ajfhka by< mej;s tlS úfoaYSh NdKav iu. foaYSh ksIamdokj,g ;r. lsÍug
fkdyels ùfuka tl, mej;s l¾udka; o l%ufhka wvmK úh'
ksoyfika miq furg m%:u wdKavqj hgf;a l¾udka; yd ëjr lghq;= ms<snò
fjk u wud;HdxYhla yd l¾udka; fomd¾;fïka;=jla o msysgqjk ,È' fï ld,fha
rch wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;sh wkqj isfuka;s" lvodis" ridhksl fmdfydr" iSks"
hlv yd jdfka jeks úYd, l¾udka; rdcH jHjidh hgf;a wdrïN l< hq;= hehs
ms<s.ekSula mej;s fyhska úYd, l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍug fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ;snQ
wjia:d wju úh' rchg o úYd, l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍug wjYH uqo,a ys`. jQ neúka
ksoyi ,eî jir myla muK .;jk f;la l¾udka; lafIa;%fha m%udKj;a m%.;shla
we;s fkdù h'
tfy;a fï ld,fha § lkalika;=f¾ isfuka;s lïy, wdrïN lsÍug rchg

yels úh'
130
Y%S ,xldjg meñKs f,dal nexl= ksfhdað; lKavdhula furg ixj¾Ok lghq;=
ms<snò mÍlaId fldg 1952 § jd¾;djla bÈßm;a l< w;r úYd, m%udKfha l¾udka;
wdrïN lsÍug jvd l=vd yd uOHu m%udKfha l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍug rch fhduq
úh hq;= hehs tu.ska ks¾foaY lr ;snqKs' rcfha jdKscH jHjidhka .ek lreKq
mßlaId fldg jd¾;d lsÍug rch m;a l< ;j;a fldñiul jd¾;dj 1953 j¾Ifha §
m%ldYhg m;a úh' ld¾ñl ixj¾Okfha § rch wkq.ukh l< hq;= uQ,O¾u lsysmhla
tu.ska o ks¾foaY lr ;snqKs' fuu jd¾;d rcfha l¾udka; m%;sm;a;sh ilia lr
.ekSug fnfyúka WmldÍ úh' ta wkqj rcfha l¾udka; m%;sm;a;sh 1954 § m%ldYhg
m;a úh' úYd, l¾udka; fjkqjg iq`M l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍug rch ueÈy;a ùu;a
fiiq l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍug fm!oa.,sl wxYhg Èß fok m%;sm;a;shl=;a Bg wh;a
úh' tu lreKq u; msysgqjñka l¾udka; lafIa;%hg úfoaY wdfhdack ,nd .ekSu
ms<snò rcfha m%;sm;a;sh 1955 § md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a l< Oj, m;%sldjla u.ska
meyeÈ,s lrk ,È' fï wkqj furg l¾udka; lafIa;%h flfrys uqo,a wdfhdackh
lsÍug fm!oa.,sl wxYhg;a fodrgq újr úh' 1956 j¾Ifhka miqj furg l¾udka;
lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk wjia:d lsysmhla my; iòyka fõ'
j¾I 1959 § m%:u ld¾ñl ckmoh tal, msysgqùu yd 1960 j¾Ifha § r;au,dk
ld¾ñl ckmoh msysgqùu'
1958 - 1968 oi wjqreÿ fhdackd l%uh hgf;a rcfha ueÈy;a ùfuka hlv yd
jdfka" ;=kS ,E,s" iSks wdÈ l¾udka; wdrïN ùu
1970 - 1977 ld,h ;=< úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lrk NdKav fjkqjg Bg
wdfoaYk foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh lsÍug fhduq ùu ksid .Dyia: yd iq`M
l¾udka; ÈhqKq ùu'
1977 j¾Ifhka miq wmkhk wdY%s; l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu iòyd wdfhdaclhka
f.kajd .ekSu yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èßu;a lsÍu iòyd wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s
ksid we`.`Mï l¾udka;h yd wmkhk wdY%s; l¾udka;j, YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'
wOHdmk ixj¾Ok lghq;=
ksoyfika miq .; jQ oYl y;rl muK ld,fha ol=Kq wdishdfõ fiiq

rgj,a iu. iiòk úg wOHdmk lghq;= fuka u idlaIr;dj w;ska o Y%S ,xldfõ
lemS fmfkk m%.;shla olakg ,enqKs' Bg m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha nd,dxYfha isg
úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh ksu jk f;la fkdñf,a wOHdmkh ,nd §u fyj;a ksoyia
wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla furg l%shd;aul ùuhs' iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r uy;d
úiska rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § y`ÿkajd fok ,o fulS ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh"
ksoyfika miq n,hg m;a iEu rchla úiska u wLKavj mj;ajdf.k tk ,È'
131
6'9 rEmh ¡ fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
ksoyiska miq wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqj msKsi rch úiska .kakd ,o

mshjr lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
rch mdi,a msysgqùu yd wOHdmk jHdma;shg uqo,a fhoùu

úIhud,d ixj¾Okh yd .=re mqyqKq lghq;= kùlrKh lsÍu'
mdi,aj, úoHd.dr myiqlï yd mqia;ld, myiqlï jHdma; lsÍu'
YsIH Y=NidOk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu" fï wkqj Èjd wdydrh" mdi,a fmd;a"
mdi,a ks, we`ÿï" ffjoH yd oka; ffjoH myiqlï wdÈh isiqkag fkdñf,a
,nd §ug lghq;= flßK' iykodhs f,i .ukd.uk myiqlï ,nd §ug
mshjr f.k ;sfí'
jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;k msysgqjñka wOHdmk lghq;= mq`M,a lsÍu
1942 j¾Ifha § ,xld úYajúoHd,h fld<U msysgqùu'
1952 j¾Ifha § ,xld úYajúoHd,h fmardfoKshg f.k hdu'
1972 fudrgqj lgqneoao úYajúoHd,h wdrïN lsÍu
1974 hdmk úYajúoHd,h msysgqùu
úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh iòyd uyfmd< YsIH;aj yd YsIHdOdr ,nd §u'
mdi,a yer .sh whg yd úYajúoHd,j,g we;=<;a ùug fkdyels jQ jeäysá
whg ;jÿrg;a wOHdmkh ,nd §u iòyd újD; úYajúoHd,h wdrïN lsÍu'
132
iudc Y=NidOkh
ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a 1931 j¾Ih olajd furg Y+NidOk lghq;=

iïnkaOfhka fhduq jQfha wvq wjOdkhls' tu ld,fha § wOHdmk yd fi!LH
lafIa;%j, m%.;shg lghq;= flßK' tfia u hï hï wjia:dj, meK ke.=Kq .eg¨
úi`§u iòyd frda. ksjdrKh" uyck;djf.a fmdaIK uÜgu by< kexùu" jdß
ud¾. m%;sixialrKh wdÈhg o rcfha wjOdkh fhduq úh' 1931 j¾Ifha § i¾jck
Pkao n,h ,eîu;a" Y+NidOk lafIa;%j,g wod< wud;HdxY lsysmhlg ,dxlsl
weu;sjreka m;a ùu;a ksid rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § ^1931 -1947& uyck Y+N
idOkh flfrys furg jeä wjOdkhla fhduq flßK' 1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldjg
ksoyi ,eîu;a iu. wdKavq n,h iajfoaYslhka w;g m;a jQ fyhska uyck hym;
fjkqfjka m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍug yd l%shd;aul lsÍug furg foaYmd,k{hkag
wjia:dj ,enqKs' ksoyiska miqj jßka jr wdKavq udreùï isÿ jqj;a n,hg m;a
jQ iEu rchla u Y+NidOk m%;sm;a;sh wLKavj bÈßhg f.k f.dia we;' 1948
j¾Ifhka miqj lafIa;% lsysmhl Y+NidOl lghq;=j, lemS fmfkk ,laIK my;
oelafõ'
fi!LH myiqlï by< kexùu'

rgg wjYH ffjoHjreka ìys lsÍu msKsi kj ffjoH mSG wdrïN lsÍu"
úfYaI{ ffjoH fiajh yd fyo fiajh ÈhqKq lsÍu'
frday,a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" Y,Hd.dr myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu" kj frday,a msysgqùu"
m%;sYla;SlrK yd frda. ksjdrK jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu'
úkakUq yd ud;DOdrl fiajd ÈhqKq lsÍu
o;a; ffjoH fiajh mq`M,a lsÍu
iEu m%foaYhl u jHdma; jk f,i fi!LH mÍlaIljreka m;a lsÍu'
iykdOdr ,nd §u
hg;a úð; iufha isg wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;d mej;Su;a" bvï ys`.h"
/lshd ys`.h yd .%dóh Kh .e;s Ndjh jeks m%Yak mej;Su;a ksid furg ck;djf.ka
fldgila wvq wdodhï,dNSka ùu olakg ,enqKs' fï ksid wvq wdodhï,dNS ck;djf.a
Ôjk ;;aajh by< kexùu msKsi iykdOdr ,nd §fï wjYH;djla u;= úh' ta iòyd
wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
iy,a iykdOdr ,nd §u

wdydr øjH ,nd .ekSug wdydr uqoaor l%uhla l%shd;aul lsÍu
wvq wdodhï,dNSkag ksjdi wdOdr ,nd §u yd kj ksjdi ;kjd §u'
l=vd bvï ysñhkag f;a" rn¾ jeks j.djka iòyd wdOdr uqo,a ,nd §u'
133
.%dóh m%foaYj, myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'
ksoyi ,efnk wjêh jk úg rfÜ ck;djf.a jeä fldgila .%dóh

m%foaYj, mÈxÑj isá w;r k.rhg idfmalaIj .ïno ck;djg ,enqKq myiqlï
wju uÜgul mej;=Ks' fï ksid .ïno ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;ajh Wiia lsÍug iEu
wdKavqjla u mshjr .kq ,eî h' tn`ÿ lghq;= lsysmhla WodyrK jYfhka my;
oelafõ'
.%dóh m%foaYj, ud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu yd kj nia fiajd wdrïN lsÍu'
.ïno m%foaYj,g úÿ,sn, myiqlï ,nd §u'
.%dóh ck;djg mdkSh c,h ,nd §ug úúO jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
;eme,a yd ÿrl:k fiajd .ï uÜgu olajd mq`M,a lsÍu'
iuqmdldr fiajh yd nexl= fiajh .ï uÜgug y`ÿkajd §u'
l%shdldrlu
01' 1947 isg 1970 olajd j¾I j, YS% ,xldfõ
meje;a jQ uyue;sjrK ms<sn|j f;dr;=re
weiqßka my; i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
uyue;sjrKh ch.;a mlaIh m;a jQ m;a jQ wdKavqj
w.ue;sjrhd úiska isÿ l<
jeo.;a ld¾h
1947
1952
1956
1960 ud¾;=
1960 cQ,s
1965
1970
02' 1972 yd 1978 wdKavql%u jHia:d weiqßka my; iòyka wdh;k

iïnkaOfhka isÿ jQ fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ckdêm;s Oqrh
• w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ uKav,h
• jHjia:dodhlh
134

Grade 09 History Textbook Sinhala Medium - New Syllabus

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Grade 09 History Textbook Sinhala Medium - New Syllabus

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b;sydih

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r b;sydi yd mqrdúoHd wOHhkdxYh

uydpd¾h mS' mqIamr;akï b;sydi wOHhkdxYh

uydpd¾h fla' wreka;jrdcd b;sydi wOHhkdxYh

pkaÈud ksYdks O¾umd, fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

ví,sõ' tA' iuka;s Ysfrdaud,d .=Kj¾Ok iyldr lÓldpd¾h

ví,sõ' ta' mshiS,s .=re fiajh ^úY%dñl&

k,Ska nKavdr .=re fiajh

fïß fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;sks

hQ' t,a' tï' niS¾ úY%dñl .=re WmfoaYl

à' ;=Idka;kS .=re fiajh

tï' tA' tï' ouhka;s zz<Õ u mdi, fyd| u mdi,ZZ

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh iy msgq ieliSu

01 Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSka hg;g m;aùu 1 - 20

02 Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h 21 - 52

03 Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqk¾Ôjkh 53 - 68

04 bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igka jHdmdrh 69 - 96

05 Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK yd cd;sl 97 - 114

06 ksoyiska miq YS% ,xldj 115 - 134

mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihla .; jk f;la ;uka meñfKk uqyqÿ

1'1 rEmh ¡ fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.fï ^VOC& ,dxPkh

1602 j¾Ifhka miq fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.u uQ,Huh jYfhka

Wvrg rcjreka ,kafoais iydh fidhd hdu

úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a ifydaorfhl= jQ fikr;a rcq n,hg

fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .súiqu

1638 .súiqfï m%Odk lreKq

 rcq woyia lrkafka kï mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kakd n,fldgqj, ,kafoais

1638 j¾Ifha .súiqfuka miqj mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug ;j;a

1'3 rEmh ¡ .d¨ fldgqj

,kafoaiSska Wvrg rdcH iu`. meje;ajQ iïnkaO;d

fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r mej;s in`o;d

Wvrg ,kafoais ¥; in`o;d

¥; .ukaj, § fomd¾Yajh ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr

j¾Ih Wvrg rcq ,kafoais ¥;hd ¥; .ukg fya;=j

1602 m<uqjk fcdßia jEka fjf<`o lghq;= ms<sn`oj rcq iu.

mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w;a lr .;a fldä

iduldó m%;sm;a;sh yd .egqïj,ska je,lSu

 my< nqreufhka Wmiïmod NslaIQka f.kajd .ekSug ,kafoais keõ ,nd §u

fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy

Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud o uq,a rcjrekaf.a isß;a wkq.ukh

1739 j¾Ifha § Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq ñh.sh w;r t;=udg

1'6 rEmh ¡ ´,kao fid,aodÿjka ±lafjk is;=jula

jir lsysmhla fkdlvjd mej;s .egqï ksid fï jk úg kej; iduhla we;s

tfia u kdhlal¾ jxYslhkaf.a yeisÍï ksid ro,jreka fuka u fn!oaO

1766 .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla

 hdmd mgqk" ukakdru" l,amsáh" fld<U Èidj" .d¨ fldar,h yd

 uqyqÿnv isg rg ;=<g isxy, .õjl m%udKh ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj 1782 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a ifydaorhd

1'2 ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=

,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ixúOdkh

,kafoaiSka fjf<`o iud.ula jYfhka ixúOdkh ù isá fyhska ´,kaofha

furg isá ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhdg yd Tyqf.a WmfoaYl iNdjg ,xldfõ

,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fuh md,kh úh' fld<U" l`M;r" ó.uqj

.d¨ fldudkavßfha lghq;= i`oyd fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= m;a lr

hdmk fldudkavßh o fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= hgf;a mej;=Ks' mq;a;,ug

.d,a, yd hdmkh fldudkavßj, fldufodarejreka fofokd fld<U

wdKavqldrjrhd yd fldufodarejrekag my<ska mej;s mßmd,kh isú,a

Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd

rcq woyia lrkafka kï mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kakd n,fldgqj, ,kafoais

my< nqreufhka Wmiïmod NslaIQka f.kajd .ekSug ,kafoais keõ ,nd §u

hdmd mgqk" ukakdru" l,amsáh" fld<U Èidj" .d¨ fldar,h yd

uqyqÿnv isg rg ;=<g isxy, .õjl m%udKh ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h

r;au,dfka .u" fodka nia;shka wmamqydñg whs;s fodU.yj;a;

uq;=rdcfj, wiajeoa§ug lghq;= lsÍu

frdau .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh wkq.ukh lrñka biaf;damamqj" fid,aorh" l=¨kq

úúO wdydr j¾. rdYshla y`ÿkajd §u WodyrK - flala" wÉpdre" fldlsia

Y%S ,xldfõ msysàfï jeo.;alu

18 jk ishji jk úg bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr yd ngysr fjr<nv m%foaYj,

Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu bkaÈhdfõ wdrlaIdjg muKla fkdj bkaÈhdkq id.rfha

fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. fjf<`o ud¾.j, uOHia:dkhla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu

rg ;=<g fkrd .sh iajdNdúl jrdhla jQ neúka wk;=reodhl iq<s iq<xj,ska

1762 j¾Ifha § fcdaka mhsnia lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq yuq ùu

1796 -1798 olajd fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<`o iud.u hgf;a md,kh

we;eï ro,jrekag mejÍ ;snQ rdcldÍ rcq ;u {d;Ska jQ kdhlaldr

mrKd;, l=vd Wkakdkafia we;=`M NslaIQka jykafia,d lsysm kulg rdc

fnda.ïnr jej úYd, lsÍfï lghq;af;a § fmdahu`M úydrh;a" i;r foajd,;a

fud,a,sf.dv yd weyef<afmd< w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo fya;=fjka Wvrg

2 jk j.ka;sh - Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq isyiqfkka fkrmk ,o nj o Tyqf.a

5 jk j.ka;sh - rgjeishka woyk

6"7 j.ka;sh - wx. fþokh jeks merKs