THE NATIONALANTHEM

Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he

Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.
Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga
Tava subha name jage,
Tava subha asisa mage,
Gahe tava jaya gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

PLEDGE
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and
sisters.
I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied
heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect, and
treat everyone with courtesy.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In
their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.

Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram- 695012, Kerala.
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
©Department of Education, Government of Kerala
To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)
Forward

This Textbook of Statistics for Class-XII has been designed to help

the students to grasp basic statistical concepts and techniques. Real
life opportunities and situations have been provided for applying
them in relevant situations.

Two major divisions of Statistics namely Descriptive statistics and

Inferential statistics were considered while developing this material.
The chapters on Descriptive statistics will provide you with a
perspective to look at data and to communicate information
effectively and efficiently. The chapters on Inferential statistics will tell
you, how statistics supplies powerful concepts to estimate the
pervasive effect of chance and will help us to generalise beyond limited
sets of actual observations. Scopes for doing practicals have also been
provided, wherever possible.

Novel and emerging ideas and concepts in Statistics have been

discussed in the Textbook. This will equip you with a global outlook to
enter into the field of statistics, as a professional. The learning
outcomes envisaged in each chapter will enable you to look for the
purpose of learning each chapter. In the end you can assess yourself
- your level in achieving the concepts and ideas. Suggestions and
comments about this book are most welcome.

Dr. S.Raveendran Nair

Director
SCERT; Kerala
 Textbook Development Team

1. MANOJ. K 6. MOHAMMED ASLAM.K

HSS Panagad , Thrissur. PPM HSS Kottukkara,
2. ANWAR SHAMEEM. Z. A Malappuram .
GHSS Kuttiadi, Kozhikode. 7. MARY GEORGE
3. SAJISHKUMAR. M St. Raphael’s CGHSS, Ollur, Thrissur.
MNKM HSS, 8. DEEPA KOSHY
Chittilamchery, Palakkad. PSVPM HSS, Ayravon, Pathanamthitta.
4. BIJU . G. V 9. HASIM. M. C
GHSS Kulakkada, Kollam. GHSS Aroli, Kannur
5. SREESAN.M.B 10. SAKKEER.M
Karimpuzha HSS, Thottara Govt. VHSS Meppayyur,
Palakkad. Kozhikode.

Experts
P.K. VENUGOPAL
Associate Professor (Rtd.), Department of Statistics
Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur.
Dr. K. K. HAMSA
Associate Professor, Department of Statistics
Farook College, Kozhikode.
Dr. C. GOKULADASAN PILLAI
Former Curriculum Head, SCERT, Kerala

Academic Co-ordinator
Dr. Chandini. K. K
Head, Higher Secondary and Teacher Training

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),

Vidhyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695 012
Contents
1. Correlation Analysis 7 5. Discrete Probability 85
1.1 Meaning of Correlation Distributions
1.2 Types of Correlation 5.1 Binomial Probability
1.3 Methods of Studying Distribution
Correlation 5.2 Poisson Probability
Distribution
2. Regression Analysis 29
2.1 Meaning of Regression 6. Normal Distribution 111
2.2 Linear regression 6.1 Normal Distribution - Concept
2.3 Regression equations 6.2 Normal Probability Density
Function
3 Elementary Calculus 45
6.3 Standard Normal Distribution
3.1 Derivative of a Function
7. Sampling Distributions 129
3.2 Second Order Derivative
7.1 Parameter and statistic
3.3 Applications of second order
derivatives 7.2 Sampling Distribution
3.4 Integration 7.3 Distribution of Sample
Mean
3.5 Definite Integrals
7.4 Central Limit Theorem and
4. Random Variables 57 its importance
4.1. Random Variable 7.5 Chi - square, t and F
4.2. Discrete Random Variable distributions
4.3 Probability mass function 7.6 Relation among Z, Chi-square,
(pmf) t and F statistics
4.4 Cumulative distribution 8. Estimation of Parameters 149
function (cdf)
8.1 Point Estimation
4.5 Mathematical Expectation,
8.2 Method of Moments
Mean and Variance
8.3 Interval Estimation
4.6 Continuous Random Variables
8.4 Confidence interval for the
4.7 Distribution Function
population mean
9. Testing of Hypothesis 165 11.5 Control Charts
9.1 Statistical Hypothesis 11.6 Types of Control Charts
9.2 The Two types of Errors 11.7 Construction of Control Charts
9.3 Level of Significance and 11.8 Control Charts for Variables
Power of a Test 11.9 Control Charts for Attributes
9.4 Test Statistic and Critical 11.10 Uses of Statistical Quality
Region Control
9.5 One - Tailed and Two - Tailed 12. Time Series Analysis 255
Tests
12.1 Time Series
9.6 Tests of significance of single
mean 12.2 Components of Time series
9.7 Tests for significance for 12.3 Uses of Analysis of Time Series
equality of two population 12.4 Trend Analysis
means (Z test)
13. Index Numbers 281
9.8 Chi - square test for
13.1 Classification of Index
independence of attributes
Numbers
10. Analysis of Variance 207 13.2 Types of Index Numbers
10.1 Types of Variations 13.3 Consumer Price index
10.2 Causes of Variation 13.4 Characteristics of Index
10.3 Assumptions of ANOVA Numbers
10.4 One - Way ANOVA 13.5 Uses of index Numbers
Appendix A - Answers 301
11. Statistical Quality Control 227
Appendix B -Glossary 305
11.1 Meaning of Quality
Appendix C - References 309
11.2 Quality Control
Appendix D - Statistical Tables 310
11.3 Statistical Process Control
11.4 Variation and Causes of Appendix E - R Code 316
Variation