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First International Workshop MMMI

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2019 Shenzhen China October 13 2019
Proceedings Quanzheng Li
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Quanzheng Li
Richard Leahy
Bin Dong
Xiang Li (Eds.)
LNCS 11977
Multiscale Multimodal
Medical Imaging
First International Workshop, MMMI 2019
Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2019
Shenzhen, China, October 13, 2019
Proceedings
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11977
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7412
Quanzheng Li Richard Leahy Bin Dong
• • •
Xiang Li (Eds.)
Multiscale Multimodal
Medical Imaging
First International Workshop, MMMI 2019
Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2019
Shenzhen, China, October 13, 2019
Proceedings
123
Editors
Quanzheng Li Richard Leahy
Harvard Medical School University of Southern California
Boston, MA, USA Los Angeles, CA, USA
Bin Dong Xiang Li
Peking University Harvard Medical School
Beijing, China Boston, MA, USA
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-37968-1 ISBN 978-3-030-37969-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37969-8
LNCS Sublibrary: SL6 – Image Processing, Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, and Graphics
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

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Preface
In 2019, the First International Workshop on Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging

(MMMI 2019), a workshop held in conjunction with International Conference on
Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI 2019), took
place in Shenzhen, China. It was organized by the Massachusetts General Hospital and
Harvard Medical School, the University of Southern California, and Peking University.
In the field of medical imaging, the use of more than one imaging modality (i.e.
multimodal) or analyzing images at a different scale (i.e. multiscale) on the same target
has become a growing field, as more advanced techniques and devices have become
available. Various analyzes using multiscale/multimodal medical imaging and
computer-aided detection systems have been developed, with the premise that addi-
tional modalities/scales can encompass abundant information which is different and
complementary to each other. Facing the growing amount of data available from
multiscale/multimodal medical imaging facilities, a variety of new methods for the
image analysis have been developed so far. The MMMI workshop aims to move
forward the state of the art in multiscale/multimodal medical imaging, including both
algorithm development, implementation of methodology, and experimental studies.
The workshop also aims to facilitate more interactions between researchers in the field
of medical image analysis and the field of machine learning, especially in machine
learning methods for data fusion and multisource learning.
The MMMI workshop took place at the InterContinental Hotel Shenzhen in
Shenzhen, China, on October 13, 2019. It attracted more than 50 registered attendees
from international communities of computer scientists, imaging physics, radiologists,
and clinical physicians, who presented works covering a wide range of medical
imaging modalities and applications. Novel techniques and insights for
multiscale/multimodal medical images analysis, as well as empirical studies involving
the application of multiscale/multimodal imaging for clinical use were presented.
MMMI 2019 received a total of 18 submissions, which were reviewed by
29 independent reviewers. All submissions underwent a double-blind peer-review
process, with each submission being reviewed by at least two independent reviewers
and one Program Committee member. Based on the review scores and comments, 13
papers were accepted for presentation at the workshop and for inclusion in this
Springer LNCS volume.
vi Preface
We greatly appreciate all the author’s contributions to this workshop. We would like
to thank all the Program Committee members for handling the submissions with
professional judgements and constructive comments. We also thank our sponsors for
the financial supports of the Best Paper Awards and Student Paper Awards.
October 2019 Quanzheng Li

Richard Leahy
Bin Dong
Xiang Li
Organization
Program Committee Chairs

Quanzheng Li Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
Richard Leahy University of Southern California, USA
Bin Dong Peking University, China
Xiang Li Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
Program Committee
Dufan Wu Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, USA
Jian Li University of Southern California, USA
Jie Zhang Arizona State University, USA
Jinglei Lv QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
Kyungsang Kim Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, USA
Shijie Zhao Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Shu Zhang Stony Brook University, USA
Xi Jiang University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China, China
Xiao-Yun Zhou Imperial College London, UK
Contents
Multi-modal Image Prediction via Spatial Hybrid U-Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Akib Zaman, Lu Zhang, Jingwen Yan, and Dajiang Zhu
Automatic Segmentation of Liver CT Image Based on Dense

Pyramid Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Hongli Xu, Binhua Wang, Wanguo Xue, Yao Zhang, Cheng Zhong,
Yongliang Chen, and Jianfeng Leng
OctopusNet: A Deep Learning Segmentation Network for Multi-modal

Medical Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Yu Chen, Jiawei Chen, Dong Wei, Yuexiang Li, and Yefeng Zheng
Neural Architecture Search for Optimizing Deep Belief Network Models

of fMRI Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Ning Qiang, Bao Ge, Qinglin Dong, Fangfei Ge, and Tianming Liu
Feature Pyramid Based Attention for Cervical Image Classification . . . . . . . . 35

Hongfeng Li, Jian Zhao, Li Zhang, Jie Zhao, Li Yang, and Quanzheng Li
Single-Scan Dual-Tracer Separation Network Based on Pre-trained GRU . . . . 43

Junyi Tong, Yunmei Chen, and Huafeng Liu
PGU-net+: Progressive Growing of U-net+ for Automated

Cervical Nuclei Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Jie Zhao, Lei Dai, Mo Zhang, Fei Yu, Meng Li, Hongfeng Li,
Wenjia Wang, and Li Zhang
Automated Classification of Arterioles and Venules for Retina Fundus

Images Using Dual Deeply-Supervised Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Meng Li, Jie Zhao, Yan Zhang, Danmei He, Jinqiong Zhou, Jia Jia,
Haicheng She, Quanzheng Li, and Li Zhang
Liver Segmentation from Multimodal Images Using HED-Mask R-CNN . . . . 68

Supriti Mulay, G. Deepika, S. Jeevakala, Keerthi Ram,
and Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
aEEG Signal Analysis with Ensemble Learning for Newborn

Seizure Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Yini Pan, Hongfeng Li, Lili Liu, Quanzheng Li, Xinlin Hou,
and Bin Dong
x Contents
Speckle Noise Removal in Ultrasound Images Using a Deep Convolutional

Neural Network and a Specially Designed Loss Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Danlei Feng, Weichen Wu, Hongfeng Li, and Quanzheng Li
Automatic Sinus Surgery Skill Assessment Based on Instrument

Segmentation and Tracking in Endoscopic Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Shan Lin, Fangbo Qin, Randall A. Bly, Kris S. Moe,
and Blake Hannaford
U-Net Training with Instance-Layer Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Xiao-Yun Zhou, Peichao Li, Zhao-Yang Wang, and Guang-Zhong Yang
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Multi-modal Image Prediction via Spatial
Hybrid U-Net
Akib Zaman1(&), Lu Zhang1, Jingwen Yan2, and Dajiang Zhu1

1
The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
akbzmn@gmail.com
2
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA
Abstract. Cortical folding patterns and white matter connectivity together

compose the structural organization of human brain. Gray matter and gyrification
describe the geometric characteristic of cortical surface and the wiring of white
matter represents the structural pathway inside the brain. Many studies suggest
that there exists a close relationship between gray matter and white matter.
However, given the widely existing variability and complexity of brain struc-
tures, it is still largely unknown to what extent white matter wiring can influence
gray matter and folding patterns. As an attempt to discover the potential rela-
tionship between gray matter and white matter, in this work we developed a novel
spatial hybrid U-Net framework for multi-modal image prediction: we are aiming
to predict T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) based on Diffusion
Tensor Imaging (DTI) data. Specifically, when predicting local intensity for T1
data, we constructed a hybrid model to integrate both local tensor information
and the FA (Fractional Anisotropy) measure from remote brain regions con-
nected by DTI derived fibers. To alleviate computation effort and reduce memory
consumption, we proposed a multi-stage 2D training scheme instead of using 3D
convolution neural network. Our results showed 80% accuracy for prediction and
the reconstructed cortical surface using predicted T1 data is highly consistent to
the original T1 derived surface. We envision that the proposed method can not
only lay down a foundation for multi-modality inference, but also bring new
insights to understand brain structure as well.
Keywords: Brain structure Multi-modality U-Net
1 Introduction
Human brains display significant inter-individual variation in cortical structures. Fold-

ing pattern of the cerebral cortex (gray matter - GM) and white matter (WM) connec-
tivity are two aspects of brain structure. These two characteristics together compose the
structural organization of human brain. That is, gray matter and gyrification depict the
geometric shape of cortical surface, e.g., gyri and sulci, and white matter wiring pro-
vides the white matter pathway inside the cortex. Many studies suggest that there exists
a close relationship between gray matter and white matter, such as a universal scaling
law between GM and WM [1]. There are two divergent ideas in the field: axonal pushing
and pulling [2] theory. A recent study further proved that during cortical gyrification,
gyral regions with higher concentrations of growing axonal fibers tend to form 3-hinge
Q. Li et al. (Eds.): MMMI 2019, LNCS 11977, pp. 1–9, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37969-8_1
2 A. Zaman et al.
gyri [3]. All the above studies suggest that there exists a close relationship between gray
matter and white matter. However, given the existing variability and complexity of brain
structures, it is still largely unknown to what extent white matter wiring can influence
gray matter and folding patterns.
Fortunately, the advancement of MRI and DTI provides non-invasive ways to
examine cortical folding patterns and white matter related measures (e.g. FA maps and
DTI derived fibers). As an attempt to discover the potential relationship between gray
matter and white matter, we developed a novel spatial hybrid U-Net framework for
multi-modal image prediction: we aim to predict T1-weighted MRI based on DTI data.
The motivation is that if white matter influences cortical folding (gray matter) via either
pulling/pushing or their combined effects, we should be able to infer gray matter with
the information of white matter. Specifically, when predicting local intensity for T1-
weighted image data, we constructed a hybrid model to integrate both local tensor
information and the FA measures from remote brain regions connected by DTI derived
fibers. The reason for integrating local and remote white matter knowledge as a hybrid
model is to examine if structural connectivity will also contribute to local gray matter
properties. To alleviate computation effort and reduce memory consumption, we pro-
posed a multi-stage 2D training scheme instead of using 3D convolution neural net-
work (CNN). Using Human Connectome Project [4] data set as a test bed, our results
showed 80% accuracy for T1-weighted image prediction with DTI data. Here, the
accuracy is defined as the ratio of predicted intensity to the original one. We also
examined the reconstructed cortical surfaces with the predicted T1 data and it displayed
high similarity to the surfaces generated from the original T1 image.
2 Method
2.1 Data Acquisition and Pre-processing

The data used in this work is acquired from the WU-Minn Human Connectome Project
(HCP) consortium S1200 Release. We use T1-weighted MRI and DTI. For T1,
TR = 2.4 s, TE = 2.14 ms, voxel size is 0.7 mm isotropic. For DTI, TR = 5.520 s,
TE = 89.5 ms, slice thickness is 1.25 mm. The diffusion weighted data consists of 3
shells of b = 1000, 2000, and 3000 s/mm2 with an approximately equal number of
acquisitions on each shell within each run. In this work, we only used 90 b = 1000
volumes and 1 b = 0 volume.
The data acquired is then pre-processed through a series of steps using the FMRIB
Software Library (FSL) [5, 6]. Finally, the T1-weighted images are registered to their
respective DTI b = 0 images using FMRIB’s Linear Image Registration Tool. [7, 8]
This step allows us to register the DTI and FA images in the same space as the T1 image.
2.2 Extracting Features from Data

To alleviate computation effort and reduce memory consumption, we proposed a multi-
stage 2D training scheme instead of using 3D CNN. That is, each data sample for our
model training and prediction is generated based on a single 2D slice. Figure 1
Multi-modal Image Prediction via Spatial Hybrid U-Net 3
demonstrates the construction of our input. The features contained in each sample
comprise two parts: the first part comes from local structural information which includes
the gradients of ninety b = 1000 volumes and one b = 0 volume. The second part of the
input represents the remote structural information. For example, for each voxel con-
sidered, we can compute its connected voxels (the colored voxels in Fig. 1) in remote
regions by examining if there are fibers passing through both of them. For the connected
voxels, we acquire their FA measures and concatenate them with the local information
as the entire input. Because of computation constrains, we considered 6 remote regions
for each slice. Different features are treated as different channels. Totally we have 97
channels for each 2D slice. The motivation to integrate both local and remote structural
information together for model training and prediction is to examine if the remote brain
regions can influence the local brain structures via WM structural connectivity.
Fig. 1. Combining DTI and FA slices as features
2.3 Transfer Learning Using a Spatial Hybrid U-Net Model

The deep neural network architecture adopted in this work is similar to the U-Net
model [9]. This model can be divided into two major parts with 5 blocks on the left
(down-sampling) and 5 blocks on the right (up-sampling) of a central block. The first
block of the model represents the input layer. This is a collection of 2D image slices
from the 3D volume we generated from the DTI and FA images. This is followed by
four blocks of similar structure (down sampling) - two 3 3 2D convolutions with a
rectified linear unit (ReLU), followed by a 2 2 max pooling operation. Batch nor-
malization and a dropout of 25% is used after each max pooling layer. Before we begin
the up-sampling blocks, we apply two 3 3 convolutions with ReLU followed by
batch normalization and a dropout of 50% nodes. The four blocks of the up-sampling
4 A. Zaman et al.
part consist of a concatenate operation to merge the layers in the same spatial order.
This is the key feature of the U-Net architecture.
This is followed by two similar 3 3 2D convolution operations and batch nor-
malization. The final up sampling block is passed through a 1 1 2D convolution with
a single filter to regress the output. Note that even though the input of the proposed
model is based on 2D slices, it contains the 3rd dimension of 97 channels which
integrate both local and spatially remote structural information. Therefore, we named it
as spatial hybrid U-Net. Figure 2 visualizes the overall structure we used in this
adaptation of the U-Net.
Fig. 2. Spatial hybrid U-Net architecture. Each color of block represents a different type of
combination of operations. The input and output boxes are 2D slices images. One block from
each type has been enlarged to show the operations that it contains.
2.4 Training and Prediction Procedure

In this work, we proposed a multi-stage training strategy: the entire training process is
divided into three stages corresponding to three image directions. First, we train the
model from the sagittal plane. For this, we use the image slices pre-processed with the
sagittal direction and feed into our spatial hybrid U-net model. These image slices are
from 15 subjects (subject 1 to 15) and each slice is treated as an independent training
sample. This part of the training helps us achieve a baseline for the weight initializa-
tion, which will be used to train the model with images from other planes. The images
from the axial plane are taken from a different set of 15 subjects (subject 16 to 30) and
the model is continued to be trained from the axial direction. Finally, we train the
model from the coronal direction using coronal slices from another set of 15 subjects
(subject 31 to 45). The reason that we did not conduct the training using three direc-
tions simultaneously is that there exists significant difference of the training perfor-
mance for different directions. Essentially, we trained the model from a direction with
the best prediction performance and used that as pre-knowledge to train the next one.
This is similar to transfer learning that transfers the knowledge gained from one plane
to a different plane. Figure 3 shows the overview of our training process.
Fig. 3. Overview of training process
The optimizer used to train the model is the stochastic gradient-based Adam
optimizer. It updates the model parameters with the rule:
ct
m
Xt þ 1 ¼ Xt c: qffiffiffiffiffiffia ð1Þ
mct þ v
b
The Adam optimizer computes network weights and biases Xt þ 1 for step t + 1
using adaptive momentum estimation technique, which enables it to compute param-
eters using variable learning rate (c) instead of a fixed constant learning rate. This
enables the optimizer to calculate gradient steps more precisely enabling it to converge
faster. It uses first and second exponential decay rates ba and bb to compute first and
second momentum estimates m ct and m ct . These values are used to compute new
a b
weights and biases for the network at t + 1 step. The parameter m is a regularization
parameter used to avoid division by zero cases.
We use Mean Squared Error to penalize the difference in the predicted value. The
loss is calculated by the following formula:
1X N
f ðX t Þ ¼ ðti pi Þ2 ð2Þ
N i¼1
Here, ti and pi are true and predicted values of the deep neural network and N is a
normalizing constant defined by the number of subjects (number of training samples).
3 Results
3.1 Predicting T1-Weighted Images from DTI and FA Images

Given the 90 gradients extracted from 90 b = 1000 s/mm2 DWI volumes (local
information) as well as FA measures of voxels connected (remote information) for each
voxel (Sect. 2.2), we conducted T1 prediction model training with spatial hybrid U-Net
6 A. Zaman et al.
Fig. 4. Comparison of predicted T1-weighted image and original T1 data. We used 45 subjects
for prediction model training (15 subjects for each stage). Here, we randomly select 5 subjects
and show their prediction results (right) with the original T1 data (left) as well
frame-work proposed in Sects. 2.3 and 2.4. In this work, we perform the prediction (50
subjects) from all three directions and the final result is averaged. We randomly select 5
subjects and show their original T1 data as well as prediction results in Fig. 4. We can
see that both overall structures and detailed spatial patterns of GM/WM are highly
consistent between our prediction results and the original T1 data. The related quan-
titative results are shown in Sect. 3.3.
3.2 Predicting Cortical Surfaces with Predicted T1-Weighted Images

For the 50 predicted T1 images using our DTI prediction model, we conducted the
cortical surface reconstruction as regular T1 images. Each sub-figure in Fig. 5 shows
the reconstructed cortical surfaces using the original T1 image (top) and our predicted
one (bottom). By visual examination we can see that the overall folding patterns are
highly consistent between the original T1 derived cortical surfaces and the ones based
on DTI prediction results. The color encodes the prediction error and the regions with
red represent high prediction error. An interesting observation is that the temporal lobe
(red circles) and dorsal regions (red arrows) tend to have higher prediction error
compared to other brain regions. This might be due to the more complex structure of
the corresponding regions. Importantly, we can accurately predict T1 image and
generate cortical surface only using DTI data, which was considered a different
imaging modality.
Fig. 5. Examples of cortical surface reconstruction using original and predicted T1 images
(Color figure online)
3.3 Comparison with Model Without FA Slices in the Training Data

In our paper, we used Mean Absolute Error (MAE) to measure the quality of predicted
T1-weighted images. MAE is a measure of difference between two continuous vari-
ables. The Mean Absolute Error is given by:
Pn
jai bi j
MAE ¼ i¼1
ð3Þ
n
where ai and bi are the original T1 data and predicted T1 data, respectively.
Our comparison results can be seen in Table 1. 5 predicted subjects were randomly
chosen and compared with their original registered T1-weighted image. It is evident
that including remote features (FA) has a positive effect on the prediction model.
Table 1. Comparison of our proposed DTI + FA method with only DTI method (MAE values)
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 Average
DTI + FA method 0.073 0.072 0.074 0.057 0.073 0.0714
Only DTI method 0.081 0.079 0.082 0.069 0.084 0.0790
3.4 Comparison with k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Regression

We compared the results of our model with kNN Regression (n = 5) and it is evident
from the results that our proposed model performs better. The MAE values have been
compared to show the performance improvement that our model achieves (Table 2).
8 A. Zaman et al.
Table 2. Comparison of our proposed model with kNN regression (MAE values)
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 Average
kNN 0.120 0.112 0.115 0.109 0.130 0.1172
Proposed 0.073 0.054 0.057 0.063 0.068 0.0630
3.5 Reproducibility
Fig. 6. Prediction using 9 subjects (left) and 15 subjects (right)
We examined the robustness of our model by using the same training procedure for 9
subjects (3 from each plane) and 15 subjects (5 from each plane). The results were
satisfactory, as can be seen from Fig. 6 above. Using higher number of subjects yields
higher accuracy, as expected. However, our model proves to be robust in terms of the
T1-weighted predictions even with very few subjects used for training.
4 Conclusion
In this work, we developed a novel spatial hybrid U-Net model to predict T1 image
from DTI data. During this process, we used both the local structural information and
also FA measures from remote regions connected by DTI derived fibers. We also
proposed a multi-stage training scheme to achieve a more reliable prediction perfor-
mance. Our results showed 80% accuracy for prediction and the reconstructed cortical
surface using predicted T1 data is highly consistent to the original T1 derived surface.
We envision that the proposed method can not only lay down a foundation for multi-
modality inference, but also bring new insights to understand brain structure as well.
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3. Ge, F., et al.: Denser growing fiber connections induce 3-hinge gyral folding. Cereb. Cortex
28(3), 1064–1075 (2017)
4. Van Essen, D.C., et al.: The WU-Minn human connectome project: an overview. NeuroImage
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LNCS, vol. 9351, pp. 234–241. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
24574-4_28
Automatic Segmentation of Liver CT Image
Based on Dense Pyramid Network
Hongli Xu1, Binhua Wang1(&), Wanguo Xue1, Yao Zhang2,3,

Cheng Zhong4, Yongliang Chen5(&), and Jianfeng Leng6
1
Medical Big Data Center, The First Medical Center,
Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
xuhongli@301hospital.com.cn, 7539wbhwbh@163.com
2
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
4
Lenovo Research, Lenovo Ltd., Beijing, China
5
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center,
Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
chenyl301@163.com
6
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital,
Beijing, China
Abstract. In the field of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and treatment

evaluation system on hepatic disease diagnosis, the automatic segmentation of
the liver from CT volume is the most basic step. It is a difficult task because the
shape of liver could be changed by liver tumor, and the intensity of liver is
similar to that of other adjacent tissues. In this paper, we proposed a framework
based on the U-net architecture, called dense pyramid network to segment the
liver from CT images automatically. The main contribution of our network is
that, multiple feature maps from the previous level of hierarchy are combined as
the input of each layer in the encoding part. This removes the loss of context
information between different layers. The model is trained on practical enhanced
CT scans, which are gained from People’s Liberation Army General Hospital
(PLA). Experimental results demonstrate that our model can effectively improve
the segmentation performance of liver, no matter the different shapes between
livers. In the experiment, the Dice score of liver segmentation in the arterial
phase, venous phase, and delay phase by dense pyramid network was about
95.97%, 96.22%, and 96.16%, respectively, which shows that our model is more
suitable for multi-phase liver segmentation.
Keywords: Deep learning Liver segmentation U-Net Dense pyramid

network
1 Introduction
Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor in the world. In 2013, the incidence and
mortality of liver cancer in China were higher than the global average [1, 2], the early
diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer has always been received highly attention.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37969-8_2
Automatic Segmentation of Liver CT Image Based on Dense Pyramid Network 11
In medical imaging technology, CT has become an important reference because of its

high spatial resolution, high robustness and short acquisition time [3–5]. Currently,
multi-phase CT images are widely used to diagnose hepatic disease, but when clinical
experts diagnose the type of liver cancer, they usually need roll back and forth in
different phases, even zoom in and out the CT images; besides manual annotation on
thousands of CT slices is time-consuming [6], therefore, Accurate liver automatic
segmentation to determine the size of the liver and the need for tumor location is an
urgent problem. Accurate liver segmentation on CT images is a challenging task
because the intensity is similar between the liver and other organs around it, and the
size and contour of the liver can be affected by liver tumors or other diseases. To
segment the liver issue based on contrast-enhanced CT images, the traditional image
segmentation algorithm is to extract image features based on the distribution of HU
values of CT images, such as level set [7, 8] based methods and graph cut [9, 10] based
methods. However, the disadvantage is that the parameters of the model need to be
initialized according to the doctor’s prior knowledge, which is greatly influenced by
subjective factors.
In recent years, deep learning has become popular in the field of medical imaging.
Litjens [11, 12] et al. summarized the application of deep learning methods in the field
of medical image processing. The U-net architecture proposed by Ronneberger [13]
et al. apparently becomes a main method on medical images segmentation, and makes
an impressive improvement by its elegant structure of skip connections. It consists of
an end-to-end contraction path and expansion path, which follows a basic encoder-
decoder architecture, the contraction path is consecutive of convolution layer and max-
pooling layer, which extract more features pass to the next layer. Downsampling is
performed by a convolution-pooling operation during the encoding process to obtain a
low-resolution feature map; the expansion path is to upsample the feature map to
recover the size of segmentation map, and Skip-connection brings feature maps in the
encoder to the decoder of the same level so that the segmentation mask can be syn-
thesized. It has the following shortcomings: the context information of higher resolu-
tion layers can’t be propagated to the deep convolutional layer; when the number of
layers is increased, the gradient return path is longer, which is not conducive to the
convergence of the model.
In our work, we proposed a framework based on U-net, called dense pyramidal
feature network to segment multi-phase CT images of liver tissue automatically, which
can reduce users’ bias and segmentation time, meanwhile, it’s the foundation for liver
tumor segmentation and surgical planning.
2 Method
An overview of our proposed dense pyramid architecture is shown in Fig. 1. Firstly,

the enhanced CT images are pre-processed using HU clip, then the images are fed into
our segmentation network, which is inspired by the experience of U-net. We will
introduce the dataset we used in our work, then the detailed dense pyramid architecture
will be given.
12 H. Xu et al.
2.1 Dataset
The model is trained and tested on practical abdominal enhanced DICOM images
chosen from People’s Liberation Army General Hospital (PLA), the database is
composed of 15 males and 5 females, and each CT volume include three phases:
arterial phase, venous phase, delay phase, among them, there are 16 CT volumes
contain hepatic tumors or other related illness.
2.2 Dense Pyramid Network

Our model is trained based on dense pyramid network, which is optimized on the
U-net, and the schematic is shown in Fig. 1.
Compared with traditional fully convolutional neural network, which is shown in
Fig. 2, the dense pyramid network is composed of end-to-end network architecture,
multi-scale pyramid features and dense connection structure. The end-to-end archi-
tecture is a basic encoder-decoder architecture, and the loss function is weighted by
cross entropy [14], which is defined as:
1 XN h i
loss ¼ wi Pbi logPi þ 1 Pbi logð1 Pi Þ ð1Þ
N i¼1
Where Pi denotes the probability of pixel i belonging to the foreground, Pbi rep-
resents the ground truth, and wi is the weighted factor. The multi-scale pyramid fea-
tures is shown in Fig. 1, it gains different feature maps by max-pooling layers, finally,
the dense connection, multiple feature maps from the previous level of hierarchy are
combined as the input of each layer in the encoding part, this removes the loss of
context information between different layers.
The model is implemented with Tensorflow library. We train the network from
scratch with a Gaussian random initializer (l = 0, r = 0.01). The Adam optimizer with
an initial learning rate of 0.0001 is used for parameters updating. By considering the
sizes of background and liver, we set the weights of the cross entropy loss to be 1 and
16 respectively. The followings are the specific experimental steps of this study:
Firstly, before using the CT images, we replaced the privacy information of the
patients which is included in the DICOM header file, secondly, we manually annotated
the enhanced CT images on the direction of Transverse plane which are guided by
experts, then, the Hounsfield unit values of each CT image are ranged in [−75, 175],
finally, this study used a 4-fold cross-validation method to obtain liver segmentation
results, and connected domain analysis was performed on the segmentation results, and
the largest connected domain was retained as the final liver segmentation result.
2.3 Evaluation Metrics

The liver segmentation result is measured according to commonly used Dice score
[15], which is defined as:
T
2jA Bj
DICEðA; BÞ ¼ ð2Þ
jAj þ jBj
We refer to foreground in the ground truth as A, and the predicted foreground as B,

and the higher the Dice score is, the better the liver segmentation result is.
Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed dense pyramid network
Fig. 2. The U-Net framework

14 H. Xu et al.
3 Result and Discussion
We evaluate the performance of our proposed dense pyramid network as well as U-net,
the quantitative evaluation results are illustrated in Fig. 3. We notice that the Dice
scores improve in arterial phase, venous phase and delay phase, which demonstrate that
the dense pyramid network is better than U-net.
The results of U-Net and DPFN in liver segmentation

(Dice Similarity Index Per Case)
0.99
0.98
0.97
96.22% 1.69% 96.16% 2.01%
95.97% 2.08% 95.85% 1.72%
0.96 95.59% 2.26% 95.56% 2.06%
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
ART VN DL
Multi-phase U-Net Multi-phase DPFN
Fig. 3. The results of U-Net and DPFN in liver segmentation
Fig. 4. Results of liver segmentation. The first row represents the original CT images, second
row represents ground truth, and third row represents results of liver segmentation with dense
pyramid network (the liver is labelled in red). The first three columns are in order of ART, VN,
and DL phase respectively. The last three columns are in the same order. (Color figure online)
In Fig. 4, we show some representative segmentation examples obtained with the

dense pyramid network. According to the results, we conclude that the dense pyramid
network we proposed can detect the most liver region, and adapt to different liver forms
no matter the shapes of the livers among different CT volumes are various.
Besides, the enhanced CT images we used are composed of arterial phase, venous
phase and delay phase, and different phases have different characteristics on image,
which are shown in Fig. 5, we can achieve an effective segmentation result of multiple
phases of liver images using only one segmentation network.
Fig. 5. CT images of liver in multi-phases
4 Conclusion and Future Work
In this paper, we design and proposed a model, called dense pyramid network to
segment liver from abdominal enhanced CT scans automatically. Within our model,
multiple feature maps from the previous level of hierarchy are combined as the input of
each layer in the encoding part to combine the detail texture and the contour infor-
mation, which can solve the multi-scale problem in image segmentation to some extent,
and improve the performance of liver segmentation of CT scans. In the future, we
would like to design some efficient algorithm to achieve the segmentation of the liver
tumor on the basis of liver segmentation, so as to achieve the purpose of computer-
aided diagnosis and evaluation of treatment plans.
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OctopusNet: A Deep Learning
Segmentation Network for Multi-modal
Medical Images
Yu Chen1,2 , Jiawei Chen2 , Dong Wei2 , Yuexiang Li2(B) , and Yefeng Zheng2
1
Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
2
YouTu Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, China
vicyxli@tencent.com
Abstract. Deep learning models, such as the fully convolutional net-

work (FCN), have been widely used in 3D biomedical segmentation and
achieved state-of-the-art performance. Multiple modalities are often used
for disease diagnosis and quantification. Two approaches are widely used
in the literature to fuse multiple modalities in the segmentation networks:
early-fusion (which stacks multiple modalities as different input chan-
nels) and late-fusion (which fuses the segmentation results from different
modalities at the very end). These fusion methods easily suffer from the
cross-modal interference caused by the input modalities which have wide
variations. To address the problem, we propose a novel deep learning
architecture, namely OctopusNet, to better leverage and fuse the infor-
mation contained in multi-modalities. The proposed framework employs
a separate encoder for each modality for feature extraction and exploits a
hyper-fusion decoder to fuse the extracted features while avoiding feature
explosion. We evaluate the proposed OctopusNet on two publicly avail-
able datasets, i.e. ISLES-2018 and MRBrainS-2013. The experimental
results show that our framework outperforms the commonly-used feature
fusion approaches and yields the state-of-the-art segmentation accuracy.
Keywords: Medical image segmentation · Deep learning ·

Multi-modal images
1 Introduction
Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of deep learning technique.
Deep learning models have been widely used for medical image segmentation and
achieved impressive performance [1–3]. Compared with natural images, medi-
cal images, e.g. computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), often have a lot of scanning protocols in its toolbox and each protocol
may reveal a different property (often complementary to other protocols) of the
underlying tissue. For examples, to assess ischemic stroke lesion, three modali-
ties using perfusion imaging are commonly captured, i.e. cerebral blood volume
This work was done when Yu Chen was an intern at YouTu Lab.
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37969-8_3
18 Y. Chen et al.
Fig. 1. Different fusion approaches, including early-fusion (a), late-fusion (b) and the
architecture of our OctopusNet (c).(Color figure online)
(CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and time to peak of the residue function
(Tmax). Those modal images may contain different clinical interpretation.
To exploit the multi-modal medical data, two fusion approaches are widely-
used by current deep learning networks, i.e. stacking multiple modalities as dif-
ferent input channels (early-fusion, Fig. 1(a)) [1,2,4] and fusing the outputs of
networks from different modalities (late-fusion, Fig. 1(b)) [3,5]. Neither fusion
approach is optimal in using the complementary information from multiple input
modalities. Take the perfusion CT for ischemic stroke lesion segmentation as
an example. As shown in Fig. 1(c), four modalities, i.e. CBV, CBF and MTT,
and Tmax, are captured. It can be observed from the four modalities that the
lesion area in CBV and CBF is darker compared to the normal area, while it is
lighter in the modalities of MTT and Tmax. Consequently, the information in
different modalities may be wrongly fused if we simply adopt the early-fusion
approach. On the other hand, although the late fusion approach adopts the sep-
arate encoder-decoder for each modality, the whole network is computational
expensive and difficult to converge.
OctopusNet: A Deep Learning Segmentation Network 19
In this paper, we propose a novel segmentation network, namely Octopus-

Net, which effectively leverages the information contained in multi-modal med-
ical images. Instead of fusing multi-modal images at the input stage, we exploit
an individual encoder for each modality and fuse the feature maps generated
by middle stages of the network, which specifically extracts features from each
modality and explicitly considers the correlations between different modalities.
As the modalities are separately encoded, the proposed OctopusNet adopts a
novel feature fusion module, namely a hyper-fusion decoder, to merge the fea-
ture maps and avoid feature explosion. Extensive comparison experiments are
conducted on multi-modal datasets. The results demonstrate the outstanding
segmentation performance of the proposed OctopusNet.
2 OctopusNet
In this section, we introduce the detailed information of our OctopusNet. The
framework of our OctopusNet is shown in Fig. 1(c). The colored cubes refer to
the feature maps generated at different stages of the framework. Our OctopusNet
addresses the problem of cross-modal interference, occurred in early-fusion, by
extracting features from the modalities using separate modal encoders, which can
be any CNN architecture, e.g. VGG [6], ResNet [7] or DenseNet [8]. As shown
in Fig. 1(c), the feature maps generated at different stages of modal encoders
are concatenated and fed to the hyper-fusion decoder. The proposed decoder
uses hyper-fusion modules to fuse the feature maps from different modalities
and avoid the problem of feature explosion. Compared to the late-fusion app-
roach with four separate decoders, the hyper-fusion decoder more effectively
fuses cross-modal information and reduces the computational cost. The decoder
upsamples the high-level low-resolution feature maps back to the original reso-
lution in the same way as [9], and yields the segmentation result.
2.1 Modal Encoder

As aforementioned, the modal encoder can be chosen from any widely-used net-
work architectures, e.g. DenseNet. In our experiments, DenseNet-161 usually
yields better segmentation accuracy compared to that of VGG and ResNet. There-
fore, we take DenseNet-161 as an example to illustrate the pipeline of extract-
ing feature maps from different modalities. The detailed information of network
architecture of DenseNet-161 can be found in [8]. The colored cubes in each
modal encoder in Fig. 1(c) are the feature maps generated by different stages
of DenseNet-161, which correspond to the ones from Dense Block (1) - (4). To
better leverage the explicit information contained in different modalities, all the
extracted feature maps are concatenated together and fed to the hyper-fusion
decoder for feature fusion and distilling.
2.2 Hyper-fusion Decoder

We propose a novel hyper-fusion decoder to decode and upsample the high-level
low-resolution feature maps back to the original resolution of input and yield the
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possession of a Negro, called John Conny. Ships
constantly stop here to water, as the most convenient
Place for taking in any large Quantity, and pay, each
Ship, an Ounce of Gold for the Privilege.
W. Thence, and anchored the 15th at Dixcove, an 14.
English Factory. This, Succonda, Anamaboo, and
others, tho’ called Factories, are the Residence only of
two or three People from the principal one at Cape
Corso, who have Commission over and above their
Salary, for what Trade they transact.
W. Dixcove, and anchored next Day before Cape Corso 16.
Castle, our African Company’s chief Fort; the
Residence of their Governor, stiled Director General;
two Merchants, a Secretary, Chaplain, Surgeon,
Factors, Writers, Artificers, and a Company of
Soldiers; with Buildings and Conveniencies inside, for
themselves or Slaves.
A. Anamaboo (just below it) a noted Place of stopping, June
for all our Windward trading Ships, to compleat their 26.
Slave Cargoes.
A. and W. Montford; the 30th, Barkee, and then Shallo. 28.
Through the whole from Sierraleon, it may be
observed, that Wood, Candles, or any other Ships
Necessaries are hard to get; the former, not from a
Want in the Country (it being over-run) but an
impassable Beach, where there is no navigable River,
and the Diffidence of the Negroes, where it might be
best supplied; and the other, because Merchant-Ships
do not expect a Trade of that sort, and therefore
unprovided.
A. Whydah. The whole Coast runs in a strait Line July 4.
(without Gulphs or Bays) is thick set with Trees, a
Tendency of the Sea with the Wind, and every where a
very rough and turbulent Beach.
W. Whydah, and arrived the 28th at the Island of 20.
Princes, belonging to the Portuguese. In our
Approach, saw every Day abundance of Whale,
Thresher, and Petrel.——Cleaned our Ships, heaving
down by one another, but became exceeding sickly by
the Fatigue, each burying three and four Men a Day,
for six Weeks together.
W Princes, both having purchased their Anchors with Sep.
difficulty. 20.
A St. Thomas’s, another Portuguese Island (the 28.

principal of three) on this Coast, abounding with fresh
Provisions, especially Hogs and Fowls, exchanged like
other Places of Poverty, at very easy Rates.
W Hence, and stretched with our Starboard Tacks to Oct. 5.
the Westward, designing to reach as far to Windward
as possible, that if any Pyrates should be on the
Coast, we might have them under our Lee. The 20th
we fell in with Cape Apollonia, went from thence the
23d, and anchored at Axim.
W Axim, and came to Cape 3 Points, where neglecting 24.
to pay John Conny his Duties for Water, he panyarr’d
some of our Men, till satisfied.
Left Cape 3 Points, and arrived next Day in Cape Corso 30.
Road again; it being every where confirmed to us in this
Return down, that the Pyrates in August last (the time we were at
Princes) had committed great Ravages upon the Merchant Ships.
W. Cape Corso Road, leaving the Weymouth, (now too Nov.
disabled to weigh her Anchor,) and plying to 10.
Windward, fell in with Succonda the 15th, repeating
our Visits in a Month’s Cruise, to Dixcove, cquedah,
Cape 3 Points, Axim, Cape Apollonia, Assinee,
Bassam, Jaque a Jaques, &c. our Purpose in it being
to secure Trade, air a sickly Ship, be in the way of
Intelligence, and impress Men from the Merchant-
Ships. Many prevented this indeed, by escaping to us
themselves from ill Treatment (they said) bad or short
Diet; but then, as more again on the same Pretence
took on with the Pyrates, it shews Caprice and
Humour to be the principal Point that determines
Seamen to this or that Service.
A De Elmina, the Dutch African Company’s principal 1721/2
Fort, of great Trade, there being seldom less than 5
Jan. 6.
or 6 Sail of Dutch Ships in the Road, often more.
A. Cape Corso Road, and left it the 10th in pursuit of the 7.
Pyrates; the Governor here, having received two or three
Expresses, that they had chased and taken a Ship nigh Axim, a
Place we had just come from.
A Apong to Leeward, not following too fast lest we over- 11.
shot them, but after certain Intelligence that the
Rogues had passed this Road (off at Sea) we
followed.
A Accra, a considerable trading Place, (for Salt 12.
particularly) and where the Dane, the Dutch, and
English, have a Castle.
A Whydah, and learned that the Pyrates had plundered Jan 15.
and ransomed 11 Sail of Ships, and left the Place two
Days before, on the Report of our following them.
W. Thence, and followed the Pursuit, coming before the 19.
Isle of Princes the 29th, and found the Portuguese
Strangers to the News.
A. The Mouth of the River Gabone, a snug Harbor we Feb. 1.
thought, for their Reception, the Navigation being
difficult; but finding by our Boats we had missed them,
left it the 3d, and continued our Search to Cape
Lopez.
Made the Cape, and soon after discovered the three
Pyrate Ships at Anchor in that Bay. One of them upon
the Heel, righted at sight of us, slipped her Cable and
chased, bending some of her Sails as she came out,
by which we judged the Rashness of our Enemy, who
fell a Prize to us before Night.
Recovered the Cape again, and found the Prize’s 10.
Consorts (according to expectation) very easy in the
Bay, and stayed so long that we doubted whether they
would stir for us; but at length, as their Eyes cleared in
our nearer Advance, all mad and frightned, they cut
their Cable, set their Sails, up went the black Flag,
and down their Courage; they continued a running
Fight, while only our chace Guns could play upon
them, and struck presently when our Broadside
reached, without the least Damage done to us.
A. Cape Lopez Bay, seizing there the third Pyrate Ship, Feb.
that had been deserted for a better Escape or 12.
Defence in the other.
W. Thence, having wooded and watered, bound with 18.
our Prizes and Prisoners to Cape Corso; the General,
and chief Merchants there, being in the Commission,
(brought out of England with us) for the Tryal of them.
Stopped at Princes, from the 21st to the 24th.
A. Cape Corso Road; the Pyrates in this Passage were Mar.
very troublesome to us, from a Project or two they 15.
had formed for their Deliverance, and hoped by the
Weakness of our Ship’s Company, would have
succeeded.
W. Cape Corso, the General’s Daughter of the Coast 1722
taking a Passage with us to England, a fair, flaxen- May 1.
hair’d, young Lady, tho’ born of a Mulatto.
I shall here observe at leaving the Center, that in respect
to Trade, Guinea needs only this threefold Division,
viz. the Gold, the Ivory, and the Slave-Coast; all to
Windward of this, might be called the one, and all to
Leeward the other; not because either of these Parts
of Trade would be entirely wanted in such respective
Division, but each abounds more under that
Denomination.
A Whydah, and left it the 5th, arriving at Cape Lopez May 3.
the 26th, where both Ships wooded, watered, and
purchased Wax for making Candles, now exceeding
scarce; and is the most convenient Place for Ships of
War, at leaving the Country.
W. Cape Lopez, and after a few Days at Sea, by foggy June 5.
Weather lost Company with our Consort the Swallow.
Made Cape Augustine in Brasil, a Portuguese Colony, July 1.
and anchored the 4th in Pernambuca Road, the next
great Port of Trade in this Province, to Bahia.
W Brasil, having found the Trade-Winds blow home, 12.
and increased in their Strength to this Continent,
bringing a dangerous Swell into the Road.
A Barbados, took in a Supply of Rum and Provisions, August
and left it the 9th. 3.
A Port-Royal in Jamaica, where we found the Swallow 23.

had arrived, a Week before.
A Hurricane[39] that drove the Prize ashore, blew away Aug.
all our Masts, with other Damages that detained us 28.
here 6 Months to repair.
W Port-Royal, and anchored at the Kays. 1722/3
W. The Kays, bound for England. Jan. 1.
A Donna Maria Bay in Hispaniola (the Windward Feb. 7.
Passage) to water, &c. 19.
W. Thence, and arrived at Spithead, April 8th, whence 22.
we were ordered to Woolwich, and paid off May 11th,
1723.
F I N I S .
E R R ATA .
P. line
32 19 for to r. too.
67 22 for he r. they.
72 27 After r. Aft.
75 24 and will be paid not only &c.
115 4 Ch. x.
115 5 Ezion
125 16 r. some other Parts.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Put metaphorically for a Ship’s Cockpit; and answers to the
dark Cellaring of a House.
[2] At the Changes of the Moon appears a Pillar of Fire in the
North, which darting its Rays every way, moves from Place to
Place, enlightning not only Greenland, but Iceland and Norway;
and sometimes further, till the returning Sun obscures it. (Harris,
p. 635. Vol. II.)
[3] Finis Terræ, the Westermost Extremity of Europe, and formerly
thought a Ne plus ultra.
[4]
Sold 2 half-worn Suits for a Pipe of Wine.
3 Second-hand Wigs — — Ditto.
Loaf-Sugar sells 20d. per lib.
Cheshire-Cheese, 8.
Bisket, 2.
Beef per piece 10.
Bought Citron at 15d.
Lemons per C. 20.
[5] Vide Harris’s Voyages.
[6] Ten-pounders are like Mullets, but full of small Bones, like
Herring-bones.
[7] Old-wives; a scaly, flat Fish, half as thick as long, called so
from some Resemblance the Face is fancied to have, with that of
a Nun’s.
[8] Cavalloes; a bright, silver-colour’d Fish, with a prickly Ridge on
each side, half its length.
[9] Barricudoes; a well-tasted Fish, one Foot and an half long, not
wholesome if the Roof of the Mouth be black.
[10] Sucking-Fish; something like the Dog-Fish; underneath he
has an oval Flat, of three Inches and an half over, granulated like
a Nutmeg-grater; with this he sticks so fast, as difficultly to be torn
from the Deck. He often infests the Shirk, sticks fast, and sucks
his Nourishment from him.
[11] Cat-Fish, so called from four slender Fibres like Whiskers,
sprouting from the under part of his Mouth.
[12] Lollas, are Places cleared of Wood, but barren; the
Habitations only of Bug a bugs, the Species of an Ant; build not
above a Foot and half high; are whitish, smaller than the common
sort, sting, and devour Cloaths.
[13] Lugars; open, clear Places, sowed with Rice, &c.
[14] Plantanes and Bananoes are a very common Fruit, shaped
like Cucumbers, but slender and longer; peeled of their Coat, they
are roasted and eat as Bread, fried, or eaten raw. The latter is the
juicier, and of a preferable Taste. The Plant bearing them grows
as high as a Cherry-tree, with a Leaf three Yards long, and one
over; an admirable Detergent in foul, sanious Ulcers, stripped of
the inner Skin, and applied as you do Housleek in Corns.
[15] The Pine-Apple is their Prince of Fruits; does not grow so
high, but about the Bigness of a Pæony; a beautiful green and
yellow; firm and juicy as a Melon; eaten with Wine and Sugar.
Some of strong Fancy, imagine all sorts of Fruit to be tasted in it;
to me, it always left a stinging abstergent Flavour.
[16] Lime-trees, about as big as our Apple, arise by several Roots,
and have an oval Leaf; the Fruit smaller, but of sharper Scent and
Flavour than Lemons. In the Woods also are many Sevil-Orange
Trees, the Fruit largest and best tasted of any I ever met.
[17] Papais, the Size of a moderate Melon, green as that, and full
of Seeds, which thrown out, and the outside pared, is used with
Meat, buttered and salted. They grow 20 or 30 Foot high. Bosman
says, Male and Female (the Alcoran, that all Fruits grow so, p.
213.) the Male blossoming, but bearing no Fruit.
[18] Rice is sown in swampy Grounds; grows the height of our
Wheat, and from the top of the Stems shoot very slender Stalks,
bearing the Rice grained one above another to a vast Increase; a
Peck yielding above 40 Bushels: Yet such is their Idleness, there
is often a Deficiency supplied from Sherbro, &c.
[19] The Civet is about as large as a Ram Cat, comes from about
Sherbro; it’s Head like a Foxes. The Male only affords this, at the
rate of 3 or 4 Grains a day, gathered with a Quill out of a little Cod
or Hole, near the Intestin. rectum.
[20] General Phips at Cape Corso, was so nettled at this (he
receiving but 19 for 21) that it took his Stomach off Victuals two or
three Days.
For as in Fight the Gun or Drum
Will make the Warriour’s Stomach come;
So eke in Play; if two miss Fire,
The Stomach palls with wax’ning Ire.
[21] The Word Fetish is used in a double Signification among the
Negroes: It is applied to Dress and Ornament, and to something
reverenced as a Deity (a Lake, a Stone, a Tree, &c.) both so far
agree, as to be regarded as a Charm. That by a Peculiarity, and
this by some inherent Essence, can attract Good, or divert Evil.
Here they sometimes hide the Fetish in secret parts of the Woods;
on urgent Occasions make a sort of Appeal to them, separating
some the Friday, some the Saturday, and keep within doors the
whole day, in a Moaning, or what you may call a Devotion to it.
[22] Salaries 80l. per Ann.
[23] Boiled by the Negroes to the bigness of half-penny Rolls, and
an Accy purchases nine a day of them for a Month. The English
bake it.
A lean Goat you may get by chance for five Accys; a Muscovy
Duck, a Parrot, or couple of Chickens, for one.
[24] Miscell. Curiosa. Vol. iii. has a Journal of the Weather at
Cape Corso for 12 Months, from Mr. Hillier, who says, that was a
Year of the most Rain that could be remembred.
[25] Tittwees, like a large Wolf or Mastive, very fierce, and rob
their Towns in the Night, of what Kid or Poultry they find.
Tigers, not so adventurous, but are seen by them sometimes:
There are two now in the Castle.
Serpents. I have heard the Gentlemen of the Factory say, they
have been seen here 30 foot long, able to swallow a Child whole;
(Bosman says, a Man, or a full-grown Deer.)
Deer. Those whose Feet are tipped, and used as Tobacco-
Stoppers, are the bigness of a large Cat. The General had one in
his Kitchen, the Feet as thick as the middle Finger; whence I
judge, those very slender ones we see, are the Abortives of this
Animal.
[26] These sort of Tryals have much the same View with the
Water of Jealousy among the Jews, or Ordeal with our Saxon
Ancestors, that is, a Tryal by Fire or Water: The former was
proving their Innocency by walking on hot Plough-Shears un-hurt:
The latter was used hot or cold. They run their Arm into it scalding
hot; or the Priest gave an Imprecation to a Draught of Holy-Water.
The Person swore to his Innocence, and being tied Hands and
Feet, was thrown into a River or Pond; if he sunk, he was
adjudged innocent, if he floated, guilty: And these ways continued
till K. Hen. III.
Another way with the Saxons, was single Combat; if a Woman,
she appointed her Champion.
Another, since we are upon Tryal, was by two Ounces of Bread
and Cheese taken after the Communion, the Priest thus
imprecating; May it stick in your Throat, turn pale, your Limbs
convulsed, &c. if guilty; but if innocent, may you swallow it easily,
&c.
Rapin.
[27] Hæmac is a Brasil word, and signifies a Net slung to rest in;
made there from the Rind of a Tree.
[28] Milton. B. 10, & 11.
[29] A Negrish Name.
[30] See the Appendix to the Navy-Surgeon, in which are Physical
Observations on the Moisture and Density of the Air.
[31] There is a square Fort on the Larboard Point of the Bay, and
Anchorings about a League from it.
[32] Some pretend to have found what they call a material
Thunder-bolt; such a one is said to have fell on the Turkish
Mosque at Adrianople A. D. 1693; and such are shewn in the
Museums of Princes. At Copenhagen they have a large piece of
metallick Substance, said to be Thunder-bolt.
[33] A Word used by our Sailors, for the Grout is made of it.
[34] Moquissin is a name given to any thing they think has an
incomprehensible Virtue. V. Geographic. Atlas.
[35] The Portuguese, who trade hither from Erasil, chuse their
Cargoes all Boys and Girls, if they can, as more ductile for
Conversion; there being Fathers appointed to instruct them in
their Creed, and to baptize them, on their arrival; but then they are
Papists.
[36] Made of a peculiar Earth from Germany, and bear (those that
are good) the most intense heat.
[37]
There’s but the twinkling of a Star,
Between a Man of Peace and War.
Hud.
[38] At this Place I would observe, in relation to heaving the Lead,
that there is a Nisus in Bodies of Water from below upwards,
which makes ’em to sink neither so fast, nor so direct, at any
considerable Depth, as near the Surface; all at 200 Fathom or
less, being bottomless; i. e. unfathomable.
This Nisus, or resisting Motion to the Descent of Bodies, is not
only perceptible in the Lead, but more sensibly declares itself,
first, in that black or green Skim, seen sometimes on the Surface
(even smelling) after long Calms, the Product of some intestine
Motion.
2. That Divers, or any floating Bodies, emerge with greater Force
than they sunk.
3. Mr. Boyle’s 20th Experiment observes, that a glass Bubble let
open into the Receiver, on the Exsuction of the Air, the Water in it
manifestly rises a greater Height; consequently the Expansion
and Rarefaction of the Air by the Heat of the Sun, makes room for
this Spring in the Water, to exert itself; and therefore the Tides
themselves would more difficultly yield to the distant Attractions of
the Sun and Moon (I should think) without adding to that Theory
this conjoined Force, or natural Propensity of the Sea, to swell
before.
In respect to sinking the Lead, also may be added, a greater
Coldness, and a greater Saltness of the Sea, in proportion to the
Depths; (both which are very probable,) and will create a greater
Buoyancy, or Resistance to sinking, as will likewise the drawing
out a greater Quantity of Line, (less apt to demerge.) So that
although falling Bodies in Air, have their Velocities encreased, the
nearer they approach the Earth, yet contrarily in Water, it
diminishes with the Descent.
[39] Depend much on the preceding Season, (hot and dry
Weather) apt to raise greater Plenty of elastick Vapours on the
Terra firma, and will explode themselves now here, now there, as
the greater Rarefaction of Air (more towards one Island than
another) may invite.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The numerical dates in the Sidenotes (on pages 255 to 265) have all been
italicized for consistency eg Mar. 10..
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and
inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 35: ‘some hunred Leagues’ replaced by ‘some hundred Leagues’.
Pg 48: the footnote anchor [16] was missing, and has been added to ‘[16]Limes,
Oranges’.
Pg 68: ‘weighed Auchor’ replaced by ‘weighed Anchor’.
Pg 97: ‘our Rigth of’ replaced by ‘our Right of’.
Pg 97: ‘The Heigth of’ replaced by ‘The Height of’.
Pg 104: ‘ars sold’ replaced by ‘are sold’.
Pg 132: ‘a Change full as bad’ replaced by ‘a Charge full as bad’.
Pg 193: ‘joined also in in a’ replaced by ‘joined also in a’.
Pg 199: ‘ridiculous, scaramouch’ replaced by ‘ridiculous, and scaramouch’
(catchword ‘and’ was missing).
Pg 202: ‘we re- our’ replaced by ‘we repeated our’.
Pg 207: ‘off the 1sland’ replaced by ‘off the Island’.
Pg 209: ‘Food or Necessarieis’ replaced by ‘Food or Necessaries’.
Pg 243: ‘Bitts of 7d½’ replaced by ‘Bitts of 7½d’.
Pg 261: ‘1721/2’ inserted before ‘Jan 6.’ as a new Sidenote.
Pg 263: ‘1722’ inserted before ‘May 1.’ as a new Sidenote.
Pg 265: ‘1722/3’ inserted before ‘Jan 1.’ as a new Sidenote.
Catalog: ‘by furnish- them’ replaced by ‘by furnishing them’.

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PDF Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging First International Workshop Mmmi 2019 Held in Conjunction With Miccai 2019 Shenzhen China October 13 2019 Proceedings Quanzheng Li Ebook Full Chapter

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Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging

First International Workshop MMMI

Smart Ultrasound Imaging and Perinatal Preterm and

Multimodal Brain Image Analysis and Mathematical

Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Neurocognitive

Domain Adaptation and Representation Transfer and

OR 2 0 Context Aware Operating Theaters and Machine

Computational Diffusion MRI MICCAI Workshop Shenzhen

Machine Learning and Medical Engineering for

Shape in Medical Imaging International Workshop ShapeMI

Editorial Board Members

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

In 2019, the First International Workshop on Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging

October 2019 Quanzheng Li

Program Committee Chairs

Multi-modal Image Prediction via Spatial Hybrid U-Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Automatic Segmentation of Liver CT Image Based on Dense

OctopusNet: A Deep Learning Segmentation Network for Multi-modal

Neural Architecture Search for Optimizing Deep Belief Network Models

Feature Pyramid Based Attention for Cervical Image Classification . . . . . . . . 35

Single-Scan Dual-Tracer Separation Network Based on Pre-trained GRU . . . . 43

PGU-net+: Progressive Growing of U-net+ for Automated

Automated Classification of Arterioles and Venules for Retina Fundus

Liver Segmentation from Multimodal Images Using HED-Mask R-CNN . . . . 68

aEEG Signal Analysis with Ensemble Learning for Newborn

Speckle Noise Removal in Ultrasound Images Using a Deep Convolutional

Automatic Sinus Surgery Skill Assessment Based on Instrument

U-Net Training with Instance-Layer Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Akib Zaman1(&), Lu Zhang1, Jingwen Yan2, and Dajiang Zhu1

Abstract. Cortical folding patterns and white matter connectivity together

Keywords: Brain structure Multi-modality U-Net

Human brains display signiﬁcant inter-individual variation in cortical structures. Fold-

2.1 Data Acquisition and Pre-processing

2.2 Extracting Features from Data

Fig. 1. Combining DTI and FA slices as features

2.3 Transfer Learning Using a Spatial Hybrid U-Net Model

2.4 Training and Prediction Procedure

Fig. 3. Overview of training process

3.1 Predicting T1-Weighted Images from DTI and FA Images

3.2 Predicting Cortical Surfaces with Predicted T1-Weighted Images

3.3 Comparison with Model Without FA Slices in the Training Data

3.4 Comparison with k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Regression

Fig. 6. Prediction using 9 subjects (left) and 15 subjects (right)

Hongli Xu1, Binhua Wang1(&), Wanguo Xue1, Yao Zhang2,3,

Abstract. In the ﬁeld of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and treatment

Keywords: Deep learning Liver segmentation U-Net Dense pyramid

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

In medical imaging technology, CT has become an important reference because of its

An overview of our proposed dense pyramid architecture is shown in Fig. 1. Firstly,

2.2 Dense Pyramid Network

2.3 Evaluation Metrics

We refer to foreground in the ground truth as A, and the predicted foreground as B,

Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed dense pyramid network

Fig. 2. The U-Net framework

3 Result and Discussion

The results of U-Net and DPFN in liver segmentation