TEXT STUDY / READING COMPREHENSION

TEXT: A LOOK AT THE OFFICE

Mr. Pierre Duval is the managing director of the Undersmith Co. (France) Ltd. In his business, he deals
with the sale of Undersmith typewriters to customers all over France, Belgium and Switzerland. As he 65 years
old and has managed the company for over 20 years, he wants to retire shortly and live with his wife in their
little house in the country.
His nephew, Jack Dewell is expected this afternoon. When Jack was born 32 years ago, his name was
Jacques Duval. But his parents emigrated to the United States when he was a boy, and when they became
Americans a few years afterwards they changed their name. Jack has not been back to Europe since. For the last
three years he has been working at Undersmith’s head office in Cleveland, USA where typewriters are
manufactured. Next month, he will take over the French agency. Here they come.
Mr. Duval, who sent to the airport to meet his nephew, has just brought him to the office.
“Well, my boy let me show you round the office and introduce you to everybody”.
“Oh yes, I’d be glad if you’d that, Uncle. I’ll depend on your staff to let me see how you work here. It
must be rather different from the organization in Cleveland”.
“Naturally, ours here is much smaller”, Mr. Duval explained, “but you may find much that is the same.
Your work was mainly in the Sales Department, I believe”.
“Yes, I was the assistant sales manager”
“Well, your experience will be most useful here. May I introduce you to Miss White, our telephonist?
Besides answering the telephone she receives callers and does some typing. Our junior clerk, Pierre Martin,
passes on messages, orders office supplies and help with the mail and the filing”.
“How do you do?” Mr. Dewell shook hands with them both. “I hope you both speak English, my French
isn’t that good”.
“Oh yes, Miss White answered, “I need to know English for my job, and Pierre is learning it at evening
classes”.
“This door leads into the general office”. Mr. Duval led the way. He introduced Mr. Dewell in turn to
his secretary, Miss Miller, Mr. Blackman, who dealt with orders and stock, Mr. Taylor the accountant, who,
besides being responsible for the bookkeeping also dealt with traffic; and their secretary Miss Franck. The
office was a large one with five desks in it. Round the wall, there were shelves and cabinets for the files,
cupboards which contain stationery and books, and a safe where money and important papers were kept.
Everybody was rather busy, so Mr. Dewell said he hoped to spend some time working with each
member of the staff during the next week so that he could get to know about their various jobs in the company.
Finally, Mr. Duval took him into his own private office.
“Look, Jack. I’ve had another desk put in here for you. We can work here together for the next few
weeks. I hope you will find it adequate”.
“That’s nice, Uncle, thanks. Now I’ll do my best to learn about the business”.
A- QUESTIONS
1. Mr. Duval has managed the company for 65 years. True or False?
2. The typewriters were manufactured in………………………………..
a- Belgium b- France c- the United States
3. Who is responsible for the bookkeeping?
4. In your opinion, why has Mr. Duval chosen to spend the rest of his life in the country?
B- VOCABULARY
 B1 - Find in the text the synonyms of the following words and expressions. Write the number and
what corresponds to it.
1- Appropriate 2- Office supplies 3- Certainly 4- Happy 4- Occupied
 B2- Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions. Write the number
and what corresponds to it.
1- Fournitures de bureau 2- Siège social 3- Coffre-fort 4- Directeur Général 5- Armoires

TEXT: INTRODUCTION TO BANK ACCOUNTS

In primitive societies, people used to exchange their goods and services through barter. In the long run,
that seemed to be inefficient for a number of goods, mainly perishables. In fact by the time the greengrocer or
the fisherman found someone who needed their produce, they had already decayed. That uncomfortable
situation, gradually, led to the experience of money economy. In the early of colonialism, there were no banks,
even though the Whiteman had brought the monetary system. He insisted on our grandparents paying their
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taxes, not in kind but cash. When our grandparents finished selling their cocoa, coffee, maize, yam and other
produce, they used to hide the money in different places. Some used to keep it under the pillow or mattress.
Others used to hide it in the ceiling of their house or bury it in their farms. Unfortunately, they did not, very
often find the money in the state they had put it. It was either eaten by termites, cockroaches, ants, etc… or
destroyed by fire and moisture. In some cases, they died briskly, without telling their heirs where they had
hidden their wealth.
Today, it is a different story. People no longer hide their income at home. They prefer keeping it in the
accounts of commercial banks where, they are sure, it will be safe. The bank allows them to open, at least, three
forms of account: savings account, current account and deposit account. Each account has its particularities. For
example, the current account does not produce any interests for the holder, but the deposit account does. In
addition, the money in the current account is available at any time for the depositor, but the holder of a deposit
account must give notice before any withdrawal. Finally, the holder of a deposit account uses a passbook for his
transactions whereas the proprietor of a current account uses a chequebook.
When the holder of a current account wishes to draw on it, or make payment to a creditor, he can issue a
cheque. A cheque, be it crossed or open (bearer and order), can be bounced, blank, anti-dated, post-dated, etc.
depending on how and when it is made out. There are three people involved in a cheque: the drawer, the payee
and the drawee.
Commercial banks render their customers a host of services, including access to loans and overdrafts,
provision of negotiable instruments for international businessmen and women, etc.
Don Humberto Atible
A- QUESTIONS
1. Why was barter inadequate for the fishermen?
2. Why was the monetary system introduced?
3. Give another method used by our grandparents to safeguard their savings which is not in the text.
4. The text has forgotten to mention other forms of misfortune that could happen to the hidden money. Just
give one.
5. Give two differences between current account and deposit account
6. Apart from banks, where else can people keep their money?
7. Apart from money, what else can we keep in a bank?
8. Give another service of commercial banks which is not in the text?
9. Give two differences between loan and overdraft.
10. Answer by true or false. Just write the letter and what corresponds to it.
a- Mice eat paper money
b- The holder of a deposit account can go to the bank at any time to withdraw money
c- Putting one’s money in the deposit account is a form of investment.
d- The depositor of current account can make payment to his or her creditors with a cheque.
e- The holder of a deposit account must inform his or her bank manager in advance before any withdrawal.
f- An order cheque is crossed cheque
g- A bearer cheque is an open cheque.
TEXT: MESSAGES AND APPOINTMENTS
“Miss White, would you get Mr. Rainer, our commercial traveller for West France, on the phone please
Mr. Duval wants me to meet him soon. Try to make an appointment here, asking him to come on Monday or
Tuesday, please. You have his number, I suppose.”
“Yes, I have it in my index. He may have left home by now. Still, I can leave a message for him.”
“Thank you. He may need to stay in town overnight. Would you book hotel accommodation as well?”
“Yes, Mr. Dewell.”
Miss White dialed the number of Mr. Rainer’s home.
“This is Undersmith’s here. May I speak to Mr. Rainer, please?
“I’m afraid he’s not in at the moment. Can I give him a message?” Mrs. Rainer asked.
“Yes, please Mrs. Rainer, Mr. Duval’s nephew, who will be taking over the business, has arrived from
America and would like to meet Mr. Rainer. Would you please ask him if it suits him to come to our office
Monday or Tuesday next?”
“Very well I don’t know what appointments my husband has, but I’ll ask him to ring you back.”
“Thank you. When do you expect Mr. Rainer to be in?”
“He said he would be home for lunch today, so he will ring you back about two o’clock. Will that be all
right?”
“That’s fine. Thank you. Goodbye, Mrs. Rainer.”
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 “Goodbye”
Mr. Rainer rang up the office at two o’clock and arranged to come to Reims on Monday afternoon
planning to stay until Tuesday. Now Miss White tried to find him a hotel room – no easy task at this time of the
year. First she looked the number of the Queen’s Hotel in the directory, dialed it, but the line was engaged. So
she phoned the City Hotel.
“Hallo, this is Undersmith Ltd. Have you a single room with bath for Monday, 8th of February please?”
“Hold the line please, I’ll have a look. No I’m afraid we’re fully booked up for Monday night,” the
receptionist answered.
“I’ll try elsewhere then, then thank you. Goodbye.”
“She repeated her request at the Queen’s Hotel where the number was free now. Fortunately, they had a
suitable room available. Miss White asked what the charge was and made the reservation. She always made a
note in writing of messages that had to be passed on to someone. Undersmith’s had special forms for this
purpose and now Miss White filled one in.

A- QUESTIONS
1- Accommodation is available at the City Hotel. True or False?
2- When did Mr. Rainer say he would be home?
3- What is Mr. Rainer’s profession?
4- In your opinion, why was it not easy to find a hotel room at that time of the year?
B- VOCABULARY
 B1 - Match the numbered words with their lettered definitions. Write the number
and the letter. Example: 86- d
1- Nephew 2- Accommodation 3- Task 4- Receptionist 5- Directory
a- An employee who greets visitors and customers and answers the telephone.
b- A piece of work that somebody is assigned to do, usually short in duration.
c- A book that lists persons and organizations with their phone numbers.
d- The son of one’s brother or sister.
e- A room or building to live in.
 B2- Find in the text the antonyms of the following words. Write the number and the letter.
1- Unluckily 2- complex 3- never 4- emptied 5- East
TEXT: PACKING AND TRANSPORT
In sending goods to another address; and especially when shipping them abroad, packing is an important
consideration. The final price of goods is influenced by carriage and freight charges, and these are based on the
weight or volume of consignment. In any case goods must arrive at their destination in good condition, and in
consideration of this fact, the packing used serves to protect them against damage in transit. For this purpose
packing materials should be strong and light, and sometimes watertight.
Consumer goods should look attractive to consumers in the shop, but this branch of packing is usually
referred to as “packaging.”
There are many types of containers, and some more which are especially for the articles they contain,
(e.g. large machines)
Roads and rail carriage are the most frequently used forms of inland transport. Goods are usually
handled less when conveyed by roads, as they are loaded at the factory or warehouse and unloaded on arrival at
their destination. Rail transport by goods train is generally cheaper, but goods often have to be reloaded from
one wagon to another and may be delayed for several days awaiting connections, but the size of the
consignment is limited.
The cheapest and oldest form of transport by inland waterways (river and canal), plays an important part
in the transport of heavy cargoes. It is economical for the fuel and heavy building materials for instance, if the
time is not so important.
Air freight on the other hand, is used when we wish to save time. Although faster, it is expensive and
therefore mainly worthwhile for more valuable goods, perishables or articles that are light I weight.
Overseas shipments are sometimes complicated and so forwarding agents are generally employed to
deal with these. Besides export and import formalities and customs clearance, sailings must be selected,
shipping space booked, the goods insured, collected from the consigner and loaded on board.

A- QUESTIONS
1- Air transport is frequently used in inland transport. True or False?
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2- Which of the following is not influence the final price of the product?
a- waste b- weight c- volume d- carriage
3- Give one disadvantage of the use of passenger trains for the carriage.
4- Give one advantage of the use of goods train for the carriage.
B- VOCABULARY
 B1- Match the numbered words and expressions with their lettered definitions.
Write the number and the letter. Example: 86- d
1- Consigner 2- Consignment 3- Weight 4- Perishables
a- The heaviness of things determined by their mass or quantity of matter.
b- Food items that are likely to decay (rot) quickly.
c- The person or organization that sends goods to another.
d- A quantity or package of goods delivered or to be delivered.
 B2- Find in the text the antonyms of the following words. Write the number and what
corresponds to it.
1- Consignee 2- Light (adjective) 3- More expensive 4- Simple 5- Loaded
TEXT: APPLICATIONS
As Jack Dewell was becoming familiar with the daily work at Undersmith’s and was proving himself to be
capable manager, Mr. Duval came into the office only once a week to keep an eye on things, and to write to his
older business friends. One morning he asked his nephew how he was getting on.
“Things are improving now after a month I’m having fewer difficulties and fortunately there is nearly
always someone to ask for advice when I’m in doubt – Mr. Taylor, Mr. Blackman and of course “my right hand
man” Miss Miller. She knows so many of the customers and their special needs through having done your
correspondence for so long. I really don’t know what I would do without her.”
“Well, Jack, you’ll have to find out how to manage without her. She told me this morning that she was
getting married in May, and will be giving notice at the end of the month. I am glad for her sake, but we shall
miss her.”
“Yes, I certainly will. She relieved me of quite a lot of work. It is so convenient being able to give her
letters to write on her own.”
“I’m aware of that. Now we’ll have to look for replacement. Would you draft an advertisement? Jack,
and let me look it over before you place in paper. We’ll inform the employment agency as well, they
may have someone suitable on their books.”
“I was actually wondering whether we ought to look for someone to assist Mr. Taylor. He really is
overworked – especially at peak periods – now that Pierre is not in his department any longer.”
“Yes, we should have a man for traffic, I suppose.”
“No, I think that ought to remain Mr. Taylor’s responsibility, he has so much experience with our
forwarding agents and customers. In my opinion he would prefer to have a bookkeeper to take some of the
routine work off his hands.”
“Yes, let speak to him before deciding. Then you can write an ad for both vacancies.”
A- QUESTIONS
1) Why did Mr. Duval come into the office once a month?
2) Who’s Jack’s right hand man?
3) Why did Jack Dewell want to employ someone to assist Mr. Taylor?
4) What does his uncle think about it?
5) Why is it important to speak to Mr. Taylor before deciding?
TEXT: WHO’S WHO IN A COMPANY?
Mr. John: Good morning Miss Rawlings, hum something is puzzling you? Have you got a problem?
Is it my terrible handwriting?
Miss Rawlings: No Mr. John, it is the organigram.
Mr. John: Oh yes! The chart showing the organization of the business diagrammatically. It is very simple if
you remember that this organigram in an idealized one, to cover all business organizations.
However, as this is one man – business, it must be slightly modified.
Miss Rawlings: Yes, of course! You are the Managing Director and the General Manager since the
departmental heads are directly responsible to you.
Mr. John: And I’m the Chairman of the Board of Directors all of whom are me! So, you see what a busy
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 ma I’m!
Miss Rawlings: (Laughing) yes indeed! But I wonder if you could help me sort out who’s who in the firm. As
I’m new, I find it very confusing.
Mr. John: I can imagine you do! Let’s look at that chart again and I’ll put names in the appropriate places.
Miss Rawlings: Thank you, Mr. John. That will be a great help.
Mr. John: Let’s take the Sales Department first. I know you have met Mr. Fisher, our Sales Manager.
Miss Rawlings: Yes, he is the tall man with moustache, isn’t he?
Mr. John: Yes, that’s right. He is the head of the Sales Department and is responsible for our sales
organization and policy. We have no Export Department yet and our advertising is
handled by an outside company, so you can cross them off the chart. As for travellers,
agents and salesmen, we group them altogether under the name Representatives or Reps for
short.
Miss Rawlings: I see and what about the Administration?
Mr. John: Since we’re relatively small firm, it’s much simpler than on your diagram. We haven’t got a
company secretary and this is the general office, and there are the filing cabinets along the wall.
However, we do have an account department: Mr. Peters is the Chief Accountant.
Miss Rawlings: I’m beginning to understand now. That just leaves the Purchases Department.
Mr. John: That brings us back to me again. I’m the Chief Buyer. I’m helped by Mrs. Green and Mr.
Simpson. As for our warehouses they are situated in Adam Smith Street, near our private siding,
and house our Dispatch Department too. I suppose you’ve seen our lorries and vans in the town.
Miss Rawlings: Yes, I have. Do you send all your orders by road?
Mr. John: Oh no, we use other methods of transport too, but I’m afraid I haven’t time now to explain them
to you. I promised a friend of mine to attend a sales briefing at his company. He is very
interested in my plan for expansion.
A- QUESTIONS
1) What is puzzling Miss Rawlings?
2) What is an organigram?
3) Mention all the departments included in this organigram.
4) What is the role played by a Sales Department within a company?
5) Where are the warehouses located?
TEXT: BANKS
We are apt to think of bank as a place in which people keep their savings and other valuables to prevent
them from being stolen. This idea is one of a bank’s functions, though somewhat limited, is perfectly correct.
People who have jewellery or important documents such as a title, deeds to property, insurance policies,
wills, etc., keep them in private save at the bank. Those who have savings often leave them to accumulate at
compound interest in a deposit account. But the majority of a bank’s customers prefer to open current account
which does not bear any interest but is available for day-to-day use the possession of banking account enables
them to avail themselves of many useful services the bank can render them.
When the holder of a current account wishes to draw on it he merely fills in a cheque ordering the bank
to pay him the amount he requires. A cheque is a small oblong printed form bearing an embossed stamp which
represents a government tax called stamp duty. His bank clerk immediately hands the sum required and debit
the customer’s account to that amount.
The customers can also pay a personal debt by making out a cheque to hid creditor. If he draws two
parallel lines in ink across it must be paid on the banking account and cannot be cashed over a bank counter.
This makes it valueless to a thief or chance finder. The creditor therefore hands it in at his own bank where it is
credited to his account. Up to very recently, he first had to endorse the cheque, i.e. sign his own name on the
back, but now their practice has been discontinued in Britain.
In the course of a single day a bank receives many cheques from its customers who have been paid by
the debtors with cheques drawn on other banks. Each cheque is therefore dispatched by the bank to a central
office, called clearing house which in due course sends the cheque to the issuer’s own bank where its amount is
duly debited to the issuer’s account.
Banks and their clearing houses handle such an enormous volume of cheque every year that they are at
last trying to find ways and means of simplifying the whole system and thus saving time, money and labour.
Electronic computers are gradually being introduced to carry the operations involved. But in the coming years it
is quite likely that an alternative is the “credit card.”
One day all banks may issue their creditworthy customers with a credit card. This document will enable
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them to do shopping without paying cash or writing out a cheque. Their shopping bill will be debited to their
account. Any unauthorized overdrafts will be penalized by very heavy interest rate, to discourage customers
from abusing this facility.
A- QUESTIONS
1) What is a bank?
2) What documents can people put in a bank?
3) What does a holder of a current account do when he wishes to draw on it?
4) What is used in banking to simplify and save time?
5) What is the importance of a credit card?
TEXT: INSURANCE
The purpose of insurance is to spread over many the losses of the few. Insurance services fall into the following
classes:
1. Fire insurance (including loss of due to fire);
2. Accident (including burglary, motor or personal accident, third party liability);
3. Marine (including aviation and other methods of transport);
4. Life insurance;
5. Reinsurance of any of the above classes.
Insurance began in Britain in the 16th century with marine risk insurance. In London, seamen, merchants and
bankers used to meet at the coffee house of Edward Lloyd’s; from there the association of Lloyd underwriters
was formed. Private individuals cannot deal direct with Lloyd’s but must obtain insurance through a broker.
The risks covered are set out in policy, which becomes valid as soon as it is signed by both parties and the
premium paid.
If, for instance an accident occurs, the insured person reports the damage or loss and files a claim for
compensation with the insurance company. The insurer will investigate the claim, and if necessary an insurance
surveyor will inspect the damage. Compensation can then be paid in full or in part, depending on the extent and
cause of the damage.
A- QUESTIONS
1) What is the purpose of insurance?
2) Into how many classes are insurance services divided?
3) When did insurance begin in Britain?
4) What is an insurance policy?
5) What does the insured person do when an accident occur?

VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Match the terms with the definitions.
Terms Definitions
1) Sole trade a) trading or manufacturing concern in which people invest
money in order to get profit.
2) Lien b) a business financed and run by only one individual.
3) Director c) the right to retain a property until the money owed by
the owner is paid.
4) Business d) a person selected to sit on a company’s decision-making
council.
2. Match these words with their meaning.
Column A Column B
1) Shortage a) to stimulate
2) Foothold b) deficiency
3) To spur c) enormous
4) Tremendous d) favorable position from which progress can be made

3. Complete the text with the words from the list below: fuel, pressure, unprecedented, implemented,
supply.

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The word has experienced an …1… rise in cereal prices not because of deficit in …2… but there has been an
upward …3… on the quantities of cereals available. Programmes, either in Western Europe or America …4…
turn cereals into …5….
4. Complete the text below with the words from the list: money, other, services, aware.
Economists are interested in measuring the services which people render to each …1…. Although …2… of
services which people provide for nothing. They are not concerned with such …3…. In economics, …4… is the
standard by which the value of things is judged.
5. Match these words with their definitions
Column A Column B
1) The minutes a) someone who checks the account of a firm
2) An auditor b) a list of items to be discussed at a meeting
3) A personal manager c) a written report of what was said at a meeting
4) The agenda d) the person who is responsible for the staff of a firm
6. Give the antonym of the following words: before, near, hot, to close.
7. Give the synonym of the following words: to buy, goods, customer, to offer.
8. Form adjectives from the following words: anger, equality, danger.
9. Form verb from the following words: sale, speech, excellence.
10. Match these words with their definitions
Column A Column B
1) Cash a) an electronical machine used for mathematical calculations.
2) Inquiry b) one who is skilled in the practice of the financial status
of a business.
3) Calculator c) money owned to another person.
4) Debt d) a request for information
5) Inflation e) ready money
6) Accountant f) a rise in price levels
11. Fill the gaps with a suitable word
a) ………. involves goods and services which satisfy people’s wants. (Commerce, trade, production,
money)
b) The auxiliaries to ……………. are interesting field of activities. (Business, insurance, trade, banking)
c) Raw …………… are necessary for the production of finished goods. (Food, fruits, materials, services)
d) ………………… trade is the selling of goods to other countries. (Import, home, export, wholesale)
12. Match the words in column A with those corresponding to them in column B.
Column A Column B
1) Doctor a) a person who works in an office
2) Teacher b) extracts minerals
3) Miner c) defending people
4) Lawyer d) caring for the sick
5) Butcher e) selling meat
6) Clerk f) imparting knowledge
13. Fill in each of the blank with the appropriate word: have, competition, system, business, matters,
every, free, capitalism.
In ...1…, government doesn’t …2… control over business activities. So, …3… entrepreneur is …4… to start
and operates a …5…. What …6… in capitalism is profit and …7…. What economic …8… do we have in
Togo?

14. Match these words with their definitions

Column A Column B
1) Banknotes a) human being exchanged for money
2) Wages b) paper money
3) Slaves c) weekly or monthly pay
4) Insurance policy d) a contract between an insurance company and the
insured person

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 15. Match column A with Column B
Column A Column B
1) Goods are stored a) foreign trade
2) The wholesaler acts as a b) wholesaler
3) Tinned milk, cars, sockets, are c) manufacturing industry
4) Doctors provides d) trade
5) Pay for the risk e) raw materials
6) Iron, copper, silver f) manufactured goods
7) Business with other countries g) service
8) Raw materials are used by h) insurance
9) A branch of commerce i) warehouse
10) A trader who sells in bulk j) middleman
16. Fill in the gaps with the suitable word from the list below: get through, pick up, call back, hold on,
look up, call off.
a) It rained so hard that the manager had to _________ the meeting.
b) The telephone is ringing. Why don’t you _________ the receiver?
c) Mr. Boateng is not available at the moment. Can you _______ later?
d) Could you ________ Mrs. Lawson number in the directory please?
e) Could you _______ for the moment? I’ll see if Mr. Brown is his office?
f) Mrs. Miriam never seems to be in her office. I have been trying to ______ to her all the morning.
17. Match column A with column B
Column A Column B
1) Banknote a) a place where we keep our money
2) Money b) paper money
3) A bank c) money borrowed from a bank
4) Loan d) coins and banknote
18. Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the brackets
a) ……………. is the quickest means of transport. (Boat, plane, canoe)
b) ……………. Trade is trade within the confines of a political boundary. (Import, home, international)
c) Banks grant ………… to creditworthy clients. (Money, goods, loans)
d) Telephone is one of …………. (transport, insurance, communication)
19. Match column A with column B
Column A Column B
1) Strike a) a person who owns a company
2) A factory b) a trader who buys goods in large quantities
3) A wholesale dealer c) a place where goods are manufactured
4) A manufacturer d) cessation of work
20. Match column A with Column B
Column A Column B
1) Wholesale trade a) the exchange of goods and services for other goods and
services
2) Export trade b) a person who is involved in business
3) Businessman c) the selling of goods to other countries
4) Barter d) the selling of goods in large quantities
21. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word or phrase from the sets: economics, trade,
stored, manufacturer, refinery, available, manufacturing, warehouse, advertising, primary, factory.
a) Farmers and miners belong to the ………. industry while the shoemakers and engineers belong to the
………… industry.
b) ….……….. in general provide consumers with information about goods.
c) A …………… in general, is where raw materials are turned into finished goods.
d) A person who turns raw materials into finished goods is referred to as ……………..
e) Goods which are not immediately needed are ……………. in a ……………….
f) …………. forms the essential part of commerce.
g) Products like sugar and oil are made in ………………
h) …………….. deals with the production, the distribution and consumption of goods.

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 22. Match the words in column A with those corresponding to them in column B.
Column A Column B
1) A clerk a) a place where goods are stored
2) A type writer b) a department in which we buy goods
3) Purchases department c) an employee who works in an office
4) A warehouse d) a typing machine
23. Match the words in column A with those corresponding to them in column B.
Column A Column B
1) Transport a) natural product which is not yet manufactured
2) Raw material b) carrying goods and passengers from one place to another
3) A trader c) finished goods
4) Manufactured goods d) a person who is engaged in trade
24. Choose the answer that best corresponds to each concept.
a) The buying, selling and distribution of goods can be described as: (exchange, production, commerce,
occupation)
b) Which of the following can be classified as service? (wholesaling, retailing, teaching, exchange)
c) The _____ is the link between the producer and the retailer. (dentist, farmer, wholesaler, manufacturer)
d) Those engaged in the production of goods and raw materials belong to: (extractive industries,
manufacturing industries, constructive industries)
e) Which one is odd (different) in the group? (transport, banking, insurance, wholesale)
f) Changing the form of an existing matter to satisfy the wants of consumers is: (commerce, production,
consumption, construction)
g) Manufacturing industries are sometimes referred to as: (primary industries, tertiary industries, secondary
industries)
h) Production will not be complete if it doesn’t reach a/an: (retailer, wholesaler, importer, consumer)
i) Which of the following is not engaged in an extractive occupation? (farmer, fisherman, lumberjack,
dentist)
j) True or false: Commerce comes before production.

SOME BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC TERMS

(Shopping) arcade: galerie marchande
Account balance: solde du compte
Advantageous, Bargain price: intéressant
Advertisement, Advertising, Ad, Advert: annonce, Board of directors: conseil d’administration
publicité
After sale services: services après-vente
Agreement: accord
Application: demande d’emploi
Apprentice: apprenti
Architect: architecte
Arrears of interest: arriérés d’intérêts
Assets: actifs /avoirs
ATM / Atomated Teller Machine: DAB /
Distributeur Automatique de Billets
Auction sale: vente aux enchères
Bad check, Bounced check: chèque sans provision
Baker: boulanger
Bakery, baker’s: boulangerie
Balance of trade: balance commerciale
Bank account: compte bancaire
Bank clerk: employé de banque
Bank overdraft: découvert bancaire, avance bancaire d’affaires
Bank teller: caissier de banque
Bank: banque
Banker: banquier
Banknote, Note, Bill : billet (de banque)
Bankruptcy: faillite, banqueroute
Barter: troc
Bill of exchange: effet de change
Billboard: panneau d’affichage
Board member: administrateur
Board of Trade : ministère du Commerce
Book seller: libraire
Bookshop, Bookstore: librairie
Boss: patron
Brand: marque
Broker: courtier
Accountant, bookkeeper: comptable
Chartered accountant / CPA (Certified Public
Accountant): expert-comptable
Wholesaler, Wholesale dealer: grossiste
Retailer, Retail dealer: détaillant, distributeur
Middleman: intermédiaire
Business angel, Venture capitalist: investisseur
providentiel
Business premises: locaux commerciaux
Business: affaires
Businessman / Businesswoman: homme / femme
Butcher: boucher
Butcher’s / butcher shop: boucherie
Capital: capital
Career prospects: perspectives de carrière
Career track: plan de carrière
Cash dispenser / machine: distributeur automatique
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Cash payment: payement comptant Direct tax: impôt direct
Cash: argent liquide Discount shop: magasin en discount
Central bank, Issuing bank: banque centrale Dividend: dividend
CEO (Chief Executive Officer): PDG Domestic, servant: domestique
Chain stores: magasin à succursales multiples Door keeper: gardien, portier
Change: monnaie (rendue) Draft: traite
Cheap: bon marché Drawee: tiré
Checkbook, cheque book: carnet de chèque Drawer: tireur
Cheque, check: chèque Dry cleaner’s: teinturier
Child benefits: allocations familiales Early retirement: préretraite, retraite anticipée
Civil servant trade union: syndicat de fonctionnaires E-cash card: carte de paiement électronique
Civil servant: fonctionnaire E-commerce: e-commerce (commerce en ligne)
Civil service: fonction publique Ecomonical: économique (moindre cout)
Clerk of court: greffier Economic: économique (activité)
Clothes shop: magasin de vêtements Economics: économie (sciences)
Coin: pièce (argent) Economy: économie (d’un pays)
Commercial: commercial Employee: employé
Company car: voiture de fonction Employer: employeur
Company, Firm: entrepise, société Employment: emploi
Competition: concurrence Engeneer: ingénieur
Competitive: concurrentiel Entrepreneur: entrepreneur
Competitor: concurrent Entrepreneurship: esprit d’entreprise
Contract: contrat Executive: cadre
Cook: cuisinier Expensive: cher
Corner shop, Convenient store: magasin de Export trade: commerce d’exportation
proximité Factory hand: ouvrier d’usine
Corporation, Firm, Corporation: entreprise, firme Factory: usine
Cost effective: rentable Favourable trade balance: balance commerciale
Credit card: carte de crédit favorable
Credit: crédit Finished goods: produits finis
Creditor account : compte créancier Fireman: sapeur-pompier
Creditor of a creditor: créancier en sous-ordre Fishmonger / Fish shop / Fishmerchant:
Creditor: créancier, créditeur(trice) poissonnerie
Creditworthy: solvables Fixed-term contract: CDD (contrat à durée
Currency: monnaie (d’un pays), devise déterminée)
Current account: compte courant Flower shop / Florist’s: fleuriste
Customer, Client: client Foreign trade : commerce extérieur, commerce
Cutback in staff: compression du personnel international
CV, Resumé: CV Forged banknote : billet de banque contrefait (faux
Dairy: crèmerie billet)
Day labourer: journalier Franchise: magasin en franchise
Deadlock: impasse des negotiations Free enterprise: libre entreprise
Debt: dette Free trade area: zone de libre échange
Debtor account: compte débiteur Free trade: libre échange
Debtor: débiteur(trice) Free: gratuit
Deflation: déflation Full employment: plein emploi
Delivery: livraison Gains: gains, plus-values
Demand: demande Gardener: jardinier
Demonstration: manifestation Goods, Wares, Commodities, Merchandises: biens,
Demonstrator: manifestant marchandises
Department head: chef de service Greengrocer / Fruit and vegetable stand: marchand
Department of Commerce: Ministère du Commerce de fruits et de légumes
Department of Trade and Industry: Ministère du Grocer: épicier
Commerce et de l’Industrie Grocer’s / Grocery store: épicerie
Department store: grand magasin Gross wage, Gross salary: salaire brut
Deposit account: compte de dépôt Gross/net income: revenue brut/net
Deputy Chairman / Chairwoman and Chief Hairdresser’s / Hair salon: salon de coiffure
Executive Officer: Vice-president
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Half time / Part time job: emploi à mi-temps / à
temps partiel
Hardware shop/store: quincaillerie
Headmaster: directeur d’école
Heads or tails: pile ou face ?
Home trade: commerce intérieur, commerce
domestique, commerce national
Human resources department: services des relations
humaines
Human resources manager: DRH (directeur de
ressources humaines)
Hypermarket: hypermarché
Import trade: commerce d’importation
In cash: en liquide
Income tax: impôt sur le revenu
Inflation: inflation, hausse
Insolvent: insolvable
Insurance agent: assureur
Interest rate: taux d’intérêt
Interest: intérêt
Investment: investissement
Investor: investisseur
Invoice: facture
Jeweler: bijoutier
Jeweller’s / Jewelry store: bijouterie
Job ad: offre d’emploi
Job applicant: postulant à un emploi
Job application: demande d’emploi
Job centre: Agence pour l’Emploi
Job hunting: recherche d’emploi
Job market: marché du travail
Job security: sécurité de l’emploi
Job seeker, Job hunter: demandeur d’emploi
Job: employ, travail
Joint-stock company: société par actions
Laborer, Labourer: manœuvre
Lagacy: héritage, patrimoine, legs
Launderette: laverie
Legal tender : monnaie legale
Librarian: bibliothécaire
Library: bibliotheque
Limited company / Incorporated company: société
anonyme
Loan: prêt (emprunt)
Lock out: grève patronale
Management: direction
Manager / manageress: directeur, directrice
Managing director: directeur général
Manpower: main d’œuvre
Manuel worker/laborer: travailleur manuel
Manufacture: fabrique, fabrication, confection,
manufacture
Market price: prix du marché
Market: marché, débouché
Maternity allowances: allocations de maternité
Mechanic: mécanicien
Miner: mineur (ouvrier)
Mineral deposit: gisement minier
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Mineral: mineral
Minimum wage: salaire minimum
Money: argent (monnaie)
Monthly instalments: mensualités
Mortgage : prêt immobilier
Multinational (company): (société) corporation
multinationale
Natural resourses: resources naturelles
Net wage, Net salary: salaire net
Newsagent: marchand de journaux
Occupation: métier, profession
Odd job: petit boulot
Old-age pension fund: caisse d’assurance vieillesse
Old-age pension: pension de vieillesse
On credit: à credit
On sale: en solde
Online sale: vente en ligne
Overtime: heures supplémentaires
Paid leave: congé payé
Painter: peintre
Passive commerce of trade: balance commerciale
defficitaire
Payroll manager: responsable des salaires
Payslip: bulletin de salaire
Pension funds: fonds de pension, fonds de retraite
Permanent contract: CDI (contrat à durée
indéterminée)
Pet shop: animalerie
Petrol station / Gas station: station d’essence
Pharmacy / Chemist’s shop / Drugstore: pharmacie
Physician: médecin
Pin number (personal identication number): code
secret
Placement: stage pour étudiant
Plumber: plombier
Postal trade: vente par correspondance.
Preferential creditor / Priviledged creditor:
créancier privilégié
Pricy: couteux
Private sector: secteur privé
Probationary / Trial period: période d’essai
Professional background: expérience professionnelle
Profit and loss: profits et pertes
Prospective customer: client potentiel
Pub / bar: café, bistrot
Public sector: secteur public
Purchase: achat
Qualifications: diplômes
Rate payer: contribuable
Raw materials: matières premières
Refresher course: stage de perfectionnement
Restaurant / Eatery: restaurant
Retail trade: commerce de détail
Retiree, pensioner: retraité
Retiring pension: pension de retraite
Revenue stamp: timbre fiscal
Revenue : revenu
Rubber cheque: chèque en bois
Safe : coffre-fort
Salary, Wage, Paycheck, Paycheque: salaire
Salary/ wage negotiations: negotiations salariales
Sale: vente
Sandwich bar/shop: sandwicherie
Savings account: compte d’épargne
Savings bank: caisse d’épargne
Scrap merchant: ferrailleur
Second-hand, Used: d’occasion
Services: services
Self-service store: libre-sevice
Senior civil servant: haut fonctionnaire
Senior executive: cadre supérieur
Sentinel, sentry: sentinelle
Sergeon: chirurgien
Shareholder, Stockholder: actionnaire
Shares: actions (bourse)
Shoe shop/store: magasin de chaussures
Shop, Store, Boutique: boutique, magasin
Shopkeeper: petit comerçant
Shopping center, Shopping mall: centre commercial
Sick leave: congé maladie
Silver: argent (métal)
Sit-down strike: grève sur le tas
Skills: compétences
Small change: petite monnaie
SMB (small and medium-sized business): PMI
(petite et moyenne industrie)
SME (small and medium-sized enterprise): PME
(petite et moyenne entreprise)
Solvent debtor: débiteur solvable
Solvent: solvable
Sports shop: magasin de sport
Staff member: membre du personnel
Staff, personnel: personnel, équipe, staff, employés
Stationary store / Stationer’s: papeterie
Stock market, Stock market: marché boursier, bourse
Stockbroker: agent de change
Strike: grève
Superstore, supermarket, megastore, megamall:
supermarché
Superviser: agent de maîtrise
Supplier: fournisseur
Supply: approvisionnement
Takeaway / Take out: plats à emporter
Tax haven: paradis fiscal
Tax on turnover: impôt sur le chiffre d’affaire
Tax: redevance, taxe, impôt
Taxable income: revenu imposable
Team: équipe
Teller: caissier
Temporary worker, Temp: intérimaire
The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation):
FAO
The IMF (International Monetary Fund): FMI
(Fonds Monetaire International)
The unemployed, the jobless: les sans-emploi
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The WTO (Word Trade Organisation): l’OMC
(l’Organisation Mondial du Commerce)
To apply for a job: postuler pour un employ
To appoint someone to a position: nommer quelqu’un
à un poste
To appreciate: prendre de la valeur
To bargain, to haggle: négocier, marchander
To barter: troquer
To be on probation: être en période d’essai
To be promoted / To get a promotion: avoir une
promotion
To bill, To invoice: facturer
To borrow: emprunter
To bounce a check: faire un chèque sans provisions
To cash a cheque: toucher un chèque
To compete with: faire concurrence à
To cost: coûter
To demonstrate: manifester
To depreciate: perdre de la valeur
To earn: gagner (salaire)
To go bankrupt: faire faillite
To go on srike: se mettre en grève
To hire: embaucher
To invest: investir
To lend: preter
To look for a job: chercher un emploi
To make a profit: faire des bénéfices
To manufacture: fabriquer, confectioner,
manufacturer
To negotiate: négocier
To open/close an account: ouvrir/fermer un compte
To owe: devoir (de l’argent)
To pension off: mettre à la retraite
To purchase, To buy: acheter
To recruit: recruiter
To repay, To refound: rembourser
To retire: prendre sa retraite
To save: economiser
To sell: vendre
To spend: dépenser
To squander: gaspiller (argent)
To withdraw money: tirer de l’argent
Trade allowance: remise
Trade fair: foire commerciale
Trade gap: deficit commercial
Trade mark (™®): marque déposée
Trade union : syndicat
Trade: activité commerciale
Tradesman: marchand, commerçant
Trainee: stagiaire
Training course: stage de formation
Turnover: chiffre d’affaire
Unemployed: au chômage
Unemployment benefits, The dole: allocations de
chômage
Unemployment rate: taux de chômage
Unemployment: chômage
Unpaid overtime: heures supplémentaires non
rémunérés
Unskilled: non qualifié
Vacancy: poste à pourvoir
Vocational training: formation professionnelle
Wage freeze: blocage des salaires
Wage/pay claims: revendications salariales
Wage/pay rise, Raise: augmentation de salaire
Waiter, Waitress: serveur, serveuse
Warehouse: magasin, entrepot
Warranty, Guarantee: garantie
Wholesale trade: commerce de gros
Work force, Labour, Labor: main d’œuvre
Worker: ouvrier
Worker’s representatives: representants du personnel
Working day, Work day: jour ouvrable
Workshop: atelier
Worksite: chantier
Worthless: sans valeur
Youth employment: chômage des jeunes

GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE
A- THE TENSES
 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense or form.
1- The sun (to rise) in the East.
2- Next Tuesday (to be) our last meeting.
3- You would see the President if you (to come) earlier.
4- They aren’t used to (to eat) rice.
5- Morris (to have) the chance to talk to the Manager yesterday.
6- Before (to travel), the secretary types the report.
7- Ten years ago we (to travel) to Brussels.
8- Listen! They (to play) music.
9- As soon as the manager (to come) back, he will pay us.
10- Mary often (to watch) films.
11- The Managing Director (to sign) the contract by December.
12- Look! A man (to open) the door of your car.
13- Every two weeks, Bertine (to fly) to China for her business.
14- We (to learn) English since 1992.
15- Kodjo enjoys (to swim) in hot water.
16- She (to arrive) while I was eating.
17- Don’t let them (to talk) during the lesson.
18- It’s a long time since he (to see) her parents.
19- By 2014 the factory (to produce) a lot of clothes.
20- They already (to begin) the work.
21- The strikers (to discuss) with the Minister of employment tomorrow.
22- We (can) finish the work next week.
23- It is no use (to listen) to him.
24- If she hadn’t loved him, she (not to marry) him.
25- Had I (to know), I would have taken my umbrella.
26- They are looking forward to (to visit) the castle.
27- She (not come) until you are ready.
28- My aunt sometimes (to carry) her load to market.
29- Are you fond of (to eat) apples?
30- My aunt (to live) in London for 15 years.
B- IF CLAUSES
1- a) If I were your father, I would tell him the truth.
b) Were ……………………………………………….
2- a) Had I known the truth, I wouldn’t have come.
b) I would ……………………………………………
3- a) I didn’t go out that day, so I didn’t see that.
b) Had I ……………………………………………...
4- a) I would buy a nice car if I had more money.
b) Had …………………………………….............
5- a) If she had come, they would have told her
b) Had ………………………………………………….

14
6- a) Mr. Tom missed his flight to London because he was late.
b) If ……………………………………………………..
 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
a) If I (to be) the chief, I would have shot him dead.
b) They (to win) that match if their team had played harder.
c) If you had complained earlier, we (to change) the package.
d) Koffi would not have punished us if we (not to steal) his money.
e) If you don’t stop coming to work late, you (to be sucked).
C- UNLESS
1- a) If I get my money, I will go.
b) Unless ……………………………………..
2- a) If we don’t see the Prime Minister, we won’t go.
b) Unless ………………………………………
3- a) If they don’t leave now, they will miss the bus.
b) Unless ……………………………………..
4- a) Unless my father buys me a car, I won’t go to school.
b) If …………………………………………….
5- a) Unless you pay me, I’ll stay here.
b) If …………………………………………..
D- SINCE, FOR, AGO, DURING
1- a) I haven’t gone to “Opera” for six months.
b) It’s ……………………………………………………..
2- a) It is two years since he married that woman.
b) He married …………………………………………
3- a) It is more than a year since I went to Accra,
b) I haven’t ……………………………………………
4- a) My father hasn’t given me money for a long time.
b) It is …………………………………………………….
5- a) She went to the USA two months ago.
b) It is ……………………………………………………
 Fill in the blanks with since, for, ago or during
a) We have been in the airport ………… half an hour.
b) I saw John in Lomé two days …………
c) ………… Monday, Florence has been waiting for him.
d) It is years ……….. we ate such a delicious meal.
e) He visited his uncle ……….. the Easter holidays.
E- ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
1- a) The cat has killed the mouse.
b) The mouse ……………………….
2- a) The lion has been killed by the hunter.
b) The hunter …………………………
3- a) A letter was written to her.
b) Someone ……………………
4- a) People say mathematics is easier than English.
b) Mathematics ……………….
5- a) Did you mail the letter?
b) Was ……………………………..
 Put the following sentences into passive or active voice.
a) A bridge was built by the villagers.
b) Does the manager sign the contract?
c) Did the bishop bless the new church building?
d) They bought goods in large quantities.
e) The wholesalers are painting their shops.
f) Someone was catching fishes in the lake.
g) People say that they don’t know him.
h) My purse was stolen.
i) Business was transacted by them.
j) He is said to be a thief.
15
k) All the windows have been painted by Mr. Robinson.
l) People say he works hard.
m) She got a good mark.
n) The work may be done by them.
o) We have understood the question.
p) The boy is being beaten by his father.
q) My sister is going to buy new shoes.
r) The sales manager didn’t know the new secretary.
s) The food had been eaten by them.
t) Rice and coffee have been grown by farmers.
u) The students are listening to the teacher.
v) People think he never goes to cyber.
w) Do you read this e-mail?
x) The children weren’t looked after.
y) Did the boy ask the teacher a good question?
z) The manager gave me a promotion.
F- DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
1- a) “Stand up and go to the blackboard”, said the teacher.
b) The teacher said to the student ………………………………..
2- a) “Don’t drink this dirty water otherwise you will be sick”, the doctor advised the patient.
b) The doctor advised the patient ………………………………….
3- a) He told me that he had seen my father the day before.
b) “…………………………………………………..” he told me.
4- a) Cynthia asked John: “why are you so sad this morning?”
b) Cynthia asked John …………………..……………………….
5- a) “Water is a colourless substance”, said the teacher.
b) The teacher said ……………………………………………….
6- a) “Can I wait for you in front of the school under the electric pole?” Dodo asked Paul
b) Dodo asked Paul …………………………………………….
7- a) The woman asked her husband: “where did you sleep last night?
b) The woman asked her husband ………………………..
 Put the following sentences into direct and indirect speech
a) “Phone me if you need me” Elisa said to James
b) The manager told Kofi: “You will begin tomorrow?”
c) “Did you visit him yesterday”, My friend asked me
d) My uncle said to me: “Good luck”
e) “Congratulations”, my father said to my sister.
f) Mother warned her son not to spend all his money.
g) Betty told the boys: “I’m sorry, I’m late. I’ll never be late again”
h) My father said that he had sold the business to a foreigner two years before.
i) “I haven’t seen you at the meeting” the manager will complain
j) The man asked me where I lived
k) “Cecile, I’ve just bought this bag” Amina declared
l) The executive officer advised us to work hard to avoid bankruptcy.
m) “Could you polish my shoes?” the boy questioned the cobbler.
n) He told the students: “Water boils at 100° centigrade”
o) “Where can I change Dollars into CFA Francs?” The man demanded me.
p) “Hello” Afi said to her mates.
q) “Welcome home” said Kofi to his father.
r) “I will go with you tomorrow” said Kuma.
s) “Don’t go home” teacher ordered.
G- CONTRAST/OPPOSITION
1- a) Paul is very strong but his wife always beats him.
b) Although …………………………………………………………….
2- a) Although Afi was very ill, she went to school.
b) Despite ………………………………………………………………
3- a) The table is very heavy. However Robert lifted it alone.
b) Even though ………………………………………………………
16
4- a) She is very beautiful but she can’t find any husband.
b) In spite of ………………………………………………………….
5- a) Although he failed, his father bought him a new car.
b) Despite ……………………………………………………….
H- GERUND
1- a) Do you like watching Nigerian films?
b) Are you interested in………………………………………..
2- a) Mary’s hobby is to listen to rap music.
b) Mary is fond of………………………………………………….
3- a) Mr. Kuma likes growing flowers.
b) Mr. Kuma is keen on …………………………………………
4- a) Can I borrow your car for the weekend?
b) Would you mind ………………………………………………
5- a) She wanted to divorce by all means.
b) She insisted on …………………………………………………….
6- a) My father will not allow me to go to the excursion.
b) My father will prevent me from………………………
I- COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
1- a) No one is as good as Lydia.
b) Lydia ………………………………………
2- a) Nobody in this office works as well as James.
b) James ……………………………………
3- a) If you work hard, you will succeed easily.
b) The harder …………………………….
4- a) I have never seen such a fast computer.
b) This is ……………………………………
5- a) Both Naya and Nafi are beautiful.
b) Nafi is …………………………
 Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form.
a) Abidjan is (exciting) city in Africa.
b) Nowadays food is getting (expensive).
c) An ocean is (large) a sea.
d) John is (good) at Mathematics in our class.
e) This is (interesting) film I have ever watched.
f) Patricia is ten years old, and so is Carol. Patricia is (old) Carol.
g) Jane is (intelligent) her younger sister.
J- AS SOON AS, UNTIL AND WHEN
1- a) Jesus will come soon. The righteous persons will go with him.
b) As soon as …………………………………………………………………..
2- a) Sam will reach London in this afternoon, and then he will phone me.
b) When ………………………………………………………………………..
3- a) I will get my visa and I will fly to Washington.
b) When ……………………………………………………..
4- a) The bank will grant me a loan. Then I’ll expand my business.
b) As soon as …………………………………………….
5- a) My fiancée will arrive from France. We shall get married
b) Until ……………………………………………………………….
K- EXCLAMATIONS
1- a) These girls are so beautiful!
b) What ……………………………….!
2- a) Jennifer has such a nice dress!
b) How ………………………………..!
3- a) What a happy day!
b) How …………………………………!
4- a) How intelligent these boys are!
b) These boys are …………………!
5- a) This wine is so sweet!
b) I have never …………………….!
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L- SO + ADJ. + THAT / TOO + ADJ + TO
1- a) The tea is very hot, Cynthia can’t drink it.
b) The tea is so ……………………………..
2- a) The medicine is very bitter, I can’t drink it.
b) The medicine is too …………………
3- a) The exercise is too difficult for us to do.
b) The exercise is so ………………….
4- a) We are very busy today, we can’t receive any visitors.
b) We are so ……………………………
5- a) This bag is very heavy, Alice can’t lift it.
b) This bag is too ……………………
M- ASKING QUESTIONS
1- Dapaong is about 600 kilometers from Lomé.
2- Johnnie went to the supermarket to buy some wine.
3- The computer you sent me does not work properly.
4- The student will surf the net for two hours.
5- Human beings have unlimited wants.
6- Occupations are predominant in some areas.
7- Workers’ living conditions must be bettered.
8- Miners extract raw materials in this area.
9- The lady came in quickly.
10- We went to the village because our father was sick.
11- In few minutes, the minister is going to arrive.
12- I saw the man stealing the fish.
13- They speak English fluently.
14- Josias has swept the workshop.
15- Kodjo mailed the letter.
16- The supervisor gives us a severe punishment.
17- The bricklayer is going to build a new house.
18- I am ten years old.
19- She buys two pots of flowers.
20- Kossivi visited his uncle thrice a month.
21- My luggage weighs thirty kilograms.
22- Mr. Sodjinou came to visit his mother-in-law.
23- The picture that she was looking at was beautiful.
24- He entered the house by climbing the hall.
25- She quarrels with her son.
26- The principal’s house is about three kilometers from here.
27- The book costs three thousand francs.
28- The price of gold has dropped rapidly in the past year.
29- Tom talked to his teacher at church.
30- It is midday.
N- NO MATTER
1- a) Whoever you are, you must respect your parents.
b) No matter ……………………………………..
2- a) Anyone who breaks the glass must replace it.
b) No matter ……………………………………..
3- a) No matter who comes, don’t call me.
b) Whoever ……………………………………
4- a) No matter where you go, you will have to speak English.
b) Wherever ……………………………………..
5- a) Whenever you want to see me, come to my office.
b) No matter ……………………………………..
O- TO MAKE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING / TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE BY
SOMEBODY
1- a) James’ parents forced their daughter to marry Jack.
b) James’ parents …………………………………

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2- a) The cashier will ask him to endorse the cheque.
b) The cashier will have ………………………
3- a) The bank manager made him examine his account statement.
b) The bank manager had ………………
4- a) Because of competition, the business collapsed.
b) Competition made ……………………..
5- a) Consumers asked our company to produce better goods.
b) Consumers made ………………………..
P- NO SOONER ...THAN /HARDLY ... WHEN/NEVER /UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES +
INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT
1- a) Yao demanded a meal as soon as he arrived.
b) No sooner ………………………………….
2- a) As soon as he graduated, they offered him a job.
b) No sooner ………………………………..
3- a) As soon as the manager came, he settled the problem.
b) Hardly …………………………………….
4- a) He got out of the garage immediately after he got an accident.
b) Hardly ……………………………………
5- a) Just as we entered the room, the performance began.
b) No sooner …………………………….
6- a) Banks never grant loans to jobless people.
b) Never ………………..…………………………………....
7- a) The old man never says a word to protest.
b) Never …………….……………………….………………
8- a) No matter what you say, the manager won’t believe you.
b) Under no circumstances …………….………….
9- a) You should never tell lies to your director.
b) Under no circumstances ……………………
10- a) You can never exchange this crossed cheque for cash.
b) Never ………………………………………………..
Q- I WISH / IF ONLY
1- a) It is a pity you don’t know where your father works.
b) I wish ………………………….…………………………..
2- a) Sophia regrets she didn’t apply for the job.
b) Sophia wishes …………………………………………
3- a) I’m sorry I forgot my birthday.
b) If only …………………………………………………….
4- a) I’m sorry the office is closed.
b) I wish ……………………………………………………..
5- a) We are sorry we won’t be granted that loan.
b) We wish …………………………………………………
R- IT IS HIGH TIME
1- a) It is getting too late you must stop surfing on the net.
b) It’s high time ……………………………………..
2- a) You’d better open a bank account now.
b) It’s high time ……………………………………..
3- a) Learn your lessons now. It’s time to do so.
b) It’s high time …………………………………...
4- a) You must buy a car now. It is time for it.
b) It’s high time …………………………………..
S- QUESTION TAGS
1- We ate fermented corn paste last night, ___?
2- The weather is much cooler tonight, ______?
3- Monkeys can’t learn sign language, _______?
4- We never eat fufu in this house, _________?
5- I won’t come to school, ________________?
6- Let’s go for a break, ___________________?
7- I am going to sleep, ___________________?
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8- We worked hard in our final exam, _______?
9- They have lost the match, ______________?
10- Everybody hates war, _________________?
11- Nobody has bought the duster, __________?
12- Don’t be late for the meeting, ___________?
13- Komlan didn’t come to school yesterday, __?
14- The students play baseball, _____________?
15- The supervisor punishes the late comers, __?
16- She doesn’t learn his lesson, ____________?
17- The cat is running after the mouse, _______?
18- It will rain tomorrow, __________________?
19- I did not steal the pen, _________________?
20- The lazy students scarcely come to school, _?
T- THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1- The man (who, which, whose) purse is stolen went to the police.
2- The person (whose, whom, who) I talked to is my teacher.
3- The boy (who, which, whom) is shouting is my brother.
4- I know someone (who, which, whose) brother is a lawyer.
5- The book (that, who, whom) I bought was very expensive.
6- Koffi is the student to (whose, who, whom) I gave my pen.
7- (Whom, whose, who) son is driving so carelessly?
8- He showed me the dog (who, which, whose) ran after him.
9- The prize is given to the student (which, whose, who) grade is the highest.
10- I don’t like people (which, whose, who) don’t think well before speaking.
U- THE USE OF WHEN AND WHILE
1- Last night, while I (to sit) on the balcony, I (to see) a shooting star.
2- You (to watch) TV when I phoned.
3- She was sleeping when the thieves (to come) in the house.
4- While I (to go) to the meeting, I saw my best friend.
5- Afi was washing her clothes when her phone (to ring).
V- THE USE OF AFTER AND BEFORE
1- The police came after the thief (to leave).
2- Before the parents arrived, the cat (to kill) the baby.
3- After I (to leave) the room, Joseph came in.
4- Before the boss (to come), we (to start) the work.
5- After Moussa had opened the door cautiously, he (to hear) a strange noise.
W- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
 Fill in the gaps with the correct proposal
1- We wanted to buy books but we didn’t find …… in the bookshop. (little, any, much, a lot of)
2- This man is ………. Commercial Agent I have ever talked to. (the clever, the cleverest, the cleverer, the
more clever)
3- The Executive didn’t attend the meeting, ……… (so did we, neither did we, either did we)
4- I didn’t use the computer …….. my boss offered me last week. (who, that, whose, those)
5- The secretary won’t come to the office ……… the boss pays her salary. (when, that, unless, for)
6- These students went to school ………….they refused to enter their classrooms. (since, despite, however,
and)
7- The accountant will check the book ……… he reaches the company. (with, yet, by the time, which)
8- Children must be sent to school …….. they have the right to get education. (because of, owing to,
because, due to)
9- Wilson is tired of ……. Punished all the time. (being, be, have been, has been)
10- The wholesalers will buy goods in bulk before they …….. them to the retailers. (sell – selling – sold –
had sold)
11- I regret they didn’t succeed in their exam. If only they …….. in their exam. (had succeeded – haven’t
succeeded – wasn’t succeeded – aren’t succeeded)
12- She said she wouldn’t accept the present if she ……… in your place. (were – was – wasn’t – isn’t)
13- (By – for – at – while) crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.
14- Alida was not (too strong – strong enough – so strong) to lift the table.
15- I can’t see the reason (because – for – why – as) he is violent.
20
 16- I don’t know where (the police office is – the police office to be – is the police office)
17- We enjoyed …… the new factory. (to visit – visited – visiting – visit)
18- The boys wanted ……… the airplanes take off. (watching – to watch – watched – watch)
19- John plays football ……… than Peter. (best – worst – well – better)
20- He asked me whether I ………. already fed the animals. (have – has – had – did)
21- I have never eaten ……….. a delicious meal. (so a – such a – a such)
22- ………… you may do, pay attention. (however – whoever – whatever)
23- Betty is the ……… of my twins. (fatter – fattest – the most fat)
24- It is five years since they ……… at school. (meet – met – have met)
25- When coming to school, I met an engineer ……. office is close to the see. (of – which – who –whose)
26- The workshop ………. Is over there is built by Mr. Robinson. (that – who – whom – whose)
27- Can you serve me …… fuel in my car, please? (many – a few – some – few)
28- I drank ……. milk to relieve my pain. (few – little a – little of – a little)
29- I have been teaching accounting (since – for – ago) ten years.
30- Kuma has two sisters, (one – some – both) of them are in high school.
31- As soon as Kofi (is – have – gets) money, he will build a new house.
32- There are (many – much – how much) students in the class.
 Complete with the appropriate word from the list: (at – on – whom – which – against – for – in –
of – by)
33- Our company has been insured …….. all risks.
34- She has never fallen …… love.
35- We don’t sell ….. credit to insolvent customers like you.
36- The woman …… the Prime Minister is talking with is the First Lady.
37- ……… of you is the Manager’s private secretary?
38- On reception of your order, we dispatched the goods ……. once.
39- He applied ……. the job without asking for our advice.
40- We haven’t heard ……. this customer for a long time.
41- He settles the account within a week …… accordance with the terms of contract.
42- The goods must be here …… December the latest.
43- James is good ……….. English.
44- He always goes to school …… foot.
45- …… Monday morning, we will sit for a new class test.
46- Why don’t they meet …… 9 PM.
47- Don’t be afraid …… working hard and success will come.
48- The class prefect is interested ….. keeping discipline in the class.
49- Mr. Robinson is fond ……. doing business.
50- The CEO often travels …….. plane.

LETTER WRITING
Topic 1: Your name is Samuel and your address is Boulevard Fazao, BP 1122, Lomé, Togo. You are planning
to celebrate your birthday anniversary. Write a letter to invite your friend Peter to this celebration. Tell him
what you will do and eat at this celebration.
Topic 2: Your name is Tim Booker and your address is PO BOX 6204, Aneho-Togo. Write a letter to your pen-
friend Charles in Chicago. Invite him to come and celebrate Christmas with you in Aneho. Don’t forget to tell
him some of the activities you will have.
Topic 3: You are Tom Sawyer and your address is 34th Street, BP 3499, Dapaong, Togo. You work at Abotare
Store as a delivery man. You have to be absent at your work for a whole week. Write a permission letter to your
manager to ask for permission. Give strong reasons. Your company’s address is PO BOX 4567, Dapaong,
Togo.
Topic 4: You are Amah Kwatcha and your address is, BP 3799, Lomé-Togo. You have just got your A ‘level in
accountancy and you are looking for a job. Write an application letter to the General Manager of ECOBANK
TOGO to apply for a job. Talk about your qualifications and the work you intend to do. Ecobank address: 13,
Rue du commerce, BP 1122, Lomé, Togo.

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Topic 5: You are Jack and your address is BP 2242, Sokode-Togo. Your junior sister, Jessica has abandoned
school and would like to run her own business. Write a letter to advise her on the most flourishing field of
business today.
Topic 6: Your French pen friend Francis Dupond has sent you a video camera as a birthday gift. Write a letter
to thank him for the gift. Remember to tell him how much you appreciate the camera and how useful you find
it. You are Sammy Koomson and your address is BP 1414, Lomé, Togo.
Topic 7: You are Moustapha Cisse and your address is PO BOX 1515, Mango, Togo. You were absent from
school last week. Write a letter to your principal to explain the reasons why you were absent. Your school’s
address is Lycée des Etoiles, BP 1662 Mango, Togo. (Not more than 150 words)
Topic 8: Your name is Kofi Koudjo and your address is BP 6600, Vogan, Togo. You had made an appointment
with your father’s friend, Mr. Kondo. Unfortunately you couldn’t keep it. Send him a letter of apology,
explaining him the reasons why you couldn’t keep the appointment.
Topic 9: Your name is Adam Johnson, and your address is PO BOX 222, Lomé-Togo. Write a letter to your
father asking him to send you the school fees.
Topic 10: You are Kafui Dziwonou and your address is BP 251, Atakpame, Togo. Write a letter to your father’s
friend Mr. Awokou to thank him for helping you out of a problem.
NB: Don’t forget to mention the problem.

ESSAY WRITING

Topic 1: What economic system do you prefer? Give three advantages of the system you choose.
Topic 2: Banking is known as an “aid to trade”. In an essay of not more than 150 words, explain the various
ways by which a commercial bank helps a trader.
Topic 3: Are cellular phones good for business? Explain your answer.
Topic 4: AIDS is a serious sickness affecting the world especially African countries. After saying how we can
catch AIDS, propose solutions to avoid it.
Topic 5: Say why you have chosen to study in a commercial school.
Topic 6: Write about the job you would like to do in the future and why you have chosen it.
Topic 7: You are a businessman running a big bicycle shop. In a short paragraph tell us what you can do to
attract customers into your shop.
Topic 8: Should women and men be paid the same salary for the same job? Why or why not?
Topic 9: Which one is the best means of advertising: radio, television, or newspaper?
Topic 10: In business, companies always have difficulties. Would you enumerate some? Which solutions do
you propose as a manager?

TRANSLATION EXERCISES

 Translate into either English or French

1- Entertainment is one of the most important reasons why people prefer surfing the web.
2- Le directeur est en réunion d’affaire avec ses partenaires.
3- La secrétaire est entrain de saisir certaines correspondances de l’entreprise.
4- Advertisement brings a new product to the knowledge of the public.
5- La banque octroie des prêts à long terme à ses clients.
6- Trade is the buying and selling of goods to make a profit.
7- The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities. He buys goods from the producer.
8- As you can see, trade is essential to the country’s economy and to the social life of its people.
9- All forms of transport have their advantages and drawbacks.
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10- I have just received a letter.
11- Souvenez-vous que le client a toujours raison.
12- The wholesaler acts as a middleman between the producer and the retailer.
13- Le détaillant achète au grossiste et vend directement au publique.
14- Le grossiste vend ses marchandises en gros.
15- Les matières premières sont transformées en produits finis dans les usines.
16- Goods are stored in the warehouse.
17- Some economic expressions are very complex to define.
18- Les besoins primaires de l’homme sont la nourriture, le vêtement et l’abri.
19- People work to earn money in order to buy goods and services.
20- He gave me money to buy a computer.
21- Nous devons travailler pour développer l’économie de notre pays.
22- Je pourrai aller en vacances en Côte d’Ivoire.
23- L’anglais est la langue la plus parlée dans le monde.
24- Commerce is the distribution of the world’s goods.
25- Mon entreprise est loin du centre commercial.
26- A current account is used by a customer who wants the facility of making payments by cheque.
27- Les affaires sont les affaires.
28- La banque est un lieu sûr pour garder son argent.
29- The demand and the supply determine the price of goods.
30- Les consommateurs préfèrent acheter les produite moins chèrs.
31- He has worked in this company for five years.
32- In trade, producers and consumers are very important partners.
33- People save their money in banks.
34- He lives in London.
35- J’habite ici depuis 2010.
36- He is writting a letter of application.
37- Le grossiste et le détaillant sont appelés intermédiaires.
38- Home trade is the buying and selling of goods inside the country.
39- A retailer buys goods in small quantities.
40- English is the most important language in the world.
41- Les jeunes qui n’ont pas de travail cherchent un emploi temporaire.
42- La publicité joue un grand rôle dans le commerce.
43- Les banques accordent soit des prêts ou des découverts à leurs clients.
44- Au premier étage se trouvent les services de la comptabilité et de publicité.
45- Il y a un entrepôt dans notre maison.
46- Both wholesale and retailer traders are engaged in home trade.
47- Retail traders buy smaller quantities of goods from the wholesalers and sell direct to the public.
48- I wrote him a letter two weeks ago.
49- People say that English is easy.
50- Nous avons une bonne entreprise et tous nos clients sont satisfaits.
51- Je l’ai rencontré à l’hôtel il y a deux jours.
52- Mr. Robinson forgot to mail the letter which had been given to him.
53- Elle vend du sucre depuis 2009.
54- Foreign trade is made up of imports and exports.
55- Les activités commerciales améliorent le niveau de vie de la population.
56- Sans les banques, les activités commerciales seraient difficiles.
57- Nous apprenons l’anglais depuis 7 ans.
58- Je m’appelle Koffi, j’ai 20 ans.
59- Le détaillant est directement en contact avec les consommateurs.
60- An investor is a person who puts his money in into a business.
61- A person who buys shares in a company in known as a shareholder.
62- La banque est une institution financière qui aide les hommes d’affaires à entreprendre leurs affaires par
des prêts.
63- Tous les employés d’une banque ne sont pas des comptables.
64- Aujourd’hui toutes les banques utilisent des ordinateurs ou des calculatrices modernes.
65- The articles are well displayed in the shop windows by the window – dresser.
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66- The objective of the government is to provide goods and services to the public at a reasonable price.
67- Le Togo importe beaucoup de produits de l’étranger.
68- Cet actionnaire est très compétant dans notre société.
69- Hello, Mr. Kolani. My name is Koti. I come from London.
70- Ils habitant dans cet appartement depuis leur premier anniversaire.
71- Nowadays people use door-to-door selling.
72- Businessmen spend a lot of money for advertising.
73- J’ai reçu ta lettre la semaine passée.
74- Je sais comment utiliser un ordinateur.
75- The customers have been waiting for the cashier since the morning.
76- S’il avait eu voiture, il serait venu plutôt.
77- La publicité doit amener les clients potentiels à acheter.
78- Which kind of advertising do you use to attract the consumers who need your products?
79- Il a déposé tout son argent à la banque hier.
80- Our company needs more money.
81- Il vient de vendre le produit.
82- Le revenu des fonctionnaires est très bas ; alors que les marchandises deviennent de plus en plus chèrs.
83- Le secrétaire exécutif est en réunion en ce moment. Pouvez-vous le rappeler plus tard, s’il vous plait ?
84- Advertising provides consumers with information about goods available.
85- Vous ne pouvez pas avoir accès à votre ordinateur s’il y a une erreur de votre mot de passe.
86- Le secrétaire est entrain de classer les documents que son patron lui a remis.
87- Celui qui achète une machine à crédit la paie plus chère que celui qui la paie comptant.
88- Cet actionnaire est très compétant en matière de commande.
89- Would you mind borrowing me your new dictionary?
90- On nous a déjà présenté à tout le monde.
91- The telephone service is the fastest means of communication.
92- The use of telephone has reduced the frequency of travels made by businessmen.
93- Les petites entreprises sont entrain de disparaitre au profit des grandes entreprises.
94- I have been waiting for him since last week; but he didn’t come.
95- To be able to live, people have been able to produce the food they eat, the shelter they need and the
clothes necessary for their well-being.
96- Il y a eu beaucoup de succès dans son travail.
97- Nous avons acheté ces meubles dans un grand magasin.
98- People should apply for job once they completed their studies.
99- Il a ouvert un compte à Ecobank et on lui a donné un chéquier.
100- Il a retiré une somme importante de son compte pour faire des affaires.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

VERBS PRETERIT/ PAST FRENCH
SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE MEANING
Abide Abode; Abided Abode/Abided Demeurer; supporter
Alight Alit / Alighted Alit / Alighted Descendre ; s’arrêter
Arise Arose Arisen Se poser ; survenir
Awake Awoke Awoken Réveiller ; faire naitre
Be Was / Were Been Etre
Bear Bore Born / Borne Porter; supporter; souffrir
Beat Beat Beaten Battre ; frapper ; vaincre
Become Became Become Devenir ; convenir a
Begin Began Begun Commencer ; débuter
Behold Beheld Beheld Voir ; apercevoir ; remarquer
Bend Bent Bent Plier ; courber ; pencher
Bet Bet Bet Parier ; miser ;
Bid Bade / Bid Bidden / Bid Faire une offre ; demander
Bind Bound Bound Lier ; attacher ; engager
Bite Bit Bitten Mordre ; piquer ; mâcher
Bleed Bled Bled Saigner ; purger ; perdre du sang
Blow Blew Blown Faire sauter ; souffler
Break Broke Broken Briser ; casser ; rompre
Breed Bred Bred Se reproduire ; élever ; engendrer
24
Bring Brought Brought Apporter ; amener ; attirer
Broadcast Broadcast / Broadcast / Diffuser ; émettre ; radiodiffuser
Build Built
Broadcasted Built
Broadcasted Construire ; bâtir ; faire
Burn Burnt / Burned Burnt / Burned Brûler ; incendier ; faire brûler
Burst Burst Burst Eclater ; crever ; faire éclater
Bust Bust Bust Arrêter ; choper ; démanteler
Buy Bought Bought Acheter ; accepter ; corrompre
Cast Cast Cast Jeter ; lancer ; couler
Catch Caught Caught Attraper ; prendre ; capturer
Choose Chose Chosen Choisir ; décider ; préférer
Clap Clapped / Clapt Clapped / Clapt Taper ; claquer ; mettre
Cling Clung Clung Se cramponner ; enlacer ; être
corps à corps
Clothe Clad / Clothed Clad / Clothed Vêtir ; se vêtir
Come Came Come Venir ; arriver ; aller
Cost Cost Cost Coûter ; estimer
Creep Crept Crept Se glisser ; ramper
Cut Cut Cut Couper ; réduire ; tailler
Dare Dared / Durst Dared Oser ; défier ; avoir l’audace
Deal Dealt Dealt Traiter ; examiner ; agir
Dig Dug Dug Creuser ; déterrer ; bécher
Dive Dived / Dove Dived Plonger ; descendre en piqué
Do Did Done Faire ; effectuer ; accomplir
Draw Drew Drawn Tirer ; attirer ; dessiner
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Rêver ; faire un rêve
Drink Drank Drunk Boire ; consommer ; prendre
Drive Drove Driven Conduire ; entrainer ; pousser
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Habiter ; demeurer ; résider
Eat Ate Eaten Manger ; bouffer ; aller manger
Fall Fell Fallen Tomber ; baisser ; devenir
Feed Fed Fed Nourrir ; alimenter ; donner à
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
manger; toucher ; ressentir
Fight Fought Fought Combattre ; lutter ; battre
Find Found Found Trouver ; retrouver ; découvrir
Fit Fit / Fitted Fit / Fitted S’adapter ; répondre à ; mettre
Flee Fled Fled Fuir ; s’enfuir ; prendre la fuite
Fling Flung Flung Jeter ; lancer ; envoyer
Fly Flew Flown Voler ; survoler ; s’enfuir
Forbid Forbade / Forbad Forbidden Interdire ; défendre ; empêcher
Forecast Forecast / Forecast / Forcasted Prévoir
Foresee Foresaw
Forcasted Foreseen Prévoir ; présager
Foretell Foretold Foretold Prédire ; présager
Forget Forgot Forgotten Oublier ; laisser ; se faire oublier
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Pardonner ; excuser ; remettre
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Abandonner ; quitter ; délaisser
Freeze Froze Frozen Geler ; congeler ; glacer
Get Got Got / Gotten Obtenir ; avoir ; trouver
Give Gave Given Donner ; accorder ; offrir
Go Went Gone Aller ; passer ; partir
Grind Ground Ground Moudre ; broyer ; grincer
Grow Grew Grown Croître ; grandir ; augmenter
Hang Hung / Hanged Hung / Hanged Accrocher ; prendre ; suspendre
Have Had Had Avoir ; posséder ; comporter
Hear Heard Heard Entendre ; écouter ; apprendre
Hide Hid Hidden Cacher ; masquer ; se cacher
Hit Hit Hit Heurter ; frapper ; toucher
Hold Held Held Tenir ; détenir ; contenir
Hurt Hurt Hurt Blesser ; nuire ; faire du mal à
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Incruster ; marqueter
Keep Kept Kept Garder ; tenir ; conserver
Kneel Knelt / Kneeled Knelt / Kneeled S’agenouiller, tomber à genoux
Knit Knit / Knitted Knit / Knitted Tricoter ; lier ; unir
Know Knew Known Savoir ; connaitre ; faire savoir
Lay Laid Laid Poser ; pondre ; préparer
Lead Led Led Conduire ; mener ; aboutir
Lean Leaned / Leant Leaned / Leant Pencher ; s’appuyer ; se pencher
Leap Leapt / Leaped Leapt / Leaped Sauter ; bondir
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Apprendre ; étudier
Leave Left Left Laisser ; quitter ; partir
Lend Lent Lent Prêter ; accorder ; conférer
25
Let Let Let Louer ; laisser ; permettre
Lie Lay Lain Mentir ; se coucher ; s’allonger
Light Lit / Lighted Lit / Lighted Eclairer ; dévoiler ; mettre en
Lose Lost Lost Perdre
lumière; se perdre ; s’égarer
Make Made Made Faire ; effectuer ; fabriquer
Mean Meant Meant Signifier ; vouloir dire ; avoir
Meet Met Met (Se) rencontrer ; se réunir ;
l’intention
Melt Melted Molten / Melted (Se) fondre ; se dissoudre
Mislead Misled Misled Tromper ; égarer ; dévoyer
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Se tromper ; se méprendre ; faire
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Mal
une comprendre
faute ; comprendre de
Mow Mowed Mown Tondre
travers ; faucher ; écraser
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Dépasser son crédit ; mettre son
Overhear Overheard Overheard Surprendre ; entendre par hasard
compte à découvert
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Dépasser ; rattraper ; rejoindre
Pay Paid Paid Payer ; verser ; régler
Preset Preset Preset Prédéfinir ; prérégler
Prove Proved Proven / Proved Prouver ; s’avérer ; démontrer
Put Put Put Mettre ; placer ; poser
Quit Quit Quit Quitter ; arrêter ; cesser de
Read Read Read Lire ; interpréter ; déchiffrer
Rid Rid / Ridded Rid / Ridded Débarrasser ; délivrer ; sauver
Ride Rode Ridden Monter ; monter à cheval ; faire du
Ring Rang Rung Sonner
cheval ; téléphoner ; retentir
Rise Rose Risen Augmenter ; s’élever ; monter
Rive Rived Riven / Rived Déchirer ; (se) fendre
Run Ran Run Fonctionner ; courir ; tourner
Saw Sawed Sawn / Sawed Scier ; débiter à la scie
Say Said Said Dire ; prononcer ; parler
See Saw Seen Voir ; découvrir ; savoir
Seek Sought Sought Chercher, demander ; tenter
Sell Sold Sold Vendre ; revendre ; écouler
Send Sent Sent Envoyer ; renvoyer ; expédier
Set Set Set Fixer ; installer ; poser
Sew Sewed Sewn / Sewed Coudre ; recoudre ; suturer
Shake Shook Shaken Secouer ; agiter ; ébranler
Shave Shaved Shaven / Shaved Se raser ; réduire ; raboter
Shear Shore / Sheared Shore / Sheared Tondre ; dépouiller de
Shed Shed Shed Verser ; perdre ; tomber
Shine Shone Shone Briller ; rayonner ; reluire
Shoe Shod Shod Fermer ; mettre les chaussures
Shoot Shot Shot Tourner ; tuer ; fusiller
Show Showed Shown Montrer ; démontrer ; indiquer
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Rétrécir ; se contracter ; reculer
Shut Shut Shut (Se) fermer ; détenir
Sing Sang Sung Chanter ; tinter ; moucharder
Sink Sank Sunk Sombrer ;(s’) enfoncer
Sit Sat Sat S’asseoir ; siéger ; s’installer
Slay Slew Slain Tuer ; égorger ; abattre
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir ; couche ; sommeiller
Slide Slid Slid / Slidden Glisser ; faire des glissades
Sling Slung Slung Elinguer ; lancer ; suspendre
Slink Slunk Slunk Se glisser ; sortir furtivement
Slit Slit Slit Fendre ; inciser ; découper en filer
Smell Smelt / Smelled Smelt / Smelled Sentir ; humer ; flaire
Sneak Sneaked / Snuck Sneaked / Snuck Se glisser ; cafarder ; resquiller
Sow Sowed Sown Semer ; ensemencer
Speak Spoke Spoken Parler ; dire
Speed Sped / Speeded Sped / Speeded Aller à toute allure ; lancer ; aller à
Spell Spelt / Spelled Spelt / Spelled Epeler ; orthographier, écrire
toute vitesse
Spend Spent Spent Passer ; dépenser ; épuiser
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled (Se) répandre ; déborder
Spin Span / Spun Spun Tourner ; filer ; faire tourner
Spit Spat / Spit Spat / Spit Cracher ; embrocher ; faire rôti à
Split Split Split Scinder
la broche ; partager ; répartir
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Gâter ; gâcher ; abimer
Spread Spread Spread Diffuser ; tartiner ; se propager
Spring Sprang Sprung Naître ; sauter ; faire sauter le
Stand Stood Stood Supporter
mur ; résister ; se tenir
Steal Stole Stolen Voler
debout ; dérober ; subtiliser
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Stick Stuck Stuck Coller ; rester ; enfoncer
Sting Stung Stung Piquer ; blesser ; brûler
Stink Stank Stunk Puer ; empester ; sentir
Stride Strode / Strided Stridden Arpenter ; marcher à grand pas ;
Strike Struck Struck / Stricken Frapper
s’allonger ; rayer ; heurter
String Strung Strung Corder ; garnir ; d’une corde ; filer
Strip Stript / Stripped Stript / Stripped Dépouiller ; enlever ; déshabiller
Strive Strove Striven S’efforcer ; lutter ; s’évertuer
Sublet Sublet Sublet Sous-louer
Swear Swore Sworn Jurer ; prêter serment ;
Sweat Sweat / Sweated Sweat / Sweated Suer ; transpirer ; faire suer
assermenter
Sweep Swept / Sweeped Swept / Sweeped Balayer ; ramoner ; emporter
Swell Swelled Swollen Grossir ; enfler ; se gonfler
Swim Swam Swum Nager ; se baigner ; faire la
Swing Swung Swung Balancer
natation ; pivoter ; osciller
Take Took Taken Prendre ; emporter ; faire
Teach Taught Taught Enseigner ; apprendre ; instruire
Tear Tore Torn Déchirer ; détacher ; démolir
Tell Told Told Dire ; raconter ; parler
Think Thought Thought Penser ; réfléchir ; croire
Thrive Throve / Thrived Throve / Thrived Prospérer ; se développer ; réussir
Throw Threw Thrown Jeter ; lancer ; envoyer
Thrust Thrust Thrust Enfoncer ; se fourrer dedans
Tread Trod Trodden Fouler ; marcher ; écraser
Undergo Underwent Undergone Subir ; suivre ; éprouver
Understand Understood Understood Comprendre ; sous-entendre ;
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Entreprendre
saisir ; se charger de ;
Upset Upset Upset Bouleverser
assumer ; déranger ; renverser
Vex Vext / Vexed Vext / Vexed Vexer ; contrarier ; fâcher
Wake Woke Woken Réveiller ; se réveiller ; faire
Wear Wore Worn Porter
réveiller; mettre ; user
Weave Wove Woven Tisser ; entrelacer ; tramer
Wed Wed / Wedded Wed / Wedded Marier ; épouser ; se marier
Weep Wept Wept Pleurer ; faire pleurer
Wet Wet / Wetted Wet / Wetted Mouiller ; tremper
Wind Wound Wound Remonter ; enlacer
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirer ; se retirer ; prélever
Withhold Withheld Withheld Retenir ; refuser de ; cacher
Withstand Withstood Withstood Résister à ; soutenir
Wring Wrung Wrung Essorer ; tordre ;
Write Wrote Written Ecrire ; rédiger ; composer
Zinc Zinced / Zincked Zinced / Zincked Couvrir avec du zinc

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