MALIK OFFICIAL GROUP MEDIATE EDUCATION, INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION, 2024 (ONWARDS) NOTE: Time: 20 minutes BIOLOGY PAPER - Il (moDEL QUESTION PAPER) Max. Marks: 09 EKoMNEWROOK | ZOOLOGY (THEORY) (Science Pre-Medical Group) ‘SECTION “A” =< Marks : 09 1) _Thisecton consists of 18 part qucsons anda robe snswered. Each question cares mr {iy Theconect answer bubble mist beled on ONIREsbect_1) =) (+) (©) (pasted in answer sri. ii) Use only blue black ball point pen d pointer on OMR Set. iv) Avoid using pencil White-o pen on OMR shoe. Choose the comet answer foreach from the given options: ‘An injury sustained bythe hypothalamus is mos ikely to interop: 'A) Coordination during locomotion 1) Shorts memory 1D) Excetivefancti6 ke decisionmaking Z, a 2. 14 16. 1, Even ale the rnin of ig ha bee cot il pond pinta yen iy tit Semple DCoiond ex AISGRRE Mee mores cca Paes sf pom inhcmame Patios dese ted wih be defeay of A)Aciveolie BYDORAE) C)Cluarfic wid yo) Gana Aigo Buyic 4a (GABA All of te following are hormones ofthe anterior pituitary éxcep: ‘ium gronth ormone (GH) Bp Foliceslsinghorne eS GPaatyrid bom (TH) eee stmt eee te ‘The following hormones are for the *fight-or igh response: 8) Insulin and glaeagon (©) Estrogen and progesterone D) Thyvoxin and melatonin A charters of terior behavior inanimate A) Migration B) Herding ©) Defending ait ae from intrudits 1D) Hibernation “The following is an example of eared havo in animal: 'A) Fish swirningupsteu spawn 1B) Bee performing a wage dance {©} Goose ying south forthe wimer This isan example of inate behavior: ‘AYA dog learning 0 ston command ‘BFA biting aos 1) Afshin sina sank The corect sequence of cel stage in spermatogenesis 'A)Spematocyes~Spermatids~ Spematogona + Spematovea B) Spermatogoia Spermais ~ Spemaloeie 4 Speosteyea ©) Spermatcytes -Spermalogonia ~SpermaiggaSpmatozon “The decened level of ths boo cates mentation B) Lancing )Eargen D)Oxyuin “To pad of rgd cag sae maton ng deuce ie ‘A Matipesele 2) Aton aa D) Nae “Tig lsrer irc bythe rface of ane X Owe in el eu nfeii ae celebs ala ‘ADoeiindgne BY Tae Jase (CERRO) acieR sles Aging jis characterized by: (gb oe ee Binet naabalobctuy The oly weament ine of wena tina Cane ramplat 0) Kidney tana ‘Atm rome clemiona ue Dilsfcnsce d in emo ob ‘AiDlogl tances IBVARNEDMGOME! | C)Usw bloc psec) DYExtee Teer clear bashs nate! A)Major viruses B)Peiitoealdialysis. Ohne Wasp) Dy Huemodinysis ‘Tiss correct for muscle contraction: ‘A) Shortening of atin laments (©) Nochange in A bands 1) Surcomere doesnt shorten Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of thee bones Pubs ium and: A)Stemum |B) shia ‘© Scapuia D) SphenoidMALIK OFFICIAL GROUP XIl ZOOLOGY SOLVED MODEL PAPER 2024 SOLVED BY: MALIK OFFICIAL (+44 7708 576623) SECTION “B” (SHORT-ANSWER-QUESTIONS) “REASONING QUESTIONS” i) How do neurotransmitters work as inhibitory and excitatory signals? Write some common examples of these neurotransmitters. ANS. NEUROTRANSMITTERS WORK AS INHIBITORY AND EXCITATORY SIGNALS Neurotransmitters work as inhibitory and excitatory signals by binding to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTORS: Excitatory neurotransmitters promote the generation of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron by depolarizing the cellimembrane, making it more likely for an action potential to occur Examples include glutamate and acetylcholine. INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTO! In contrast, inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of fan action potential in the postsynaptic neuron by hyperpolarizing the cell membrane, making it more negative and less likely to reach the threshold for firing. Examples/include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. Why does excess use of dairy products, meats, and green-leaf vegetables cause kidney stones? Mention|the methods for treatment of kidney stones. ANS. CAUSE KIDNEY STONES: Excess consumption of dairy products, meats, and green-leaf vegetables can lead to kidney stones due to their high content of calcium, oxalates, and purines. These substances, when present in high levels in the urine, can combine to form crystals that gradually grow into kidney stones. Specifically: i. Calcium: Dairy products are rich in calcium, and excessive intake can lead to hypercalciuria, increasing the risk of calcium oxalate stones. ii, Oxalates: Green-leaf vegetables are high in oxalates, and when combined with calcium in the urine, they can form calcium oxalate crystals, a common type of kidney stone. iii, Purines: Meats contain purines, which break down into uric acid. High levels of uric acid in the urine can lead to the formation of uric acid stones.TREATMENT METHODS FOR KIDNEY STONE: Treatment methods for kidney stones incude: 1) Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This treatment involves using shock waves from outside the body to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily through the urinary tract. 2) Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): This procedure is used when kidney stones cannot pass on their own. It involves making a'small in¢ision in the back to access the kidney directly. A nephroscope is then used to locate and remove the stones or break them into smaller pieces for removal. 3) Laparoscopic Pyelolithotomy: In cases where stones are too large or numerous this procedure may be performed. It involves making small incisions in the abdomen to access. the kidneys and physically remove the stones. iii) Why is saltatory conduction the fastest? ANS. SALTATORY CONDUCTION IN MYELINATED NEURON: Saltatory conduction is the fastest mode of neural impulse transmission due to its mechanism of action potential propagation. If saltatory conduction, the action potential "jumps" or leaps from one node of Ranvier to the next alonga myelinated axon, rather than traveling continuously along the entire length of the axon. This jumping action is facilitated by the presence of myelin sheathywhich insulates and speeds up the conduction of the action potent potential As a a result, saltatory conduction allows for rapid transmission of nerve impulses over long distances with minimal loss of signal strength, making'it significantly faster compared to continuous conduction along unmyelinated axons. iv) How do aquatic, osmoregulators{overcome the osmoregulatary problems? ANS, OSMOREGULATION IN AQUATIC OSMOREGULATORS: ‘Aquatic osmoregulators overcome osmoregulatory problems by actively regulating the concentrations of salts and water in their bodies to maintain osmotic balance with their surrounding aquatic environment. They achieve this through various mechanisms such as ion transport across specialized epithelial cells, regulation of water intake and excretion, and adjustments in the permeability of their body surfaces to water and ions, These adaptations help aquatic osmoregulators prevent excessive water loss or uptake and maintain internal homeostasis despite changes in external osmotic conditions. v) Why the hormonal system of the female is better than the male? ANS. The hormonal system of females is considered superior to males due to:STRONGER IMMUNE RESPONSES: Women exhibit more intense innate, cellular, and humoral immune responses to infections and vaccinations. Estrogen, a primary female sex hormone, enhances immune responses, while androgens like testosterone (more prevalent in males) system. ii, HEALTH BENEFITS OF ESTROGEN: Estrogen affects various body systems positively, including the brain, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, urinary tract, hair, and skin. It contributes to reproductive and sexual development, bone health, and overall well-being. iii, ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE: Estrogen infiuéiices the adaptive immune response, leading to better defense againstinfections and diseases. vi) How do bees communicate about food resources? ANS. BEES COMMUNICATIO! Bees communicate about food resources through a dance known asthe “waggle dance.” In this dance, a returning forager bee communicates information about the location of a food source to other beesin the hive. The direction and distance to the food source are indicated through the duration and angle of the waggle phase of the dance, while the quality of the food source is conveyed through the intensity of the dance. Other bees then interpret this information and use it to navigate to the food source. vii) How do embryonic tissues influence other embryonic tissues? ANS. EMBRYONIC INDUCTION: Embryonic tissues influence each other through a process called induction. During development, certain embryonic tissues felease signaling molecules, such as growth factors and morphogens, which affect the differentiation and development of neighboring tissues. These signaling molecules can initiate cascades of gene expression in target tissues leading to changes in cell fate, morphology, and function. Inductive Interactions between embryonic issues are crucial for the formation and patterning of complex structures and organs in the developing embryo. Examples of induction include the formation of the nervous system, limbs, and organs during embryogenesis. )) How is tetany different from tetanus, while both show some common symptoms. ANS. TETANY DIFFERENT FROM TETANU: Tetany and tetanus are two distinct medical condition, although they may share some common symptoms. Tetany is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions due to hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) or alkalosis an increased pH of the blood). Symptoms of tetany include muscle cramps, spasms, and tingling sensations. Tetanus, on the other hand, is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetany and is characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms, usually starting in the jaw (lockjaw) and neck. While both conditions involve muscle contractions and spasms, tetany istypically associated with metabolic disturbances whereas tetanus iis caused by a bacterial infection. “NON-REASONING QUESTIONS” ix) Mention the role of kidney as an endocrine gland. ANS. Role Of Kidney As An Endocrine Gland: The kidney serves as an endocrine gland by producing and secreting several important hormones involved in the regulation of blood pressure and red blood cell production. These hormones include: i. RENIN: Renin is an enzyme produced and released by specialized cellsin the kidneys called juxtaglomerular cells. It plays @ crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure by initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldasterone system (RAAS). Renin acts on angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver, converting it into angiotensin, which is further converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone, leading to increased blood pressure and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Erythropoietin (EPO): Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia). It stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells, thereby enhancing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the/blood. These hormonal functions of the kidneys contribute to the regulation of blood pressure and red blood cell production, highlighting the important endocrine role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis within the body. x) Define biological rhythm. Mention that biological rhythm is iniportant for man. ANS. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM: Biological'rhythm refets to the natural, recurring pattern or eycle of physiological processes that ocGUf in living organisms. ThéSe rhythms are infllienced by’internal biological clocks as well as external factors such as light, temperature, and social cues. Biological rhythms can occur on various time scales, ranging from seconds to days, months, or even years. IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM: Numerous physiological functions, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion/body temperature regulation, metabolism, and immune system activity. These rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes, optimize physiological logical processes for specific times of the day or year, and maintain overall health and well-being.For Exampl The circadian rhythm regulates the sleep-wake cycle, ensuring that individuals fee! alert and awake during the day and sleepy at night, thereby promoting restful sleep and optimal daytime functioning. Other biological rhythms, such as hormonal fluctuations and digestive cycles, help coordinate various bodily functions and ensure their proper timing and synchronization. Overall, biological rhythms play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and optimizing physiological processes, highlighting their importance for human health and functioning xi) Define Receptors. State the State the gustatory receptors with their functions. ANS. RECEPTORS: Receptors are specialized proteins or cells that detect and respond to specific stimuli in the internal or external environment of an organism. These stimuli can'be physical, chemical, or biological in in nature and receptors play a crucial role in transmitting information about these stimuli to the’central nervous system or other parts of the body where they are processed and integrated to generate appropriate physiological responses. GUSTATORY RECEPTOI Gustatory receptors, also known as taste receptors, are sensory receptors located on the taste buds, which are small structures found primarily on the tongue but also in other parts of the mouth and throat. These receptors are responsible for detecting and responding to various taste stimuli, allowing organisms to percelve-different flavors. ‘TYPES OF GUSTATORY RECEPTO! There are several types of gustatory receptors, each specialized for detecting specific taste qualities: i, Sweet receptors: Detect sweet-tasting substances such as sugars and artificial sweeteners. Activation of sweet receptors signals the presence of energy-rich carbohydrates. ii. Sour receptors: Detect acidic substances, signaling the presence of potentially harmful or spoiled foods. iii. Bitter receptors: Sensitivity to bitter-tasting compounds, often found in toxic or harmful substances, serving as a warning signal. iv. Salty receptors: Respond to the presence of sodium ions (salt) in food, important for maintaining electrolyte balance. v. Umami receptors: Detect the taste of glutamate, found in protein-rich foods, enhancing the savory or meaty flavor. These gustatory receptors work together to provide information about the taste of foods and beverages, aiding in evaluating palatability, nutritional value, and potential toxicityxii) Explain the principal reproductive hormones of human male and explain their role in the maintenance and functioning of the reproductive system. ANS. PRINCIPAL REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES OF HUMAN MALE: The principal reproductive hormones in human males are testosterone, follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). i, Testosterone: Produced primarily by the Leydig cells in the testes, testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. It plays crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues such as the testes and prostate gland. Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, including facial and body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass development. It also regulates sperm production (spermatogénesis) and libido (sex dtive).. i. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of the seminiferous tubules in the testes, where spermatogenesis occurs. FSH acts synergistically, with testosterone to support the production of sperm cells (spermatogonia) and maintain fertility, Luteinizing hormone (LH): Also produced by the anterior pituitary gland, LN stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, LH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Elevated levels of LFF stimulate testosterone production which in turn regulates sperm production, libido, and other male reproductive functions. Together, these hormones play essential roles in the maintenance and functioning of the male reproductive system, including the production of sperm, regulation of sexual characteristics and behavior, and overall reproductive/health. xiii) Mention the injuries in joints (distocatioh and sprain) and their first aid treatment. ANS. DISLOCATION: This occurs when the bores that form a joint are forced out of their normal positions Ri JEN’ ICLUI i. | Immobilize the joint by splinting it in the position it was found, fi. Apply ice packs torreduce swelling and pain, iii, Seek medical attention promptly for proper realignment (reduction) of the joint by a healthcare professional SPRAIN: A sprain happens when the ligaments supporting a joint are stretched or torn. FIRST AID TREATMENT INVOLVES: i. _ Rest the injured joint and avoid putting weight on it. li, Apply ice packs to reduce swelling and pain. Elevate the injured area to help reduce swelling. Use compression bandages to provide support and reduce swelling. v. Seek medical attention if the sprain is severe or if there is persistent pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the joint.xiv) List some changes that occur in the system and those that occur at the cellular level during aging. ANS. SOME CHANGES DURING AGING CHANGES IN SYSTEM: Changes that occur in the system during aging: 1. Cardiovascular system: Decreased elasticity of blood vessels, increased risk of atherosclerosis, and hypertension. 2. Musculoskeletal system: Loss of muscle mass and strength, decreased bone density (osteoporosis), and joint stiffness. 3. Nervous system: Decline in cognitive function, memory loss, and slower reaction times. 4. immune system: Weakened immune response increased suscepti and autoimmune diseases. y to infeetions 5. Endocrine system: Changes in hormone levels, such as decreased production of growth hormone and sex hormones. 6. Respiratory system: Reduced lung function, decreased respiratory efficiency, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. 7. Digestive system: Slower digestion, decreased absorption of nutrients, and increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders. CHANGES AT CELLULAR LEVEL: Changes that occur at the cellular level during aging: 1. Telomere shortening: Telomeres, which are protective caplat the end of chromosomes, shorten with each cell division, leading to cellular senescence and eventual cell death. 2. Accumulation of exidative damage: Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative damage to cellular, components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to cellular aging. 3. Decline in mitochondrial function: Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, ‘experience functional decline with age, leading to decreased energy production and increased generation of ROS. 4. Accumulation of cellular waste: Impaired lysosomal function results in the accumulation of cellular waste products, such asiipofuscin and protein aggregates, which interfere with cellular function. 5. Dysregulation of cellular/signaling pathways: Alterations in signaling pathways involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and apoptosis contribute to age-related changes in cellular function and homeostasis. ‘These changes at the system and cellular levels collectively contribute to the aging process and the development of age-related diseases.