Answer key

1. 1 actual size 3 general arrangement 5 set

2 scale 4 schematics 6 CAD

1.2 1f, 2b, 3a, 4e, 5d, 6c

1.3 1 general arrangement 3 drawing 5 cross-section

2 computer-aided design 4 three-dimensional 6 one to fifty

1.4 section 3 plan 5 3D 7 scale

2 GA 4 elevation 6 schematic 8 detail

2.1 design brief 3 preliminary drawing

2 sketch 4 concept

2.2 amend, redesign, refine, revise 3 approve, sign off

2 circulate, issue 4 supersede

2.3 1 draft 3 work 5 working

2 current 4 comment

2.4 issued 3 notes 5 draft 7 current

2 revision 4 amendments 6 superseded 8 work

3.1 constraint, budget, exceed 3 function, designed, feature

2 cost-effective 4 existing, proposed

3.2 1 determined 4 overdesigned

2 worst-case scenarios 5 belt and braces
3 factored in 6 Sizing

3.3 1 allow for 3 overdesigning 5 worst-case scenarios

2 factor of safety 4 quantify 6 cost-effective

4.1 overall 3 height 5 thickness

2 span 4 width

4.2 false - The height of the towers is measured vertically.

2 false- The overall span is measured along the length of the bridge.
3 true
4 true
5 false -The thickness of each tower decreases towards the top, so the faces of the towers
are out of plumb.
6 false -The greatest thickness of each tower is its external thickness at its base.

4.3 2 plumb 4 out of plumb 6 height

3 inclined 5 length

4.4 The towers are plumb, but because they are

a long distance a part, the curvature of the
earth (the curve of the earth's surface) has a
noticeable effect, which is increased by the
height of the towers. The diagram below
shows the effect in exaggerated form.

Professional English in Use Engineering 119

 5.1 1 at 175 mm centres 3 offset 5 locate
2 centreline 4 at a right-angle I at right-angles

5.2 gridline 3 parallel 5 perpendicular

2 set out 4 intersect 6 square off

5.3 1b, 2a, 3d, 4c

6.1 circular 4 circumference 7 deformed

2 radius 5 constant 8 curved
3 diameter 6 arc 9 chord

6.2 the crown 3 the outside diameter

2 the invert 4 the inside diameter I the bore

6.3 1 The distance travelled by the vehicle each time its wheels turn completely is equal to the
circumference of one of its tyres.
2 The radius of the tyre is measured from the centre of the wheel to the outside edge of the
tyre.
3 The radius of the curve in the motorway is constant, so the edges of the road follow arcs
of a circle.
4 The curve in the motorway has a constant radius, so the inside and outside edges of the
road are arcs of two concentric circles that have the same centre.
5 The crown is on the circumference of the external face of the pipe, and therefore cannot be
in contact with the liquid flowing inside the pipe.
6 The thickness of the wall at the bottom of the pipe, plus the distance between the invert
and the crown of the pipe, is equal to the outside diameter of the pipe.

7.1 permissible 6 variation I range

2 accurate I precise 7 within tolerance
3 vary I deviate 8 outside tolerance
4 precision I accuracy 9 tight tolerance I close tolerance
5 imprecise I inaccurate 10 loose tolerance

7.2 1 b, 2f, 3e, 4c, 5a, 6d

7.3 variation 3 tolerances 5 minus 7 permissible 9 fit

2 prectse 4 plus 6 within 8 range 10 clearances

8.1 one point seven nine three 3 a/one thousandth of a

2 a/one hundredth of a 4 zero, nought

8.2 1 fraction 4 whole

2 rounded up, decimal places 5 negligible
3 rounded down, decimal place 6 rounding error

8.3 1 plus 3 multiplied 5 sum 7 subtract 9 squared

2 times 4 divided 6 square 8 square root 10 less I minus

8.4 sum 4 square root

2 square, multiplied by I times 5 equal
3 multiplied by I times, divided by

9.1 1 density 3 volume 5 surface area

2 cross-sectional area 4 mass

120 Professional English in Use Engineering