ÀA CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT ON

“Prepare A Model of Pneumatic Engine”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY

Sr. No. Name of student Enrollment No.

1 Parth Pramod Patil 2101290190

2 Priyesh Pralhad Gawand 2101290199
3 Aishwarya Dipak Mhatre 2101290215
4 Tejas Chandrakant Patil 2101290205

GUIDED BY
Mr. V. S. Sonawane

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 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT PROJECT REPORT
ENTITLE
“Prepare A Model of Pneumatic Engine”

SUBMITTED BY
Sr. No. Name of student Enrollment No.

1 Parth Pramod Patil 2101290190

2 Priyesh Pralhad Gawand 2101290199
3 Aishwarya Dipak Mhatre 2101290215
4 Tejas Chandrakant Patil 2101290205

THIRD YEAR DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

It is approved in partial fulfilment for required of Diploma in

Mechanical engineering of Government Polytechnic Pen.

Mr. V. S. Sonawane Dr. N. G. Kulkarni Dr. N. G. Kulkarni

(GUIDE) (HEAD OF DEPT) (PRINCIPAL)

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 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the synopsis report entitled

“Prepare A Model of Pneumatic Engine "

SUBMITTED BY
MR. PARTH PRAMOD PATIL
MR. PRIYESH PRALHAD GAWAND
MRS. AISHWARYA DIPAK MHATRE
MR. TEJAS CHANDRAKANT PATIL

Is based on original work, and has not been submitted

by up to any other institute.
Institute: Government Polytechnic Pen.
Institute code: 0129.
Place: Government Polytechnic, Pen
Date:
SIXTH SEMISTER DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC, PEN

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 Acknowledgement

It is with profoundly sense of gratitude that we acknowledge from

our guide Mr. V. S. Sonawane he has been guide in the true sense of
word, a guide who satisfaction from our word & progress.

We are highly obliged to Dr. N. G. Kulkarni Head of Mechanical

Department for aberrance & good co-operation given to us for bringing
this project to almost standard.

We are grateful to our principal Dr. N. G. Kulkarni for proceeding

acknowledgement to us in the connection of this project concluding. We
appreciate the assistance of all staff that helps us in for their sincere &
obliging help to make our project successfully.

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 ABSTRACT

The Air Driven Pneumatic Engine is an eco-friendly engine which operates

with compressed air. An Air Driven Engine uses the expansion of compressed air
to drive the pistons of an engine An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator
that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. There is no mixing of fuel
with air as there is no combustion.

An Air Driven Pneumatic Engine makes use of Compressed Air Technology for
its operation The Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we compress
normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. This energy
can be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air expands, the
energy is released to do work. So, this energy in compressed air can also be
utilized to displace a piston.

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 Content

Sr.no Title Page. No.

1 REPORT 3

2 CERTIFICATE 5

3 ACKNOWLEDGE 6

4 Chapter 1 7

5 Chapter 2 11

6 Chapter 3 14

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Pneumatic engine basics :
At first glance the idea of running an engine on air seems to be too good to be
true. If we can make use of air as an aid for running an engine it is a fantastic
idea. As we all know, air is all around us, it never runs out, it is non-polluting and
it is free.

An Air Driven Pneumatic Engine makes use of Compressed Air Technology for
its operation. Compressed Air Technology is now widely preferred for research
by different industries for developing different drives for different purposes. The
Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we compress normal air into a
cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. This energy can be utilized for
useful purposes. When this compressed air expanded, the energy is released to do
work.

So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a piston. This is
the basic working principle of the Air Driven Engine. It uses the expansion of
compressed air to drive the pistons of the engine. So an Air Driven Engine is
basically a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed
air. This work provided by the air is utilized to supply power to the crankshaft of
the engine.

In the case of an Air Driven Engine, there is no combustion taking place within
the engine. So it is non-polluting and less dangerous. It requires lighter metal
only since it does not have to withstand elevated temperatures.

As there is no combustion taking place, there is no need for mixing fuel and air.
Here compressed air is the fuel and it is directly fed into the piston cylinder
arrangement. It simply expands inside the cylinder and does useful work on the
piston. This work done on the piston provides sufficient power to the crankshaft.

One manufacturer claims to have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient.

Compressed air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g.
Battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of
system is called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative
braking can also be used in conjunction with this system

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1.2 History :

a) The first pneumatic engine Was device by bompas, Patent for a

locomotive being taken out in England in 1828. there were move storage
tanks between the frames with conventional cylinders and crank it is not
clear if it was actually built.

b) The first recorded compress air vehicle in France was built by Frenchman
Andraud and Tessie of motay in 1838. A car run on the test track at
chaillot on the 9th July 1840 and work well, but the idea was not pursue
further.

c) In 1848 Barin von Rathlen constructed a vehicle which was reported to

have beendrivem from Putney to Wandsworth at an average speed of 10 to
12 mph.

d) At the end of 1855, a constructor call julienne ran some sort of vehicle at
Saint Denis in France driven by air at 25 atmosphere (350 psi), for it to be
used in coal mines.

e) Compressor locomotive were used for haulage in 1874 while the simplon
tunnel was being dug. An advantage was that the cold exhaust air added
the ventilation of the tunnel.

f) Louis Mekarski built standard gauge self contain tramkar which was tested
in February 1876 on the courbevoie etoile line of the Paris tramways nord
(TN), where it much impressed the current president and minister of
transport merchant de McMahon. The tramcar was also show at the exhibit
of 1878 at its seems to be the ideal transport method, quiet, smooth without
smoke, fire or the possibility of boiler explosion.

g) The compressed air locos very soon we draw due to the number of accident
possible caused by increasing in the pipe of the brakes, which were also
worked by compressed air.

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1.3 Role and Responsibilities :
My roles and responsibilities include:

 Prepare a requirement document to reach expectations of project and to

come up with functionalities which are needed to be implemented.
 Documentation of expected output for various aspects with accepted
margin error was also documented.
 To design overall system based on workflow requirements.
 Discussion with the project guide and Head of Department on ways to
improve the design and to optimize performance.
 Choosing suitable components and methods based on the configuration’s
availability and requirements.
 Testing and remedies.
 Recommendations

As a student mechanical engineer, I wanted to work on a project work that would

showcase my engineering knowledge. I got the opportunity to work on AIR
ENGINE. This project was very important as it evaluated my skills and talents in
the company.

1.4 personal engineering activity :

As a mechanical engineer, before undertaking any task I checked the feasibility
of the project. In this project, my role is as team members. This report provides
an insight into the design and fabrication of a AIR ENGINE.

I wanted to know more details of the project before commencing; hence, I

researched the topic thoroughly by referring to journals and articles online.
Additionally, I obtained more information by taking references about the topic.

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW:

1) Vishwajeet Singh, The review of literature gives a brief introduction to

the evolution of CAE; it presents the problem of leakage and inefficiency

theater faced while designing the components of CAE and how they can

be overcome. Further it also covers the advantages of using CAE in

reducing the energy crises and lowering the global warming. However, the

concept of running the car using CAE still need some focus in developing

infrastructure to power the car . This paper presents the concept of my

CAE design, presents the concept of modifying a conventional 4-stroke

internal combustion engine into a 2-stroke engine to run using compressed

air technology, presents the basis for my CAE testing, and discusses its

advantages and give an overview on CAE future development

2) Prof. B. S. Patel Who tried to develop such a compressed air engine by

modifying an 4-stroke, single cylinder SI engine by replacing the

sparkplug with the help of pulsed pressure valve, and using compressed

air as the working fluid which id pollution free or tend to zero pollution.

The working of this engine is very well explained theoretically and the

cost analysis is made which shows that the compressed air engine is

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 cheaper than Spark ignition engine i.e. SI engine on the frame of reference

of conventional SI engine

3) Dr. Bharat Raj Singh & Dr. Omkar Singh, conducted together in which

they both used a wanned type novel air turbine as a prime mover for a

motor bike. In this experiment they tried to gain an output of 6.50

Horsepower i.e.4.84705Kilowatt to 7.20 Horsepower i.e.5.36904 Kilowatt

for the starting torque requirements of 500 to 750 rpm at 4 to 6 bars air

pressure to running speeds of2000 to 3000 rpm using 2 to 3 bars air

pressure. The test was conducted in HBTI 10 Kanpur After conducting

this research they have concluded that overall performance of air turbine

for working Pressure ranging from 2.7-6 bar is found varying from 72%-

97%. This technology can be used in the area under the future automotive

industry.

4) Swadhin Patnaik This paper work deals with the Compressed-air

engineas a pneumatic actuator that converts one form of energy into

another. The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly engine which operates

with compressed air. This Engine uses the expansion of compressed air to

drive the pistons of the engine. An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic

actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. There is no

mixing of fuel with air as there is no combustion. AnAir Driven Engine

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 makes use of Compressed Air Technology for its operation The

Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we compress normal air

into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. This energy can

be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air expands, the

energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also

be utilized to displace a piston. Compressed air propulsion may also be

incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g. Battery electric propulsion and fuel

tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of system is called hybrid-

pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also

be used in conjunction with this system.

5) Pramod Kumar, The principle behind the working of the Air powered

Engine is the ability of air to store energy on compression and then release

the same on expansion. On compression, the work done by the pump gets

stored as pressure energy. This compressed air is then stored in

cylinders/tanks for later use. When this air is allowed to expand, the

pressure energy of air gets converted to kinetic energy and causes

propulsion. The same principle is used for engines. A throttling

mechanism is attached to the cylinder opening valve from the throttle.

When the required rotation is provided to the throttle, the valve opens to a

particular degree controlling the amount of air delivered out. This air is

delivered to the engine. When the compressed air enters the engine

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 through the inlet valve its strikes the piston, which moves (reciprocate)

causing first half rotation of the crankshaft, this striked air gets expanded

which then moves to the out through the outlet during the 2nd half rotation

of the crank shaft . The air is stored either in cylinder or compressor. The

sole purpose of storing air at such high pressure is to ensure that there is

enough volume of air present in the vehicle to allow it to run for a long

period of time before having to refill the cylinder. The working of the

engine is as shown in the

6) Prof. R.V. Chaudhary, We were able to successfully complete the design

and modification of the Petrol Vehicle in to the Compressed air vehicle.

The Air Vehicle provides an effective use and applied to the transportation

light Vehicles. It’s speed, range and the power are limited now, so further

research could Provide more effective results. This project can be directly

utilized in the market to modify IC Engine bikes in to the Air bikes in

effective cost. Since a number of operations can be performed in a single

and simple unit. It is efficient and economical. We can say that the cost of

the modification is very less and the effective results can be achieved. As

we know that in IC engines higher pressures and temperatures are

maintained as compared to air driven engine so that in IC engines heavy

metal alloys are used but for air driven engine light alloys can be used.

The weight of the engine can be reduced by using aluminum and more

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 light metals. Also the new modified engine and chassis, cast from light

alloys can be lighter which will design for the air engine. The use of

heater and reuse of exhaust air improves the efficiency of the vehicle. This

project is a successful one because we have stared the 4 Stroke petrol

vehicle is running only on compressed.

2.1. COMPRESSED AIR TECHNOLOGY

Air can be compressed into small volumes and can be stored in suitable
containers at high pressures. Such air compressed into containers is associated
with an amount of energy. When the stored compressed air is released freely it
expands thereby releasing the energy associated with it. This energy released can
be utilized to provide useful work.

The compression, storage and release of the air together are termed as the
Compressed Air Technology. This technology has been utilized in different
pneumatic systems. This technology has been undergoing several years of
research to improve its applications.

Compressed air is regarded as the fourth utility, after electricity, natural gas, and
water. Compressed air can be used in or for:

 Pneumatics, the use of pressurized gases to do work.

 vehicular transportation using a compressed air vehicle
 scuba diving
 To inflate buoyancy devices.
 Cooling using a vortex tube.

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 Gas dusters for cleaning electronic components that cannot be cleaned with
water.
 air brake (rail) systems
 air brake (road vehicle) systems
 starting of diesel engines (an alternative to electric starting)
 compressed air breathers (such as Suisse Air)
 pneumatic air guns
 pneumatic screwdrivers

2.2 SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by

mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low-cost
mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many
factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which can provide the
power (or) energy requirements and the control system (although equally
pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be advantageously applied
to other forms of power). The main advantage of an all-pneumatic system is
usually economic and simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It
can also have out stood advantages in terms of safety.

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Chapter 3

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 Components And
Descriptions

3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS

The major components of our Air Driven Engine consist of:

1. FRAME
2. AIR COMPRESSOR
3. PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
4. MANUAL AIR PUMP
5. SOLENOID VALVE
6. HOSES
7. CONNECTORS

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8. HEX NUT
9. BOLT
10.WASHER

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3.2 DESCRIPTIONS

 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

The basic, rod-style industrial cylinder consists of a tube sealed by end caps. A
rod attached to an internal piston extends through a sealed opening in one of the
ends. The cylinder mounts to a machine and the piston rod acts upon the load. A
port at one end of the cylinder supplies compressed air to one side of the piston,
causing it (and the piston rod) to move. The port at the other end lets air on the
opposite side of the piston escape —usually to atmosphere. Reversing the roles of
the two ports makes the piston and rod stroke in the opposite direction. Rod-style
cylinders function in two ways: Double-acting cylinders use compressed air to
power both the extend and retract strokes, moving the rod back and forth. This
arrangement makes them ideal for pushing and pulling loads. Controlling the rate
at which air exhausts determines rod speed. Single-acting cylinders have
compressed air supplied to only one side of the piston; the other side vents to
atmosphere. Depending on whether air is routed to the cap or rod end determines
whether the rod extends or retracts.

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When looking for a device to move load in both directions, double acting
cylinders are a useful application when your machine requires more than one
movement. Unlike single acting air cylinders, double acting cylinders can extend
and retract without the need of a spring. Instead of applying pressurized air into
one port, double acting cylinders have two ports where air can enter in and out.
Air enters through one port moving the piston forward and then applies
pressurized air into the other port retracting the piston back into the cylinder.
Double acting cylinders are the most widely used pneumatic actuators compared
to single acting cylinders given their ability to extend and retract within a shorter
time period, thus, becoming more efficient and precise.
Double acting pneumatic cylinders are mostly used in industrial and robotics
industries. They perform tasks such as opening/closing doors and lifting and
moving merchandise off conveyor belt. Other uses include medical applications,
earth-moving equipment and space programs.

 AIR COMPRESSOR

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An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel
or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e.,
compressed air). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and
more air and increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches its upper limit
the air compressor shuts off. The energy contained in the compressed air can be
used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is
released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit,
the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank.

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 SOLENOID VALVE

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is

controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port
valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow
is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed
together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their
tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in
many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability,
long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control
power and compact design. Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most
frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

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A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The
valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid coil. Solenoid valves
are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut
off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application
areas.

• Voltage: 24V DC

• Duty cycle: Continuous

Directional control valves are one of the most fundamental parts in hydraulic
machinery as well and pneumatic machinery. They allow fluid flow into different
paths from one or more sources. They usually consist of a spool inside a cylinder
which is mechanically or electrically controlled. The movement of the spool
restricts or permits the flow, thus it controls the fluid flow.

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

Commonly known as DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow
in the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position
of its internal movable parts.

This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and
also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of
using a solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight line
motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in
turn operates the valve mechanism. Solenoids may be push type or pull type.

The push type solenoid is one which the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is
energized electrically. The pull type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled
when the solenoid is energized.

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PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE:

A. COIL:

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by
insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not
affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in
various voltages such as 115 volts AC, 230 volts AC, 460 volts AC, 575 Volts
AC, 6 Volts DC, 12 Volts DC, 24 Volts DC, 115 Volts DC & 230 Volts DC.
They are designed for such frequencies as 50 Hz to 60 Hz.

B. FRAME:

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated sheets,
it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coil
attracts the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the
mounting. They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has
provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid
frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.

C. SOLENOID PLUNGER

The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is
made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that
there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the

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top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device.
The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction and is
usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover over either the solenoid
or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter,
and protects the actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion
proof solenoids.

WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensures easy exhausting of 5/2 valve.
The spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position;
the ports get connected and disconnected. The working principle is as follows

POSITION-1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘1 ’ gets connected to ‘2’
and ‘3’ remains closed while ‘4’ gets connected to ‘5’

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POISITION-2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘1’ and ‘4’ gets connected to
each other and ‘2’ to 3’ while port ‘5’ remains close

SOLENOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or
solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the electronic control
unit.

In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice cylinder.
It is used to flow the air from compressor to the single acting cylinder.

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 HOSES

Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. This hose can
with stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 N/m². Polyurethane combines the
best properties of both plastic and rubber. It offers abrasion and tear resistance,
high tensile and elongation values, and low compression set.

Polyurethane is naturally flexible and exhibits virtually unlimited flexural

abilities. Combining good chemical resistance with excellent weathering
characteristics sets polyurethane apart from most other thermoplastics. It has
exceptional resistance to most gasolines, oils, kerosene, and other petroleum-
based chemicals, making it an ideal choice for fuel lines (although additives in
today’s gasoline and petroleum products warrant field testing).

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 Poly Urethane Tubes

APPLICATIONS OF PU TUBE:

• Any time condensation can occur with small actuators, air grippers and air
operated valves. Condensation in a pneumatic system will cause operating failure
and affect the life of pneumatic equipment.

• Manufacturers of electrical components.

• When you need to eliminate water condensation but you cannot use a
membrane or desiccant dryer (as you cannot use a fast exhaust).

BENEFITS OF PU TUBE:

• Longer life of other pneumatic equipment.

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• Prevents operational failure of small actuators, air grippers and pilot operated
valves due to condensation.

• Avoids corrosion in other pneumatic equipment.

• Diffuses water vapor in the piping to the outside before it liquefies, so we avoid
problems such as dried grease or ozone when using other types of dryers.

• Easy mounting.

 CONNECTORS:
In our system hose connectors are used. Hose connectors normally comprise an
adoptee hose nipple. These types of connectors are made up of brass (or)
Aluminum (or) hardened pneumatic steel. For these type hose connectors, no
need of hose clamp these are self-locking hose connectors. a Multi way four-way
hose connecter.

The universal combination at an attractive price. Can be widely used thanks to

resistant materials. Easy to install thanks to optimized bending radii. Limited
reset effect. Attractively priced: the universal solution for metal fittings. Perfect
for standard pneumatic applications – in many different fields. Wide range of
variants Over 1000 types for maximum flexibility in standard applications.
Hydrolysis resistant for applications in damp environments or in contact with
water at up to 60 °C. Resistant to pressure Secure connection when used with
pressure ranges of up to 14 bar. Economical for pneumatic installations in the
high-pressure ranges.

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 Hose Connector

The powerful combination for applications involving pressure ranges up to 16 bar

for example, for applications with the pressure booster Robust, flexible and
reliable connection for the automotive industry. Fulfils the requirements Heat
resistant for reliable compressed air supply in high temperature ranges. Whether
with 10 bars at 80 °C or 6 bar at 150 °C – always delivers maximum process
security. Anti-static Electrically conductive tubing combined with a solid-metal
fitting Approved for the food Industry Food and Drug Administration
certification for use in the food industry:

The hydrolysis-resistant combination with increased functions. Designed to meet

the highest demands, this combination shines in applications which require the
highest possible hygiene standards for food. The cost-effective alternative to
stainless steel, perfect for e.g., critical environments such as the splash zone:
resistant to practically all common cleaning agents, with maximum corrosion
protection. Resistant to media Completely resistant to all cleaning agents and
lubricants and even permits the transportation of acids and lies without any
problems.

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Flame-retardant Safe in areas where there is a risk of fire thanks to flame-
retardant properties to Resistant to welding Spatter The economical combination
for applications not near welding applications. Also reliable for applications in
direct proximity to welding splatter Double-sheathed tube and special fitting.

 BOLT
A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal, and characterized
by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread) or just thread,
wrapped around a cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a
complementary thread, known as a female thread (internal thread), often in the
form of a nut or an object that has the internal thread formed into it. Other screw
threads are designed to cut a helical groove in a softer material as the screw is
inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to
position objects.

A screw will almost always have a head on one end which contains a specially
formed shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools for
driving screws include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually larger
than the body of the screw, which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than
the length of the screw and to provide a bearing surface. There are exceptions; for
instance, carriage bolts have a domed head that is not designed to be driven; set
screws often have a head smaller than the outer diameter of the screw; J-bolts
have a J-shaped head which is not designed to be driven, but rather is usually
sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt. The cylindrical
portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is known as the
shank; it may be fully threaded or partially threaded.[1] The distance between
each thread is called the "pitch".

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The majority of screws are tightened by clockwise rotation, which is termed a
right-hand thread; a common mnemonic device for remembering this when
working with screws or bolts is "righty-tight, lefty-loose." Screws with left-hand
threads are used in exceptional cases. For example, when the screw will be
subject to counterclockwise torque (which would work to undo a right-hand
thread), a left-hand-threaded screw would be an appropriate choice. The left side
pedal of a bicycle has a left-hand thread.

More generally, screw may mean any helical device, such as a clamp, a
micrometer, a ship's propeller, or an Archimedes' screw water pump.

 HEX NUT
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used
opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are
kept together by a combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretch of the
bolt, and compression of the parts. In applications where vibration or rotation

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may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be employed:
Adhesives, safety pins or lockwire, nylon inserts, or slightly oval-shaped threads.
The most common shape is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head - 6
sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight
spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off.
Also, It takes only 1/6th of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon and
grip is optimal. However, polygons with more than 6 sides do not give the
requisite grip and polygons with less than 6 sides take more time to be given a
complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wing
nuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas.

Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for
example, an ISO property class 10 nut will be able to support the bolt proof
strength load of an ISO property class 10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an
SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of an SAE class 5 bolt, and so on.

A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized

industry-specific designs that are engineered to meet various technical standards.

 WASHER
A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the
middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as
a screw or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (Belleville washer, wave
washer), wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to reduce

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vibration (rubber washer). Washers usually have an outer diameter (OD) about
twice the width of their inner diameter (ID).

Washers are usually metal or plastic. High quality bolted joints require hardened
steel washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to Brinelling after the torque is
applied.

Rubber or fiber gaskets used in taps (or faucets, or valves) to stop the flow of
water are sometimes referred to colloquially as washers; but, while they may look
similar, washers and gaskets are usually designed for different functions and
made differently.

Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by

insulating steel screws from aluminum surfaces.

The origin of the word is unknown; the first recorded use of the word was in
1346, however the first time its definition was recorded was in 1611.

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CHAPTER 4

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WORKING OF AIR DRIVEN PNEUMATIC ENGINE

Our Pneumatic engine works on the same principle of that of an internal

combustion engine. The only difference between the two is that in an internal
combustion engine; the explosion of fuel in the combustion chamber produces
the energy to move the piston, while in an air engine the energy for moving
piston is acquired from the supplied compressed air.

EXPERIMENTAL MODEL

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 ADVANTAGES OF AIR DRIVEN PNEUMATIC ENGINE

 Less costly and more effective

 Simple in construction. The engine can be massively reduced in size
 Easy to maintain and repair.
 No fire hazard problem due to over loading. Air, on its own, is non-
flammable.
 Low manufacture and maintenance costs
 Comparatively the operation cost is less.
 Light in weight and easy to handle. The engine runs on cold or warm air,
so can be made of lower strength light weight material.
 Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution
than batteries.
 The air tank may be refilled more often and, in less time, than batteries can
be recharged, with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels.
 Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads
 The price of filling air tanks is significantly cheaper than petrol, diesel or
biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing air will also be relatively
cheap
 Quick response is achieved.

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 APPLICATIONS

1. DRIVE FOR CONVEYORS

Air driven pneumatic engines can be used as drives for different types of
conveyors such as Belt conveyors, Chain conveyors, Screw conveyors, etc,. it is
normally used for slow speed conveyors. Medium load can only be used.

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 Fig 13.1 belt conveyor

2. JOB CLAMPING

In operations like carpentry job clamping generally requires low loading. Air
Driven Engine can provide this low load clamping.

3. FLUID PUMPS

Air Driven Engine can also be utilized for small displacement pumps of low-
pressure capacities.

4. AUTOMOBILES

The usage of the Air Driven Pneumatic Engine is possible for automobiles as two
wheelers and light motor vehicles.

Fig. 13.2 air car

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CHAPTER 5

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 COST ESTIMATION

Sr. ITEMS REQUIRED NO. s OF ITEM COST IN Rs.

No.

1 FRAME 1

2 AIR COMPRESSOR TANK 1

3 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER 1

4 MANUAL AIR PUMP 1

5 SOLENOID VALVE

6 HOSES

7 FLOW CONTROL VALVE

TOTAL

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CHAPTER 6

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 CONCLUSION

We were able to successfully complete the design and fabrication of the Air
Driven Pneumatic Engine. By doing this project we gained the knowledge about
pneumatic system and how automation can be effectively done with the help of
pneumatic system. We were also able to gain practical knowledge about the
basics of the normal IC engine and solenoid valves.

The Air Driven Engine provides an effective method for power production and
transmission. Even though its applications are limited currently, further research
could provide wider applications.

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