Mosquito Repellent Manuscript - FINAL

SAINT PATRICK’S ACADEMY, INC.
Yakal 1, Paltic Dingalan, Aurora 3207

stpatricksacademy68@yahoo.com
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
I. Introduction
“The best prevention of diseases is to protect yourself, your family, and your home from
mosquitoes.”
- Corrie (2023)
One of the continuous problems globally is mosquitoes. According to Dr. Marcela
(2014), one of the most dangerous insects in the world is the mosquito. It acts as a vector of
diseases that are responsible for the transmission of infectious diseases that can be lethal for
humans. The problem of mosquitoes is not yet totally solved until now. World Health
Organization (WHO), 2016 estimates, mosquito-borne diseases kill approximately 700,000
people a year.
Due to geographical location and climate change conditions, the population of
mosquitoes has increased. Consequently, to that, mosquito-borne diseases especially dengue
and malaria became a major problem in many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, India, and
the Philippines. Therefore, it is advisable to use mosquito repellent to prevent mosquito-borne
diseases.
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Mosquito repellents may have varied properties, but they all serve the same purpose:
They aid in the prevention and control of mosquito infections, dengue fever, malaria, and
bites. In general, a mosquito repellent is any chemical or natural agent that encourages
mosquitos to avoid or flee the source of the repellent.
Oregano (scientific name: Origanum Vulgare) is popularly used for medical, food, and
mosquito repellent products according to an article in Medical News Today. Cosmetics,
soaps, and odorizers along with thousands of other products that contain oregano leaf oils.
Here in the Philippines, "Kalabo" is its local name, which Filipinos use in treating their
coughs, and colds, and use the leaves in their cooking.
Several studies claimed that oregano extract had been proven and tested as a mosquito
repellent. It contains some active ingredients such as carvacrol, thymol, cymene, and a-
terpinene that are reported to be highly effective in repelling mosquitoes.
Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) is a prominent flavoring component in foods and
beverages, and peppermint oil is used in soaps and cosmetics as a scent. For thousands of
years, peppermint has been utilized for medicinal purposes. It was used for digestive issues
and other diseases, according to records from ancient Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Peppermint
is used as a traditional herbal medicine that can cure cough and insect bites. In addition to
that, it can be used as a perfume and mosquito repellent. Peppermint or Yerba Buena
naturally contains a lot of menthol, which produces a strong odor that can repel mosquitoes.
In line with this, the main goal of this study is to create an organic mosquito repellent
with oregano as its main ingredient and to assess its reliability compared to a peppermint-
based organic mosquito repellent.
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II. Literature Review
This portion presents the related literature and studies which are considered vital and
relevant to this study. It will only include some of the foreign and local articles that state the
different problems brought by mosquitoes and the effectiveness of Oregano and Peppermint
oil-based organic mosquito repellents.
According to Erasga (2019), all tropical and subtropical nations struggle with serious
human and animal health issues brought on by mosquito-borne diseases. Yellow fever,
dengue, malaria, and filariasis are among the diseases that are spread. Over the years,
numerous strategies have been investigated to counter dangers from diseases carried by
mosquitoes. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and alternatives of using
essential oil compounds and extracts, together with their derivatives, to eliminate pesky
mosquitoes. Their ability to quickly degrade in the environment has also been recommended
for its greater specificity. Insect repellents, according to studies, are crucial in preventing
mosquito vectors by stopping insects from flying to, landing on, or biting human and animal
skin. In general, synthetic chemicals are used as insect repellents, but they have the drawback
of being harmful to people, especially children and domestic animals because they may cause
itchiness, heat sensation, rashes, or allergy. As a result, researchers began to consider
developing an alternative mosquito-repellent incense that could be sold as a viable product. It
aids in reducing the prevalence of many mosquito-borne illnesses like malaria and dengue.
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According to Iguchi et al. BMC Public Health (2018) The main health problem in the
Philippines is dengue fever, which has led to several hospitalizations and child fatalities.
Dengue may spread as a result of climate change, severe weather, low socioeconomic status,
and ineffective vector management. Dengue fever has increased alarmingly in the Philippines
in recent years. The DOH recorded an estimated 84,085 suspected dengue cases between
January 1 and August 6 of 2016, which is 15.8% more than the 72,627 reported cases during
the same time in 2015. This alarming rate is partially caused by several factors, including
environmental degradation, climatic conditions, a lack of access to clean water, improper
waste disposal and management, and a subpar system for monitoring and controlling
mosquitoes.
According to Esmaili et al. (2021), in the entire world, diseases spread by mosquitoes
are thought to be the cause of one million fatalities annually. While treating people for such
disorders is an option, prevention is both attainable and, of course, more doable. Improving
the environment (such as reducing stagnant water) and managing adult and immature
mosquito populations are the main strategies for preventing these diseases. Some of the main
drawbacks of employing chemical insecticides are resistance among mosquitoes,
environmental contamination, and negative impacts on non-target species, including humans.
Essential oils (EOs) are appropriate substitutes for synthetic ones since they provide a variety
of anti-mosquito actions, such as ovicide, larvicide, pupicide, adulticide, and repellent effects.
Due to their instability and lesser efficiency than synthetic samples, their practical application
is called into doubt.
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According to Singhamahapatra et al. (2020), with the lack of sufficient effective
vaccines, mosquito repellents have emerged as the most viable solution. These repellents act
as a virtual barrier, effectively separating human beings from mosquitoes, thereby reducing
mosquito bites, and minimizing the risk of contracting various diseases.
According to Simangan (2015), in integrated mosquito control programs, botanical
products may be used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides.
According to Kalita et al. (2013) malaria is prevalent in 104 countries and territories
worldwide, highlighting the need for effective control measures. Researchers have found that
certain essential oils derived from various plant species, containing mixtures of
hydrocarbons, demonstrate significant repellent properties against pests. However, it has been
observed that the main component of these oils, known as monoterpenoids, can exhibit
cytotoxic effects on both plant and animal tissues, which can disrupt their normal functions.
Commercially available repellents often utilize essential oils sourced from plants such as
Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus maculata, Cymbopogon excavatus, Mentha piperita, and
Azadirachta indica. However, these repellents have a limited duration of efficacy due to the
volatile nature of their components. As a result, there is a growing need for the development
of novel formulations and the incorporation of fixatives like vanillin, as well as the
combination of essential oils from different plants, to enhance the repellent effects. The
accessibility and lower environmental impact of plant-based insecticides have sparked
increased interest in their use as alternatives to chemical insecticides. This interest stems from
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the potential benefits they offer, including their natural origin and reduced harm to the
environment.
In the Philippines, several types of plants are used a long time ago as an alternative
mosquito repellent. The oils that are extracted from the plants can be sprayed or applied to
skins or surroundings. Elle et al. (2019) stated that organic mosquito repellents last longer
than chemical-based mosquito repellents. It also could repel or kill mosquitoes. In addition to
that, organic mosquito repellent is safer for people and the environment.
According to Benaid (2019), “In the Philippines, numerous plants repel mosquitoes
including lemongrass and oregano for its strong scented aroma.” To provide a natural
alternative to synthetic chemical repellents, this study aims to determine the degree of
repellency of the said indigenous plants against Aedes aegypti. Results showed that candles
with a combination of oregano and lemongrass oil extracts are more effective repellents than
candles with just oregano oil extract or just lemongrass oil extract. Additionally, it was
discovered that 100% of the mosquitoes in the trial aquarium were driven away by the candle
repellent, which contains a blend of oregano and lemongrass oil extracts, after only 15
minutes.
According to Giatropoulos et al. (2023) Essential oils originating from plants, such as
those in the Lamiaceae family, can operate as environmentally acceptable substitutes for
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larvicidal substances by inducing acute toxicity in larvae or growth inhibition in larvae
through several mechanisms of action.
According to Nagal (2019), the aromatic plant known as peppermint (Mentha
piperita) was produced by combining spearmint and watermint. Furthermore, it contains a lot
of menthol. Similar to mylol oil, which contains dibutyl and dimethyl phthalates, mentha oil
has a repulsive effect on mosquitoes. This was supported by a study done in 2000 by Ansari,
Vasudevan, Tandon, and Razdan in which larvicidal efficacy against various mosquito
species was assessed in peppermint oil, a commonly used essential oil. In the absence of
ample effective vaccines, mosquito repellents emerge as the best possible solution. These
repellents create a virtual barrier between human beings and mosquitoes, reducing the biting
of mosquitoes, and thus minimizing the probability of various diseases.
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III. Synthesis
The literature review tackles the different challenges brought by mosquito-borne
diseases, the development and effectiveness of essential oils compounds such as oregano and
peppermint oil as natural alternatives to synthetic repellents, in the Philippines as well as
other foreign countries. It also shows the reliability of organic repellents as having longer-
lasting effects, and as being safer and more environmentally friendly than those based on
chemicals.
According to Erasga , (2019), mosquito-borne diseases has been the problem of
tropical and subtropical countries. In the Phillipines, the cases of dengue increased and one of
the strategies to prevent these diseases is to improve the environment (Iguchi et al. BMC
Public Health, 2018; Esmaili et al., 2021).
Due to the lack of enough vaccines, mosquito repellents was considered as the
possible solution (Singhamahapatra et al., 2020). However, synthetic repellents have
drawbacks such as environmental contamination and may cause allergies and itchiness
(Esmaili et al. 2021: Erasga, 2019). Therefore, Simangan (2015), stated that botanical
products may be used as an alternative solution.
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Although Kalita et al. (2013) discusses the limited duration of repellents, Elle et al.,
(2019) stated that organic repellents last longer than synthetic ones. Plants that belong to
Lamiaceae family or have strong scent such as oregano and peppermint can repel mosquitoes
(Giatropoulos et al., 2023; Benaid, 2019; Nagal, 2019).
IV. Conceptual Framework
Table 1. Paradigm of the Study
Table 1 depicts an overview of the research process undertaken by the researchers to
conduct their study. It illustrates the paradigm of the study, comprising the statement of the
problem and the processes that facilitated the creation of two organic mosquito repellents.
Additionally, it shows the comparison process between the two organic mosquito repellents,
along with the process of assessing the gathered data and the interventions planned based on
the research outcome, whether successful or not.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Preparation - the
SAINT PATRICK’S researchersACADEMY, INC. and
 Development
Yakal 1, Paltic Dingalan,
developed Aurora
and 3207 Comparison of the
created the two two organic
organic mosquito mosquito repellents
repellents through a
process called
“Herbal Infusion”
which is a process of
infusing herbs into
water to absorb some
of their chemical
contents.
2. Experimentation
and Observation –
the researchers tested
the performance of
organic mosquito
repellents through
observation. They
gathered data
through this method
to assess the overall
reliability of the two
organic mosquito
repellents.
3. Assessment – the
organic mosquito
repellents were
tested, and the
gathered data was
divided into four
categories:
Repellency, the
effectiveness of
repellency based on
different
environmental
conditions, duration
of the repellency,
and the possible side
effects to various age
ranges.
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PREPARATION
Table 1. Paradigm of the Study
V. Statement of the Problem
The study was conducted to investigate the reliability of Oregano compared to
Peppermint oil as a main ingredient in developing an organic mosquito repellent.
Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:
1. How effective is the repellency of an Oregano-based compared to a Peppermint-
based organic mosquito repellent?
2. How does the effectiveness of the repellency of the Oregano-based and
Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent vary based on different environmental
conditions, such as temperature and humidity?
3. What is the duration of the repellent effect provided by the Oregano-based and the
Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent?
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4. Will there be any side effects in different age ranges if the two organic repellents
are applied?
5. How reliable is the Oregano-based organic mosquito repellent compared to the
Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent?
VI. Hypothesis
The researchers hypothesized that there is a possibility that in assessing the reliability
of Oregano-based organic mosquito repellent compared to peppermint-based organic
mosquito repellent, oregano-based organic mosquito repellent is more reliable than
peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent.
VII. Scope and Delimitations
The study is about assessing the reliability of Oregano compared to Peppermint Oil as
a main ingredient in developing an organic mosquito repellent. To assess the overall
reliability of the said repellents, the data were gathered through experimentation and
observation. The study was conducted in the Academic Year 2023-2024. The study only
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focused on assessing the reliability of oregano as the primary ingredient in developing an
organic mosquito repellent, and its comparison to peppermint mosquito repellent. The study
did not cover the comparison of oregano mosquito repellent to commercial mosquito
repellents, as well as the other possible organic plants that can be used as mosquito repellent
aside from peppermint. Additionally, the study was limited to the community of Saint
Patrick’s Academy and did not include other institutions and communities in Dingalan,
Aurora.
VIII. Significance of the Study
This study could be considered significant to the following:
Students. This will help the students to protect and prevent themselves from mosquitoes and
it will help/teach them to make and produce their organic mosquito repellent using
oregano/peppermint because they will know how oregano/peppermint organic repellent can
repel mosquitoes and how its properties will help its repellency.
Teachers. They can help the researchers educate and expand the knowledge of students about
oregano/peppermint and its properties and how effective it is in repelling mosquitoes.
School. This will help the school to have a budget-friendly and eco-friendly organic
mosquito repellent in every classroom and office of the institution.
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IX. Definition of Terms
The following terms used in the study are defined conceptually and operationally to
ensure clarity and better understanding for the readers.
1. Anaphylaxis
- It refers to a hypersensitivity (as to foreign proteins or drugs) resulting from sensitization
following prior contact with the causative agent.
Source: www.merriamwebster.com
- In this study. This refers to a possible allergic reaction to the organic mosquito repellents.
2. Duration
- The time during which something exists or lasts.
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- In this study, this refers to how long the effectiveness of the repellency of the organic
mosquito repellents will last.
3. Environmental Conditions
- It refers to the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (such as climate, soil, and
living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately
determine its form and survival.
- In this study, this refers to the state of the environment that the oregano-based and
peppermint-based organic mosquito repellents are in, whether how effective or not the
repellency is when applied in these certain conditions.
4. Herbal Infusion
-The process of steeping (soaking) herbs in water until the water absorbs the oils and flavors.
Source: www.euphoricherbals.com
- In this study, this refers to the chemical process that the researchers utilized to create the
organic mosquito repellents.
5. Mosquito Repellent
- A substance that can be put on the skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages
mosquitoes from landing or crawling on that surface.
Source: www.mass.gov
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- In this study, this refers to the product/compound that is used to repel mosquitoes.
6. Deodorizers
- A substance that eliminates or prevents an offensive odor.
- In this study, this refers to a substance that will be used to reduce the strong odor, but not
the effectiveness of the oregano-based mosquito repellent.
7. Oregano
- A bushy perennial mint (Origanum vulgare) with leaves that are used as a seasoning and a
source of aromatic oil.
- It is a plant that will be used as the main ingredient of one of the organic mosquito
repellents in this study.
8. Organic Mosquito Repellent
- A natural mosquito repellent that is derived from plant-based ingredients. This repellent
typically contains essential oils extracted from plants known for their mosquito-repelling
properties, such as citronella, lemongrass, peppermint, or eucalyptus.
Source: www.mrmr.biz.
- In this study, this refers to the main product that will be tested.
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9. Peppermint Oil
- it pertains to the oil that is obtained from the peppermint plant. It contains a strong odor and
menthol.
- It refers to the extracted oil of peppermint that will be used as the ingredient of peppermint-
based repellent.
10. Repellency
- The quality or capacity of repelling.
- In this study, pertains to the ability of mosquito repellent to deter or keep away mosquitoes.
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CHAPTER II
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents the research methods and procedures utilized in this study, the
research design, the locale of the study, the instruments, and the data-gathering procedures
undertaken by the researchers to finish this study.
Research Design
This study compared and examined the overall reliability of Oregano and Peppermint-
Oil as a main ingredient in developing an organic mosquito repellent by employing a true
experimental research design under the Quantitative Research Design. This research design
allowed the researchers to manipulate the methods used in this study. Aside from this, this
research design also allowed the researchers to compare and control the variables in this
study.
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Locale of the Study
The assessment process of this study was
conducted
in Saint
Patrick’s
Academy,
which is a
catholic
and private high school institution located at Yakal 1 Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora, where the
researchers carried out the study and compiled data that is needed for the study in its
chemical laboratory. Aside from this, two (2) rooms from the Lopez Residence located at
Poblacion, Dingalan, Aurora, were used as a testing room for the experimentation and
observation process of the study.
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Figure 1: Saint Patrick’s Academy Figure 2: Vicinity Map of SPAI
Figure 3. Lopez Residence
Research Instrument
The materials that are required for the
study are presented in this section. To assess the overall reliability of organic mosquito
repellents, the researchers used observation and experimentation to collect data and
information.
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 MATERIALS
Oregano - the main ingredient of an oregano-based mosquito repellent.
Lemongrass - it is used as a deodorizer to reduce the strong odor of oregano.
Peppermint oil - it is the main ingredient of a Peppermint-based mosquito repellent.
Sprayer bottle - this will be used to store and spray organic mosquito repellents.
Water – it is infused with Oregano and Peppermint oil to create organic mosquito repellents.
Data Gathering Procedure
This section shows the procedures that researchers followed to gather data to assess the
overall reliability of oregano compared to peppermint oil as a main ingredient in developing
an organic mosquito repellent.
Preparation
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- The preparation process includes the development and creation of the
two organic mosquito repellents. Preparing oregano-based mosquito
repellent needs oregano as the main ingredient, lemon grass, water, and a
spray bottle, while peppermint-based needs peppermint oil as the main
ingredient, water, and a spray bottle. Both organic mosquito repellents
were made using the process of herbal infusion.
Experimentation
- Three (3) trials were conducted during the researcher’s experimentation.
The experimentation process is one of the instruments used by the
researchers. The first trial was conducted on September 3, 2023, the
second trial was on November 18, 2023, where researchers used the new
amount of ingredients for the two repellents, and the last trial was on
December 4, 2023. The researchers conducted scientific observations and
recorded and examined the results of the experimentation.
Observation
- Observation is also an instrument used by the researchers to collect data
needed to examine the overall reliability of the two organic mosquito
repellents. The observation was made during the experimentation. The
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researchers observed and recorded the overall setting of the rooms used in
the experimentation.
Assessment
- After the researchers collected data through experimentation and
observation, the data collected were assessed to analyze the overall
reliability of the two organic mosquito repellents.
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Preparation
Experimentation
Observation
Assessment
Figure 4. Data Gathering Procedure
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CHAPTER 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter shows the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in
assessing the reliability of Oregano compared to Peppermint Oil as a main ingredient in
developing an organic mosquito repellent.
Development
 Trial 1
When: September 3, 2023 Figure 5. First Trial Dosage of

Oregano-based
Where: Lopez Residence
Dosage/Ingredients:
Oregano-based
- 4 leaves of Oregano
- 8 leaves of Lemon grass
- 4 cups of water
Peppermint-based
Figure 6. First Trial Dosage of
- 8 drops of Peppermint oil Peppermint-based
- 4 cups of water
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 Trial 2
When: November 18, 2023
Agenda/Goal: To change the dosage of both organic
repellents.
New Dosage/Ingredients: Figure 7. Second Trial Dosage

of Oregano-based
Oregano-based
- 200 grams of Oregano
- 70 grams of Lemon grass
- 4 cups of water
Peppermint-based
- 4 tablespoons of Peppermint oil per cup of water
- 4 cups of water
Experimentation and Observation
The two developed organic mosquito repellents were tested three times at Lopez
Residence located at Poblacion, Dingalan, Aurora. The mosquito repellents were sprayed in
rooms where mosquitoes are often present. The first dosage and measurements were utilized
for the first trial of the mosquito repellents, and the second dosage and measurements were
used for the second and third trials of the mosquito repellents. The data that was collected
from these experiments was assessed based on the following categories:
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I. Repellency
Table 2
Repellency of the organic mosquito repellents

Organic mosquito Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3
repellents (September 3, 2023) (November 18, 2023) (December 4, 2023)
Oregano-based Status: Effective Status: Effective Status: Effective
Peppermint-based Status: Effective Status: Effective Status: Effective
Table 2 shows the repellency of the two organic mosquito repellents. It shows that
both organic mosquito repellents are effective in terms of their ability to repel mosquitoes.
The researchers assessed the repellency of the two organic mosquito repellents by spraying
the two organic mosquito repellents and observing how the mosquitoes behaved after being
exposed to the two organic repellents. In trial one (1), on September 3, 2023, the researchers
assessed the two organic mosquito repellents for the first time, and both organic mosquito
repellents were effective in terms of their ability to repel mosquitoes. In trial two (2), on
November 18, 2023, the researchers assessed the effectiveness of two organic mosquito
repellents and used a new dosage of two organic mosquito repellents, and both organic
mosquito repellents were effective in terms of their ability to repel mosquitoes. In trial three
(3), on December 4, 2023, the researchers assessed the effectiveness of two organic mosquito
repellents and used the same new dosage of two organic mosquito repellents that we used in
the second trial, and both organic mosquito repellents were effective in terms of their ability
to repel mosquitoes.
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After further assessment of two organic mosquito repellents. The results show above
that both organic mosquito repellents are effective in repelling mosquitoes.
According to Benaid (2019), To provide a natural alternative to synthetic chemical
repellents, this study aims to determine the degree of repellency of the said indigenous plants
against Aedes aegypti. Results showed that candles with a combination of oregano and
lemongrass oil extracts are more effective repellents than candles with just oregano oil extract
or just lemongrass oil extract. Additionally, it was discovered that 100% of the mosquitoes in
the trial aquarium were driven away by the candle repellent, which contains a blend of
oregano and lemongrass oil extracts, after only fifteen (15) minutes.
According to Nagal (2019), the aromatic plant known as peppermint (Mentha
piperita) was produced by combining spearmint and water mint that contains a lot of menthol.
Mentha oil has a repulsive effect on mosquitoes. This was supported by a study done in 2000
by Ansari, Vasudevan, Tandon, and Razdan in which larvicidal efficacy against various
mosquito species was assessed in peppermint oil, a commonly used essential oil. Mosquito
repellents are the best option available when there aren't enough safe vaccinations.
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II. Environmental Conditions
Table 3
Effectiveness of the repellency of organic mosquito repellents in different environmental

conditions.
repellent (September 3, 2023) (November 18, 2023) (December 4, 2023)
Oregano-Based Weather: rainy Weather: sunny Weather: cloudy

Status: Effective Status: Effective Status: Effective
Peppermint-Based Weather: rainy Weather: sunny Weather: cloudy
Table 3 shows the effectiveness of the repellency of the organic mosquito repellents
in different environmental conditions. To assess the reliability of the two organic mosquito
repellents, the researchers tested them in different weather conditions.
In trial one (1), the researchers tested organic mosquito repellents in a comfort
room of Lopez residence which is near a canal on a rainy day. However, the repellents are not
that reliable in terms of their duration because of the dosage that the researchers used. The
Oregano-based only lasted more than two (2) hours, while the Peppermint-based lasted
approximately one (1) hour.
In trial two (2), the researchers tested the second dosage of the two organic
repellents inside the comfort room of Lopez's residence. Due to the high number of
mosquitoes flying inside the comfort room. In this trial, the researchers changed the dosage of
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the repellents to prolong the duration and strengthen the repellency of the two organic
mosquito repellents. The researchers tested the repellents on a sunny day to see if the
repellents were still reliable at high temperatures. Based on the results of trial two (2), the
Oregano-based lasted for more than twelve hours, while the Peppermint-based only lasted for
two hours.
In trial three, the researchers used the same dosage as in trial two (2). It is also
tested in the comfort room of Lopez's residence. The researchers sprayed the two organic
mosquito repellents on a cloudy day. The Oregano-based lasted for more than twelve hours,
and the Peppermint-based lasted for only two hours.
The results of the three trials show that the repellency of the organic repellents is
effective in different weather conditions. The environmental conditions, such as humidity and
temperature, do not affect the effectiveness of the repellency of the two organic mosquito
repellents, but it does affect their duration.
According to Melo et al. (2019), repellents should be applied frequently because of
environmental effects such as excessive sweating, humidity, and insect activity.
III. Duration
Table 4
Duration of the effectiveness of the repellency of the organic mosquito repellents

repellent (September 3, 2023) (November 18, 2023) (December 4, 2023)
Oregano-based Duration: Duration: Duration:
Approximately 2 hours No less than 12 hours No less than 12 hours
Peppermint-based Duration: Duration: Duration:
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Approximately 1 hour Approximately 2 hours Approximately 2 hours

Table 4 shows the duration of the two organic mosquito repellents. To assess the
duration of the two organic mosquito repellents, the researchers conducted three trials to test
how long both organic mosquito repellents can last.
The first trial was conducted by the researchers on September 3, 2023. As shown in
the table, the observed duration of oregano-based mosquito repellent was approximately two
hours. After testing the oregano-based mosquito repellent, the researchers also tested the
duration of peppermint-based mosquito repellent, which turned out to be effective but for
approximately one hour only.
The second trial was conducted by the researchers on November 18, 2023. As shown
in the table, the observed duration of oregano-based mosquito repellent was no less than
twelve hours. After testing the oregano-based mosquito repellent, the researchers also tested
the duration of peppermint-based mosquito repellent, which turned out to be effective for
approximately two hours only.
The third trial was conducted by the researchers on December 4, 2023. As shown in
the table, the observed duration of oregano-based mosquito repellent was no less than twelve
hours. After testing the oregano-based mosquito repellent, the researchers also tested the
duration of peppermint-based mosquito repellent, which turned out to be effective for
approximately two hours only.
According to Elle et al. (2019), repellents made of organic ingredients have a longer
shelf life than those based on chemicals.
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IV. Allergic reactions and Side effects
Table 5
Allergic reactions and side effects to organic mosquito repellents in various age ranges
repellents (September 3, 2023) (November 18, 2023) (December 4, 2023)
Allergic reactions and Allergic reactions and Allergic reactions and
Side effects in various Side effects in various Side effects in various
age ranges age ranges age ranges
Oregano-based
13-18: None 13-18: None 13-18: None
37-47: None 37-47: None 37-47: None
68-75: None 68-75: None 68-75: None
Allergic reactions and Allergic reactions and Allergic reactions and

Side effects in various Side effects in various Side effects in various
age ranges age ranges age ranges
Peppermint-based 13-18: None 13-18: None 13-18: None
37-47: None 37-47: None 37-47: None
68-75: None 68-75: None 68-75: None
Table 5 shows the organic mosquito repellents recorded allergic reactions and side
effects. In assessing the possible allergic reactions and side effects, the researchers observed
if the people who were exposed to the repellents showed negative reactions towards the
Page | 32
repellents. The people who were exposed to the repellents are the residents of Lopez's
residence and the researchers themselves. It shows that after the three trials, there were no
recorded allergic reactions or side effects from the people who were exposed to the Organic
mosquito repellents after their application.
According to Bayat et al. (2014), Anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction can be
triggered by peppermint however, it is rare for a human being to develop such a condition.
V. Overall Reliability
The researchers assessed the overall reliability of the two organic mosquito repellents
and based their findings on the following factors: repellency, effectiveness of the organic
mosquito repellents’ repellency in different environmental conditions, duration of the
repellency, and the possible allergic reactions and side effects that may be triggered by the
organic mosquito repellents. After assessing the data that was gathered from the three trials,
the researchers deemed the Oregano-based organic mosquito repellent to be reliable because
it is effective in repelling mosquitoes, it is effective in different environmental conditions, the
duration of its repellent effect is no less than twelve hours, and it did not trigger any side
effects or allergic reactions from the people who were exposed to it. On the other hand, the
Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent was deemed unreliable, although it is effective
in terms of repelling mosquitoes, it is effective in different environmental conditions, and it
did not trigger any side effects or allergic reactions from the people who were exposed to it.
Its duration only lasted for approximately two hours, which is significantly less than the
duration of the repellent effect provided by the Oregano-based organic mosquito repellent
Page | 33
and is too short for usage in real-life situations considering that mosquitoes may wander all
throughout the day.
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusions, and recommendations
of the study.
Summary of the Findings
This part of the research presents the findings and analysis of the data obtained from
the conducted experiments and observations by the researchers. The study indicates the
reliability of Oregano compared to peppermint oil as the main ingredient in developing an
organic mosquito repellent. The Reliability was determined by four categories of data:
Repellency, effectiveness of repellency in different environmental conditions, Duration of the
repellency, and possible Side effects and/or allergic reactions that may be triggered by the
two organic mosquito repellents.
In terms of repellency, the researchers assessed the two organic mosquito repellents
by observing how the mosquitoes behaved after being exposed to the two organic mosquito
repellents. After thorough experimentation and observation, the researchers determined that
both organic mosquito repellents are effective in repelling mosquitoes. The researchers
conducted three trials, and in all the trials that the researcher did the two organic mosquito
repellents were effective in repelling mosquitoes.
Page | 34
In terms of the effects of environmental conditions on the repellent effect of the two
organic mosquito repellents. The researchers tested the organic mosquito repellents three (3)
times under different environmental conditions, varying in weather, temperature, and
humidity. Based on the findings, organic mosquito repellents are effective in different
environmental conditions. In the first trial, the oregano-based organic mosquito repellent
lasted for more than two hours while peppermint-based lasted for approximately one hour
only. In the second trial, the oregano-based organic mosquito repellent lasted for more than
twelve hours while peppermint- based lasted for approximately two (2) hours.
In terms of the duration of the repellency effect of the organic mosquito repellents.
The researchers assessed the duration of the repellent of the two organic mosquito repellents
by observing how long it would take until the mosquitos entered the testing room that was
sprayed with the organic mosquito repellents. The researchers conducted three trials for the
two organic mosquito repellents, to assess their duration. After thorough experimentation and
observation, the oregano-based organic mosquito repellent was observed to have a duration
of approximately two hours in the first trial, and no less than twelve hours in the second and
third trials. The peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent was observed to have a
duration of approximately one hour in the first trial, and no less than two hours in the second
and third trials.
In terms of allergic reactions and side effects, the researchers assessed this factor in
different age ranges. The researchers tested and observed if there would be allergic reactions
and side effects if the two organic mosquito repellents were applied. The age ranges of the
people who were exposed to the organic mosquito repellents and were considered by the
researchers in testing the possible allergic reactions and side effects are people aged thirteen
Page | 35
to eighteen years old, thirty-seven to forty-seven years old, and sixty-eight to seventy-five
years old. As a result, there were no recorded allergic reactions or side effects to all people
who were exposed to the two organic mosquito repellents.
In terms of the overall reliability of the two organic mosquito repellents, testing all the
different factors that affect the effectiveness of the two mosquito repellents concluded the
reliability of both organic mosquito repellents. It shows that the oregano-based mosquito
repellent is more reliable than the peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent. The
researchers based the results on the findings of all the statements of the problem which
investigated factors such as repellency, effectiveness of the repellency in different
environmental conditions, duration, and possible allergic reactions and side effects, to prove
the reliability of the two organic mosquito repellents.
Page | 36
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study that was conducted by the researchers, the
following conclusions were drawn
1. Oregano-based and Peppermint-based mosquito repellents are both effective in
terms of repelling mosquitoes because the mosquitoes left the testing rooms when the two
organic mosquito repellents were applied.
2. Oregano-based repellent and Peppermint-based repellent are both effective in
different environmental conditions because the two organic mosquito repellents’ repellency
remained effective when it was tested in rainy, sunny, and cloudy weather. Weathers with
different conditions such as temperature and humidity.
3. The oregano-based repellent provides a longer repellent effect than the peppermint-
based repellent because the effectiveness of the repellency of the oregano-based organic
mosquito repellent remained effective for a minimum of twelve hours (meaning the
mosquitoes did not enter the testing room for a minimum time of twelve hours), compared to
the duration of the repellency of the Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent which only
lasted for only two hours (meaning the mosquitoes entered the testing room two hours after
the organic mosquito repellent was applied).
Page | 37
4. Oregano-based and Peppermint-based mosquito repellent does not trigger any side
effects and/or allergic reactions in various age ranges of people because no side effects or
allergic reactions were observed from the people who were exposed to the organic mosquito
repellents.
5. Oregano-based mosquito repellent is overall more reliable than peppermint-based
mosquito repellent. Although both organic mosquito repellents are effective in terms of
repellency, both are effective in terms of repellency in various environmental conditions, and
neither triggered any side effects and/or allergic reactions. The two organic repellents
differed in terms of the duration of the provided repellent effect. The duration of the repellent
effect provided by the oregano-based repellent lasted for a minimum of twelve hours, much
longer than the repellent effect provided by the peppermint-based repellent which only lasted
for a maximum of two hours.
Page | 38
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers recommend the following:
1. Readers must be aware that people with a history of Anaphylaxis (which is a severe
allergic reaction to a typically harmless substance in the environment) must be cautious when
exposing themselves to organic mosquito repellents as it may trigger allergic reactions if they
are allergic to an ingredient that is used for the said repellents.
2. Future researchers may adjust the formula or measurements of the two organic
mosquito repellents, but they must know that the duration and intensity of the smell of the
repellents will vary depending on the amount of oregano or peppermint oil that will be used.
3. Future researchers can make other forms of oregano repellents (i.e., candles) aside
from the sprayable ones with the same ingredients used by the researchers to be innovative
and to utilize more the usage of oregano-based mosquito repellent.
4. Future researchers may compare the reliability of Oregano to other locally available
herbs that can be also utilized to be a main ingredient in developing an organic mosquito
repellent.
Page | 39
5. The researchers recommend that the school should encourage the students to plant
more Oregano and Lemon Grass within the available area of the school premises to improve
the availability of the herbs that is used in the organic mosquito repellent. This will improve
the protection of the school community against mosquito-borne diseases because the
ingredients of the Oregano-based repellent will be widely available, which will lead to the
wide availability and usage of the organic mosquito repellent.
APPENDICES
Page | 40
Appendix A
Page | 41
The researchers mainly depended on the observations and data that was gathered
through experimentation. Oregano and peppermint oil are used as the two variables in this
study. The observations for the effectiveness of using oregano and peppermint oil are also
managed by the researchers.
During the data collection procedure, the observations were made. The researchers
operated this method of data to examine the capability of the two ingredients for an organic
mosquito repellent. To compile vital data for this study, the researchers used all the accessible
references and sources from several websites, books, and pdf files.
Trial
The researchers gathered data through trial or experimentation of organic mosquito
repellents. The researchers conducted a scientific observation, examined the procedures, and
recorded the results, in order to proceed with the comparison between oregano-based organic
mosquito repellent and peppermint-oil organic mosquito repellent. Additionally, in able for
this study to be efficient and safe, the researchers used the two formulas of organic mosquito
repellents, also prepared by the researchers, and other methods of experimentation.
Page | 42
• Trial I
When: September 3, 2023
Dosage/Ingredients:
Oregano-based
- 4 leaves of oregano
- 8 leaves of lemongrass
- 4 cups of water
Peppermint-based
- 8 drops of peppermint oil
- 4 cups of water
• Trial 2
When: November 18, 2023
Agenda/Goal: To change the dosage of both organic repellents.
New Dosage/Ingredients:
Oregano-based
- 200 grams of oregano
- 70 grams of lemon grass
- 4 cups of water
Peppermint-based
- 4 tablespoons of peppermint oil
- 4 cups of water
Page | 43
Appendix B
Page | 44
Preparation
- The preparation process includes the development and creation of the two organic
mosquito repellents. Preparing oregano-based mosquito repellent needs oregano as the main
ingredient, lemon grass, water, and a spray bottle, while peppermint-based needs peppermint
oil as the main ingredient, water, and a spray bottle. Both organic mosquito repellents were
made using the process of herbal infusion.
Experimentation
- Three (3) trials were conducted during the researcher’s experimentation. The
experimentation process is one of the instruments used by the researchers. The first trial was
conducted on September 3, 2023, the second trial was on November 18, 2023, where
researchers used the new amount of ingredients for the two repellents, and the last trial was
on December 4, 2023. The researchers conducted scientific observations and recorded and
examined the results of the experimentation.
Observation
- Observation is also an instrument used by researchers to collect data needed to
examine the overall reliability of the two organic mosquito repellents. The observation was
made during the experimentation. The researchers observed and recorded the overall setting
of the rooms used in the experimentation.
Page | 45
Assessment
- After the researchers collected data through experimentation and observation, the
data collected were assessed to analyze the overall reliability of the two organic mosquito
repellents.
Page | 46
CURRICULUM
VITAE
Page | 47
JUDITH CAROYAN ASTRERA

Sitio Iyapit, Umiray, Dingalan, Aurora
+63 963 022 8954
astrerajudith@gmail.com
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION:
NICKNAME: Deth/ Udith
BIRTHDATE: June 06, 2006
BIRTHPLACE: Dingalan, Aurora
AGE: 17
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Born Again Christian
CIVIL STATUS: Single
FATHER’S NAME: Reythel P. Astrera
MOTHER’S NAME: Marivic C. Astrera
II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
PRIMARY: Umiray Elementary School
Brgy. Umiray, Dingalan, Aurora
2011-2017
SECONDARY: Umiray National High School
Brgy. Umiray, Dingalan, Aurora
2017-2022
Saint Patrick's Academy, Inc.
Page | 48
Brgy. Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora
2022-Present
III. ACHIEVEMENTS:
Grade 1 – With Honor Grade 7 – With High Honor
Grade 4 – With Honor Grade 10 – With Honor
Grade 5 – With Honor Grade 11 – With Honor
Grade 6 – Salutatorian - With Honor Grade 12 – With Honor
1st place School Math Quiz Bee Competition
1st place School Science Quiz Bee Competition
3rd place School Poster Making Competition
2nd place District Science Poster Making Competition – JHS level
3rd place District Science Poster Making Competition – JHS level
IV. WORK IMMERSION EXPERIENCE
Working in Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator (MPDC) made me

realize how important planning is. My ability to think critically and to be creative has been
enhanced by being in the actual setting. I experienced designing a toilet and measuring the
office by using the measurement of the tiles. I've learned how to communicate with other
people in the office. They may have taught us the basics during our work immersion, but I'm
sure those lessons will help me in my chosen profession.
V. GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN LIFE
“No matter how hard or how impossible it is, never lose sight of your goal.” –
Monkey D. Luffy, One Piece.
Page | 49
RALEN LERIO DELLORO

Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora
+63 9012 328 1947
ralenleriodelloro45@gmail.com
NICKNAME: Ralen
BIRTHDATE: December 15, 2005
BIRTHPLACE: Cabanatuan City
AGE: 18
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME: Raul S. Delloro
MOTHER’S NAME: Elena L. Delloro
PRIMARY: Paltic Elementary School
2012-2018
SECONDARY: Saint Patrick’s Academy, Inc.
2018-2022
Page | 50
III. ACHIEVEMENTS:
Grade 10 – With Honor
My experience during my work immersion at Dingalan Community Hospital was full

of new experiences, and I learned a lot of things. The nurses taught us how to insert IV fluid
into the patient, get vital signs of the patient, get a random blood sugar test (RBS) on the
patient, learn how to use a manual BP (sphygmomanometer), and how to take care of the
patient. And we experienced doing an inventory of medicine, and the nurses explained to us
about the different types and what that medicine was for. And the nurses let us observe inside
the emergency room when there was a patient who needed to stitch their wound, and the
nurses explained to us what apparatus and instruments would be needed or used in stitching
the patient's wound. And also, we had Basic Life Support Training (BLS) with nurse Daisy
and nurse Eunice; they taught us about the right way of doing CPR.
“Try and try until you succeed.”
Page | 51
MARK JULIAN BAUSA GARCIA

Purok Yakal 2, Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora
+63 956 627 6236
garciamarkjulian07@gmail.com
NICKNAME: Julian/Mark
BIRTHDATE: July 30, 2006
BIRTHPLACE: Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
AGE: 17
FATHER’S NAME: Edwin G. Garcia
MOTHER’S NAME: Marylyn B. Garcia
PRIMARY: Paltic, Elementary, School
2011-2018
2018-2024
Page | 52
III. ACHIEVEMENTS:
Grade 10 – With High Honor
Working at Dingalan Community Hospital was a fun, thrilling and wonderful

experience. Being assigned to the different departments of the hospital, and interacting with
medical/healthcare workers and patients made me realize that dedication, patience,
perseverance, and understanding are needed to be successful in this field. These experiences
and learnings will be my inspiration as I enter the medical field.
“It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.”- Confucius.
Page | 53
CZAR ALVYLL DELA CRUZ LOPEZ

Purok 2, Poblacion, Dingalan, Aurora
+63 961 685 9332
czar09alvyll@gmail.com
NICKNAME: Eizie
BIRTHDATE: April 09, 2005
BIRTHPLACE: Cabanatuan City
AGE: 19
FATHER’S NAME: Allan M. Lopez
MOTHER’S NAME: Avegail D. Lopez
PRIMARY: Dingalan Central School
Brgy. Poblacion, Dingalan, Aurora
2015-2018
2018-Present
Page | 54
III. ACHIEVEMENTS:
Grade 7 – With High Honors
Grade 10 – Salutatorian With High Honors
Grade 12 – With Highest Honor
2nd Place in MTAP Division level
My experience in the Rural Health Unit (RHU) of our municipality is one for the
books. Although two of our ten-day immersion was a holiday, it didn’t matter because I had
more than enough time to gain sufficient knowledge and experience that I will forever
treasure for the rest of my life. During my time in the RHU, I was exposed to people with
various medical conditions and personalities. These experiences not only taught me some
lessons about medical practices, but it also enabled me to understand that intelligence is not
enough for this kind of profession, it also requires a lot of patience and emotional capacity.
This experience made me realize that nursing is my preferred course because, in my
experience, I didn’t work a single minute in that department as I enjoyed every single minute
of it. Despite the risks that one may take, I’ll still recommend choosing the RHU for a work
immersion experience because of the valuable lessons and experience that a person may gain.
Lessons and experiences that will surely help/guide a person in realizing his/her true passion
for a career in the field of medicine.
“There are no mistakes, only lessons.” - Unknown
Page | 55
JULIA CASSANDRA TOLENTINO

MACATUGGAL
Purok Almaciga, Brgy. Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora
+63 923 599 8673
juliacassandra.macatuggal@gmail.com
NICKNAME: Ching
BIRTHDATE: March 29, 2006
BIRTHPLACE: Makati City
AGE: 18
FATHER’S NAME: Ferdinand L. Macatugga
MOTHER’S NAME: Lorna T. Macatuggal
PRIMARY: Paltic Elementary School
2012-2018
2018-Present
Page | 56
III. ACHIEVEMENTS:
Finished Junior High School with Honors
Grade 11- With Honors
Grade 12- With High Honors
As I reflect on my almost 10-day work immersion in Municipal Agriculture Office, I am

filled with gratefulness for all of the lessons they have taught me, the prosperous connections
we had, and for the personal development it has provided me. Being a work immersionist in
an agricultural office not only expanded my knowledge and skills but has also brought me
into a deeper appreciation of the vital role of agriculture in our community. I have
experienced different valuable activities that built my commitment to learning the
advancement techniques to an agricultural development. Moreover, I have also been offered
to do some insights and hands-on tasks into their management and administration.
However, my experience as a work immersionist in the Municipal Agriculture Office has

been a short journey but with a lot of growth, learning, and discovery, that I will surely keep
for life, and, as I embark on my first year on college.
“Fortune favors the brave.” - Jonaxx
Page | 57
Page | 58

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SAINT PATRICK’S ACADEMY, INC.

Yakal 1, Paltic Dingalan, Aurora 3207

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

One of the continuous problems globally is mosquitoes. According to Dr. Marcela

Organization (WHO), 2016 estimates, mosquito-borne diseases kill approximately 700,000

Due to geographical location and climate change conditions, the population of

mosquitoes has increased. Consequently, to that, mosquito-borne diseases especially dengue

the Philippines. Therefore, it is advisable to use mosquito repellent to prevent mosquito-borne

mosquitos to avoid or flee the source of the repellent.

mosquito repellent products according to an article in Medical News Today. Cosmetics,

coughs, and colds, and use the leaves in their cooking.

terpinene that are reported to be highly effective in repelling mosquitoes.

Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) is a prominent flavoring component in foods and

based organic mosquito repellent.

II. Literature Review

oil-based organic mosquito repellents.

itchiness, heat sensation, rashes, or allergy. As a result, researchers began to consider

developing an alternative mosquito-repellent incense that could be sold as a viable product. It

environmental degradation, climatic conditions, a lack of access to clean water, improper

drawbacks of employing chemical insecticides are resistance among mosquitoes,

environmental contamination, and negative impacts on non-target species, including humans.

is called into doubt.

According to Singhamahapatra et al. (2020), with the lack of sufficient effective

mosquito bites, and minimizing the risk of contracting various diseases.

According to Simangan (2015), in integrated mosquito control programs, botanical

products may be used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides.

Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalyptus maculata, Cymbopogon excavatus, Mentha piperita, and

accessibility and lower environmental impact of plant-based insecticides have sparked

larvicidal substances by inducing acute toxicity in larvae or growth inhibition in larvae

through several mechanisms of action.

According to Nagal (2019), the aromatic plant known as peppermint (Mentha

of mosquitoes, and thus minimizing the probability of various diseases.

The literature review tackles the different challenges brought by mosquito-borne

peppermint oil as natural alternatives to synthetic repellents, in the Philippines as well as

According to Erasga , (2019), mosquito-borne diseases has been the problem of

Public Health, 2018; Esmaili et al., 2021).

possible solution (Singhamahapatra et al., 2020). However, synthetic repellents have

products may be used as an alternative solution.

(Giatropoulos et al., 2023; Benaid, 2019; Nagal, 2019).

IV. Conceptual Framework

Table 1. Paradigm of the Study

Table 1 depicts an overview of the research process undertaken by the researchers to

the research outcome, whether successful or not.

Table 1. Paradigm of the Study

V. Statement of the Problem

The study was conducted to investigate the reliability of Oregano compared to

Peppermint oil as a main ingredient in developing an organic mosquito repellent.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How effective is the repellency of an Oregano-based compared to a Peppermint-

based organic mosquito repellent?

2. How does the effectiveness of the repellency of the Oregano-based and

Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent vary based on different environmental

conditions, such as temperature and humidity?

Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent?

5. How reliable is the Oregano-based organic mosquito repellent compared to the

Peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent?

of Oregano-based organic mosquito repellent compared to peppermint-based organic

mosquito repellent, oregano-based organic mosquito repellent is more reliable than

peppermint-based organic mosquito repellent.

VII. Scope and Delimitations

a main ingredient in developing an organic mosquito repellent. To assess the overall

focused on assessing the reliability of oregano as the primary ingredient in developing an

VIII. Significance of the Study