MARCH 13, 2024

ASSIGNMENT 1
NETWORKING MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY: NAZISH (144-FMS/BBA-2Y/F22)

SUBMITTED TO: DR. SARA QAISER
Q1: How does data communicate over the network?

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Data communication over a network involves several steps and protocols to ensure that
information is successfully transmitted from a source to a destination. Here's a simplified
overview of the process:
1. Data Generation: Data is created by a user or an application. This could be anything from
text, images, and videos, to any other form of digital information.
2. Data Encapsulation: Before data can be transmitted over the network, it needs to be
encapsulated into packets. Each packet contains not only the actual data being
transmitted but also additional information such as source and destination addresses,
error-checking codes, and protocol-related information.
3. Routing: Once the data packets are prepared, they need to be routed through the
network. Routers and switches are crucial in determining the best path for the packets to
reach their destination. Routing protocols are used to manage the routing tables and
decide the optimal paths.
4. Transmission: The data packets are transmitted over the network using various
networking technologies such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or fiber optics. Each technology has its
own rules and protocols governing how data is transmitted.
5. Reception and Decapsulation: When the data packets reach their destination, they are
received by the appropriate network device (such as a router or a computer). The
receiving device then decapsulates the packets, extracting their original data.
6. Error Checking and Correction: Before the data is delivered to the intended recipient, it
may undergo error-checking and correction. Protocols like TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) provide mechanisms for detecting and retransmitting lost or corrupted packets
to ensure data integrity.
7. Delivery to Application: The data is delivered to the destination application or user. This
could be a web browser, email client, video streaming application, or any other software
that can interpret and process the received data.

Throughout this process, various networking protocols such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol), and others govern different aspects of data communication, ensuring reliable and
efficient transmission over the network.
Q2. What are the types of data transmission?

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1. Simplex Communication:
• Definition: Simplex communication is a one-way communication method where
data flows in only one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver, with no
capability for the receiver to send data back to the transmitter.
• Examples:
1. Television broadcast: TV stations transmit signals to viewers who can only
receive the broadcast without returning data.
2. Remote control: Infrared or radio frequency (RF) remote controls send
signals to electronic devices like TVs or DVD players without receiving any
data back.
3. RFID tags: RFID tags in inventory management systems transmit data to
RFID readers but don't receive any data in return.
4. Satellite downlink: Communication from a satellite to ground stations or
satellite TV receivers involves simplex transmission where the satellite only
sends data to the receivers.
5. Sensors: Many sensor devices, such as temperature sensors or motion
detectors, transmit data but do not receive any feedback.
2. Half Duplex Communication:
• Definition: Half duplex communication allows data transmission in both
directions, but not simultaneously. Devices can either send or receive data at any
given time, but not both at the same time.
• Examples:
1. Walkie-talkies: Users press a button to transmit their voice, then release
the button to listen to the response. Only one person can speak at a time.
2. Ethernet hubs: In older Ethernet networks, devices communicate in half
duplex mode where they can either send or receive data, but not both
simultaneously.
3. CB radios: Citizens' Band radios used by truckers and emergency
responders allow users to switch between transmitting and receiving, but
they can't do both simultaneously.
4. Two-way radios: While both parties can transmit and receive messages,
they can't do so simultaneously, requiring a push-to-talk mechanism.
 5. Morse code communication: Operators transmit messages using Morse

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code by switching between sending and receiving.
3. Full Duplex Communication:
• Definition: Full duplex communication allows simultaneous two-way data
transmission between the sender and receiver. Both parties can send and receive
data at the same time.
• Examples:
1. Telephone conversation: Both parties can speak and listen simultaneously,
enabling a natural conversation flow.
2. Internet browsing: Users can send requests to web servers while
simultaneously receiving data to display web pages, allowing for seamless
browsing.
3. Video conferencing: Participants can see and hear each other in real time,
enabling natural conversations without interruptions.
4. Modern Ethernet switches: Devices can transmit and receive data
simultaneously, allowing for faster and more efficient communication
within local area networks (LANs).
5. Bluetooth headset: Users can talk on the phone while simultaneously
hearing the other person's voice, thanks to full duplex communication
supported by Bluetooth technology.
Q3: How message deliver over the internet?

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Here are definitions and examples for unicast, multicast, and broadcast communication:

1. Unicast Communication:
• Definition: Unicast communication involves sending data from one sender to one
specific receiver.
• Examples:
1. Sending an email from one email address to another.
2. Accessing a website by typing its URL into a web browser.
3. Making a phone call to a specific phone number.
4. Downloading a file from a server to a single client computer.

2. Multicast Communication:
• Definition: Multicast communication involves sending data from one sender to
multiple specifically identified recipients.
• Examples:
1. Streaming live video to multiple viewers simultaneously (e.g., live sports
events or webinars).
2. Distributing software updates to multiple computers within a network.
3. Send a message to a group chat or mailing list where multiple recipients
receive the same message.
4. Broadcasting a video conference to multiple participants joining from
different locations.

3. Broadcast Communication:
• Definition: Broadcast communication involves sending data from one sender to
all devices within a network or a specific broadcast domain.
• Examples:
1. Broadcasting radio signals over the airwaves to all receivers within range.
2. Transmitting television signals to all TVs tuned to a particular channel.

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3. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) requests broadcasted by a
device seeking an IP address from a DHCP server.
4. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) requests broadcasted by a device to
discover the MAC address corresponding to an IP address within the local
network segment.