1.

When the name of the author is part of the formal structure of the sentence:

- This means that when you're writing a sentence and you want to include information from a specific study or research conducted
by a particular author, you start the sentence by mentioning the author's name followed by the publication year in parentheses. In
our example, "Oxford (1990) found that students resist and dislike direct strategy instruction," the sentence begins with the author's
name, followed by the year of publication, and then presents the main finding of the study.

2. When the name of the author is not part of the formal structure of the sentence:

- In this scenario, you're still referring to a specific study or research conducted by an author, but you're not integrating the author's
name into the sentence itself. Instead, you mention the author's name and publication year in parentheses at the end of the
sentence, after the idea or finding you're referring to. For example, "Students resist and dislike direct strategy instruction. It is
particularly important here to evaluate the student’s personal response to this more experiential approach to strategy work" (Oxford,
1990). Here, the sentence presents an idea, and the citation at the end attributes that idea to the work of the author mentioned.

In both cases, text citations serve to acknowledge the source of information or ideas presented in the writing. They provide
credibility to the writer's arguments and allow readers to locate the original source for further reference. Understanding how to use
text citations correctly is crucial for academic writing as it demonstrates respect for the work of others and ensures the integrity of
your own work. By learning text citations, you're not only adhering to academic conventions but also contributing to a culture of
honesty, transparency, and intellectual integrity in scholarly discourse.

3. When there are multiple authors:

- If a source has two authors, you should mention both authors' names every time you cite it. For instance, if a study was conducted
by Smith and Johnson in 2019, you would cite it as (Smith & Johnson, 2019) every time you reference it.

- However, if a source has more than two authors, it can become cumbersome to list all the names in subsequent citations. In this
case, you mention all the authors' names the first time you cite the source. For example, if a study was conducted by Brown,
Johnson, Smith, and Williams in 2020, you would cite it as (Brown, Johnson, Smith, & Williams, 2020) the first time you mention it.

- In all succeeding citations of the same source, you only need to mention the first author's surname followed by "et al." This is a
Latin abbreviation that stands for "and others." Using the previous example, in subsequent citations, you would cite it as (Brown et
al., 2020).

4. When the text is quoted or paraphrased:

- When you directly quote a text, it's important to include the page number in the citation. This allows readers to easily locate the
specific passage you're referring to. For example, if you quote from a book by Nation published in 2001, you would include the page
number in the citation like this: (Nation, 2001, p.18).

- On the other hand, if you're paraphrasing or summarizing the information from a source in your own words, you don't need to
include the page number. This is because you're not quoting the text directly but rather presenting the information in your own
words. So, the citation would simply be (Nation, 2001).

Understanding these conventions of citing multiple authors and when to include page numbers is essential for maintaining clarity
and consistency in academic writing. It helps ensure proper attribution of sources and facilitates the reader's ability to verify and
locate the information being referenced.

5. When the source has no author:

- Sometimes, sources such as reports, articles, or books may not have a specific author attributed to them. In such cases, you can
use the title of the work in heading caps when citing it.

- For example, if you're referencing a report titled "Action Research," and it doesn't list an author, you would cite it as ("Action
Research," 98). The title is capitalized to indicate that it's the title of the work being referenced.

- By using heading caps for titles without authors, you provide the necessary information for readers to identify and locate the
source, even though it doesn't have a specific author credited. This maintains transparency and allows readers to follow up on the
information provided in your writing.
Understanding this convention is important because it ensures that you properly attribute the source of information, even when
there isn't a specific author listed. It also helps maintain consistency and clarity in your citations, which is essential for academic
writing.

Certainly! Let's break down each point about page formatting in a simple and understandable manner:

1. Paper:

- Use standard size white bond paper, which is the typical size for printing documents. It's 8 1/2 by 11 inches, also known as letter
size.

2. Type size:

- Use font size 12 for the text of your document. This ensures that the text is easy to read and follows common formatting
standards.

3. Typeface:

- Choose either Courier or Times New Roman for the body of your text. These are both commonly used serif fonts that are easy to
read.

- For letters or figures, you can use either Helvetica or Arial. These are sans-serif fonts that are clean and modern.

4. Spacing:

- Double-space the text of your document, which means there should be a full blank line between each line of text. This makes the
document easier to read and allows for space for notes or edits.

- However, use single spacing within quotes, references, and the abstract. This helps to visually separate these elements from the
main text and makes them easier to read.

5. Margin:

- Leave at least a 1-inch margin around all sides of the page. This provides space for binding, annotations, or comments and ensures
that the text is not cramped or cut off when printing.

6. Header:

- Include a header about 3/4 inch from the top of each page. This header should contain a short title page header, which consists of
the first 3 or 4 words of the title of your document. Place this header in the right-hand corner of each page. It helps to identify the
document and maintain organization, especially if the pages become separated.

Following these page formatting guidelines helps to ensure that your document looks professional, is easy to read, and adheres to
common formatting standards. It also helps to organize your document and make it easier to navigate for readers.

7. Pagination:

- Number every page of your document consecutively. This means each page should have a number, starting with the first page as
page 1, the second page as page 2, and so on.

- Place the page number following the header inside the margin space, which is about 1 inch from the top of the page. It should be
double-spaced above the text and aligned next to the right-hand margin. This ensures consistency and easy navigation through the
document.

8. Headings:

- Headings help to organize your document and make it easier for readers to follow the structure of your paper.

- Level A headings should be centered and set in heading caps. This means they are centered on the page and written in all capital
letters.
 - Level B headings should be flushed to the left margin, italicized, and set in heading caps. This means they are aligned with the left
margin, written in italics, and in all capital letters.

- Level C headings should be indented, written in sentence case (only the first word capitalized), and end with a period. This helps
to visually distinguish them from Level A and B headings.

9. References:

- At the end of your paper, type the word "References" centered on the last page. This section lists down all the references used in
your paper, arranged alphabetically by the author's last name.

- It's important to include all the necessary bibliographic information for each reference, such as the author's name, title of the
work, publication date, and other details depending on the type of source.

Following these instructions ensures that your document is properly formatted, organized, and easy to navigate. It also helps to
maintain consistency and professionalism in your writing.

Text Citations:

Definition:

- Text citations are references to sources of information or ideas within the body of your writing. They typically include the author's
name and the publication year of the source, and they're placed either within the sentence or in parentheses at the end of the
sentence where the information is used.

Purpose:

- The main purpose of text citations is to give credit to the original authors or creators of information that you're using in your
writing. By citing your sources, you acknowledge the work of others and avoid plagiarism, which is presenting someone else's work
as your own.

- Text citations also allow readers to locate the original sources if they want to learn more about a particular topic or verify the
information presented in your writing. They provide transparency and credibility to your work, showing that you've done your
research and engaged with existing scholarship.

Page Formats:

Definition:

- Page formats refer to the specific layout and design guidelines used when formatting a written document. This includes aspects
such as paper size, font size and type, spacing, margins, headers, and pagination.

Purpose:

- The purpose of following page formats is to ensure that your document is visually appealing, easy to read, and follows common
formatting standards. Consistent page formatting enhances the professionalism and readability of your work, making it easier for
readers to understand and engage with your content.

- Page formats also help to organize your document effectively, with clear headings, page numbers, and references. This makes it
easier for readers to navigate through the document and locate specific information or sections.

In summary, text citations and page formats are essential elements of academic writing that help to give credit to original sources,
maintain transparency and credibility, and ensure consistency and professionalism in the presentation of your work. Understanding
and applying these conventions correctly is crucial for effective communication and engagement with your audience.