APPENDIX A

Time Lines

The Middle Ages

1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450

Age of Crusades, 1096–1204

Hildegard of Bingen

Bernart de Ventadorn

Léonin

Richard the Lion-Hearted

Pérotin

St. Francis of Assisi

St. Thomas Aquinas

Dante

Marco Polo’s explorations

Guillaume de Machaut

Geoffrey Chaucer
First outbreaks of bubonic plague in Europe

Life spans of major composers Jan van Eyck

Joan of Arc
Life spans of other important historical and artistic figures

Historical events
1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450

411
412 Appendix A

The Renaissance and Early Baroque

1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700

Guillaume Dufay

Johannes Gutenberg invents movable type

◆
Sandro Botticelli
Josquin Desprez

Leonardo da Vinci

Michelangelo
Christopher Columbus’s first voyage; Jews expelled from Spain
Spanish colonies established in New World

Martin Luther’s Reformation begins

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Roland de Lassus

Queen Elizabeth I

William Byrd

Giovanni Gabrieli

William Shakespeare

Galileo

Claudio Monteverdi

Thomas Weelkes
Girolamo Frescobaldi

Rembrandt
Pilgrims in Massachusetts

Life spans of major composers Louis XIV

Isaac Newton
Life spans of other important historical and artistic figures
Henry Purcell
Historical events
1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700
 Appendix A 413

The Eighteenth Century

1700 1750 1800

Louis XIV

Isaac Newton

Antonio Vivaldi
Jean-Philippe Rameau

Jean-Antoine Watteau
Johann Sebastian Bach

George Frideric Handel

Salem witch trials

Voltaire

Benjamin Franklin

David Hume

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Frederick the Great

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

Adam Smith
Immanuel Kant
Franz Joseph Haydn

George Washington
Thomas Jefferson

Francisco Goya

Jacques-Louis David

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

First modern encyclopedia published in France

James Madison

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Francesca LeBrun

William Blake

Napoleon Bonaparte

British industrialization begins

Ludwig van Beethoven

Life spans of major composers Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution

Jane Austen
Life spans of other important historical and artistic figures
French Revolution begins
Historical events
1700 1750 1800
414 Appendix A

The Nineteenth Century

1800 1850 1900

Ludwig van Beethoven

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

William Wordsworth

Carl Maria von Weber

George Gordon, Lord Byron

French Revolution and revolutionary wars

Gioacchino Rossini

Franz Schubert

Hector Berlioz

George Sand

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

Felix Mendelssohn

Abraham Lincoln

Charles Darwin
Frédéric Chopin

Robert Schumann

Franz Liszt

Charles Dickens

Richard Wagner

Giuseppe Verd i

Karl Marx

Queen Victoria

Clara Wieck Schumann

Industrialization spreads throughout Europe

Stephen Foster

Leo Tolstoy

Johannes Brahms

Modest Musorgsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Claude Monet

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

Revolutions throughout Europe

Giacomo Puccini

Life spans of major composers Gustav Mahler

U.S. Civil War
Life spans of other important historical and artistic figures
Richard Strauss
Historical events
1800 1850 1900
The Twentieth Century and Beyond

1850 1900 1950 2000

Thomas Edison

Sigmund Freud

U.S. Civil War

Claude Debussy

Frank Lloyd Wright

Arnold Schoenberg

Charles Ives

Maurice Ravel
Albert Einstein

Pablo Picasso

Béla Bartók

Igor Stravinsky

James Joyce

Virginia Woolf

Alban Berg
T. S. Eliot

Sergei Prokofiev
Martha Graham

George Gershwin

Ernest Hemingway

Duke Ellington

Aaron Copland

Louis Armstrong

Women’s suffrage movement

Frida Kahlo

John Cage
World War I
Charlie Parker

Leonard Bernstein

György Ligeti

Worldwide economic depression

Steve Reich

Martin Luther King Jr.

World War II; Holocaust

Cold War

John Adams

Kaija Saariaho
Life spans of major composers
Barak Obama
Life spans of other important historical and artistic figures
Internet revolution
Historical events
1850 1900 1950 2000

415