Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wa0041.
Wa0041.
PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(15EC45)
IV SEMESTER ECE
MODULE 3 SYLLABUS
NOISE: Shot Noise, Thermal noise, White Noise, Noise Equivalent Bandwidth,
Noise Figure
les of Communication S
t"
X9{r!..:3.
- : 3.7I Qonclon-r Vqriables
f\'/^\'/\,/'\'^ fv"?a
v P!-ocess :-
A/v\- /\'^'-'l\-/"\'/' ^!'/,\/v'\'
h{f"CrSqP :
rv\,,\_,.r -\r\!.\P
Rondorn
r Sonnplc Spoce
/.v"\-.\./--.'\\J\v/.-/"*^
(S):-
gKfetfrrrerrJ- i4 a rrrotl-heroe$-
lhe farnple SPsce of A Ta"'clern
- icoJ o.b8*.rqrfior", lxed s. *p^I::g l- 31 pgugJigtEges'
oF Jhe eeqxoinnerr!-. r+ i6 denr.kd tl'S:
' *93gPd cs k)
-,-,,.,. TaJom frperirared.
:
r't repiegenfi 8.ach oultome o'P1ts 5-eacA
L e.,, &mpte q3qce' 6, G*isG ? o^y:*ib."
-"'**"*-" r-::.:t]: T'"'
p.r"r iJf".! ;T ; *i rt o"*\ o'o gt4erin're"0'
les of Communication S
,ryB Petrh[t'' u]
Fl,"b
TI
- --lc+) I
a,
v- .- tr"r- :.1
j-A+
-
c-- lcc)- +o
€g'q,l. sryge " EwnE prySt, lrhr ( p;
: probobJilt:-
*rffi@i
.3.1
u*'o A,i6Jen'kJ b7 Pcn)'
Lei ot ranJo,n frper?rnrerri 76 ne-pe"ti<J n-+irnrx'rP Jfu eve#A'
accura 4O-*irneA,-lBen ptobobiJfry S ew^t A, i'e, PCA) 16
degfneJ ex,
. 1Ferog"6, hR
n "p ew,nFt4?
Axiomr, ( t-ator) of
a\n z-\.,,'\ - /\..'
t. Pu) >o
d.. P(s)= 1 froUJ p^roba,biliry + a1eve46 hnsoorple
sFace lz I)
3. 1+ Aqnd B oqe nnufuqlU 3-Xgi!4-'* ZwvrEfren,
':-=-:
.p (*+ B) : P (,U 1
Bq.,
4 :F A an{ B qre *gg|-"d Meq ,
?Lxj
!T."f i-
-ile knonr "tfrqt Jhe C*dr+io,,"..} pnot<H-[,"ry,
pLytx): l*+ _o
Frvl
ya.ac.rn
of Communication S
:)
" =
FLx, Yl ' P [Y/x]
-(a; F LYI
+
** Ps.*Pttdyr"* ftP''
Probob; lif'tr d*f ry
h; '{r-rauioo I Paow fF"F
<a>ulhaf do Vou nneqn
-ucder$he Aorfqce or a Puz,b"tr' li\ d** V
lho +o*aj areq JJ
vr.u f uoe lluly -"2olT
4.r.'ctimr [Pdf) ia al'oaYa t ' (sxaru;
p^ro ba bi -ti JV di5,J-'i bt'tfie"o
(.Pd+).
4tlnuioo ia cqtteJ oa prrobabiJiil dendt4-ft.ract on
J* i.6 deno+ed by, f"x tnl.
Halhemolicolly :
f'/ ,"t= df(t)
dt '
,PM
t' €',
-L
J f"c"ld't
-b€
Ptoo p '-
\! d+s v:.jfioyt
A'/\'^'^B1A t*'
,
{.,
!i
'xc*l = dr o)
J+",-ldr
T^t L '\ -= $.(u.)-F^Cu')
t'-'/
t 'X' = L-o = Loo
--es
_J
=96
't/ )< -44
dlt{tntv}tql
/ Dtr..,,opx+iPo
becorr_ur. &(*)= ! and QC-o">= o (,ProPer'l"iei "1dlt<tn
"+
-Fu",c*,en
les of Communication S
r {1rylff ttr.Lh9&p$s,o :-
tgJoinl dfat"iU*len fuc'cliao +T $tdo ronJot \'&niablel X 'y
;6 Jerro+ed ny 5"r6,v)- n
-Do 5 0o.
ohoh i r^
t^,y(^,?)dxrr-_J dr.dy
Il^ /**ryru'
[ _ -a=Y=fr
L- t=N=-*
?q Dq
0
1 P^
I (n,.t)d't d7 =
J \{r,,
-0" 0a
= L-0
A
)-
(D
.."-Addrfionod
ff$sen
a\.,\*,^..\./!-
r'!
+i;oClien-"-
Pvf,ryfpAn"gXAN:"
'u\-'\'/"v
for rnur)ae '- Di6+frb,^n-,Da *m(seo I FoU)= P Lx <O
^/\-/\_,/\*
D""6'J.J -fuoctie"r : fotnr =*:t"l
PpW$.r + draffr3yl t$en;-
(r) f (xl:l
0r) ! &*). o
0'i) P fx<"1 = t h)
(?r) P Lh. ,<d = D,r^l * Frct) 3 a>b
(r) 4 RooJo,r-l ViariqLle X hox dtafo-,' U'^.fi et.t f-un G'' un
( 0 : -t-<b
t-_^ :
r)c)
t-X
1L- VL- : o S. 1-( to
took : rt)lo
(a) D$er,6-,ffr,e -the Grsfu^t K
(r) rr,raluo.b p(x<a) and <x <+) p (;
(O Delernnfne probaF,J?.! J*tU.{w'rcfien ,
L-) pno6-r-Thg
Su*^ d^tr- pnoba.b6Ji-ty dlrtdb^heo &"*t
^
D : r<o
I
l-;(x; = iL krt j D<x3to
rooK j )t>t0
It=s f K_ VqtLre
t
p [s<x <]l = Q(+)
_ iCr)
*(+)= kxr=-Lx 41=!_3_
,60
, y' / 0.62r
Rrs)=
,oo_
p Isz-xar| 0'"?4
= lft-o.o(=
(c) p,{**'t'v 4,g3tv *g'-h,-,1
A.r.r.r FO,n, - c_ &r*l
dr-
(
[",
t" o=hJ
fct; { 2gr-
loD
...( lo
I
L- ". "Jr /rt-j
1
(
\roo.,i *
* l)t ?('
d r. (a:G
?
d F,(x1 7(o .-
fr,o,l ._-
o(tt(lo
dt
t) lo
les of Communication S
S.+d$kli"cil a\/ercge ia
"rl*o U)teA rlteqh @gx+ecta.$orn v&lue
rcroJorn tzhato\Lte rt,u1
$ de^n+<J 5t E[x] @ mx
[''', e [xJ= 6].: Z_ * p[x=x-l'r =I1(f&)
All'a, All'tr t N'
*Rp9fe : Le| ,.X, beJhe TacrJo- 166;qble *h^f t ozTr*,,*a n^
the die experinr,er$-, t\g&ich Go:JeLe X- { 1,i,3, zf ,fr(} ren)
vqluet,
6uppodt*ltlr..f the Jia- 16 ^cotteol N**irnq q,nd .+he nunnter
?t aPPeo(t.4 Tl*-*f .r,e,r. lfien,lhe .6J€,*?6+TCJ a,rzezuge f{
Cqlcntp^Jed
\ Cu-'"t',p o(ilJh numbex q"d djviJ-f ^g+
Jfu Jn$a..1 nurnbq; o4+t"l'ga Jh,^.+ Jn. Ji e i5 rolle{
* .
e 4n + &no+ ans+4nat5n5t644
LXJ
N
5 n3*
i.r., E fxl = "1r * {ne f 4^4 +Sn5-FGne
N
, lrr Gt{6nuou,f fonJuq r,hri qble., X ,&}ed-ia+' CrJ qWE?<
ia il*o cilc,"ld<d $y,
F. -LxJ: "f'J rfxfrld"l A
NRE: &lo*?AJioJ
o"l,€r@\?e.l nrrcludq Ue^o Medion and Mode.
les of Communication S
3"6 : Mororen[ 3- t3
,^,^/A','\-\
lrlornre-nE qre qo opplica,lioo uf (orrlonn \/e$iqbb' X " . lFeoe
Ore-*ruo -]ypa o-f nromenfi
(o) Moro-renfX atoqf the orifio
(b) Cenfrp{, n-ronnenf{
(a) Mororenk abouJ-the
/.!^'^v\-\^
Origia"-v r
- '/v
^-,\,,.\/^"^/
-0o
+ E [CX-hr-f] ;2 Reru l5 inr Vqriqnce 4 raodoo \zarlob]e'X'
les of Communication
t4
3;l i a\/\,/\-
Meso, Vot-ience ancl ,q+u6AarJ d,yld:n:-
C"f" /.\./\'n./ n&
^v^\-.v\.- '
y.:l i
^> ,ar^,ra,r.. Meoo Vqlue 76 olxo kno,pn qr ElreSEd*&Lue qf
Yqndn"n Vrrlqble oX', f'| ia the Flrx+ o-rdev rnororenf qbou+ ti'r ongio'
I-i iA denoi<d
\ , Lrl @ n"
l^.lheae E) ErfeUolioar Opernfo.r ,
fnlqJteir''n^ficqlly, rneoo
"f Cen++nuouu rsJo"n \&riable'X, f4
ff*, b,t, ^h
flr= E[x]= j *focxrdrt
-00
$!: IP RooJe'o\Ar?oble' X' rpre,3enft ra*ap (11l, ,th"o
roeqo ?epresenff ,Average Dc-vqlue (fA.)
b) Vor?oncs;-
a\,.\-/\\./.. '\-,'\
IS
oo
\'= t r [x']
^,i' -a hti-
- ,x:
trL r fx'] - mi
+
r.e., Vay (x) = s econJ **l.t-r*t.rd
Aboqf or;?io
-Eft * uF Meqo
61fa# tin
NgF: rI Bqt'dern vhriotble\x' nepre,Eerf ov]pwt
fr ll- ruo,w recliPiev Jh.n
\4<-x
Vn-) 1-.- -r--*'
0 t
Meqo-+ Awrag< Dc-vb lteqr = gCxl = nnrr
Ftxu]+ t4ea6 s?uq?c vtrlue 9rt ?i*eg @Po'oe" (oF:Y
$a -+ Vqriqn& + r|?i\^s& i!c- eouoer '
c CoVq{iance "'_ rf
^.,/\,,/\,7.\.,^,/\./\
o
6ivel jos"d efpecfo.|ie.. 6F fir.lo - fu,,rde.q
- Varia ble{ y o,nd .Y. r+ !.{ Je"rt J b6 <*gnaol' )ry
^d. "f J
- b, \<.T Gr/qr)dnca telooee rr X, / j4
cov(xry): S^f = e ICX-rarn) ( y-"ry)]
= e lX )- Xo,,.tr - rrrnyl^*^fl
= E[xvJ - r tx Tyl - r Ll*y-]+ uh'x
l
|
v-d)u 't
l
^' /. -.
Or^|"^t Cosh"t Gil4hl
= r [xV] - [f]+rn*rr,y
i'1y E
Lxl - rr,*E
ft
torrel,,.$isa 4+, Uad 16 a rneatUTe o'.| el<pen"lonc^X
Co-
beitoeen rqnJor?n wric{bl€x X ond Y.
I* Ta de.!+,ned o,A -1he ?^odio o-p Gvae^iaarce ( \xy@Covrxv)
b ltu. produt) (qn. rrt
.r*ia denond -b Z5lrnbof r
'xy
i.e., Correlo\hon G-e.$-$uo0 i4 ?i*^ ?
D
l-
t
Cnv (x,f) -0.chen
,J)o u -
ry = {+ondorJ, dwi+ioo "p X
Irz $ = {,}e,iord clel'a}ionof Y
,y= 9l"ljtry Ae
I
'^'u y
,i
Ii ff WX depernJo c.,,6 b<.}^reeo rqac{o'a-1 l,&ri*blel } .r"tol y -
g"? : 4-i rr l8
Correjo$1on*uncfien
,'^./^\',.\'-,^\-/\-/'\- -,/'!
l- Orr., A e)
q
^../...-/\-/\,./'-
\ ( k,-1.)
= E f^col. x(r! = ?t (l<-1)
.'. .'4do correJalion {-unction ga'vex coUglSSgn "+3|ircd gt6
u*t * bgl!ul.yie!$!n'ne
+* cerrelo.*icr,-fuochon, q ( k,J) i4 a Juno.,oo + -tFnne &14{-
- ?e/.\C( C k-{) .
ptrope.u^$t€{:-
r.fifi be tae qilro crrra-.l+ion -fu.^'cr"rr
f R'J"'c'
tfr3f
I
-Jhecr
r1
* 4il-+! Gvarian(e i- (v'i-r-r' a P)
n. ,/\-/\./"" t1/v\_/^r--'-
tL',"f:,Yl:i'
L>o:[glgn:- *ruo Gnznolev \&riqblea X qod y, obgerwoJ
"rernJooo
o^.F *8.ne trnalqnE'K'qod "l ze,getHvely, th-eo i*e CTDSS Corr€,'*.h
L2 Prope'rtra:-
f\,/\./\,/'\./'\,/'' L, r* i6 Qlrt+"'c {rachou-r
(r) = Try (-.)
t Q, Y)
y
&, I+ o)oet nnl hqve ttr)^xi"rru"rn "* }rigln
\5. &y (z;1 <
* L,t,'l 1 t, rol]
i.rhex qrt
4r (o) I ^rgto)
^ujo-
Co'r'cLfiorr
-tunc+ie?A ' xoond Y rer?eui wlg "^t E=o=l
of Communication S
drS+n"b".l;err {u^cf;oo
r, ar = { *fnt. }i"."
*'i j I re &< l(b
t x>.*
probq-F'.,J "
ttV d",6q
f r- r fl^u, fou,,o ,
fcrr-?&,^,=
dr |I ,h. 1.."o."
^Ll&(xir1
u< coo frnsr
yeqd,^roo).
ole*:lg $.rnrhon -. ;.il":l^",*.
a-
-zrrds
{Cnt.
(q) lleqa l noo r
/\-/\,/\ e [x]_-. - x($)d x +
--J^ Jx f..r')drt J Jx. (|).Jx
-x)
.l Efxl =9.f83
(br l&triqno N k,T VqrCx) =. e I
-r/\uV^-
"
x]- mj-
E t^{ =_f*t il"t. , ('2o i
i" n( r
-
-^ / ^1d* = f
r* )d r, * fl*'(| )d r =+*
ModuleS:
/^v-\.a\,.\/\-.-
(r); Noixe
r\,/\./\-/\,,-.,/
:- al
a> De,$+ne Noiae. Menfion iE VqroLrX fupe8 (tru q'r
6vlaru)
Noide i4 a olia+',tbqor @ gggsSd
fisgx,gv Fw"t r^rhic-h
a'PPeqr4 ruijf,tu-r;he
reTui red ftel2,seaL\*ft\grq) ,
I
Mon Msol€ Ns+urql Shoi TFerrnrqi t.lhik
Noise N0ise Noisq
I
.
Jndttstrio,)
s,r(f)=+r-o l,lT-n
T": ilois< Lnuiveh'l *oPe
,u1n) 'fux
Ca/tAlal,f (+t+; pgo (por,rxr sp<^trttt
. l',0 &rrll\)
t-
Etat, PH1 +
opp$dpgy "+ AUE-{otrx",-
b A"*o- e'n€tp"d;an
$vnt};on og 'ooLab nei&<, *klc+) i{
J.t4. /\z\.^-^./\
Noi6e E?Uivorle,nt Bqndruldh
o** &5
r\,/\,/v..-,{ f\a._,n-Az^\n
i.e., Bx=+--
>fli -8t
-h)hea^e,
P'o= ToJaJ noi6e ov$prd podez in NqtlS
Un
i = a^Pd x;ttlro t drrv|ns- r 'r
NoiSe u{crKf nr
e?qafiovr 0) i6 r{irrrllt?ied-}o-, Bt=!4RC HZ
Proof :- conaiJco- ot Lor,o poss fi t*et(LpF) havioT vo llq8<
LPtr L$ No)^( )
s Noixe ono
It ln tioll sp€cldunn.\*t*?
-4-
F
I
vl'-
F-i? r: ry^lPF yllfj"ac :s{:dPYtf*Ee'
Princinles of Comrnunication 1sEC45 _
---> (r)
F,
_
K.
.ih,l -L"-
sn.
't
J".Jrd rpi"r{"lpedrou d*6f1, SnL= KT +Cr_l
k= Bo ll-{nncnrj s Gna}qnt
To f fn/ +DlaJ Noirre sujrpuf
/Vvaw\./\-- ,/\,,^.^/- ,-\,.Ve\ .\..\i/t r..r I r11.-
potoer./p
"
\ \, nO /
rvw> fin.1 -the Vb l}eg{ *"en6f*.fuoc}ien, l-.t(o; f,"'Jerrns
.
"",
S\o
= 1H c;^lltip
(Jr./- t'
tu/
.,0=
S", lH,, | . KT ___> (z)
Fvon prT.:,, Rc_ LpF tbe %ttsW *renr&r "fuorlier-r,
H cs;: Yg
tq = '/s" = '/sc ,-
* 7sc scR+ R
SC
I l+scR
Hcs;=+-Scr- i s=l^r
It
li,,o) _l
1fj t"l cq
l .. I
fa[e M0^gr^.,riiqde sfl botb rltdtl,-l.)r g<|
I
U^),l
V H ( r,.lcA)-
ll-
n
I
ntJ(^))l - (\J
t1 (ruca)' -
1J6n e?uqhan (+) na $t r-re $ri,
of Communication S
,q .KT &-1
-no- l{ (ruca)L
S\= KI \- '
-..--(5\
-[ q^rqq-
o.
. l6e *o+rd {'l-oi^R o^}p?'f foNQtr, Pno t{
P=
'}t0
nDo
I
J 'no'df
c' lln
o^N
P:- J 5I
j t{Qoce;L
,a+
IJ,K.T |n r eZ-f
I) Kr
ob
P=
'vto J+
[r+(an* cR)'] (e;
Le+ ea PcR. rt the,o 6aa fcq;t
= - :t!
ctifftneirrli*,h.'P' piftft tufa$ h')t- -t.x g{-}-
{7rcR4J dx
__.> dF
olt=1 / ' = {zrcq
o'o ?
'40 - J
^Do
l' Kr
(+ rt') -dr- = e- [', l.
o &-FcR. {"ncn j l+t-
,Dtt\D
--
Kr
.ttrcR
[--*unt
L ,^,ll [""'i+,=c*)
h
Y
rrl-o _ kt l-+qnl (co)/ -"1u,;](Jlr t-r- ( + - o)
= {.nCe'& -)
QaCaL
p
t- _
+l-"4-= Kr
d.ncn" a" 4 Lk -(+)
ryl
'u^
-Ne g{-0-
-U't${V eqUsl'terrz(+l ge' iD\ e?tj^h"t 0)
P
K.- _
TJN 'ryo KT
Jn:
n" 4ck x KT
-_:
---+<-
4'n^" JJtu. tz
of Communication S
3. I 5 : N oire
r-\,rL^V,\-
Fq cfor
,\,/^./\,^\-
qnd Noi,ee F i?'q re : - &E
f\r^,.\,/\t"...'\
^\_^.i\,^.-
aF orn o^6 a.rnpllfier@ s-relhsDrk tA d*r^rd
Mggflgr, vwla< ?o'et rna}io o^'* the vg*t-
*" r^*fo 4 $lt{\rd 5
o\-
N^t tt -thsg f .6.i?"*l fo hle/r AF tfic out?ut-
" Xji
( s/N.) Potn'rer vo'fi0 n'|'lht t"tP'd
i e', Noia facf"r, p=
("|,t.r) Potrer ?^qf?o otr1fu oulPd
D p
Lo
't'x 'No
(8, /e^") P D
---> (t-l
'Ni
'so
p
sl = 6j?r,oJ Fower o$ tnpud Lo Uo{tl(
a
lp : Noi.g< por^J<r o,i-fnpril fr\ ruo{'tff
? Ff8r\orl pot,.ler ai- oufp\d t4 l^lq+F
\
P
.N t-loi& pot"ser orf ouryvd b Nq+B.
(rt*)*ro
Fi?'qK = lo l-o6 I
\lo ia<
l, f"/r )
, ,ordpr,dj I
s'dB lo ) o7 (./*;"
'I'\Pnf- to
r
.rog
/-, \
l>tN )
t--"J .-;J ot^tPff
(slot)-
''' .' \}di^d4 rords,,
,
[sl^)
-o4(
No!- ''
' |
Nl*., g
C- ir
'"2
' tJ
Te=(e-r)t
rsLex 'g'f6
+V gq,t-ralron (r)
q{.^sn
Nqnneric^J prDbkrns:-
|
4,.\.^\-/r ,.v^/.!zv^'
L?t+
A!/\-
+ fiornnuhei-
A_,r\-,^'^.,^^/'.
/<-r . \ uhex
1. s.loia trr?.u.)<: %"= ro.0ry Ce) I F:
F=tt loia<L,;r PlN,b",es
- \llN/r"p
toia<fa$.r =
(%)"*,
e UFlPrujflC t199g951ae : Te=CF-t)T
priiE ftrrrnulq lw coxco\ded Ne}ruuqin^pt;Fierr :-
t\.n - 'e-, .,,/\-.^'/\./...,,\ /\,^!rt
n-2..-n-U\ /\*7\A
61
Noiar FWx: E"= ro lo7 (F)
Qr) Fq -t3^- ^FJeF{d-ot
f4 (+nrer; h ox)
^.^/\,/\,^-,& ^,.-.,!
t' No?&e
l\-4..^../-
e?uj \4sl c'd Bqnd uldth ""-
{f\,z\_/\,^r /-4vn.,^^^-^
R. I HZ.
L/N - - 4Rc
5. Sho+ Noi6,s 1
f\-/\....-,,\/-
M?on S?us?c Vq\u.-o y| Slo+ Noi6re Ulrre",t i5
E tr;r{] = &!r I 851 ) n =l' a x li\9 co,nlu*n hx
3l
a^el
1. Suppo.se q'?rPl?tio t ho4 a nbinR'Fi?,(rut + 9dB
power Wn + l5d 6' f* T4 Gnne$ed i^ Cq8cqde -'lo se
O.nnp-lif.ieT& t^sijfi :no'tsly- F??qde 6f AodG" Ca-0cu--A-orh 'fhe
ovaa'all
q;;=,0 r *=;"q;=
=,o('sl')=31'da3
ro f"1
l;"'rui:rYlff;",,
les of Communication S 15EC45
(") r" q rv* ?recefwr-, ahe qroenna 16 o?)ro rurcunled eor q *q y1 ravxl
or,nd a. .toq- Aaale i4:Uxed * Gnnect *be anlcnrh2 f." Jt" r^€ce f v€y.
TD owa^Grne jhe e++e$ + LDSSy Gble, d- ptre-61rtr)pppie' K ra-roLlnl.d
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