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2018

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Venkatesha M, Department of ECE

PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(15EC45)
IV SEMESTER ECE
MODULE 3 SYLLABUS

RANDOM VARIABLES & PROCESS: Introduction, Probability, Conditional


Probability, Random variables, Several Random Variables. Statistical Averages:
Function of a random variable, Moments, Random Processes, Mean, Correlation and
Covariance function: Properties of autocorrelation function, Cross–correlation
functions

NOISE: Shot Noise, Thermal noise, White Noise, Noise Equivalent Bandwidth,
Noise Figure
les of Communication S

t"
X9{r!..:3.
- : 3.7I Qonclon-r Vqriables
f\'/^\'/\,/'\'^ fv"?a
v P!-ocess :-
A/v\- /\'^'-'l\-/"\'/' ^!'/,\/v'\'

h{f"CrSqP :
rv\,,\_,.r -\r\!.\P
Rondorn

RqnJortr,ness, ?aJhe essence ef Con-rnrLltniCnhon. fn Cornrrnuni @,.Ff etr


r&y*en,16, ,SiXneJ o,.f ooy 6laqe belonpla eifher .1,/\,/\/\,^-/!,*
De*errninis-fic
6D Reodornr Siqrrqla.
;l./v.._,\ ^.;\>L,\-/.\.,'
-TRe
si?natg are dejerru-rini6j-ic, iF -tFe?r behqvSour i6 Knouln
qnol Cqo be nep'ncsernled bg 'frrnrulo @ ?*pl^'
rhe SiTnaB are Sovtd to be edgq("og_.I#[c) iFtheiy
behevjoul- i4 flot knotrJo /r,rnpredi c*able .

fi;6 rarodule, 7vef -lbe overView ef 1>zobabiJtfgtheory,


yanJo.r, Vatr\a6l?A end Voa-iocq Ajod;/E+"G"} para.rreiera sclch et

R€go, vg&gc", 'r"pS€!E , $gd@!g{_"}ieo, *f,flgfdslron,


-41,$o-Veriqnr
M'/\.\,/\,+
e ood ca;53g1.relSUgr &99!5
B,si[, "F,_,eg
b:gJ:F/ ]
. Rondorzr i- grpeuirnenfi u^.rhose a.'r.tcorrres qre noF
R1KJ[7g!
'k"'ot^""''
p:SdE$&lS oot 08 randorn tx-Periroer$s '
E3gE;le "" L> Tossf^?- a Colo
L5 lBrPt.:ing a die
,
L> Meo;ur"lnXfie Noise rbrtege o"t he-l<r-;"otr *
Resislor ,

r Sonnplc Spoce
/.v"\-.\./--.'\\J\v/.-/"*^
(S):-
gKfetfrrrerrJ- i4 a rrrotl-heroe$-
lhe farnple SPsce of A Ta"'clern
- icoJ o.b8*.rqrfior", lxed s. *p^I::g l- 31 pgugJigtEges'
oF Jhe eeqxoinnerr!-. r+ i6 denr.kd tl'S:
' *93gPd cs k)
-,-,,.,. TaJom frperirared.
:
r't repiegenfi 8.ach oultome o'P1ts 5-eacA
L e.,, &mpte q3qce' 6, G*isG ? o^y:*ib."
-"'**"*-" r-::.:t]: T'"'
p.r"r iJf".! ;T ; *i rt o"*\ o'o gt4erin're"0'
les of Communication S

ie., s=7s1,51 , sg , ,snl St,sz -.sn) SernPle SoinE hrt


sqrnple SPace b
,/a\
Rcrndorn E ve,'rf
A,\,^..,^.-/-\-,,.\./.-
t- (oa /

4 RqnJeo'r e.Veurj i6 acr


Jgpg" @ sgg oJ$:re @ s*L"f

e"enE qne denokJ bg upper cxe letkr3 ,zucl..a A, B,ek

X.llf 'tv 9$€r$lrs*lq r- @(tgl:et'4{,sysrq )


Tr,..ro ever,rE- B qre sa.id 1o be rnuiuolly exctc-o*fvag
A end
iF ths qr€ co{\?gFty Xdgd-*rr @ cguglgsgrI
tolr.ner.
ol* ce +" gj5:t i A^ evenr 'A' of ao\ yqnJo"-., expe-
-riru'rerr.f i'6 sa.r?-to hove occuned ff -tb. expea-larrrf fivexoo
o111Come fi6gi belons1 rt gnwril(A,

lg^"+ $g,tygf ?* The csarple'ne,'rl- iF ao evenv A, i:<the


ev€d'\r Cgnlainr\o7 0(ll 6ctr0-lPle poicrE ," "S"brqnof
/\.^_,^*-_-\+
in A.
*
\J

,ryB Petrh[t'' u]
Fl,"b
TI
- --lc+) I
a,
v- .- tr"r- :.1
j-A+
-

c-- lcc)- +o
€g'q,l. sryge " EwnE prySt, lrhr ( p;

lelaJ-'11t*p !93teet 6am2lc s;:acr


(s)'
l.ar: {
Jllur.rtraliarn.
Ev<.ia ."d PgbqilT?
'\-/'/..
tri?rrr( {, illuxho,*rz the relo&,an8hrp befoeeo $a'ro-rple SPqce CS),
tundom e,rner#, (e , o, c) aad -lhejz- proao,.bi li# <; fefnt, p($,pcct.
' Ssgvl-e"$$1n. *r tsv ibs"
?:il[*?ffifl{f# ?XA/*u
les of Communication S

: probobJilt:-
*rffi@i
.3.1
u*'o A,i6Jen'kJ b7 Pcn)'
Lei ot ranJo,n frper?rnrerri 76 ne-pe"ti<J n-+irnrx'rP Jfu eve#A'
accura 4O-*irneA,-lBen ptobobiJfry S ew^t A, i'e, PCA) 16
degfneJ ex,

. 1Ferog"6, hR
n "p ew,nFt4?

Axiomr, ( t-ator) of
a\n z-\.,,'\ - /\..'

t. Pu) >o
d.. P(s)= 1 froUJ p^roba,biliry + a1eve46 hnsoorple
sFace lz I)
3. 1+ Aqnd B oqe nnufuqlU 3-Xgi!4-'* ZwvrEfren,
':-=-:
.p (*+ B) : P (,U 1
Bq.,
4 :F A an{ B qre *gg|-"d Meq ,

PcA+6)'- P(A; 1 P(e;-'*q


P(*e)
r,uhex PCaa; -) Joir# prrotorbili4y + eVc.n$ $,6 .

. qop pnobabil?*t1 i- [p(a, B) @ p(Ast


**rfffi-rtny
even.rfi A o,.'J B' i6 J"-$""J *l
f+ru0
'v/ If',, rlle)
P(A,B): P(AB): rgpot n /
t+fie'ra,l'o lna r"on"r*E the.Frq(}lsn of octurant-c ctl1--

b.tb ta. tve^6 R, s.


es of Communication S

/:d i conolrliovrotJ R":bjft}.d u :-


4
"A-/!/^\.'V"-
';;;-l^w!^ /\-/\,€ ,

.o.^Jut Jwo- evernh, X q'nJ y "F^ Ro.'J*"' €xper.;rrre4lt'


^.

. fie condt*rono,.J pnobabt)ily , ? Lylx)TeFer, .lo -the probablJi-fy;


.:E+ 16 def rneol a-s
"+ Y-occurfog .ffr^ thc.f X-hq6 occured
p[v/x]= P[x,v] _(,)
Pixl
hrhex P Lx,y]= foic,l prrobcrbiJtry + evenT Xuy .

PlxJ= probabif ry + evet6 X. fknoo, ewnfJ


i'c., conJilionctl prrobabr.l.i"ty f, Jo$rned as tk"?hiio gtfow _pwb
- abi-U-}.1 .l^ Jhal $ prol''-,biliry f Knoon €Veni."
S?rnri)orlp,
lhe ConJrfio"u,.l prubobiJ 1.1, ?Lxlvf rcfev: to Jh-.
probahJiJy o| 5-occurfrn1 , ?I wo _fho.r- y*t qS occlrz^eol ,I+ E
de#nrJ at ,
l'Vty]= P[x,v]
* tr* Piv; -bt
Bo,r rs:krusn
f,y_$S'o:x*l pgh1hrlt ?,-
I+ ff ws'Ths ?re[^]ion8hip be+r^reeo co,rJifi"n*J protabi l;l'ca
a',d probab; lif,q inAiv;Jucr.l extnft P(4) L
I p f Vl xl , Ptx / y]
i )
Pts),
RRFIgC: 8o^yrs Jktl'e"'a 6Jqk4 Jh*r,-the cendrfis,as.,
Pa-ob"^fi f,tu
? Lv lx1 ' P [x/y] P IYJ
= .

?Lxj
!T."f i-
-ile knonr "tfrqt Jhe C*dr+io,,"..} pnot<H-[,"ry,
pLytx): l*+ _o
Frvl
ya.ac.rn
of Communication S

:)

" =
FLx, Yl ' P [Y/x]
-(a; F LYI

-' ' /) - L?4


.a,,.r'larr\g p[x/yl=
-p Lvl -b \:7

-" Pfx,vl = P Lxl Yl' PtYl - CE

8t Gnrporky eluo'.Heru @ ond @ t'-le g<-.l-

P Lvlxl. rixl = p["/v] r tvl


Pfxlyl-P[4 4= BoYes theo..,.,

$f: . :f X qnd / are fo,Jer.nd.rd {rrutrnlly Ztclu'riw) evetb


of cLtlr'u.ncl .
*th.q
b p [v/,] = p i, "- ?Y;']' ; I
xdepe .d.".d t
b f fxlyl; ptxj
r tt.'cfae G"r&+ro,*.j pwbobiliV i,r ,.ff\ics"!le f.^-
d;Aglg[ t/ad a,btet' lel1tE .

, F- l*!gi4-9g1U Ls,Jol"s gmbabil;u'pl'5


P(A,ts) =?(Aq = ?@)' PCB)
o
Ph,y) = P(xv) = P[A)' ||,s)
les of Communication S

3.3. Rsndorr'' Vqriqb)ea i- 6


r\./^\,/\-...^ /\ir/\-/\/\-/'-'/'..t-

De{+vtiJi on :- Rqn clonn Vqr iqble i6 a 'neo.J \,hlued f.rncfionr NhicL


/\.z\.4/'\,/\^

ConJeKe oo? \alue'frorn the "Sqhnple spoce,anJ i[ ?sn?e ia


Sei q Teo.J nurarber6'
RunJo- Varioble nno/ t€ clqAdiFteJ oE

(a) Discrrejt RlnJoq \lauiqble (.DRv)


Cul Gn*tnuoq4 knJ"q \Ariobh Ccnv)

'F;3!1{51 i;1r'+gg:r ( Ptx<*l)


Lel X, be a d?.5cre-h- tf^ondeo \ler'iob-"le o^J x1,4a,13- ""14 te
1fu, Voluer {L'X'cq',*aKe, -the.q p LX<x] ia crntteJ pnobabil?
nnost -tuoclfen,
*l'py3gjSry t:" o''y nJo- vorioald|'
D^ggblt"n $*9r":-
d",amr^run 1fiuot]ioo ra d'".,t<d
bf 7, @) :t*
;;;-U
irs 'ret"^,}<d f p"cob<b;Ji{-{ nrass -flot-F'oo o8
,
X:) R"ndo^"tvsnia"ble
,l t")
F = If Lx-t!
L^ -- iJ - {= trt, }",1 o . ,,"}
. 1fie trl ia " funOcn + ! a''d nep a fuoc]io''r af-
I
randoor Var?qbleY
L> e3313ir+rei
4 dtdgb^16 aolfurthan
ffiu*il fir"GJr, 8,") 6^'i6*e tbe fsllotnri:n? F'Dfetrh
l> ( oo (Non- Nega)3w)
: -.uc<rt
o*',i> Q,t*>ZO
f tr0")= o o,.d fit*)= t faouoded behr<en D&1]
lii) P tX-. a] = F"(a) : a-+tuY te^l rurnber
f\)P Ls<r<ft]= \(^)-ict 3 ^>b
Ng&: fi cr) i'l3 o(tgg _h-nol^)n sA ceq,q&,Ilw {€i.h1[*
rr.-.\-\n i.,,,.r $,x*r "
les of Communication S

+
** Ps.*Pttdyr"* ftP''
Probob; lif'tr d*f ry
h; '{r-rauioo I Paow fF"F
<a>ulhaf do Vou nneqn
-ucder$he Aorfqce or a Puz,b"tr' li\ d** V
lho +o*aj areq JJ
vr.u f uoe lluly -"2olT
4.r.'ctimr [Pdf) ia al'oaYa t ' (sxaru;
p^ro ba bi -ti JV di5,J-'i bt'tfie"o
(.Pd+).
4tlnuioo ia cqtteJ oa prrobabiJiil dendt4-ft.ract on
J* i.6 deno+ed by, f"x tnl.
Halhemolicolly :
f'/ ,"t= df(t)
dt '

-k)here, F tr; :2 pro6o.6ill+v Dtal-t'i b"rh"en fiincl''en


-

^ *tqonJeo \&ria61u'ttsvd Gc'1ere ooY-


tx'.
reo..l vrlue
* itl
fhe+ola1 oneq 'uoJetr the grroba.8, nf'6 dena;l-y curr'^e
rOloaY,l eqTurod ao I' (uni tYl ,

,PM
t' €',
-L
J f"c"ld't
-b€
Ptoo p '-
\! d+s v:.jfioyt
A'/\'^'^B1A t*'
,

{.,
!i
'xc*l = dr o)

Eppty rn+Ytuol an brnb kdel


-
betile.rolht lr'tt^E -xb x'
ph r-
^oo
J i,*l olt = IJ tl"l ht9 d, ,
X
-Do
.1J, r -h
:
^
P"; .
Jfo(r)dr= L-
|-i(,c)J f(+*l-f.tr*)
-Do 1=-^
, PD6

J+",-ldr
T^t L '\ -= $.(u.)-F^Cu')
t'-'/
t 'X' = L-o = Loo
--es
_J
=96
't/ )< -44
dlt{tntv}tql
/ Dtr..,,opx+iPo
becorr_ur. &(*)= ! and QC-o">= o (,ProPer'l"iei "1dlt<tn
"+
-Fu",c*,en
les of Communication S

i- frvore thqo t Rqdood', \,&raab]


=-4 S:W:,'.,ta$lgo^Ajgllsa
CervtiJer-*sts ro^Ju- Voridblex X ond Y' @

r {1rylff ttr.Lh9&p$s,o :-
tgJoinl dfat"iU*len fuc'cliao +T $tdo ronJot \'&niablel X 'y
;6 Jerro+ed ny 5"r6,v)- n

L; r? ia depneJ ai -t1-c probabi-!?3Xf Jhq.tr- l6e z-o'de'on \lorrrqble


-rqoJedD ya6ioble /
X fa les tha6) @ e?u'.J to'x^ qnd th4f tF€
i.g less fiao @ eTrorl h' . il'
i., p[X(r, y<t)
* *<l'
=r,rrrc,!):
. +i^f
r\-,\-/\
poo bo"A?li +.) dl;>t3V -Puocfen:-
U a\_A_ -r'v "
",\zf-rr_.r._
u" +
o) E-xp laio :16e -*er.or 3orc0 p'ro6a bl-1r4,-den4,5t /.&.!.t-'
'}^aoJacn \raniable,r \ ood y' shot'rr t"f +X."fftloJerl5'
su$c"gPdf curu{ . i6 g"ri,$.?

l,) + J"uo n"^Jt^ \lrrria


fornf ry dr*"rt
probcrAiJi fuaclio,1
th'
x ood y i4 ffwt k7- fi. per.fial denir,afive f
ioi.',}' d;at"; buhan fuoclio'o, r+ 16 denokd 4 f ,tt ,V)
i.e., + (t,q)=
'X.,1 I"
atf,y("'Y)
ort.ay
ruhere E, ., (r,y ) = Jol.t probobi tr-r.7 d ?r<+i, bnr,on
'|
randera'r \&r?oblel X')
'Ju^cliorl "f
o:Jgga"0 'Vrlu,r.,e -cr.Jer |he,{urface of a ProbabfJid#
d.*rnY funcren f6 alu.nY,1 1- (u^i+Y)
f&a nb
i ez fn,r,',y)dr rT = t
)
- Do -Do
J
es of Communication S

'P^If:- ay,de$+n.lio'r' qf Joini probabiJr-ty d..*V ft^trioq

f'X,f(x,+)ul _ &- E,y(",t)


&x.ay
___ol
-4,pply dourble t'rfe?-re.l ern b'ft', Adez bejhdeen lir,tr: E

-Do 5 0o.
ohoh i r^
t^,y(^,?)dxrr-_J dr.dy
Il^ /**ryru'
[ _ -a=Y=fr
L- t=N=-*

t^l'k.T Ut,,tlhe prroper*,er. 9 d[f,'' b^he"r {* .}'J,tt'


&,, (*' o") = 1 n"'")
FX,Y. Fo",x) -0
,

?q Dq
0
1 P^
I (n,.t)d't d7 =
J \{r,,
-0" 0a

= L-0
A
)-

"". fo+eJ \rblurne UoJer .lbe <(r-laface S "S$-lu'tr.ld*ry


S^*- i"{ .rr-l^, Jr 1 (u"rtly).
of Communication S

(D
.."-Addrfionod
ff$sen
a\.,\*,^..\./!-
r'!
+i;oClien-"-
Pvf,ryfpAn"gXAN:"
'u\-'\'/"v
for rnur)ae '- Di6+frb,^n-,Da *m(seo I FoU)= P Lx <O
^/\-/\_,/\*
D""6'J.J -fuoctie"r : fotnr =*:t"l
PpW$.r + draffr3yl t$en;-
(r) f (xl:l
0r) ! &*). o
0'i) P fx<"1 = t h)
(?r) P Lh. ,<d = D,r^l * Frct) 3 a>b
(r) 4 RooJo,r-l ViariqLle X hox dtafo-,' U'^.fi et.t f-un G'' un
( 0 : -t-<b
t-_^ :
r)c)
t-X
1L- VL- : o S. 1-( to
took : rt)lo
(a) D$er,6-,ffr,e -the Grsfu^t K
(r) rr,raluo.b p(x<a) and <x <+) p (;
(O Delernnfne probaF,J?.! J*tU.{w'rcfien ,

L-) pno6-r-Thg
Su*^ d^tr- pnoba.b6Ji-ty dlrtdb^heo &"*t
^
D : r<o
I
l-;(x; = iL krt j D<x3to
rooK j )t>t0

(q-l r" t*.ld Crrxl";t 'k' :-


.\av\! t\-^../\-...-,.\-/\*

lnle knoru th^r (v) = I


,
*-, f ^,,'0 J"e" f, (0") = loo k
took=1=) k=Ito0
-Principles of Communication
rl
{v) " P l-x <sl :-
A-l\.z.\-lv
-1r. K.r P [x <o] -- Fn(a)
., p[x<s] - Fxis)
l,\ &f
fi"wa qoga b(5)=
\J
kxt--A\rst'=
+ \lDol- l6-D
= D,OS=

It=s f K_ VqtLre

"' Pi" < 5J = Frts )*-o.ols-.


'P[s<xtd:-
b, K r p b <x So]-eta)-FnG)
'\./.v\-,4,!./-----i

t
p [s<x <]l = Q(+)
_ iCr)
*(+)= kxr=-Lx 41=!_3_
,60
, y' / 0.62r
Rrs)=
,oo_
p Isz-xar| 0'"?4
= lft-o.o(=
(c) p,{**'t'v 4,g3tv *g'-h,-,1
A.r.r.r FO,n, - c_ &r*l
dr-
(
[",
t" o=hJ
fct; { 2gr-
loD
...( lo
I
L- ". "Jr /rt-j
1
(
\roo.,i *
* l)t ?('
d r. (a:G
?
d F,(x1 7(o .-
fr,o,l ._-
o(tt(lo
dt
t) lo
les of Communication S

u"u"S*f trH, ,;wsy",- roz

9 '^ft,b-qD e)Grnpb, ex4laio nrr-.,od i,l rile-a.tr* b,pa*"r16y"a


oh/trir\ges' v- j-.u' Junn kq ly ?ot+
(e- raru;
L-) sq{ff rnJ.g g1,gcrae-
@ Meao + o^ttieodeo-r var?abre i{
bg
.*he Surnrcrolian
fx+ressed
Vaniqbl 'x' 1l th" vo,luet $ reodero^r
rdeigh+ed Ug-+rnAr proUa6ilitie,a
"

S.+d$kli"cil a\/ercge ia
"rl*o U)teA rlteqh @gx+ecta.$orn v&lue
rcroJorn tzhato\Lte rt,u1
$ de^n+<J 5t E[x] @ mx
[''', e [xJ= 6].: Z_ * p[x=x-l'r =I1(f&)
All'a, All'tr t N'
*Rp9fe : Le| ,.X, beJhe TacrJo- 166;qble *h^f t ozTr*,,*a n^
the die experinr,er$-, t\g&ich Go:JeLe X- { 1,i,3, zf ,fr(} ren)
vqluet,
6uppodt*ltlr..f the Jia- 16 ^cotteol N**irnq q,nd .+he nunnter
?t aPPeo(t.4 Tl*-*f .r,e,r. lfien,lhe .6J€,*?6+TCJ a,rzezuge f{
Cqlcntp^Jed
\ Cu-'"t',p o(ilJh numbex q"d djviJ-f ^g+
Jfu Jn$a..1 nurnbq; o4+t"l'ga Jh,^.+ Jn. Ji e i5 rolle{
* .

Sjr+i8,h c,f a.verega'


na- )
B[x_]= f
ro
)t. rlot (" P[x="]-+)
It= I

e 4n + &no+ ans+4nat5n5t644
LXJ
N
5 n3*
i.r., E fxl = "1r * {ne f 4^4 +Sn5-FGne
N
, lrr Gt{6nuou,f fonJuq r,hri qble., X ,&}ed-ia+' CrJ qWE?<
ia il*o cilc,"ld<d $y,
F. -LxJ: "f'J rfxfrld"l A

NRE: &lo*?AJioJ
o"l,€r@\?e.l nrrcludq Ue^o Medion and Mode.
les of Communication S

3"6 : Mororen[ 3- t3
,^,^/A','\-\
lrlornre-nE qre qo opplica,lioo uf (orrlonn \/e$iqbb' X " . lFeoe
Ore-*ruo -]ypa o-f nromenfi
(o) Moro-renfX atoqf the orifio
(b) Cenfrp{, n-ronnenf{
(a) Mororenk abouJ-the
/.!^'^v\-\^
Origia"-v r
- '/v
^-,\,,.\/^"^/

Ls' 'X'te a Coriliauocuf r"tJt , \Ar?a ble, 'theo 6Tb- 6rden


n'prnerd oP "fqoJoo \lao-iqble'X' i4 d"{r"'"J ox,

E Lx! =-f t^ f^r.r d,t


-Do
Yoa* w;dely -cn<d Fcronne4[ ore,
RSU Ib
Lv fir*rno,a^rerf : forl n=Tl ; E tx3= Ii "frx>dr.( 14
Vleoo
-'00
Ly Second nnorners: R4r Fl=tl
E rx!= Iirq,xfix g ffiil:F H::HrJl#^od*,
(b) Cenlo-oJ nnonnenk
/\,a\_/z\_/.\ /,1,^\../\/'\-^^/-
.-
|
rnonnenE a^bou$ the kD€-qo %rlue o'p 'A-s^dono-' \'/ariab)e X Ore
&tled ?e Cerrfral rr''ror*.nE'i t^'^'/^!z\-

n1b- orJer C""hdJ nrpo'xrrl k d4r-cJ cB


n0o
E f ( x- nr,()I : J (*- rr)n {r'/ *l d,t
-oo
otseconJ o"der
* l6e rnogf hlide\p -Lla<d Ce/\,aq1 nne'rrruf f6
G+r*t rns'!''elr, . t.? , f* rr=A
r q-t fb
E L(x-h*l- J (n-'*Iflc"rJx -e

-0o
+ E [CX-hr-f] ;2 Reru l5 inr Vqriqnce 4 raodoo \zarlob]e'X'
les of Communication

t4
3;l i a\/\,/\-
Meso, Vot-ience ancl ,q+u6AarJ d,yld:n:-
C"f" /.\./\'n./ n&
^v^\-.v\.- '

y.:l i
^> ,ar^,ra,r.. Meoo Vqlue 76 olxo kno,pn qr ElreSEd*&Lue qf
Yqndn"n Vrrlqble oX', f'| ia the Flrx+ o-rdev rnororenf qbou+ ti'r ongio'
I-i iA denoi<d
\ , Lrl @ n"
l^.lheae E) ErfeUolioar Opernfo.r ,

fnlqJteir''n^ficqlly, rneoo
"f Cen++nuouu rsJo"n \&riable'X, f4
ff*, b,t, ^h
flr= E[x]= j *focxrdrt
-00
$!: IP RooJe'o\Ar?oble' X' rpre,3enft ra*ap (11l, ,th"o
roeqo ?epresenff ,Average Dc-vqlue (fA.)
b) Vor?oncs;-
a\,.\-/\\./.. '\-,'\

TEe SeconsJ orde,-Ce"$rqj ro^erner$ op "r"oJutt \"hriqUld X' f4


k",ownr aA V<ryidnce
\lariancr uf frooJoan \,/ariable f.{ d.n"}cJ U-;'
4
Mqtherno^.J?orl\z i-f k #wr 4,

W'= E Lfx- o,nfl


*.195.}99t: N,K r,
0-r,*)'= x-+ ,n?_ e X nnr
Phex Drc=Meqo op e-V'X= GnAleal-

E'-- r t^{ + u frn{l - & E Lx -"1


$nct 'rr* 16 Gn8lqvrf f [",i] = rni-: a u [xrn"l :.{rr1e
. 7-
ov
^-
= ELfl+rD;-
/^ 9'l . , ^
aElxl .rnr
^"I'T E[Xl : t"nr€ rneqfl g vtrndon-r \zhdoble'X',
["= Et]3] +nni-'- *r*.r*
les of Communication S

IS
oo
\'= t r [x']
^,i' -a hti-
- ,x:
trL r fx'] - mi
+
r.e., Vay (x) = s econJ **l.t-r*t.rd
Aboqf or;?io
-Eft * uF Meqo

61fa# tin
NgF: rI Bqt'dern vhriotble\x' nepre,Eerf ov]pwt
fr ll- ruo,w recliPiev Jh.n
\4<-x
Vn-) 1-.- -r--*'
0 t
Meqo-+ Awrag< Dc-vb lteqr = gCxl = nnrr
Ftxu]+ t4ea6 s?uq?c vtrlue 9rt ?i*eg @Po'oe" (oF:Y
$a -+ Vqriqn& + r|?i\^s& i!c- eouoer '

=4 s?ua6 { awooga oc- rztll'ogr :; f t


rn"L $iv ef -D!=-e9loer

n'. Ola = u lxl- hli coro be r*J 'i


tl
.Lr
L------------a,,
Ac- porOer = lotil PoN€r - DC-potOer [ *ssumt,i9 e.i.u)
I
S*andord
n/\/\,/\,,-
dwiq*ien".
z..z---'...^/V:-z
s?uofe ^ruot tlelue of l/ariance i6 &ued qr 'sbdd dggplqr':
i+ i4 d.^r{tJ q Jtu 29-bol ' 6 '
L.r, 6|= +Vv*tn
er Ci rcui l- q re cli li
tJy&: tf 'x' rePre&'^f.4 t''e
o"fPtr \^ll€\g{
v3lg+
jfneo &*and"J dovic^frun ?vr^ L"| r'4lgn s18g-
vqlur) Cnnas- .
les of Communication

5" g: Covqridnce cno) Corle,f qdiqa Co.*h}uni :- l6


a\,/\-,^-// .-\,/\/\_/-\.* -l\,\,'\."\'/\
^-,\,/\-/A-lv

c CoVq{iance "'_ rf
^.,/\,,/\,7.\.,^,/\./\
o
6ivel jos"d efpecfo.|ie.. 6F fir.lo - fu,,rde.q
- Varia ble{ y o,nd .Y. r+ !.{ Je"rt J b6 <*gnaol' )ry

i.€,, cov (1 ,y): >xy= r [ (X-rn,() (y- rnyt


uohea-e mt: Meqn u,p?ao.lonr Vqriabte'X'
\OrVMnU
Ve"o ?rsndola Vqr'a6le ,y'
.

^d. "f J
- b, \<.T Gr/qr)dnca telooee rr X, / j4
cov(xry): S^f = e ICX-rarn) ( y-"ry)]

= e lX )- Xo,,.tr - rrrnyl^*^fl
= E[xvJ - r tx Tyl - r Ll*y-]+ uh'x
l
|
v-d)u 't
l
^' /. -.
Or^|"^t Cosh"t Gil4hl
= r [xV] - [f]+rn*rr,y
i'1y E
Lxl - rr,*E

g ixyl - ;9.- ^**il t'nm


= EfxY] --a^*r,*"u^7
covlt,r;- )rr= r [xvJ n1rt*?
-
-o
S5:,rF e trY]- o, Jhen1fu trq^Joo.VaricLbtc8 X ,y
are .&ild fo be ol&fgd
TF *ru0 ronJe'rt-r Vqriobla\ X noJ Y are JnJepende'ql-
-the^ 4h*1or< d.id tu b< "'gtg1pE[d'l
Fur JaJ "P*td,A (enJonrr t/ariotrlleE, f, and /
E [x y] : E [x] E tvl ; rrrn, hf qnd covcrriq'rce
(A *ero tu,,h g Stttorhu.n g
of Communication S

ft
torrel,,.$isa 4+, Uad 16 a rneatUTe o'.| el<pen"lonc^X
Co-
beitoeen rqnJor?n wric{bl€x X ond Y.
I* Ta de.!+,ned o,A -1he ?^odio o-p Gvae^iaarce ( \xy@Covrxv)
b ltu. produt) (qn. rrt
.r*ia denond -b Z5lrnbof r
'xy
i.e., Correlo\hon G-e.$-$uo0 i4 ?i*^ ?
D
l-
t
Cnv (x,f) -0.chen
,J)o u -
ry = {+ondorJ, dwi+ioo "p X
Irz $ = {,}e,iord clel'a}ionof Y
,y= 9l"ljtry Ae

I
'^'u y
,i
Ii ff WX depernJo c.,,6 b<.}^reeo rqac{o'a-1 l,&ri*blel } .r"tol y -

i.e., (i)Jl ,| =o ,RoJooo, Voriabler X s^A Y oat SaiJ


-io be
^/ *1fl*r8 P3gxf.4
tn),f
\.. ,, | --1
vxy _ 9 ; ond f are Atzo^gly d"podd
on €qch othea-
ciii)if o <lrrat :) X end / q.'< Xruct 1o nei'lt''st
fr'rdgendw nor *ot"-lly depe-
* hd*d oo eqch olh",t-. o
es of Communication S

g"? : 4-i rr l8
Correjo$1on*uncfien
,'^./^\',.\'-,^\-/\-/'\- -,/'!
l- Orr., A e)
q
^../...-/\-/\,./'-

Oefft're Orulocorrelqhorr {tr".1 04" Me/,17o6 .1 E trnporfan1-


P'rop€f+i€J. v.FU Dcc Lot+lTan.zotg (64o"r-11
L+ D4xI:r: lh" aLdo csrrelahorn .1qndeo",
+{ocj,iu^ "f rh,e
Vcrr;qble'X', i76 de-Fned c,S1F1* trp€rr-odian prtodu0-
"FJhe
rf,*ru0 Ts^dor' llariablE: X Cr) snd X(t), oblaicrqd bt/-
ob&yvio? Jhe Tqodor4 1&riqble' X, *inne{' l('qod'-{.'
Taa7eU'ive1y,
^f
r+ id de"rored u.rr
4 ( * ,I).@ 4, tz)
Grrdorllen ntl'e6. 14 ?ittreA

\ ( k,-1.)
= E f^col. x(r! = ?t (l<-1)
.'. .'4do correJalion {-unction ga'vex coUglSSgn "+3|ircd gt6
u*t * bgl!ul.yie!$!n'ne
+* cerrelo.*icr,-fuochon, q ( k,J) i4 a Juno.,oo + -tFnne &14{-
- ?e/.\C( C k-{) .

ptrope.u^$t€{:-
r.fifi be tae qilro crrra-.l+ion -fu.^'cr"rr
f R'J"'c'
tfr3f
I

-Jhecr

<f > T* (z) = Tx tr-l) 1 r"l ;q a fun6,on g trme dif$exa6


(k-{)
"tir) &Co) = r [xf j -i.:heo k=l
<it> tz) i4 nnAllggg, volcre {^I_o
T1
[.€, T* to) >.-"[*k) ]w aay vqlu! "P z l
(rg rr (z) ra a ex5I+XgL* (z)
"p
r'", T{ (r) =
t:)
-Principles of Communication

r1
* 4il-+! Gvarian(e i- (v'i-r-r' a P)
n. ,/\-/\./"" t1/v\_/^r--'-

-4{^i" GVa ri an@ funthotn "p


"l a",donn prDce,*8' Xo t6 delintJ
orA,,

Cx ( t(, r [(xc k)-r^)


{) = (xru)_
",*l
CxcK,r) = 't(K-t) - nnf
U-he'r( C)" C K,l ) -\tth CoVqy?oo(e
=
L Ct<-l) .- -4"$o CorNJ'$rua belvoeen XC k)qqol x(t)
hx = Meocl of Yqnolom vhriabk'1',
* *+
$lo'- :g* cJlt$,r:hqgv ".-
(q) Oe,finq CIrss Orrel^l,uorfr,octro-n. Merrtr,onlE pnoperf''c-f .

tL',"f:,Yl:i'
L>o:[glgn:- *ruo Gnznolev \&riqblea X qod y, obgerwoJ
"rernJooo
o^.F *8.ne trnalqnE'K'qod "l ze,getHvely, th-eo i*e CTDSS Corr€,'*.h

- orr {un$on b<}rnreen ^reodedn Vrriab\ez X qod y iX ?"w b\t


^
\r(k,r)=r[xck) Yr4)]
G)
tryy ( J., t< \- E y(e).xcK!
C'noss corrt-lodioin &"rh^n ffu"e,r
-tf",e Co:fl1[ea bjj3i-w
.fruo .li P',-r\-/\.^r' qnJornr Droce sse^.
Pexv.f ?l\_/\-A_/! " z,.v---..-.r--

L2 Prope'rtra:-
f\,/\./\,/'\./'\,/'' L, r* i6 Qlrt+"'c {rachou-r
(r) = Try (-.)
t Q, Y)
y
&, I+ o)oet nnl hqve ttr)^xi"rru"rn "* }rigln
\5. &y (z;1 <
* L,t,'l 1 t, rol]
i.rhex qrt
4r (o) I ^rgto)
^ujo-
Co'r'cLfiorr
-tunc+ie?A ' xoond Y rer?eui wlg "^t E=o=l
of Communication S

Nurneri Pp.lbe eoj3tn,ufEg +sxg{ru{ dwr^h'on :-


cprl
o(u
'6nrruhe: . rnx-- eCxJ= ft
f^r^t a* :)M<qo
{}
-w
Var(x) = ECxg - rni :) \laria,nt (r;t)
Stqndqd deazi*h"n : 6i= +^,lV*ilil
O + rondo,o \/qriqb)e X",'Nn*l e

drS+n"b".l;err {u^cf;oo

tr"-1, :-' 'lC{O


o<x<.2
lc,ur = I i a.( :ci z1
\|n : 4<\
LL
D<*ernni61g
@) Mtoo (t ) (ul Vqr ionce Gl srqnJqod devi^hoa,
ry* "'- fro-
T*: o)^|o , ptrobob:Jily d;arn:b^lian -f-un*ien,

r, ar = { *fnt. }i"."
*'i j I re &< l(b
t x>.*
probq-F'.,J "
ttV d",6q
f r- r fl^u, fou,,o ,

fcrr-?&,^,=
dr |I ,h. 1.."o."
^Ll&(xir1
u< coo frnsr
yeqd,^roo).
ole*:lg $.rnrhon -. ;.il":l^",*.
a-
-zrrds
{Cnt.
(q) lleqa l noo r
/\-/\,/\ e [x]_-. - x($)d x +
--J^ Jx f..r')drt J Jx. (|).Jx
-x)
.l Efxl =9.f83
(br l&triqno N k,T VqrCx) =. e I
-r/\uV^-
"
x]- mj-
E t^{ =_f*t il"t. , ('2o i
i" n( r
-
-^ / ^1d* = f
r* )d r, * fl*'(| )d r =+*

(r\ /,, 1,4 . vqr (x)


W.t -
tx/ = 0x-::ltxit ^a
W" Elx! -nri'=-r,i'= -t.nr.
1.s$ -(a,(rs)'= t.t6!
-(e,r seL= l.l6l
\L'l \fl3{qry^*9$}i-:- 6 - +V'%rcn rCX) - t. lo+
r\-/l-t- f.=rfZf-^: " N =
les of Communication S

ModuleS:
/^v-\.a\,.\/\-.-
(r); Noixe
r\,/\./\-/\,,-.,/
:- al
a> De,$+ne Noiae. Menfion iE VqroLrX fupe8 (tru q'r
6vlaru)
Noide i4 a olia+',tbqor @ gggsSd
fisgx,gv Fw"t r^rhic-h
a'PPeqr4 ruijf,tu-r;he
reTui red ftel2,seaL\*ft\grq) ,

Tfu clsE liics\Hoo vf Noi6e-gou6c€,{ qre


6houhhD tri?.1.

E:t rnqJ Noiar

I
Mon Msol€ Ns+urql Shoi TFerrnrqi t.lhik
Noise N0ise Noisq
I
.

Jndttstrio,)

FilL: c$hghon + stredgr,eB /:ug!s


sj{je_& I shoJ Noise appeor{ iq ooive devicas due Jo Br&p
bjsxpgn op chorge cqrrier8 (eleclnons ond hol$l
kg*,Ugi TFerrrrrl Noise i,6 gnerared to ropfgggges,99f 'f
Jhrnnqllrr e kclrorA.
6 r'u\,r'..u'''- /\'^'^"^'^
11[it-}|3$rl fie Noi*<r^rhicl"l4 ?ar$siqo diarilb''rj'an aod ho4 lL'+@
RSf1y Pptpt 6Pe9&*^d-e!dt7 owr rurde ra19e "f f,-nr,rrencre4.
les of Communication S
: TU Q.P o( o(
u:sho-$
. a\./\,,\.M Noi8e l_
/\,,\-/- "
(e) b.lrrJe a shor+ nok on sho| 3r1e;6" . 4-v1q'tu:,,

sho* Noixe afp€ard io qcliw dwice4 due i6- .rsoJ',...,


beisvi
ep charV Cqrrieyx (electronx ond holex).
iXgelu:
t Jo \zhecuar:fubes, sho* notae 16 yne.ruled olLte h mode"o
ehnission og eleclronf
frpnr, Cg,ihode _plofe .

4elniCondud.rr &vicc4, Sho$ noi& tA


Enet^elrd drre .6
Tqoolornr Qlffuj,ion -f m?nori}g
cl*rg< cqrrieTs @ traodoro
gtner'rrionr qod T€co,!-)bfrqlioo
* erecr.run _r-nle po?r4
" ra pbb_d*gfra/r_Fo,s,ili6gne,ra*ed due lo rotndern
ernissiod) photorg.
"f
Cerv$der q \ttccu.6dnude #g f. Le*'I' b< fie Ol,rm/d
.3l.otnln tzrr
qod sho* rtoi/rc Goponod g<nwoJ<d i4
tr*{+) q6 ,6hocoo to #g t
-$k ic+)
cuufn
Diod e
a(}ut"l
(S\\noo"
I (Dc-cu6enf)

FtX.L'" Vorcc urn' diode cu,rrpd VryJ\,.,pJo


a\,a\-/!^ .\,/vs fW",
V3grya1"uod-e
Nila 'resped -fo Fr9'2.Jhe-Ji:tJ Ctrrnod *. vniJri=liud" t6,
t(*) = I+ frN(+) : I$l(t)+s}.f raoia Cqffid gzn,
dut fo Tsfldo,al Erni S$or,r
elecnoa'1
b""' t6" Meso$g.^-lqoe tAltre $ ftn''r Gti"de,
"f f t,lcf.ran^7,
sI"* raria. tunrrd t"r Vqcurnna;oie iaywaby
E tq] : &?1Br I rhex 1,=t eintl.coutu,6
" -
A^1: Nois< 67"lwtrard gql"'drui
b {,lr fnl'Juot-frbn dlds , -' -dlb
e [riu]:- Q? (r+rr)ol , t= 'b
m#it&or,rrs^f
of Communication S
st+ $'
3. : l- &'
tQ Thezrnej
zf-fi-,1,r-
r.loiaB
,a\,/\-^.-\-.,!.\
(vTu e.p)
a) uri}e o Shorf no[ o,r 'lherrr-nJ Noise .

l+ Therrnoj Noi& ?4 Tenerrdtd du-t -b' To"rJorn, nneroerrf op


Jhernnally irrduced cqTrie!3 Glcduonx) in ot csndu$o-r.
L> JEe rqndera-' mp.fion
$ lherrrraily hnJuceol eleclupng pruducex elecl-n"c
Cuwpnf hsl^"tch 14 ,lr-soJorn to ncdure. 614 .runde.ff, Currer$ i4
Qlle4 " tgl.! ",iaF
lo r"hxn *fu"
l.-,r gigrrx I xhoru4 noi&-Mode) u"nA resislar. a.crd i[ eryrlvalc"il
-ltse,yenin'6 Cing11it ttl +i9.2
R
I- N.: -lhevnt.l ruoik
t*Qr-T*
r
OUrnrerrf
:
+ Vr^r
a R,=R
-
"t^:
L;
rgJ<
w tlaga
The rrrv.l lb itc
.

f;91: tloiar nnodeJ Pigr' E?u..rwleal cirtud l- (ro h".ot


"
l.t"x
No;a hnxr)
Ru- e '/
L> $e vleso \,qlulo1-lhenn-vJ nois{ &{nu{ i.( qlt^}o,y4 krp.
Ly q%&ru fzhlur T Jh.
t.1eon
@q
tr tKl = +KBNTR
l..e{..gx K= Bo}ttrrna,nn G",shd xtd28 3/.
= 1.38
ft tr'rnper+ux o\t hslJ6 }e{ishrr ii upemfig - ",%ok
(skndo'J)
Bu: Noiv e%llw.lold 6an{614f5 iqHt.
Q: Re*istur in .sL
t+ rh. N4qxirnu4o 4ois.t pohnr, produueJ acrog ,@\A"l't'vrr'sflrr
wlodel Ahsrun ,lrr #2., iA
| r,l "\
PN= r
- L Y-rrJ -- 4 K 6i.rTR
-4{- - 4k
- KT861 hr''tfl.

kl^X Po^,err d"li.re"e"l to lo*d hJ.la RL.R &-


D
rrrqr_-VT-
+ e tt.
of Communication S

5.t3 : NhrJr Noiae:- (vru q.p)


l!/\./\./v!^vw

q/ Deflne r^Jhiie Noia< . plo* poHvn Epecnd &r,,t?)'X a"\d


au*o CofiTlnf,orn.frnOurr (,qcp) .>f t^lhile nn i.x
vru Ju/ul'urf zot'- - 5MErvl-
b n,r.i*e Noignr_
/,\A../\
-,$-
-The NoiOe -t\9.l"r"ch hs4 Gqrj.gXion dfXfr; budion snd l^s\,€ -Fl@d-
por,Jetr speclro,J d"*"td o\re !- q ruide .rocg^e of f yea,tren(r"% id
cqlled tdl'\ile Nor.t.
. r* iC derno+ed b.y hJ (*).
. ruf.Ek Noiar i.{ ocnalogo% -b-h+e"o"
ry!4_tgAl-" inJho
€errge the-ts i+ Ao,{ rdl f ne7.*ocy cor?-\ponen I irr eTrod
zUrrot-tn/S

brh" gorue,er 6Peu6vJ drn^V'+ rs{^3bc npi4< P"bocea '


Nt*) i4

s,r(f)=+r-o l,lT-n
T": ilois< Lnuiveh'l *oPe
,u1n) 'fux
Ca/tAlal,f (+t+; pgo (por,rxr sp<^trttt
. l',0 &rrll\)
t-

Etat, PH1 +
opp$dpgy "+ AUE-{otrx",-
b A"*o- e'n€tp"d;an
$vnt};on og 'ooLab nei&<, *klc+) i{

[u(.) = $ sc+; (,.r.,sucf) t]ttr "6rzl)


. ". 16(z): {$: z.o rrutt)
\ Lo elsevohe?t
\-:-> & srz)

Fi?z:-Atalo Corretprlien4-unr*o,n + ru't"i jt No/x<


t /\_,/- /-\,^\../\--
^-r\_^-
les of Communication S

J.t4. /\z\.^-^./\
Noi6e E?Uivorle,nt Bqndruldh
o** &5
r\,/\,/v..-,{ f\a._,n-Az^\n

a) ilhqrf T6 noi6e ewivqlert Bendu"r?dt5 ? Derive crcl eapresster;


fo-rJhe 6dnne . vru _funel3qly-ool+ (5vfaa.q;
L> Noifr e?r;iVqle/d bq.d Nidtb- ?-epre6er^E 15q .Fre?Ue^V
sel<*rvi{ oF he fil+tr. -
r+ )x deuroteJ by &t1orbol Bj Hz .

l.lqJhenno0iolly, f $ 1A defineJ oa *he trqt'io "f ft-hJ noiA€


- oulpujr poNeT *o :baf ap Noiae specrro,J *rrfry aJ'ToPLLts.

i.e., Bx=+--
>fli -8t
-h)hea^e,
P'o= ToJaJ noi6e ov$prd podez in NqtlS
Un
i = a^Pd x;ttlro t drrv|ns- r 'r
NoiSe u{crKf nr
e?qafiovr 0) i6 r{irrrllt?ied-}o-, Bt=!4RC HZ
Proof :- conaiJco- ot Lor,o poss fi t*et(LpF) havioT vo llq8<

Yhlio *rorrger fuoclion lHCj^)1, Cs xho,"ln tu-r p;7 t ood


iE eq,uivorleot circurf i"n Pig,z,

LPtr L$ No)^( )
s Noixe ono
It ln tioll sp€cldunn.\*t*?

FI?1Z Lpr t:i B rlp &-"lr EXS!:dV


,\-/!/+-

-4-
F
I

vl'-
F-i? r: ry^lPF yllfj"ac :s{:dPYtf*Ee'
Princinles of Comrnunication 1sEC45 _

t.le knorutJhrtl' Noile bqoil wiatb Bl , i* ft-wn \. &(

---> (r)
F,
_
K.
.ih,l -L"-
sn.
't
J".Jrd rpi"r{"lpedrou d*6f1, SnL= KT +Cr_l
k= Bo ll-{nncnrj s Gna}qnt
To f fn/ +DlaJ Noirre sujrpuf
/Vvaw\./\-- ,/\,,^.^/- ,-\,.Ve\ .\..\i/t r..r I r11.-
potoer./p
"
\ \, nO /
rvw> fin.1 -the Vb l}eg{ *"en6f*.fuoc}ien, l-.t(o; f,"'Jerrns
.

* zu^rn"f qcrJ ouSPq,- rto\z< sPecf"qJ d"ffilt S,ni & Snu i{


Hrj")=,[_:n,
'v- \E",f
:)' tlHci*ll-=
''t--'t-
sno

"",
S\o
= 1H c;^lltip
(Jr./- t'
tu/
.,0=
S", lH,, | . KT ___> (z)
Fvon prT.:,, Rc_ LpF tbe %ttsW *renr&r "fuorlier-r,
H cs;: Yg
tq = '/s" = '/sc ,-
* 7sc scR+ R
SC
I l+scR
Hcs;=+-Scr- i s=l^r
It
li,,o) _l
1fj t"l cq
l .. I
fa[e M0^gr^.,riiqde sfl botb rltdtl,-l.)r g<|
I
U^),l
V H ( r,.lcA)-
ll-
n
I
ntJ(^))l - (\J
t1 (ruca)' -
1J6n e?uqhan (+) na $t r-re $ri,
of Communication S

,q .KT &-1
-no- l{ (ruca)L
S\= KI \- '
-..--(5\
-[ q^rqq-
o.
. l6e *o+rd {'l-oi^R o^}p?'f foNQtr, Pno t{

P=
'}t0
nDo
I
J 'no'df
c' lln

o^N
P:- J 5I
j t{Qoce;L
,a+
IJ,K.T |n r eZ-f
I) Kr
ob
P=
'vto J+
[r+(an* cR)'] (e;
Le+ ea PcR. rt the,o 6aa fcq;t
= - :t!
ctifftneirrli*,h.'P' piftft tufa$ h')t- -t.x g{-}-
{7rcR4J dx
__.> dF
olt=1 / ' = {zrcq
o'o ?
'40 - J
^Do
l' Kr
(+ rt') -dr- = e- [', l.
o &-FcR. {"ncn j l+t-
,Dtt\D
--
Kr
.ttrcR
[--*unt
L ,^,ll [""'i+,=c*)
h
Y
rrl-o _ kt l-+qnl (co)/ -"1u,;](Jlr t-r- ( + - o)
= {.nCe'& -)
QaCaL
p
t- _
+l-"4-= Kr
d.ncn" a" 4 Lk -(+)
ryl
'u^
-Ne g{-0-
-U't${V eqUsl'terrz(+l ge' iD\ e?tj^h"t 0)
P
K.- _
TJN 'ryo KT
Jn:
n" 4ck x KT
-_:
---+<-

4'n^" JJtu. tz
of Communication S

3. I 5 : N oire
r-\,rL^V,\-
Fq cfor
,\,/^./\,^\-
qnd Noi,ee F i?'q re : - &E
f\r^,.\,/\t"...'\
^\_^.i\,^.-
aF orn o^6 a.rnpllfier@ s-relhsDrk tA d*r^rd
Mggflgr, vwla< ?o'et rna}io o^'* the vg*t-
*" r^*fo 4 $lt{\rd 5
o\-
N^t tt -thsg f .6.i?"*l fo hle/r AF tfic out?ut-
" Xji
( s/N.) Potn'rer vo'fi0 n'|'lht t"tP'd
i e', Noia facf"r, p=
("|,t.r) Potrer ?^qf?o otr1fu oulPd
D p
Lo
't'x 'No
(8, /e^") P D
---> (t-l
'Ni
'so
p
sl = 6j?r,oJ Fower o$ tnpud Lo Uo{tl(

a
lp : Noi.g< por^J<r o,i-fnpril fr\ ruo{'tff
? Ff8r\orl pot,.ler ai- oufp\d t4 l^lq+F
\
P
.N t-loi& pot"ser orf ouryvd b Nq+B.

Noia,e tr:w;et- ( %")


Noi6< .fu$or, P eaep?tessed ltndB,TA knovoo cl6 5loise P)8ux

v ,.) Noi.a ViVutt = to 1l>? L fl

(rt*)*ro
Fi?'qK = lo l-o6 I
\lo ia<

l, f"/r )
, ,ordpr,dj I

s'dB lo ) o7 (./*;"
'I'\Pnf- to
r
.rog
/-, \
l>tN )
t--"J .-;J ot^tPff
(slot)-
''' .' \}di^d4 rords,,
,
[sl^)
-o4(
No!- ''
' |

the ideal V*lLle *f r.lo;rq .{, Zu* i4 0d^a


of Communication S

+" EJyl{^.d litr ktrp}g. ( r" ) :_


d.1

Jhe e+ulva.le,t Noi6<*enrrpcrodux ?4 gfwn bt,


T"=(F-1)T
-ts+rere, F Nofrefq+y,,
=
T Tewflerqltlrt tn kelwr = "7+,f (s-Iendq^d wfu+
+ Co.(cqcje
\,.\,,\,^- Conn +* PS^TPEKs:-@
^^^yL-
<
T[t f:11x! foj'prgffs connecftr tn o,rcqd) "' !Jro"r;
Cenglder @sco.de Connec+ion op No?6y *r^ro _pyd_f ?,-Khrorf-l (*rnpfr?er)
Kl.oron i" * t. f .

Nl*., g
C- ir
'"2
' tJ

F'?'{_i Cs6C^Je G,rrreCIar { N-noi^< ne}h)rrF4 (A,npl;fio"r<)


--lohex
€S= Qqin _ "F r Nelwoat<_N
F,..,
= Not6e fqc+"o. + Ne*tou.rf- N

Jhe swrqll Nol5r.kc'.r" tr F"r N- arrrplifie4 (nerr^rorrcr)


co.r'nec+eol b Csxcode Y6 ?t\^en
% F3iglfugrl^,
tr- q+ _ra=t+ r"-1 +
9t €r 619

acrd 1 E <laiwilanf noi6e]r"rrpet-qfux -;(r)


14 ?-hrcn Ly

Te=(e-r)t
rsLex 'g'f6
+V gq,t-ralron (r)
q{.^sn

A-,4trrplipex Ganedl.F= E +F"r-l


N*: F.r ftl J
CeAGlde
les of Communication

Nqnneric^J prDbkrns:-
|
4,.\.^\-/r ,.v^/.!zv^'
L?t+
A!/\-
+ fiornnuhei-
A_,r\-,^'^.,^^/'.

/<-r . \ uhex
1. s.loia trr?.u.)<: %"= ro.0ry Ce) I F:
F=tt loia<L,;r PlN,b",es
- \llN/r"p
toia<fa$.r =
(%)"*,
e UFlPrujflC t199g951ae : Te=CF-t)T
priiE ftrrrnulq lw coxco\ded Ne}ruuqin^pt;Fierr :-
t\.n - 'e-, .,,/\-.^'/\./...,,\ /\,^!rt
n-2..-n-U\ /\*7\A

Q) Pun &-r.leftoorq (e"lf;Ferx)


(oqx {qUur: F
= ft + F"-
o( r

61
Noiar FWx: E"= ro lo7 (F)
Qr) Fq -t3^- ^FJeF{d-ot
f4 (+nrer; h ox)
^.^/\,/\,^-,& ^,.-.,!

r.lri.k{qc}.n'. F=F1 1Fa-l +f3-}


Qr 6,6r
r.totar ft** . Ee= lo log C F)

t' No?&e
l\-4..^../-
e?uj \4sl c'd Bqnd uldth ""-
{f\,z\_/\,^r /-4vn.,^^^-^

R. I HZ.
L/N - - 4Rc
5. Sho+ Noi6,s 1
f\-/\....-,,\/-
M?on S?us?c Vq\u.-o y| Slo+ Noi6re Ulrre",t i5
E tr;r{] = &!r I 851 ) n =l' a x li\9 co,nlu*n hx

6 Th. U*nJ Noix :-


.\-,/\,^,/.-^\,/\/...\,^.-
- Mes.n s%rmo \t""[rr! * 16"oor.] NoiEe vblh'g.4
e [v]^l = 4KBNTR o.nd k= 6olfJtvrqhn'4
r, Gh"r{''il
' ryB f1[l. : Pp = KIE' \ = 1.38x tox
les of Communication S

3l
a^el
1. Suppo.se q'?rPl?tio t ho4 a nbinR'Fi?,(rut + 9dB
power Wn + l5d 6' f* T4 Gnne$ed i^ Cq8cqde -'lo se
O.nnp-lif.ieT& t^sijfi :no'tsly- F??qde 6f AodG" Ca-0cu--A-orh 'fhe
ovaa'all

noiae frgrzre ?,rr -Jni5 Coacoole Gnnetllon hn dedbeJ aln4b


vru Dec-Qot1[Joa-zotr
t+ qtm S!"'- 4- rl|q.rv

fou:to* ' Q6"=15 ; f*-ao : Fde=?.


..11, /q\ ,Jt,
rX) "u,= ,o^t€) j
Ito= ron ff)
o" f = ,on
i]' lontii/"l; I G
F, : T.94a 6, : sl'6as F": toP

-W F ri i S f.,r -''ula f"r - ex Gnnecled hs\ GrCa&,


n .t o-roP li fi

eWt-qtl n-ol& &Uuo, F_ F, * +: ?.e43 +


lp0-l
3l'6&3
. tr- ll'o?3
t-

.". ovfirqrt nloi,* F,gux, %u= lo\o?Cp): tolog ( tt'ors)


+d aB Inl=l* ;
I'oa- t

Q- Troo poat devrceS oac hfl o<co'de' F"n tfo {;'"st-


cennecled
q?-e sde
8|age-,-the n"ix" figux qod ove.iloble PNetrga-in
qnd tz"la rezRe$rretT, Funl5. Second &+ugu,Jhe oolze hW*
sod avoti\qlle Peh)€r glqr'ar sle Lsdrs c'nd'lode rnexpe$*l?'
Drknrrruno lle o.w"at1 Li* F?u* r^da J-*lt:':,:t,j1
(6v"otu1
L7 qrwo d^h: W l",._ o6a.qll
o Noi6e frgr.)f,
Frae= 5 :) F,= 1en(%) - s'lgB F= l+Q-)"-3rl(p131'6$-l
+ tz ts.gg ql tt- n-
ltsE
e,d*= l.r-F 5.014
_ =tt,,
Q,= to^(r'l,") =
il;=rs =) ll==s't94
=
* J

q;;=,0 r *=;"q;=
=,o('sl')=31'da3
ro f"1

l;"'rui:rYlff;",,
les of Communication S 15EC45

(") r" q rv* ?recefwr-, ahe qroenna 16 o?)ro rurcunled eor q *q y1 ravxl
or,nd a. .toq- Aaale i4:Uxed * Gnnect *be anlcnrh2 f." Jt" r^€ce f v€y.
TD owa^Grne jhe e++e$ + LDSSy Gble, d- ptre-61rtr)pppie' K ra-roLlnl.d
po Jhe q^+(nno qa 8luoton hl ffgux a. @

Deraod..l
€r=&o ds %= 6ode
F, =6de G=lg.ls
P !'e*,4rznpliFi rt LosSy CaUle trm"rl-end 4
the receiwr
Ftgy43t Tv- )'eCeiw?r
6) rsnarna **iil'* +fr}}; e e#k$
(b Frrrt tx" yvtran $Xux T+n" aiptu-, E th. l'3:g-n^,rJilt'
rw,,x

E_ryLi1 d and-the
B*" + frB"f errd recuwr iA hnmwtd p
e, da
+ 6'$?-{^h^:-
(i) f:
PT^q--4rz'rpl,F;e
,..,...-!,4 (^) evxg) ntog'€tDgg{ *
€'du= &o :; €r=lo^
(#)=,oo tRq Ztl8[s'n ,-
t\,a\-.+
ft,r A- Neh^lurLr Ft;is firrmr
f a, = 6 :) Fr= lo^(*) =s.r, -\c ix
F- F, + Fa-t + Fr-t
tir) LoJsV Otle"_ 6
6i6,-r
E",u= 3 :) &=lonn/:i_4 F=3.9r+(.?-t) 1 (sq'et -')
10O tooxo.(
* j*rt(
gr=*=*=0.s. F= 4.166 l-
I
q"i"r f,r'
O.-
'" FdB= to log Ce) - 5' ,+8 d a
Lo ssg Orble (b) rjL_rPI: unrl!.er j
(nt) f tUJ- cr.rd vp t6e TeCe iwr._
r\./\,/\,^\t\ ' /-\,/\t\/\,.\,-\' "
/601
{sd.= 6o :) % = lon'ru/: tgoo o{b(e - Uecdw.
{^il'1 t"1u
Ga" = 16 + Fg = lo^qt)=sq'gr
FO*=,olo gtr = l1'oldB
les of Communication S

,{)The eJT,\ ) PoNer sr\d rni& Pohler rnqd4ur"cd o.t)tre irrpu}ry.


do or"rnp.U+iet ctne lfoyuf ond l's;rvo rr-e,'speclSvgly't4^)he
47V.gJ poruer- aJ-Jhe nr*p*t i4 l.SFilqnd noi5q fooer i64ontl
c"rlculq..b 16e annpllf\er nft&faClor qny' rrpiae figuxt
Ly Qrwo dJ": -fM r.loj8-:h!0or t r*rrrs $
/\-/\z\. ../\- l.l.k,r S'gni), nor'6a

Bsi = lSot-ttnt poNer nqJlola g-lw^ bt


DD
rnl: t, s p, F= lSi <rYto - tsoxr;6* _t!.4.
b.
DP
,yl i ,So l"fx15'6 l. SxrS'{
l-so: l'S flltJ
Pnor 4o rn,,.t 'i f,: A-664
n', Noia Fi?uoe,
F=7
t-. -
?s= lolog(r): 4.a6 dB
'ds- ./

* sle
fhu o,f httf"d tf so arnPlif ier i.A 4odg"rf tbe no'r,a<
lk
ft?roe 4 aq ornpli*ieo- i4 dod6r Cgtlcu-lq.b tho a,3"'u,-lh ne,'x<
)n",ho ln d6 qf th{- ovr\Plifier oufPl$
L; 91x*d^h,- t"kT
Noiza {ac}rrr-, F itt-ktrrx
(s r.ln ) = 4o ds I G^ie)-i"ho
*rnpd F:: F^lar;npc
u, n K/ inP'o \,-,^- ,,loe /€I9
rfsNel
lo9 p
Fo.le
-)
(sNR)rdpa
lo
v = ro
o \(soie).
= &o
[s \ r.ra) ^?
/o*F+ol6
' (snrR)rnedol; (t *e*rJ"
Fu=
q/.1
4o _ G*( )o,or.rdg
fslal
t -ohlpd.--
do dp,

t? A
'l I*t fr*l c,?ncui.i i6 eZri\All^J S aporalldCwrhnq
- --lJ
JI ot'\ rr of R =lKru 'o,nd C:0.4+fJF. Clcuh"b lt* ett<Ji*
t@
nst\* *"b *Ju r;dtb a ll
lb [Zt*CChW trotX
)-tl Yn Ir' f 'r t.lolae gz?irlg)",d to'lJr-rid ' di"..d r.ridtt J
R\-l F\vJL
r-
R^'-- 1 = g3l.grCrrr
-N 4qc - alf
I
+TIdF?
41 xro"xO"4?Xt6{
I
of Communication S 15EC45-

(T> 4 noi6€ ?ene.r-a-hcrr


-cr,sin7 diode f4 trq?uirqJ fo poudu.)
lSpV nDi& q receiuer rcl..icn hqa qo Fneuf
151{et24 il^r
irrrp<dance "F tssr- (purs19 n<siShw).'Ihe TeQdlrr ha,j e,-
nE'i&Forcey bqndaridfb + dooKHr - Glcul^"b tt* Glnv\,-
Jh*"gA Jko '[.iode .
lLr
-/ t-- --
^u^lh
a :--l eod B,.r:QOo kne
'%1: tS;rv lsr I
R=1S,a_
-\ <l
\/ -t
sl"4r'oia currenJ n" d,tooU i*:I.* -=*Klr: .- VsN _
r
lSXl6b_ o -,*^t a
o(/\lv 'r

TK{ a*uq^J cqt|-vd,I,lho,dg S. diode X *:wa by


va
E trSu] - q?r B,..r
lr
,
'.!lz
^
1<xlo '/
n,2- _ exl"6xro-tl yf 2<"to-oXlb3
(axro +)-
"lxt.AXtd\ly&ooy.1e3
s) C^lc"-{orb ,$,o TrrE .rroi;< v* llage ard thenrr,a-l neia< pe*e,y
o-f,noni."U^ qcrrDss e &oKtL Te,ZSs+a{ qf dS"C +er"rpeEa}il}e -
-r'Ji$6 oo e*{-et}iw rreiX< Bor\dejdtE loKitz
+
F 615^
.'|^!'^\''\-
R=eoK,L : T=ef uc = d?3 *&S = Als K j BN= l0kl-tz
/r-...-.----__\.
( 1) rrns
/\n
*E_yJF9.
_^!/\-/\,^\-z-w-\-
.{J
\'
e tu;1/6,,r;r,,1" s?uqx vetue)
-f_ *,r..l

F r( ,r r fviul: {KTfuR
F" lvll = 4 x )'38 x lt-1?"
IN-J
x 278)( lDx lo' x QgX)bs
')

e [viu] = 3 . {S 11 X ld-r2 vottl


,/Etrt-r 1" n:]_sf
Pv e Rvts rr.eia< wtle9- ,

tt) }3$-!ris< yo^err-


fx: XrBp: l.3rxtdt3x &1s xloxrog
Pru
=4.tt x to1? v.lqrn

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