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Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development

Narasimman Sundararajan · Mehdi Eshagh · Hakim Saibi

Mustapha Meghraoui · Mansour Al-Garni · Bernard Giroux Editors

On Significant
Applications of
Geophysical Methods
Proceedings of the 1st Springer Conference of the
Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable
Development

Editorial Board Members

Anna Laura Pisello
Dean Hawkes
Hocine Bougdah
Federica Rosso
Hassan Abdalla
Sofia-Natalia Boemi
Nabil Mohareb
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas
Emmanuel Bozonnet
Gloria Pignatta
Yasser Mahgoub
Luciano De Bonis
Stella Kostopoulou
Biswajeet Pradhan
Md. Abdul Mannan
Chaham Alalouch
Iman O. Gawad

Series Editor
Mourad Amer
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books
based on the best studies on emerging research that redefines existing disciplinary boundaries in
science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for
sustainable development. The series is mainly based on the best research papers from various
IEREK and other international conferences, and is intended to promote the creation
and development of viable solutions for a sustainable future and a positive societal
transformation with the help of integrated and innovative science-based approaches. Offering
interdisciplinary coverage, the series presents innovative approaches and highlights how they
can best support both the economic and sustainable development for the welfare of all societies.
In particular, the series includes conceptual and empirical contributions from different
interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation that focus on providing practical
solutions to ensure food, water and energy security. It also presents new case studies offering
concrete examples of how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues. The
series is addressed to professionals in research and teaching, consultancies and industry, and
government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the ASTI
series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable development.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15883

Narasimman Sundararajan
Mehdi Eshagh • Hakim Saibi
Mustapha Meghraoui
Mansour Al-Garni • Bernard Giroux
Editors

On Significant Applications
of Geophysical Methods
Proceedings of the 1st Springer Conference
of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences
(CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018

123
Editors
Narasimman Sundararajan Mustapha Meghraoui
Department of Earth Sciences Université de Strasbourg
Sultan Qaboos University Strasbourg, France
Muscat, Oman
Mansour Al-Garni
Mehdi Eshagh King Abdulaziz University
University West Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Trollhättan, Sweden
Bernard Giroux
Hakim Saibi Centre Eau Terre Environnement
United Arab Emirates University Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Québec, QC, Canada

ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN 978-3-030-01655-5 ISBN 978-3-030-01656-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01656-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018958942

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

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Preface

Even with the advent and advancement of elegant tools and techniques coupled with
sophisticated software and hardware, geophysical exploration for subsurface resources still
poses a great challenge to the practicing geoscientists due to various known and unknown
factors. The complex nature of geology, an improper choice of a geophysical tool or tools or
even minute variations of physical properties between host rock and sources further compli-
cate the problem of achieving the desired results. Therefore, geophysical exploration is a
multifaceted task requiring a sound theoretical background with adequate field experience and
a comprehensive knowledge of the geology of the area of study to yield reliable results.
Further, all geophysical data are invariably corrupted with a wide variety of noise factors that
complicate the interpretation. Therefore, data processing with appropriate mathematical and
statistical tools that frees the noise from the acquired data is a major task. Interpretation of
noise-free data with a correct choice of techniques ensures useable results in almost all
geo-investigations.
This proceedings volume contains the best papers accepted for presentation during the 1st
Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. The
book offers a variety of new case studies focused on mineral, groundwater, hydrocarbon, and
environmental issues as well as a comprehensive study on recent earthquakes. In addition,
there are significant studies on earthquake hazard assessment based on geophysical tools and
techniques by experienced researchers mainly from research institutes or universities in the
Mediterranean and Middle East region. The main topics include: Applications of gravity and
magnetic methods, Electrical and Electromagnetic methods in mineral and groundwater
exploration, Case studies on refraction and reflection seismic methods, Integrated geoscience
applications in the exploration of subsurface resources, Hydrocarbon and petrophysical
studies, Earthquakes and seismic hazard assessment and Tectonics. This volume gives new
insights not only on the choice of particular geophysical methods in specific investigations but
also about appropriate methods of analysis used to reach concise and concrete solutions and
obtain desired results. In certain papers, the results of case studies are correlated with drilling
data to substantiate the method of interpretation and its accuracy. Most of the studies presented
here are from Mediterranean and Middle East and therefore, this volume will also provide an
adequate understanding of the complexities of geology of this region, as well.

Muscat, Oman Narasimman Sundararajan

Trollhättan, Sweden Mehdi Eshagh
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Hakim Saibi
Strasbourg, France Mustapha Meghraoui
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Mansour Al-Garni
Québec, Canada Bernard Giroux
July 2018

v
Acknowledgements

Our appreciation is extended to the authors of the papers for their hard and diligent work in
producing high-quality contributions. We would like to thank the reviewers of the papers for
their in-depth reviews and great efforts in improving the quality of the papers. Also, thanks are
extended to Amjad Kallel who supervised and handled the evaluation process, to Sahbi Moalla
who handled the submission and evaluation system for the ten conference proceedings
volumes, and to the publishing staff of Springer headed by Nabil Khélifi, Senior Editor for
their efforts and contributions in completing this conference proceedings volume. All the
above-mentioned efforts were very important in making this book a success.

vii
About the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian
Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018

The Arabian Journal of Geosciences (AJG) is a Springer journal publishing original articles on
the entire range of Earth sciences in partnership with the Saudi Society for Geosciences. The
journal focuses on, but not limited to, research themes which have regional significance to the
Middle East, the Euro-Mediterranean, Africa, and Asia. The journal receives on average 2000
submissions a year and accepts around 500 papers for publication in its 24 annual issues
(acceptance rate 25%). It enjoys the participation of an editorial team of 100 international
associate editors who generously help in evaluating and selecting the best papers.
In 2008, Prof. Abdullah Al-Amri, in close partnership with Springer, founded the Arabian
Journal of Geosciences (AJGS). In this year, the journal celebrates its tenth anniversary. On
this occasion and to mark this event, the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the AJGS Prof.
Al-Amri organized in close collaboration with Springer the 1st Conference of the Arabian
Journal of Geosciences (1st CAJG) in Hammamet, Tunisia, from November 12 to 15, 2018
(www.cajg.org).

ix
x About the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018

The conference was an occasion to endorse the journal’s long-held reputation for bringing
together leading authors from the Middle East, the Euro-Mediterranean, Africa, and Asia who
work in the wide-ranging fields of Earth sciences. The conference covered all cross-cutting
themes of Geosciences and focused principally on the following ten tracks:

• Track 1. Climate, paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental changes

• Track 2. Geoinformatics, remote sensing, geodesy
• Track 3. Geoenvironmental engineering, geomechanics and geotechnics, geohazards
• Track 4. Geography, geoecology, geoarcheology, geotourism
• Track 5. Geophysics, seismology
• Track 6. Hydrology, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry
• Track 7. Mineralogy, geochemistry, petrology and volcanology
• Track 8. Petroleum engineering and petroleum geochemistry
• Track 9. Sedimentology, stratigraphy, palaeontology, geomorphology, pedology
• Track 10. Structural/petroleum/mining geology, geodynamics, marine geology

The dynamic four-day conference provided more than 450 attendees with opportunities to
share their latest unpublished findings and learn the newest geoscience studies. The event also
allowed attendees to meet and discuss with the journal’s editors and reviewers.
More than 950 short contributing papers to the conference were submitted by authors from
more than 70 countries. After a pre-conference peer review process by more than 500
reviewers, 700 papers were accepted. These papers were published as chapters in the
conference proceedings by Springer.
The conference proceedings consist of ten edited volumes, each edited by the following
group of Arabian Journal of Geosciences (AJGS) editors and other guest editors:
Volume 1. Patterns and Mechanisms of Climate, Paleoclimate, and Paleoenvironmental
Changes from Low-Latitude Regions
Zhihua Zhang (AJGS Editor): Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Nabil Khélifi (AJGS Editor): Earth Sciences Editorial Department, Springer, Heidelberg,
Germany
Abdelkader Mezghani (Guest Editor): Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway
Essam Heggy (Guest Editor): University of Southern California and Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Caltech, USA
Volume 2. Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications
Hesham M. El-Askary (Guest Editor): Schmid College of Science and Technology at
Chapman University, USA
Saro Lee (AJGS Editor): Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon,
South Korea
Essam Heggy (Guest Editor): University of Southern California and Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Caltech, USA
Biswajeet Pradhan (AJGS Editor): University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Volume 3. Recent Advances in Geo-Environmental Engineering, Geomechanics and
Geotechnics, and Geohazards
Amjad Kallel (AJGS Editor): ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Zeynal Abiddin Erguler (AJGS Editor): Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey
Zhen-Dong Cui (AJGS Editor): China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou,
Jiangsu, China
Ali Karrech (AJGS Editor): The University of Western Australia, Australia
Murat Karakus (AJGS Editor): University of Adelaide, Australia
About the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018 xi

Pinnaduwa Kulatilake (AJGS Editor): Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

The University of Arizona, USA
Sanjay Kumar Shukla (AJGS Editor): School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University,
Perth, Australia
Volume 4. Exploring the Nexus of Geoecology, Geography, Geoarcheology and
Geotourism: Advances and Applications for Sustainable Development in Environmental
Sciences and Agroforestry Research
Haroun Chenchouni (AJGS Editor): University of Tebessa, Algeria
Ezzoura Errami (Guest Editor): Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
Fernando Rocha (Guest Editor): University of Aveiro, Portugal
Luisa Sabato (AJGS Editor): Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
Volume 5. On Significant Applications of Geophysical Methods
Narasimman Sundararajan (AJGS Editor): Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Mehdi Eshagh (AJGS Editor): University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
Hakim Saibi (AJGS Editor): United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Mustapha Meghraoui (AJGS Editor): Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Mansour Al-Garni (AJGS Editor): King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Bernard Giroux (AJGS Editor): Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, Canada
Volume 6. Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology,
Hydrochemistry and Water Resources
Helder I. Chaminé (AJGS Editor): School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto,
Portugal
Maurizio Barbieri (AJGS Editor): University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
Ozgur Kisi (AJGS Editor): Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Mingjie Chen (AJGS Editor): Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Broder J. Merkel (AJGS Editor): TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
Volume 7. Petrogenesis and Exploration of the Earth’s Interior
Domenico Doronzo (AJGS Editor): Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain
Emanuela Schingaro (AJGS Editor): Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro—UniBa, Italy
John S. Armstrong-Altrin (AJGS Editor): The National Autonomous University of Mexico,
Mexico
Basem Zoheir (Guest Editor): Benha University, Egypt and University of Kiel, Germany
Volume 8. Advances in Petroleum Engineering and Petroleum Geochemistry
Santanu Banerjee (AJGS Editor): Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
Reza Barati (AJGS Editor): The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Shirish Patil (Guest Editor): Saudi Aramco and King Fahd University of Petroleum and
Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Volume 9. Paleobiodiversity and Tectono-Sedimentary Records in the Mediterranean
Tethys and Related Eastern Areas
Mabrouk Boughdiri (AJGS Editor): University of Carthage, Amilcar, Tunisia
Beatriz Bádenas (AJGS Editor): University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Paul Selden (AJGS Editor): University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
Etienne Jaillard (Guest Editor): University of Grenoble Alpes, France
Peter Bengtson (AJGS Editor): University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Bruno R. C. Granier (AJGS Editor): University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
xii About the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018

Volume 10. The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology:

Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling
Federico Rossetti (Guest Editor): Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
Ana Crespo Blanc (Guest Editor): University of Granada, Spain
Federica Riguzzi (Guest Editor): National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Roma,
Italy
Estelle Leroux (Guest Editor): IFREMER, Unité Géosciences Marines, Plouzané, France
Kosmas Pavlopoulos (Guest Editor): Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Olivier Bellier (Guest Editor): CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
Vasilios Kapsimalis (Guest Editor): Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine
Research, Anavyssos, Greece
About the Conference Steering Committee

General Chair
Abdullah Al-Amri: Founder and Editor-in-Chief of AJGS,
King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Conference Supervisor
Nabil Khélifi: Senior Publishing Editor, Springer Middle East
and North African Program Springer, a part of Springer Nature,
Heidelberg, Germany

xiii
xiv About the Conference Steering Committee

Scientific Committee Chair

François Roure: Guest of Editorial Board of AJGS,
IFP—Energies Nouvelles, France

Walter D. Mooney: Guest of Editorial Board of AJGS,

US Geological Survey Western Region, USA

Local Organization Chair

Mabrouk Boughdiri: Associate Editor of AJGS, University of
Carthage, Amilcar, Tunisia
About the Conference Steering Committee xv

Evaluation Chair
Amjad Kallel: Assistant Editor of AJGS, ENIS, University of
Sfax, Tunisia

Publication Chair
Biswajeet Pradhan: Associate Editor of AJGS, University of
Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Essam Heggy: Guest of Editorial Board of AJGS, University of

Southern California and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech,
USA
xvi About the Conference Steering Committee

Program Chair
Hakim Saibi: Associate Editor/Assistant Editor of AJGS,
United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Domenico Doronzo: Associate Editor/Assistant Editor of

AJGS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain

Communication Chair
Mohamed Ksibi: Guest of Editorial Board of AJGS, ISBS,
University of Sfax, Tunisia
About the Conference Steering Committee xvii

English Language Advisory Committee

Abdelmajid Dammak: ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Chokri Khalaf: FMS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Dhouha Mabrouk: FLSHS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Mohamed Elbahi: ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Sami Shami: ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Yasmine Basha: FLSHS, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Conference Manager
Mohamed Sahbi Moalla: Coordinator of AJGS, ISET,
University of Sfax, Tunisia
Contents

Part I Keynote
Rupture Dynamics and Seismic Radiation on Multi-scale Geometrically
Complex Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
P. Martin Mai

Part II Applications of Gravity and Magnetic Methods

The Study of the Gravity Anomaly Maps of West and Southwestern
Part of Ninawa Governorate (Iraq) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ezzadin N. M. Amin Baban
High-Precision Gravity Measurements in Riyadh Using FGL Absolute
Gravimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Saad Mogren
Geological Evolution of the Tefedest Terrane a Recorder of a Polycyclic
Pan-African Amalgamation (Central Hoggar, Algeria): Evidence
from Airborne Geophysics, Remote Sensing and Field Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Massinissa Amara, Abderahmane Bendaoud, Toshiake Tsunogae,
Mohamed Amrouche, Zakaria Hamimi, Gregory Dufrechou, Mark Jessell,
Basem Zoheir, Mohamed Hamoudi, and Safouane Djemai
Structural Setting of Western Mali Insights from Magnetic Data Analysis . . . . . . 25
Adama Youssouf Kone, Imen Hamdi Nasr, Wajdi Belkheria, Mohamed Hedi Inoubli,
Adnen Amiri, and Saïdou Ly
Improved Internal Geomagnetic Field Selection Using Artificial
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ayoub Boudelaa and Mohamed-Cherif Berguig
Lithospheric Structure Along a Transect from Red Sea to Arabian Shield
Using a Potential Data (Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Akrem Nahali, Hakim Gabtni, and Chokri Jallouli
Neotectonic Deformation Model of the Northern Algeria from Paleomagnetic
Data: Preliminary Results from Northwestern Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Mohamed El-Messaoud Derder, Saïd Maouche, Philippe Robion, Bernard Henry,
Mohamed Amenna, Boualem Bayou, Yves Missenard, Rafik Bestandji,
and Salamet Mahboubi
Geothermal Reconnaissance of Southeastern Nigeria from Analysis
of Aeromagnetic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ema M. Abraham and Onyekachi E. Itumoh

xix
xx Contents

Part III Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods in Mineral and Groundwater

Exploration
A Complete Solution to Self-potential Anomalies Due to 2D Inclined Sheets
Using Whale Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Mohamed Gobashy, Maha Abdelazeem, and Mohamed Abdrabou
Contribution of Electrical Tomography to the Study of Landslides
in Texenna Region (Northeast Algeria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Hassiba Kherrouba, Mohammed Lamara, and Riad Benzaid
Effectiveness of DC Resistivity Imaging and Shallow Seismic Refraction
Techniques Around El Giza-Pyramid Plateau, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Adel Mohamed, Hosni Ghazala, and Hany Mesbah
Magnetotelluric Investigation of the Underlying Structure of Manzaz
Volcanic District (Hoggar, Southern Algeria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Abderrezak Bouzid, Amel Benhallou, Abdenaceur Lemgharbi,
Abdelhamid Bendekken, Walid Boukhlouf, Zakaria Boukhalfa,
Aboubakr Deramchi, Abdeslam Abtout, and Khaled Aghanbilou
Characterization of Layers Saturated with Biogenic Gas Using Electromagnetic
Geophysical Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Mohamed Sbeaa, Hamza Khmiri, Ferdaws Ouakad, and Younes Ferchichi
Integration of Aeromagnetic Interpretation and Induced Polarization Methods
in Delineating Mineral Deposits and Basement Configuration Within Southern
Bida Basin, North-West Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Ayatu Ojonugwa Usman, Chukwudi Chris Ezeh, Aurelius Ojoina Omali,
and Augustine Ifeanyi Chinwuko
Study of an Aquifer in a Semi-arid Area Using MRS, FDEM, TDEM
and ERT Methods (Youssoufia and Khouribga, Morocco). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Fatim-Zahra Ihbach, Azzouz Kchikach, Mohammed Jaffal, Driss El Azzab,
Konstantinos Chalikakis, Naomi Mazzili, Roger Guerin, and Es-said Jourani
2-D Earth Resistivity Imaging for Subsurface Characterization in Srinagar,
Garhwal Himalaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Pradeep K. S. Chauhan, Abha Mittal, Gayatri Devi, and Philip O. Falae
Two-Dimensional Resistivity Imaging of Migmatized Gneiss Basement Rock
in Kaduna Polytechnic Main Campus, Kaduna Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ani Chinedu and Gabriel Gabarko
2-D Resistivity Model of Magnetotelluric Inversion from M’rara Area,
Algerian Sahara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Djabir Foudili, Abderrezak Bouzid, and Mohamed Chérif Berguig
Magnetotelluric Imaging of Subsurface Structure in Rahat Volcanic Field,
Madinah City (Saudi Arabia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Essam Aboud, Peter Wameyo, Faisal Alqahtani, and Mohammed Rashad Moufti
Indices of Energy and Appraisal for Electrical Current Signal at Polarising
Frequency Using Electrical Drilling: A Novel Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Nyakno George and Aniekan Ekanem
Contents xxi

Part IV Case Studies on Refraction and Reflection Seismic Methods

Refraction Seismic Study Over a Proposed Landfill Site
in South West Bank, Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Radwan El-Kelani and Abdelhaleem Khader
Application of Seismic Refraction Tomography to Map Bedrock:
A Case Study from Al-Amrat, Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Mohammed Farfour and Talal Al-Hosni
Q Factor Estimation and Validation: A New Link Between
VSP and Seismic Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Jean-Luc Mari and Béatrice Yven
Young’s Modulus: From Core and Logging to Seismic Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Béatrice Yven and Jean-Luc Mari
Application of Varying Geometric Spreads in Seismic Refraction Studies
to Characterize the Overburden Strata on the Flanks of Zaria Dam,
Northwestern Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Ani Chinedu

Part V Integrated Geoscience Applications in the Exploration of Subsurface

Resources
Contribution of Tomographic Imaging in the Study of the Tabellout Dam Site,
Jijel (Northeast Algeria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Mustapha Tekkouk, Riad Benzaid, Juan Martinez, and Chahra Yellas
Integrated Studies to Elucidate the Subsurface Structures and Groundwater at
Moghra Oasis, Northwestern Desert, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Maha Abdelazeem, Sultan Araffa, Zenhom Salem, Mohamed Fathy, and Maha Saleh
The Way to a Clearer Seismic Image: An Integrated Approach in South Tunisia
Ghadames Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Noura Saidi Ayari, Dorsaf Kebaier, Ferid Adouani, Mohamed Mnasri,
Francis Chevalier, Jozsef Orosz, Alexandre Egreteau, and Sandor Bezdan
Geophysical Modeling of Contact Area Between Outer and Inner
Western Carpathians (Slovakia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Vladimír Bezák, Ján Vozár, Josef Pek, Radek Klanica, Miroslav Bielik,
and Dušan Majcin
Geothermal Resources Database in Saudi Arabia (GRDiSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Essam Aboud, Atef Qaddha, Faisal Alqahtani, and Hussein Harbi
Hydrogeochemical and Geophysical Studies on the Shallow Groundwater
Aquifer at New Galala City, Northern Galala Plateau, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Maha Abdelazeem, Mohamed Fathy, Zenhom Salem, and Mohamed Khalifa
Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Gold Bearing Placer Deposits
in the Southern Blue Nile (Sudan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Mohamed A. Mohamed-Ali and Samia A. Ibrahim

Part VI Hydrocarbon and Petrophysical Studies

Halokinetic Activities and Structural Style in the Jeffara Basin (Tunisia):
Implication for Hydrocarbon Prospectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Asma Draoui, Benen Sarsar, and Sofiene Haddad
xxii Contents

Gas Hydrates Potential of Makran Area, Offshore Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Aamir Ali, Ihsan ul Haq, and Matee Ullah
A Model of Pore Pressure and Effective Stress Changes During Hydrocarbon
Depletion by Slowness Integrated Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Kurniawan Adha, Wan Ismail Wan Yusoff, and Luluan Almanna Lubis
Pre-drill Pore Pressure Estimation in Shale Gas Reservoirs Using Seismic
Genetic Inversion: Application to Barnett Shale (USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Sid-Ali Ouadfeul and Leila Aliouane
Petrophysical Characterization of Upper Permian Reservoir
in Southern Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Thamer Balti, Imen Hamdi Nasr, and Mohamed Hédi Inoubli

Part VII Earthquake Seismology and Seismic Hazard Assessment

Influence of Himalayan Topography on Earthquake Strong
Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Anjali C. Dhabu and S. T. G. Raghukanth
The 13th-August-1822 Aleppo Earthquake: Implications for the Seismic Hazard
Assessment at the Antakia Triple Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Ryad Darawcheh, Mohamad Khir Abdul-wahed, and Adnan Hasan
Recent Instrumental Earthquake Activity Along the Damascus Fault (Syria) . . . . 183
Mohamad Khir Abdul-Wahed
Physically-Based Ground Motion Prediction and Validation: A Case Study
of Mid-Sized Marmara Sea Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Aydın Mert
Comparison Between Non-linear and Stochastic Methods for Dynamic
SSI Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Mohamed Elhebib Guellil, Zamila Harichane, and Arkan Çelebi
Impact on the Dynamic Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
in Algiers Following Two Seismic Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Yamina Ait-Meziane, Rania Souici, Nabila Guessoum, Djilali Bouziane,
and Khadidja Abbes
Reassessing the Rupture Process of the 2003 Boumerdes-Zemmouri Earthquake
(Mw 6.8, Northern Algeria) Using Teleseismic, Strong Motion, InSAR, GPS,
and Coastal Uplift Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Hamoud Beldjoudi, Bertrand Delouis, and Abdelkrim Yelles-Chaouche
Overview of Recent Seismic Activity in Northeastern Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Issam Abacha and AbdelKarim Yelles-Chaouche
Induced Seismicity in Sidi Salem Dam, NW Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Sinda Gaieb and Najet Shimi
Recent Deformations of New Zealand GNSS Permanent Network Caused
by 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Bachir Gourine, Saddam Housseyn Allal, Hicham Dekkiche, and Kamel Hasni
Contemporary Seismic Code of Russia and Other Countries of Former
Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Nadira Mavlyanova
Contents xxiii

Possible Tsunami Wave Heights in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

from 1222 Paphos Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Ergin Ulutaş
Faulting Style and b-Value: A Global Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Emad Al-Heety and Losyan Al Esho
Seismic Hazard Assessment of Al Mashair Area, Makkah Al-Mukaramah
(Saudi Arabia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Kamal Abdelrahman, Abdullah M. Al-Amri, Naif A. Al-Otaibi, Mohammad Fnais,
and Enayat Abdelmonem
A Preliminary Seismic Hazard Modelling in Northern Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Mohamed Hamdache, José A. Peláez, AbdelKarim Yelles-Chaouche,
Ricardo Monteiro, Mario Marques, Miguel Castro, Hamoud Beldjoudi,
and Abdel Aziz Kherroubi
Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential for Two Sites Due to the 2016
Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Bashar Ismael and Domenico Lombardi

Part VIII Tectonics

Active Tectonics in the Guelma Basin (Eastern Algeria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Said Maouche, Nesrine Djaroun, Chakib Harouz, Noureddine Sahi, Kamel Amri,
and Assia Harbi
Active Inversion Tectonics from Algiers to Sicily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Alain Rabaute and Nicolas Chamot-Rooke
Paleoseismological and Morphotectonical Characteristics of Active Faults
in the Vicinity of Muğla Area (SW Turkey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
H. Serdar Akyüz, Erdem Kırkan, Mehran Basmenji, Ersen Aksoy,
Aynur Dikbaş Akyüz, Gülsen Uçarkuş, Müge Yazıcı, Nurettin Yakupoğlu,
and Cengiz Zabcı
The Western Makran Active Seismic Transects Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Mohammad Mokhtari, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Hassan Ali Babaei,
Joern Lauterjun, and Michael Weber
Interaction Faults in the North-West of the Mitidja Basin:
Chenoua–Tipasa–Ain Benian Earthquakes (1989–1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Ghania Dabouz and Hamoud Beldjoudi
About the Editors

Dr. Narasimman Sundararajan graduated in Mathematics

from the University of Madras and then carried on with an
M.Sc. (Tech) and Ph.D. in Exploration Geophysics from
Osmania University, India. He began a career as a Research
Scientist in the National Geophysical Research Institute under
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of
India and later switched over to teaching at the Centre of
Exploration Geophysics, Osmania University, Hyderabad,
India where he became a Professor in Geophysics in 2004.
Presently, he is an Associate Professor of Geophysics in the
Department of Earth Science, Sultan Qaboos University. He has
published around 90 papers in the leading International journals
and supervised several PhDs in Geophysics as well as Mathe-
matics. He has published a book and a couple of book chapters
during 2010–2012. He has implemented several research
projects including Uranium exploration, earthquake hazard
assessment studies, groundwater exploration, etc. He brought
out a few innovative tools and techniques for the processing and
interpretation of various geophysical data besides a mathemat-
ical equation called “Sundararajan Transform” (Exploration
Geophysics, 2001) and a good deal of software including
VLFPROS (Computers & Geosciences, 2007). He defined a
valid and viable approach to multidimensional Hartley trans-
form in contrast with the definition (Nature, 1991) of
Prof. R. N. Bracewell, Stanford University, USA. Member
of XIV Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica during
1994–1995 and carried out geophysical investigations, in which
results were published in leading research Journals. Also, he was
a member of IEEE transactions committee for the selection of
best paper award in 2007. As a member of “Initiative for
Research and Innovative in Science (IRIS)”, he motivated young
students in India during 2003–2007 to get involved in scientific
research. For his overall significant research contribution, Govt.
of India has conferred upon him the Mineral Award now known
as National Award for Geosciences in 2007. His research
interests are varied and wide including geophysical data pro-
cessing, mineral and groundwater exploration, earthquake haz-
ard assessment studies, applied mathematics, bio signal
processing, etc. Currently, he is an Associate Editor of “Arabian
Journal of Geosciences (Springer)”, besides being a reviewer for
many International Journals in multidisciplinary fields.

xxv
xxvi About the Editors

Dr. Mehdi Eshagh received his B.Sc. in Surveying Engi-

neering 1999 from the Islamic Azad University, South of
Teheran branch, M.Sc. in Geodesy 2002 from KNToosi
University of Technology, and Ph.D. in Geodesy 2009 from
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden. In October
2010, he was appointed as Docent/Associate Professor of
Physical Geodesy/Space Geodesy at KTH and since September
2013 as professor of Geodesy at West University, Sweden. He
has been a teacher of a variety of courses in Surveying Engi-
neering at different levels of education from high school to Ph.
D. programmes since 1999. His research interests include the
fields of Physical Geodesy specially geoid and gravity field
determination, satellite gravimetry and gradiometry, adjust-
ment theory, satellite orbit determination, geodetic network
optimization and design, theories of isostasy, Moho and den-
sity contrast determination, and sub-lithospheric stress model-
ing using gravimetric data. He has published and co-authored
about 150 original articles, monographs, textbooks, edited
books, special issues, and conference abstracts. He is the
founder and senior managing editor of Journal of Geodetic
Science. Also, he is cooperating as the editor of Journal
Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, Geodynamics
Research International Bulletin, Journal of Applied Engineer-
ing Sciences, and Journal of Geodesy and Geomatics Engi-
neering. In 2017, he joined the AJGS as an associate editor
responsible for evaluating submissions in the fields of Geodesy
and Solid Earth Geophysics.

Dr. Hakim Saibi holds a Ph.D. in Earth Sciences (2007) from

Kyushu University (Japan). He is currently an Associate Pro-
fessor at Geology Department, United Arab Emirates Univer-
sity (UAE). His research interests focus on exploration
geophysics in general and developing new 2D and 3D geo-
physical codes for gravity and magnetic methods specially,
2D/3D Magnetotelluric for geothermal exploration, petroleum
geosciences, hydrogeology & hydrochemistry, computational
geosciences, volcanology, GIS, and remote sensing. He has
developed new 2D and 3D methods for potential field data
interpretation (modeling and inversion). He has published more
than 46 International peer-reviewed journal papers, 65 pro-
ceedings in International Conferences, three books, and four
book chapters. His publications covered 13 different countries
from Asia, Africa, and Central America. He has supervised
more than 10 M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses. In 2017, he joined the
AJGS as an Assistant Editor supporting the Editor-in-Chief,
and as an Associate Editor responsible for evaluating submis-
sions in the fields of Geophysics. He is also Editor at ASEAN
Engineering Journal for Geological and Geo-Resource Engi-
neering.
About the Editors xxvii

Dr. Mustapha Meghraoui completed his Ph.D. (1988) at the

University of Paris XI-Orsay (France) on Seismo-tectonics and
Paleoseismology of the Tell Atlas in Algeria. He is a Senior Sci-
entist at the “Institut de Physique du Globe” at the University of
Strasbourg (France). His working group has achieved major
strides, releasing pioneering studies on the identification of active
faults in intra-plate Europe and inter-plate major continental active
faults. They have developed paleoseismic studies in regions with
fast active deformation and large earthquakes, and in regions with
low-level seismicity in Europe. In particular, and for nearly 20
years now, the combination of micro-topography, shallow geo-
physics and trenching in active faulting studies has led the group to
produce numerous peer-reviewed publications and internationally
recognized research papers (ca. 90 articles in ISI-JCR journals,
2500 citations). These contributions focus on the development of
paleoseismic and archeo-seismic studies and earthquake geology
in different tectonic domains (North African Atlas, North and East
Anatolian fault, and Dead Sea fault), and on the comparison
between regions with slow active deformation and regions with
fast seismic slip release. Furthermore, their research focuses on the
development of a conceptual framework to deepen our under-
standing of long-term faulting behavior in earthquake-prone
regions, and on studies of faults in regions with the potential for
large or moderate earthquakes and related physical characteristics.
He has contributed to many international scientific projects,
supervised 12 Ph.D. theses, and coordinated several European and
international (UNESCO) projects. He has served as an editorial
board member for the Annals of Geophysics and Natural Hazards
journals. He is currently an Associate Editor of the Euro-
Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (Springer).
In 2016, he joined the AJGS as an Associate Editor responsible for
evaluating submissions in the fields of Earthquake Geology,
Paleoseismology, Archeo-seismology, Seismo-tectonics, and
Neo-tectonics.

Dr. Mansour Al-Garni holds a B.Sc. (1993) in Geophysics

from King Abdulaziz University (KAU, Saudi Arabia), a M.
Sc. (1996) in Geophysics from Colorado School of Mines
(Colorado, USA), and a Ph.D. (2001) in Geophysics from
Texas A&M University (TAMU, College Station, USA). In
1993, he worked as a Geophysicist at the Ministry of Petro-
leum and Mineral Resources, United States Geological Survey
in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), and as a Demonstrator of Geophysics
at KAU, where he became an Assistant Professor of Geo-
physics in 2002. He has been promoted to an Associate Pro-
fessor in 2006 and to a full Professor of Geophysics in 2010.
He has been nominated as the Chairman of Geophysics
Department (2003–2011), Vice Dean (2014), and Vice Dean
for graduate studies and scientific research (2015–Now). His
research interests cover controlled-source electromagnetic
induction, electrical methods, gravity and magnetic methods,
near-surface applied Geophysics, forward and inverse model-
xxviii About the Editors

ing, environmental and engineering Geophysics, environmental

site characterization, ground penetrating radar, hydro-
geophysics, and mining Geophysics: theory, data processing,
and interpretation. He has reviewed a lot of academic works and
has been in many committees including those of M.Sc. and
Ph.D. examinations. His remarkable efforts in the establishment
and development of various projects were reflected in valuable
academic and professional successes and achievements. He has
conducted more than 15 research projects, the most recent of
which involved EM, DC resistivity, SP, IP, and magnetic
methods for mineral exploration in the Arabian Shield. He has
published more than 50 research articles in international indexed
and refereed journals. He has been listed in the “Marquis Who’s
who in the World” as one of the world’s foremost achievers in
the field of Geophysics in the 28th Edition (2011). In 2015, he
joined the AJGS as an Associate Editor responsible for evalu-
ating submission in the fields of Theoretical and Applied
Exploration Geophysics.

Dr. Bernard Giroux holds a B.Sc.A. in engineering physics

(1992) from Laval University (Canada) and a M.Sc.A.
(1994) and Ph.D. (2001), both in applied geophysics from École
Polytechnique de Montréal (Canada). He is currently Associate
Professor at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique,
Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement in Quebec city (Canada). His
research interests include geophysical monitoring, near-surface
geophysics, numerical modeling, geophysical inversion, and
data assimilation. During the last years, his work focused largely
on improving methods for quantitative interpretation and mon-
itoring of CO2 storage. In 2016, Dr. Giroux joined the AJGS as
an Associate Editor responsible for evaluating submissions in
Applied Geophysics.
 Part I
Keynote
 Rupture Dynamics and Seismic Radiation
on Multi-scale Geometrically Complex Faults
P. Martin Mai
Abstract
Geological faults comprise large-scale segmentation and
small-scale roughness that govern earthquake processes
and associated seismic radiation. Recent large earth-
quakes demonstrate that standard techniques for seismic
hazard assessment for such faults (fault systems) are
insufficient. This problem can be overcome by numerical
simulations for multi-scale geometrical complex faults to
investigate their rupture dynamics and seismic radiation.
In this review, I discuss recent work to understand effects
of large-scale segmentation and small-scale roughness on
rupture evolution and near-source shaking. Using numer-
ical simulations, we find that rupture incoherence due to
fault roughness leads to high-frequency spectral decay
consistent with observations. Waveform characteristics
and comparisons with empirical ground-motion relations
show that rough-fault rupture simulations generate real-
istic synthetic seismogram that can be used for engineer-
ing applications. We also show that for segmented faults,
the spatial distribution of the regional stress is of critical
importance as it determines the initial stress on the fault
system. Similarly, the rupture nucleation point has
significant impact on the resulting rupture process and
earthquake size. Consequently, seismic hazard assessment
for such fault systems must include more earthquake
physics to capture the possible near-source shaking levels
of future earthquakes.




Keywords


Earthquake physics Geometric fault complexity
Rupture dynamics Seismic shaking Seismic hazard
analysis
P. Martin Mai (&)
Division of Physical Science and Engineering,
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,
23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: martin.mai@kaust.edu.sa
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
N. Sundararajan et al. (eds.), On Significant Applications of Geophysical Methods,
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01656-2_1
1 Introduction
Ground-motion estimation for seismic hazard assessment
generally utilizes empirical methods based on ground-
motion prediction equations (GMPEs) that are developed
from strong-motion recordings of past earthquakes. GMPE’s
quantify the expected shaking level for an earthquake of
given magnitude at some selected source-to-site distance,
involving additional source, site, and path parameters.
However, strong-motion databases are still limited for large
(M > 7) earthquakes and the near-source region. In addition,
recent damaging earthquakes highlight the geometrical
complexity of faults and fault systems that is not included
in any GMPE-parameterization. Therefore, GMPE-based
ground-motion estimation for complex-faulting earthquakes,
as for instance expected for the Gulf of Aqaba region, is
likely to return inaccurate and unreliable forecasts of the
possible shaking levels in future earthquakes.
The issue of complex-faulting earthquakes also must
include an assessment of the likelihood whether or not
several fault segments are activated (e.g. triggered) during a
single event, and if so, how. Are such multi-segment rup-
tures common? What are the required initial and boundary
conditions in terms of stress, geometry, friction, etc. for
these events to happen? Can we include such information
into the next-generation seismic-hazard-assessment (SHA)
methods? How do the rupture evolution, the source
dynamics, and the resulting seismic radiation depend on
fault segmentation and, at a smaller scale, on fault
roughness?
In this review, I summarize our recent work on rupture
dynamics on segmented faults [4, 6, 8], the effects of fault
roughness on rupture and seismic radiation [3], and kine-
matic ground-motion simulations on complex-geometry
fault systems [7]. In the light of planned large infrastruc-
tural developments around the Gulf of Aqaba, our work has
immediate impact for the region: the last large earthquake in
the Gulf of Aqaba dates back to 1995 (M 7.3), but parts of
3
4 P. Martin Mai
the fault system have not ruptured for centuries. The region
therefore needs to prepare for future large earthquakes
through advanced seismic hazard assessment.
2 Method and Parameterization
We conducted numerical simulations using high-
performance-computing (HPC) enabled numerical solvers
that are capable to handle 3D Earth structure, topography,
geometrically complex fault planes, and—depending on
application—realistic friction parameterization on the fault
surface. For rough-fault simulations, we used the
second-order (in space and time) generalized finite-difference
method that allows for complex fault geometries through a
support-operator method (SORD-code by [1, 2]). For
multi-segment fault-rupture simulation on the North Anato-
lian Fault, we used a 3-D explicit finite-element method [5] to
model the spontaneous, dynamic rupture evolution for
changing rupture-initiation points and varying regional stress
directions. In addition, we employed the software package
SeisSol (www.seissol.org) to simulate spontaneous rupture
failure and subsequent seismic wave propagation on complex
fault systems. SeisSol is well suited for handling complex
geometries due to the use of tetrahedral mesh elements, while
it is also highly optimized for the efficient use on modern
high-performance computing infrastructure.
Both SORD and SeisSol were used for dynamic rupture
simulations and kinematic ground-motion calculations.
Dynamic rupture simulations require an initial stress on the
fault and a friction law that acts on the rupture plane; solving
the elastic dynamic equations of motions, the simulation then
determines which point on the fault breaks, and when, and
what its slip-rate function is. That is, the entire space-time
evolution of the rupture process is determined through an
“ab initio” simulation. The resulting ground-motions are then
a by-product of the dynamic rupture simulation. In contrast,
in kinematic simulations, the rupture model is prescribed on
the fault, and the resulting seismic radiation is computed
based on the prescribed slip and slip-rate distribution and the
specified temporal rupture evolution.
Numerical stability was ensured choosing appropriate
time-stepping for each method, given the 3D Earth model, the
desired highest resolved frequency (that depends also the
available computational resources), and the corresponding
grid-size (mesh). Depending on the particular application and
numerical method, our grid-size vary from 500m to 25 m,
providing a frequency resolution from 0.25 Hz up to nearly
6 Hz.
3 Results
3.1 Dynamic Ruptures on Segmented Faults
Dynamic earthquake rupture models for the
complex-geometry fault system in the Marmara Sea (con-
sidering the northern North Anatolian Fault) reveal that the
earthquake size, rupture propagation, and near-fault ground
motion strongly depend on the interplay between the initial
regional stress, and the dynamic stresses radiated by the
propagating rupture. Testing several nucleation locations, we
found that nucleation far from an oblique normal-fault
stepover near Istanbul leads to large through-going rupture
on the entire fault system, whereas nucleation closer to the
stepover tend to produce ruptures that die out in the step-
over. This pattern changes in case a small rotation of the
regional stress field is considered (±10°). The complex fault
geometry leads to a very complicated and asymmetric dis-
tribution of near-fault ground motion (including greatly
amplified ground motion on the insides of fault bends) that
cannot be modelled by standard GMPE’s. Ground-motion
patterns also change drastically with different hypocenters,
in excess of what is expected from directivity effects,
demonstrating that the dynamics of the source process must
be included in ground-motion simulations as much as pos-
sible to adequately quantify the possible seismic shaking for
future earthquakes.
3.2 Dynamic Ruptures on Rough Faults
Fault roughness strongly influences the dynamic rupture
process, and with that also the resulting near-source seismic
wavefield. Based on the 21 different rough-fault dynamic
source models, with variations in roughness pattern, rough-
ness degree, and rupture-nucleation points, we showed how
roughness parameterizations affect rupture evolution. Even a
small increase in roughness profoundly alters the rupture
propagation and distribution of peak slip-rates, and
consequently also near-field ground motions. The
roughness-induced rupture incoherence naturally generates
high-frequency radiation following the widely observed
spectral x−2-decay in displacement. Broadband ground-
motion simulations for earthquake-engineering purposes
therefore are likely to benefit from the inclusion of an
“effective fault-roughness parameterization” that generates
natural ground-motion characteristics over the frequency
range of interest.
Rupture Dynamics and Seismic Radiation …
3.3 Kinematic Rupture Simulations for Rough
Faults
Dynamic rupture simulations are still computationally
expensive, requiring access to HPC-architecture, while kine-
matic ground-motion calculations can be essentially done on a
powerful desktop computer. Therefore, we develop a kine-
matic source approximation that emulates the observed
dynamics. To avoid computations that require parameterizing
the rough-fault geometry, we developed a planar-fault
approximation for the kinematic source. Comparing
dynamic and equivalent kinematic simulations, we observed
that perturbations in local moment tensor orientation are
important, while perturbations in local source location are not.
Therefore, the planar-fault approximation is permissible if the
local strike, dip, and rake are maintained. We found that the
dynamic rake angle variations are anti-correlated with local
dip angles. Using a dynamically consistent parameterization
for a Yoffe source-time function, the seismic wavefield of the
planar-fault kinematic rupture reproduces the seismic radia-
tion of the full dynamic source process. Our findings suggest
that an alternative “pseudo-dynamic” source characterization
can be developed that captures fault-roughness effects on
rupture dynamics and seismic radiation.
4 Conclusion
Current ground-motion estimation techniques using empiri-
cal relations (GMPEs) are insufficient to quantify the level
and range of shaking levels expected in future earthquakes,
in particular for complex-geometry faults that may generate
large (M > 7) events. Dynamic and advanced kinematic (so
called pseudo-dynamic) simulations provide an avenue to
5
investigate how rupture on complex faults may behave and
what their shaking levels will be. Parameter-space studies
are needed for a given fault-system under investigation to
realistically estimate the range of possible shaking levels,
and to develop corresponding seismic design criteria. This
will be particularly important for instance in regions of
massive near infrastructural developments that are prone to
large earthquakes, like the Gulf of Aqaba.
References
1. Ely, G.P., Day, S.M., Minster, J.-B.: A support-operator method for
visco-elastic wave modeling in 3-D heterogeneous media. Geophys.
J. Int. 172, 331–344 (2008)
2. Ely, G.P., Day, S.M., Minster, J.-B.: A support-operator method for
3-D rupture dynamics. Geophys. J. Int. 177, 1140–1150 (2009)
3. Mai, P.M., Galis, M., Thingbaijam, K., Vyas, J., Dunham, E.:
Accounting for fault roughness in pseudo-dynamic ground-motion
simulations. Pure Appl. Geophys. (2017). Published online April
03, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1536-8
4. Oglesby, D.D., Mai, P.M.: Fault Geometry, rupture dynamics, and
ground motion from potential earthquakes on the North Anatolian
Fault Zone under the Sea of Marmara. Geophys. J. Int. (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05289.x
5. Oglesby, D.D.: Earthquake dynamics on dip-slip faults. Ph.D.
thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA (1999)
6. Oglesby, D.D, Mai, P.M., Atakan, K., Pucci, S.: Dynamic models of
earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault under the Sea of
Marmara: the effect of hypocenter location. Geophys. Res. Lett.
35, L18302 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035037
7. Passone, L., Mai, P.M.: Kinematic earthquake ground-motion
simulations on listric normal faults. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.
(2017). Published online October 2017, https://doi.org/10.1785/
0120170111
8. Wollherr, S., Gabriel, A.-A., Mai, P.M.: An integrated dynamic
rupture model for the 1992 Landers earthquake. In revision for
J. Geophys. Res. (2018)
Another random document with
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proposal originated.

57. If the House of Representatives passes any proposed law,

and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with
amendments to which the House of Representatives will not
agree, and if after an interval of three months the House of
Representatives, in the same or the next session, again passes
the proposed law with or without any amendments which have
been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the
Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with
amendments to which the House of Representatives will not
agree, the Governor-General may dissolve the Senate and the
House of Representatives simultaneously. But such dissolution
shall not take place within six months before the date of the
expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time.
If after such dissolution the House of Representatives again
passes the proposed law, with or without any amendments which
have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the
Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with
amendments to which the House of Representatives will not
agree, the Governor-General may convene a joint sitting of the
members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. The
members present at the joint sitting may deliberate and shall
vote together upon the proposed law as last proposed by the
House of Representatives, and upon amendments, if any, which
have been made therein by one House and not agreed to by the
other, and any such amendments which are affirmed by an
absolute majority of the total number of the members of the
Senate and House of Representatives shall be taken to have
been carried, and if the proposed law, with the amendments, if
any, so carried is affirmed by an absolute majority of the
total number of the members of the Senate and House of
Representatives, it shall be taken to have been duly passed by
both Houses of the Parliament, and shall be presented to the
Governor-General for the Queen's assent.

58. When a proposed law passed by both Houses of the

Parliament is presented to the Governor-General for the
Queen's assent, he shall declare, according to his discretion,
but subject to this Constitution, that he assents in the
Queen's name, or that he withholds assent, or that he reserves
the law for the Queen's pleasure. The Governor-General may
return to the house in which it originated any proposed law so
presented to him, and may transmit therewith any amendments
which he may recommend, and the Houses may deal with the
recommendation.

59. The Queen may disallow any law within one year from the
Governor-General's assent, and such disallowance on being made
known by the Governor-General by speech or message to each of
the Houses of the Parliament, or by Proclamation, shall annul
the law from the day when the disallowance is so made known.

60. A proposed law reserved for the Queen's pleasure shall not
have any force unless and until within two years from the day
on which it was presented to the Governor-General for the
Queen's assent the Governor-General makes known, by speech or
message to each of the Houses of the Parliament, or by
Proclamation, that it has received the Queen's assent.

CHAPTER II. THE EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT.

61. The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the

Queen and is exerciseable by the Governor-General as the
Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and
maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the
Commonwealth.

62. There shall be a Federal Executive Council to advise the

Governor-General in the government of the Commonwealth, and
the members of the Council shall be chosen and summoned by the
Governor-General and sworn as Executive Councillors, and shall
hold office during his pleasure.
 63. The provisions of this Constitution referring to the
Governor-General in Council shall be construed as referring to
the Governor-General acting with the advice of the Federal
Executive Council.

64. The Governor-General may appoint officers to administer

such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the
Governor-General in Council may establish. Such officers shall
hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General. They
shall be members of the Federal Executive Council, and shall
be the Queen's Ministers of State for the Commonwealth. After
the first general election no Minister of State shall hold
office for a longer period than three months unless he is or
becomes a senator or a member of the House of Representatives.

{160}

65. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the Ministers of

State shall not exceed seven in number, and shall hold such
offices as the Parliament prescribes, or, in the absence of
provision, as the Governor-General directs.

66. There shall be payable to the Queen, out of the

Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Commonwealth, for the
salaries of the Ministers of State, an annual sum which, until
the Parliament otherwise provides, shall not exceed twelve
thousand pounds a year.

67. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the appointment

and removal of all other officers of the Executive Government
of the Commonwealth shall be vested in the Governor-General in
Council, unless the appointment is delegated by the
Governor-General in Council or by a law of the Commonwealth to
some other authority.

68. The command in chief of the naval and military forces of

the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the
Queen's representative.

69. On a date or dates to be proclaimed by the

Governor-General after the establishment of the Commonwealth
the following departments of the public service in each State
shall become transferred to the Commonwealth:—Posts,
telegraphs, and telephones: Naval and military defence:
Lighthouses, lightships, beacons, and buoys: Quarantine. But
the departments of customs and of excise in each State shall
become transferred to the Commonwealth on its establishment.

70. In respect of matters which, under this Constitution, pass

to the Executive Government of the Commonwealth, all powers
and functions which at the establishment of the Commonwealth
are vested in the Governor of a Colony, or in the Governor of
a Colony with the advice of his Executive Council, or in any
authority of a Colony, shall vest in the Governor-General, or
in the Governor-General in Council, or in the authority
exercising similar powers under the Commonwealth, as the case
requires.

CHAPTER III. THE JUDICATURE.

71. The judicial power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in

a Federal Supreme Court, to be called the High Court of
Australia, and in such other federal courts as the Parliament
creates, and in such other courts as it invests with federal
jurisdiction. The High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice,
and so many other Justices, not less than two, as the
Parliament prescribes.

72. The Justices of the High Court and of the other courts
created by the Parliament—

(i.) Shall be appointed by the Governor-General in Council:

(ii.) Shall not be removed except by the Governor-General in
Council, on an address from both Houses of the Parliament in
the same session, praying for such removal on the ground of
proved misbehaviour or incapacity:

(iii.) Shall receive such remuneration as the Parliament may

fix; but the remuneration shall not be diminished during their
continuance in office.

73. The High Court shall have jurisdiction, with such

exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament
prescribes, to hear and determine appeals from all judgments,
decrees, orders, and sentences—

(i.) Of any Justice or Justices exercising the original

jurisdiction of the High Court:

(ii.) Of any other federal court, or court exercising federal

jurisdiction; or of the Supreme Court of any State, or of any
other court of any State from which at the establishment of
the Commonwealth an appeal lies to the Queen in Council:

(iii.) Of the Inter-State Commission, but as to questions of

law only: and the judgment of the High Court in all such cases
shall be final and conclusive. But no exception or regulation
prescribed by the Parliament shall prevent the High Court from
hearing and determining any appeal from the Supreme Court of a
State in any matter in which at the establishment of the
Commonwealth an appeal lies from such Supreme Court to the
Queen in Council. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the
conditions of and restrictions on appeals to the Queen in
Council from the Supreme Courts of the several States shall be
applicable to appeals from them to the High Court.

74. No appeal shall be permitted to the Queen in Council from

a decision of the High Court upon any question, howsoever
arising, as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional
powers of the Commonwealth and those of any State or States,
or as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional powers of
any two or more States, unless the High Court shall certify
that the question is one which ought to be determined by Her
Majesty in Council. The High Court may so certify if satisfied
that for any special reason the certificate should be granted,
and thereupon an appeal shall lie to Her Majesty in Council on
the question without further leave. Except as provided in this
section, this Constitution shall not impair any right which
the Queen may be pleased to exercise by virtue of Her Royal
prerogative to grant special leave of appeal from the High
Court to Her Majesty in Council. The Parliament may make laws
limiting the matters in which such leave may be asked, but
proposed laws containing any such limitation shall be reserved
by the Governor-General for Her Majesty's pleasure.

75. In all matters—

(i.) Arising under any treaty:

(ii.) Affecting consuls or other representatives of other

countries:

(iii.) In which the Commonwealth, or a person suing or being

sued on behalf of the Commonwealth, is a party:

(iv.) Between States, or between residents of different

States, or between a State and a resident of another State:

(v.) In which a writ of Mandamus or prohibition or an

injunction is sought against an officer of the Commonwealth:
the High Court shall have original jurisdiction.

76. The Parliament may make laws conferring original

jurisdiction on the High Court in any matter—
 (i.) Arising under this Constitution, or involving its
interpretation:

(ii.) Arising under any laws made by the Parliament:

(iii.) Of Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction:

(iv.) Relating to the same subject-matter claimed under the

laws of different States.

77. With respect to any of the matters mentioned in the last

two sections the Parliament may make laws—

(i.) Defining the jurisdiction of any federal court other than

the High Court:

(ii.) Defining the extent to which the jurisdiction of any

federal court shall be exclusive of that which belongs to or
is invested in the courts of the States:

(iii.) Investing any court of a State with federal

jurisdiction.

{161}

78. The Parliament may make laws conferring rights to proceed

against the Commonwealth or a State in respect of matters
within the limits of the judicial power.

79. The federal jurisdiction of any court may be exercised by

such number of judges as the Parliament prescribes.

80. The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of

the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such trial shall
be held in the State where the offence was committed, and if
the offence was not committed within any State the trial shall
be held at such place or places as the Parliament prescribes.
CHAPTER IV. FINANCE AND TRADE.

81. All revenues or moneys raised or received by the Executive

Government of the Commonwealth shall form one Consolidated
Revenue Fund, to be appropriated for the purposes of the
Commonwealth in the manner and subject to the charges and
liabilities imposed by this Constitution.

82. The costs, charges, and expenses incident to the

collection, management, and receipt of the Consolidated
Revenue Fund shall form the first charge thereon; and the
revenue of the Commonwealth shall in the first instance be
applied to the payment of the expenditure of the Commonwealth.

83. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the

Commonwealth except under appropriation made by law. But until
the expiration of one month after the first meeting of the
Parliament the Governor-General in Council may draw from the
Treasury and expend such moneys as may be necessary for the
maintenance of any department transferred to the Commonwealth
and for the holding of the first elections for the Parliament.

84. When any department of the public service of a State

becomes transferred to the Commonwealth, all officers of the
department shall become subject to the control of the
Executive Government of the Commonwealth. Any such officer who
is not retained in the service of the Commonwealth shall,
unless he is appointed to some other' office of equal
emolument in the public service of the State, be entitled to
receive from the State any pension, gratuity, or other
compensation, payable under the law of the State on the
abolition of his office. Any such officer who is retained in
the service of the Commonwealth shall preserve all his
existing and accruing rights, and shall be entitled to retire
from office at the time, and on the pension or retiring
allowance, which would be permitted by the law of the State if
his service with the Commonwealth were a continuation of his
service with the State. Such pension or retiring allowance
shall be paid to him by the Commonwealth: but the State shall
pay to the Commonwealth a part thereof, to be calculated on
the proportion which his term of service with the State bears
to his whole term of service, and for the purpose of the
calculation his salary shall be taken to be that paid to him
by the State at the time of the transfer. Any officer who is,
at the establishment of the Commonwealth, in the public
service of a State, and who is, by consent of the Governor of
the State with the advice of the Executive Council thereof,
transferred to the public service of the Commonwealth, shall
have the same rights as if he had been an officer of a
department transferred to the Commonwealth and were retained
in the service of the Commonwealth.

85. When any department of the public service of a State is

transferred to the Commonwealth—

(i.) All property of the State of any kind, used exclusively

in connexion with the department, shall become vested in the
Commonwealth; but, in the case of the departments controlling
customs and excise and bounties, for such time only as the
Governor-General in Council may declare to be necessary:

(ii.) The Commonwealth may acquire any property of the State,

of any kind used, but not exclusively used in connexion with
the department: the value thereof shall, if no agreement can
be made, be ascertained in, as nearly as may be, the manner in
which the value of land, or of an interest in land, taken by
the State for public purposes is ascertained under the law of
the State in force at the establishment of the Commonwealth:

(iii.) The Commonwealth shall compensate the State for the

value of any property passing to the Commonwealth under this
section; if no agreement can be made as to the mode of
compensation, it shall be determined under laws to be made by
the Parliament:

(iv.) The Commonwealth shall, at the date of the transfer,

assume the current obligations of the State in respect of the
department transferred.

86. On the establishment of the Commonwealth, the collection

and control of duties of customs and of excise, and the
control of the payment of bounties, shall pass to the
Executive Government of the Commonwealth.

87. During a period of ten years after the establishment of

the Commonwealth and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise
provides, of the net revenue of the Commonwealth from duties
of customs and of excise not more than one-fourth shall be
applied annually by the Commonwealth towards its expenditure.
The balance shall, in accordance with this Constitution, be
paid to the several States, or applied towards the payment of
interest on debts of the several States taken over by the
Commonwealth.

88. Uniform duties of customs shall be imposed within two

years after the establishment of the Commonwealth.

89. Until the imposition of uniform duties of customs—

(i.) The Commonwealth shall credit to each State the revenues

collected therein by the Commonwealth.

(ii.) The Commonwealth shall debit to each State—

(a) The expenditure therein of the Commonwealth

incurred solely for the maintenance or continuance, as at
the time of transfer, of any department transferred from
the State to the Commonwealth;
 (b) The proportion of the State, according to the
number of its people, in the other expenditure of the
Commonwealth.

(iii.) The Commonwealth shall pay to each State month by month

the balance (if any) in favour of the State.

{162}

90. On the imposition of uniform duties of customs the power

of the Parliament to impose duties of customs and of excise,
and to grant bounties on the production or export of goods,
shall become exclusive. On the imposition of uniform duties of
customs all laws of the several States imposing duties of customs
or of excise, or offering bounties on the production or export
of goods, shall cease to have effect, but any grant of or
agreement for any such bounty lawfully made by or under the
authority of the Government of any State shall be taken to be
good if made before the thirtieth day of June, one thousand
eight hundred and ninety-eight, and not otherwise.

91. Nothing in this Constitution prohibits a State from

granting any aid to or bounty on mining for gold, silver, or
other metals, nor from granting, with the consent of both
Houses of the Parliament of the Commonwealth expressed by
resolution, any aid to or bounty on the production or export
of goods.

92. On the imposition of uniform duties of customs, trade,

commerce, and intercourse among the States, whether by means
of internal carriage or ocean navigation, shall be absolutely
free. But notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, goods
imported before the imposition of uniform duties of customs
into any State, or into any Colony which, whilst the goods
remain therein, becomes a State, shall, on thence passing into
another State within two years after the imposition of such
duties, be liable to any duty chargeable on the importation of
such goods into the Commonwealth, less any duty paid in
respect of the goods on their importation.

93. During the first five years after the imposition of

uniform duties of customs, and thereafter until the Parliament
otherwise provides—

(i.) The duties of customs chargeable on goods imported into a

State and afterwards passing into another State for
consumption, and the duties of excise paid on goods produced
or manufactured in a State and afterwards passing into another
State for consumption, shall be taken to have been collected
not in the former but in the latter State:

(ii.) Subject to the last subsection, the Commonwealth shall

credit revenue, debit expenditure, and pay balances to the
several States as prescribed for the period preceding the
imposition of uniform duties of customs.

94. After five years from the imposition of uniform duties of

customs, the Parliament may provide, on such basis as it deems
fair, for the monthly payment to the several States of all
surplus revenue of the Commonwealth.

95. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the

Parliament of the State of Western Australia, if that State be
an Original State, may, during the first five years after the
imposition of uniform duties of customs, impose duties of
customs on goods passing into that State and not originally
imported from beyond the limits of the Commonwealth; and such
duties shall be collected by the Commonwealth. But any duty so
imposed on any goods shall not exceed during the first of such
years the duty chargeable on the goods under the law of
Western Australia in force at the imposition of uniform
duties, and shall not exceed during the second, third, fourth,
and fifth of such years respectively, four-fifths, three-fifths,
two-fifths, and one-fifth of such latter duty, and all duties
imposed under this section shall cease at the expiration of
the fifth year after the imposition of uniform duties. If at
any time during the five years the duty on any goods under
this section is higher than the duty imposed by the
Commonwealth on the importation of the like goods, then such
higher duty shall be collected on the goods when imported into
Western Australia from beyond the limits of the Commonwealth.

96. During a period of ten years after the establishment of

the Commonwealth and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise
provides, the Parliament may grant financial assistance to any
State on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks
fit.

97. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the laws in force

in any Colony which has become or becomes a State with respect
to the receipt of revenue and the expenditure of money on
account of the Government of the Colony, and the review and
audit of such receipt and expenditure, shall apply to the
receipt of revenue and the expenditure of money on account of
the Commonwealth in the State in the same manner as if the
Commonwealth, or the Government or an officer of the
Commonwealth, were mentioned whenever the Colony, or the
Government or an officer of the Colony, is mentioned.

98. The power of the Parliament to make laws with respect to

trade and commerce extends to navigation and shipping, and to
railways the property of any State.

99. The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of

trade, commerce, or revenue, give preference to one State or
any part thereof over another State or any part thereof.

100. The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of

trade or commerce, abridge the right of a State or of the
residents therein to the reasonable use of the waters of
rivers for conservation or irrigation.
 101. There shall be an Inter-State Commission, with such
powers of adjudication and administration as the Parliament
deems necessary for the execution and maintenance, within the
Commonwealth, of the provisions of this Constitution relating
to trade and commerce, and of all laws made thereunder.

102. The Parliament may by any law with respect to trade or

commerce forbid, as to railways, any preference or
discrimination by any State, or by any authority constituted
under a State, if such preference or discrimination is undue
and unreasonable, or unjust to any State; due regard being had
to the financial responsibilities incurred by any State in
connexion with the construction and maintenance of its
railways. But no preference or discrimination shall, within
the meaning of this section, be taken to be undue and
unreasonable, or unjust to any State, unless so adjudged by
the Inter-State Commission.

103. The members of the Inter-State Commission—

(i.) Shall be appointed by the Governor-General in Council:

(ii.) Shall hold office for seven years, but may be removed
within that time by the Governor-General in Council, on an
address from both Houses of the Parliament in the same session
praying for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour
or incapacity:

(iii.) Shall receive such remuneration as the Parliament may

fix; but such remuneration shall not be diminished during
their continuance in office.

{163}

104. Nothing in this Constitution shall render unlawful any

rate for the carriage of goods upon a railway, the property of
a State, if the rate is deemed by the Inter-State Commission
to be necessary for the development of the territory of the
State, and if the rate applies equally to goods within the
State and to goods passing into the State from other States.

105. The Parliament may take over from the States their public
debts as existing at the establishment of the Commonwealth, or
a proportion thereof according to the respective numbers of
their people as shown by the latest statistics of the
Commonwealth, and may convert, renew, or consolidate such
debts, or any part thereof; and the States shall indemnify the
Commonwealth in respect of the debts taken over, and
thereafter the interest payable in respect of the debts shall
be deducted and retained from the portions of the surplus
revenue of the Commonwealth payable to the several States, or
if such surplus is insufficient, or if there is no surplus,
then the deficiency or the whole amount shall be paid by the
several States.

CHAPTER V. THE STATES.

106. The Constitution of each State of the Commonwealth shall,

subject to this Constitution, continue as at the establishment
of the Commonwealth, or as at the admission or establishment
of the State, as the case may be, until altered in accordance
with the Constitution of the State.

107. Every power of the Parliament of a Colony which has

become or becomes a State, shall, unless it is by this
Constitution exclusively vested in the Parliament of the
Commonwealth or withdrawn from the Parliament of the State,
continue as at the establishment of the Commonwealth, or as at
the admission or establishment of the State, as the case may
be.

108. Every law in force in a Colony which has become or

becomes a State, and relating to any matter within the powers
of the Parliament of the Commonwealth, shall, subject to this
Constitution, continue in force in the State; and, until
provision is made in that behalf by the Parliament of the
Commonwealth, the Parliament of the State shall have such
powers of alteration and of repeal in respect of any such law
as the Parliament of the Colony had until the Colony became a
State.

109. When a law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the

Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the former shall,
to the extent of the inconsistency, be invalid.

110. The provisions of this Constitution relating to the

Governor of a State extend and apply to the Governor for the
time being of the State, or other chief executive officer or
administrator of the government of the State.

111. The Parliament of a State may surrender any part of the

State to the Commonwealth; and upon such surrender, and the
acceptance thereof by the Commonwealth, such part of the State
shall become subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
Commonwealth.

112. After uniform duties of customs have been imposed, a

State may levy on imports or exports, or on goods passing into
or out of the State, such charges as may be necessary for
executing the inspection laws of the State; but the net
produce of all charges so levied shall be for the use of the
Commonwealth; and any such inspection laws may be annulled by
the Parliament of the Commonwealth.

113. All fermented, distilled, or other intoxicating liquids

passing into any State or remaining therein for use,
consumption, sale, or storage, shall be subject to the laws of
the State as if such liquids had been produced in the State.
114. A State shall not, without the consent of the Parliament
of the Commonwealth, raise or maintain any naval or military
force, or impose any tax on property of any kind belonging to
the Commonwealth, nor shall the Commonwealth impose any tax on
property of any kind belonging to a State.

115. A State shall not coin money, nor make anything but gold
and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debts.

116. The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing
any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for
prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no
religious test shall be required as a qualification for any
office or public trust under the Commonwealth.

117. A subject of the Queen, resident in any State, shall not

be subject in any other State to any disability or
discrimination which would not be equally applicable to him if
he were a subject of the Queen resident in such other State.

118. Full faith and credit shall be given, throughout the

Commonwealth to the laws, the public Acts and records, and the
judicial proceedings of every State.

119. The Commonwealth shall protect every State against

invasion and, on the application of the Executive Government
of the State, against domestic violence.

120. Every State shall make provision for the detention in its
prisons of persons accused or convicted of offences against
the laws of the Commonwealth, and for the punishment of
persons convicted of such offences, and the Parliament of the
Commonwealth may make laws to give effect to this provision.

CHAPTER VI. NEW STATES.

 121. The Parliament may admit to the Commonwealth or establish
new States, and may upon such admission or establishment make
or impose such terms and conditions, including the extent of
representation in either House of the Parliament, as it thinks
fit.

122. The Parliament may make laws for the government of any
territory surrendered by any State to and accepted by the
Commonwealth, or of any territory placed by the Queen under
the authority of and accepted by the Commonwealth, or
otherwise acquired by the Commonwealth, and may allow the
representation of such territory in either House of the
Parliament to the extent and on the terms which it thinks fit.

123. The Parliament of the Commonwealth may, with the consent

of the Parliament of a State, and the approval of the majority
of the electors of the State voting upon the question,
increase, diminish, or otherwise alter the limits of the
State, upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed on, and
may, with the like consent, make provision respecting the
effect and operation of any increase or diminution or
alteration of territory in relation to any State affected.

124. A new State may be formed by separation of territory from

a State, but only with the consent of the Parliament thereof,
and a new State may be formed by the union of two or more
States or parts of States, but only with the consent of the
Parliaments of the States affected.

{164}

CHAPTER VII. MISCELLANEOUS.

125. The seat of Government of the Commonwealth shall be

determined by the Parliament, and shall be within territory
which shall have been granted to or acquired by the
Commonwealth, and shall be vested in and belong to the
Commonwealth, and shall be in the State of New South Wales,
and be distant not less than one hundred miles from Sydney.
Such territory shall contain an area of not less than one
hundred square miles, and such portion thereof as shall
consist of Crown lands shall be granted to the Commonwealth
without any payment therefor. The Parliament shall sit at
Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government.

126. The Queen may authorise the Governor-General to appoint

any person, or any persons jointly or severally, to be his
deputy or deputies within any part of the Commonwealth, and in
that capacity to exercise during the pleasure of the
Governor—General such powers and functions of the
Governor-General as he thinks fit to assign to such deputy or
deputies, subject to any limitations expressed or directions
given by the Queen; but the appointment of such deputy or
deputies shall not affect the exercise by the Governor-General
himself of any power or function.

127. In reckoning the numbers of the people of the

Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth,
aboriginal natives shall not be counted.

CHAPTER VIII. ALTERATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

128. This Constitution shall not be altered except in the

following manner:—The proposed law for the alteration thereof
must be passed by an absolute majority of each House of the
Parliament, and not less than two nor more than six months
after its passage through both Houses the proposed law shall
be submitted in each State to the electors qualified to vote
for the election of members of the House of Representatives.
But if either House passes any such proposed law by an
absolute majority, and the other House rejects or fails to
pass it or passes it with any amendment to which the first
 mentioned House will not agree, and if after an interval of
three months the first-mentioned House in the same or the next
session again passes the proposed law by an absolute majority
with or without any amendment which has been made or agreed to
by the other House, and such other House rejects or fails to
pass it or passes it with any amendment to which the
first-mentioned House will not agree, the Governor-General may
submit the proposed law as last proposed by the
first-mentioned House, and either with or without any
amendments subsequently agreed to by both Houses, to the
electors in each State qualified to vote for the election of
the House of Representatives. When a proposed law is submitted
to the electors the vote shall be taken in such manner as the
Parliament prescribes. But until the qualification of electors
of members of the House of Representatives becomes uniform
throughout the Commonwealth, only one-half the electors voting
for and against the proposed law shall be counted in any State
in which adult suffrage prevails. And if in a majority of the
States a majority of the electors voting approve the proposed
law, and if a majority of all the electors voting also approve
the proposed law, it shall be presented to the
Governor-General for the Queen's assent. No alteration
diminishing the proportionate representation of any State in
either House of the Parliament, or the minimum number of
representatives of a State in the House of Representatives, or
increasing, diminishing, or otherwise altering the limits of
the State, or in any manner affecting the provisions of the
Constitution in relation thereto, shall become law unless the
majority of the electors voting in that State approve the
proposed law.

----------CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA: End--------

CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRIA: Parliamentary reform of, 1896.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1895-1896.