1

]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm; þ"r®pmpkjzifh
&dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/

]] "r¨mEkyóem }}
(owdy|mef)
(tajccH(8)oifwef;)
2013

a'gufwmpd;k vGif (rEÅav;)

("r®vrf;0dyóem)
 2

a'gufwm pdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

- 1958 ckESpf ZGefv (3) &uf t*FgaeYwGif
rEÅav;jrKd üY tz OD;oef;atmif trd a':0if;arwdrYk S
arG;zGm;onf/
- 1975 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk
rEÅav;jrdKY trSwf (9) txu (,cif pdefYyDwm)rS
atmifjrifonf/
- 1976-82 pmoifESpfwGif aq;wuúodkvf
(rEÅav;) ü wwfa&mufoifMum;í q&m0efbGJY
(M.B,B.S)udk &&dSonf/ jyifyaq; cef;zGifhí
aq;ukojcif;udk vkyfudkifonf/
- 1989-90 ckESpfwdkYwGif rif;uGef;q&m
awmfb&k m;Bu;D wnfaxmif zGiv hf pS cf ahJ om eef;a&SU
rEÅ a v; ZD 0 d w oH C aq;&k H ü wm0ef x rf ;
aqmifonf/
- 1991 ckEpS w f iG f ra&T&nfvES iS hf tdraf xmif
jyKí xl ; &nf v G i f orD ; wpf O D ; &d S j yD ; ,ck t cg
rEÅav;jrdKY (19)vrf; eef;a&SU atmifajrompH
NrdKe,fwGif rdom;pkESifh twlaexdkifonf/ -
 3

1990-91 ckEpS rf S pwifí "r®pmayrsm;udk avhvm

zwf & I c J h o nf / rif ; uG e f ; q&mawmf B uD ; ?
pG e f ; vG e f ; q&mawmf B uD ; ? a0bl q &mawmf B uD ; ?
rkd;ukwfq&mawmfBuD;? r[mpnfq&mawmfBuD;?
awmifjrKYd r[m*E¨m&Hkq&mawmfMuD;? yckuúL q&m
awmfBuD; (tedpöq&mawmf)? zm;atmufawm&
q&mawmf B uD ; wd k Y \ w&m;"r® r sm;ud k avh v m
rSwfom;cJhonf/ xdkYjyif v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\
'D y eD a ygif ; csKyf E S i f h bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrl
cJah om q|oH*g,emwif yd#uwfoHk;yHk ygVdawmf
(jrefrmjyef)wdkYudk qufvuf zwf&IavhvmvQuf
&dSonf/
- 2004 ckESpfwGif pm"r®tjrifrS cE¨m"r®
tjrifa&mufatmif vufawGY 0dyóemw&m;
tvkyfudk pwifí ESvHk;oGif;tm;xkwfonf/
- 2006 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;ESifh &efukefjrdKYwdkYü
oli,fcsif;rsm;udk 0dyóemESifh ywfoufaom
tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;udk pwif aqG;aEG;
ajymMum;onf/
 4

]]owd ESifh e,f(3)e,f}}

1/ owd[ol nf tm&Hu
k kd rSepf mG atmufarh
jcif; vu©Pm&dSaomoabmjzpfonf/
2/ owdonf apmifha&Smufjcif;udpöudk
aqmif &Gufonf/
3/ owdonf tukov kd rf jzpfatmifapmifh
a&SmufwwfaomaMumifh owd&dSvQif ukodkvf&
ygonf/
trsm;tm;jzifh vlwo Ykd nf ]ighu, kd u
f kd igyJ
apmif h a &S m uf & w,f } [k xif w wf M uygonf /
trSefrSm igurapmifha&SmufEdkifyg? owduom
apmifha&Smufjcif;jzpfygonf/ owdr&dSygu rdrd
udk,fudk rapmifha&SmufEdkifyg/ odkYaomf owdudk
]ig}[k Oyg'gefjzifh jyif;pGmpGJvrf;aeaomaMumifh
t,lrSm; txifrSm;aeMujcif;jzpfygonf/
]]vrf;ul;r,f? owdxm;}}
vrf;ul;ygu [db k ufonfbuf Munfjh cif;
onf owd&aSd omaMumifjh zpfygonf/owdr&dyS gu
 5

rMunfhjzpfyg/ owd[laomtaMumif;w&m;udk
ÓPfjzifhodrf;qnf;wwf&ayrnf/ owdr&dSygu
rdrdudk,fudk vrf;tEÅ&m,frS rapmifha&SmufEdkifyg/
owduomtEÅ&m,frjzpfatmif apmifah &Smufjcif;
jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vrf;wGif tEÅ&m,fuif;
atmif apmifha&Smufjcif;onf owdjzpfygonf/
vrf;ul;&mwGif a&SUowday:aomfvnf; aemuf
owdjzifh rqifjcifEikd b f J Oyg'gefjzifh ]ig}[k qifjcif
,l q jcif ; jzpf y gonf / aemuf p d w f r S o wd j zif h
qifjcifEikd yf gu a&SUpdwrf S owdukd ]ig}vGwaf tmif
tm&Hkudk rSefpGmatmufarhEdkifygonf/
]]acsmfvJr,f? owdxm;/}}
a&nS&d aSd eygu]acsmv f rJ ,f?owdxm;}[kajym
qdw k wfMuygonf/ a&ndt S m&Huk kd atmufarh jcif;
onf owdjzpfygonf/ acsmrf vJatmif 0D&, d pdu
k f
um owdjzifh xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; oGm;&ygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh ighu, kd u
f kd igurapmifah &SmufEikd yf g/ acsmf
rvJatmif owduom apmifha&Smufjcif; jzpfyg
onf/a&SUowduakd emufowdjzifah tmufarhEikd yf gu
 6

]ig}pGJ Oyg'gefudk y,f&Sm;Edkifygonf/

]]oDvESifhowd}}
Oykoo f v D apmifyh gu ]igOykopf mifw h ,f }[k
xifMuygonf/ trSefrSm oDvudk owduom
apmifhxdef;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oykofapmifhavhr&dSygu
Oykoaf pmifx h m;onfukd arhaewwfygonf/xdt k cg
oDcsif;qdkrdjcif;? Adkufqmí tpmpm;rdjcif;wdkY
jzpfum Oykou f sKd ;ygonf/ ,if;onf owdr&daS om
aMumifh Oykou f sKd ;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Oykouf kd
iguapmifhír&yg/ owduom apmifhjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ Oykofapmifhí ukodkvf&onf[k qdk&mwGif
vnf; igapmifjh cif;aMumifh ukov kd jf zpfonfr[kw/f
tbd"r®mt& owdonf ukodkvfapwodufw&m;
jzpfaomaMumifh owd&dSíom ukodkvf&jcif; jzpfyg
onf/ (owd&dSvQif ukodkvf&ygonf/)
]]pdwfykwD;ESifhowd}}
ykwD;pdwfaomtcg igpdwfw,f}[kxifwwf
Muygonf/ trSefrSm t&[Hqdkaom bk&m;*kPf
awmfudk raemuowdjzifh atmufarhum ykwD;
 7

pdwfjcif;jzpfygonf/ ]t&[H}tm&Hkudk atmufarh

jcif;onf raemuowd jzpfygonf/ xdo k wdonf
tjcm;tukodkvfpdwfrsm; rjzpfay:atmif apmifh
a&Smufygonf/ xdkodkY tukodkvfpdwfrsm;rjzpf
atmif apmifha&SmufaomowdaMumifh ukodkvf
&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ykwD;udk ]ig} pdwfjcif;
r[kwyf J owduompdwjf cif;jzpfonfukd a&SUowd
tm; aemufowdjzifh rSefpGmatmufarhEdkifygu
odjrifEdkifavonf/
]]0ifavxGufavESifhowd}}
w&m;tvkyt f m;xkwaf omtcg ]igw&m;
tm;xk w f a ew,f } [k xif w wf M uygonf /
trSefrSm 0ifavxGufavtm&Hkudk atmufarhrI
onf raemuowdjzpfygonf/ xdjYk yif azmif;w,f
ydefw,ftm&Hkudk atmufarhrIonfvnf; owd
jzpfonf/ <uw,f? vSrf;w,f? csw,ftm&Hkudk
atmufarhrIonfvnf; owdomjzpfygonf/
odkYaomf a&SUowdudk aemufowdjzifh rSefpGm
ratmufarhEdkifaomaMumifh 0ifav xGufavudk
 8

]ig}urS w f a ew,f [ k owd t ay:wG i f ]ig}pG J

Oyg'gefjzifh t,lrSm; txifrSm;aejcif;jzpfonf/
owd r &d S o nf E S i f h 0if a vxG u f a vtm&H k u d k
ratmufarhEdkifawmhyg/ Oyg'geftm&Hkaemufom
vdkufygawmhonf/
xdkYaMumifh w&m;&IrSwf&mwGif owdonf
idkufrsOf;aeaomaMumifh 0ifavxGufavtm&HkrS
xGufoGm;yguvnf; owdrjyKrdawmhacs/ Oyrm
wcg;aygufapmifholESifhwlygonf/ tdyfidkufae
ygu 0ifwmvnf;rod? xGufwmvnf;rodyg/
xdkYaMumifh owdudk xx<u<ujzpfatmif 0D&d,
pdkuf&ygonf/ 0ifavxGufavtm&Hkudk owdr
vGwfatmif 0D&d,aumif;aumif;jzifh qufwdkuf
wGef;wifxm;&ayrnf/ xdktcg owdESifh0D&d,
tpGr;f aMumifh orm"donf olo Y abmolaqmifum
jzpfay:vmNy;D Oyg'geftm&Hak emufoYkd rvdu k af wmh
acs/ xdkYaMumifh w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;onf ]ig}
r[kwfyJ owdESifh0D&d,wdkYom tvkyfvkyfaejcif;
jzpfygonf/
 9

owdonf tm&Hkudk rSefpGmatmufarhjcif;

vu©Pm&dSonf/ apmifha&Smufwwfonfh udpö
&Sdonf/ owd&dSvQif ukodkvf&ygonf/ trsm;
tm;jzifh vlBuD;rsm;u owday;pum;ajymum
qH;k rwwfygonf/ oGm;owd? pm;owd? aeowd?
xdkifowd? ajymowdponfjzifh rdrdudk,fudk owd
jzifhapmifha&SmufEdkifatmif rSmMum;wwfygonf/
xdkaMumifh oGm;aepOf pm;aepOfwdkYrSm (aepOf)
owdudk Oyg'gef\tm&Hk ]ig}taejzifh jyif;pGm
pGJvrf;aeMuygonf/
]]owdESifhudavom}}
jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdw
Yk iG f avmb?
a'go? arm[paom tukodkvfw&m;rsm; rjzpf
atmif owdjzifah pmifah &SmufEikd &f eftwGuf bk&m;
&Sifuom qHk;rawmfrlEdkifcJhygonf/ xdYkaMumifh
]jrif&if jrifw,frSwf}onf jrifonfhtay:rSm
avmb? a'go? arm[ rjzpfEdkifatmif owdESifh
ÓPf,SOfNyD; apmifha&Smuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ olod
igod jrifonfudk ]ig}pGJOyg'gefjzifh vdkufrSwfae
 10

&jcif;rsdK; r[kwfyg/ xdYkjyif oDv? orm"d? ynmudk

(owduomapmifha&Smufjcif;)jzpfygonf/ trsm;
pkrSm oDvudk yk*¾dKvf ]ig}u apmifhonf[k xifMu
ygonf/ owdudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodjrifEdkif
aomaMumifh ]ig}tjzpf awGawGa0a0odaejcif;
(delusion) jzpfygonf/
]]owdESifhe,f(3)e,f}}
(orkwde,f)rS yk*d¾Kvftaejzifh atmufarh
aomowd? (y&rwfe,f)rS &kyef mrf aMumif;usKd ;wdu Yk kd
atmufarhaomowd? (opöme,f)rS t&d,opöm
(4)yg;udk atmufarhaomowdwdkY jynfhpHkrSom
owdESifhjynfhpHkjcif;jzpfygonf/
]]owdESifhynm}}
1/ owdonf &kyef mrf"r®wu Ykd kd (odrf;qnf;)
wwf\/ ynm[laom(or®m'd|d)um; xdkowdu
odrf;qnf;xm;aom &kyfemrf"r®wdkYudk y&rw¬
"r®obm0odkY qdkufatmif (xdk;xGif;) íod\/
2/ owdum; &kyfemrf"r®wdkY\ taMumif;
w&m;wdkYudk (odrf;qnf;))wwf\? ynmum; ,if;
 11

taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk (xdk;xGif;))íod\/
3/ owdum; ,if;&kyef mrf"r®w\ Ykd tedp?ö
'ku©?tewå?tokbtjcif;t&mwdkYudk
(od r f ; qnf ; ))wwf\/ ynmum; ,if;&kyfemrf
"r® wd\ Yk tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå? tokbtjcif;t&m
wdkYudk (xdk;xGif;))í od\/
þodkYvQif xdkowd xdkÓPfjzifh um,-
a0'em-pdw-å "r®[al om owdy|mefav;yg;wdu Yk kd
tzefzef&I&\/
]]ynm}}[lonf
-xdk;xdk;xGif;xGif;odjcif; vu©Pm&dS\/
tm&H k u d k z H k ; vT r f ; xm;aomarm[tarS m if u d k
y,fjcif; udpö&dS\/
-rawGra0 ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;odjrif\/
ynmjzifhomopömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;
odjrifNyD; edAÁmefudkrsufarSmufjyKEdkifavonf/

(yxraeYNyD;\)
 12

]]Oyg'gef ESifh ig}}

raumif;rIa&Smif? aumif;rIaqmif? pdwfudk
jzLatmifxm;[lonf bk&m;&SiftqlqlwdkY qHk;r
cJhaompum;awmf jzpfygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh
raumif;rIudk ]igrvkyfbl;} [lí4if;? aumif;rIudk
awmh ]ighukodkvf} [lí4if; xifMuygonf/ þodkY
jzifh raumif;rIa&SmifNyD; aumif;rIudk aqmifEdkifMu
aomfvnf; ]ig} pGJ 'd|d (udavom) ygaeaom
aMumifh pdwfudkjzLatmif rxm;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/
raumif; rIudk ]owdua&Smifw,f}? aumif;rIudk
vnf; ]owd uaqmifw,f}[ktrSeo f jd rifEikd yf gu
]ig} pGJ 'd|d udavomrSvGwfoGm;aomaMumifh
pdwfudkjzLatmif xm;Edkifayrnf/
1/ Oyg'gef[ol nf zm;udak >rcJouJo h Ykd tm&Hk
udkrvGwfwef; jyif;pGmpGJvrf;wwfaom oabm
w&m;rnf\/
2/ Oyg'gefaMumifh 'd|d]ig}? wPSm]ig}?
rme]ig} jzpfae&\/
3/ udk,fhtvdktwdkif; tm;xkwfjcif;onf
 13

Oyg'gefjzpf\/
udk,fhtvdktwdkif; tm;xkwfjcif;qdkonf
rSmvnf; jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif um,
uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdkY jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrm vrf;avQmufoGm;ygu jrifwdkif;raemuH
rjzpfyg/ rdrdESpfouf&m? Oyg'gefuyfp&m tm&Hkudk
awGYrS ]yef;yGifhuvSvdkufwm}[k pdwfwGif(raemuH)
jzpfygonf/ xdkYtwl Oyg'gefuyfaeygu rdrdtvdk
twdkif; rajymoifhrvkyfoifhwmwdkYudk ZGwfajym
ZGwfvkyfMuygonf/ owd&dSygu ajymoifhwm
ajymí vkyfoifhwmudkomvkyfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
]]um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHjyKrJhMuH Oyg'gefudk
owdjyK}}
yK}}[k yckuúL q&mawmfbk&m; BuD;u qHk;r
ygonf/
Oyrm rES p f o uf a omtm&H k a Mumif h
a'gojzpfygu xdktm&HkudkOyg'gefurvGwfoí
a'gojzifh ajymvdrYk Ny;D awmhyg/ xdt
Yk wl rdrEd pS o
f uf
aom ypönf;jzpfyguvnf; rsufpdxJurxGuf
atmif xdktm&Hkudk Oyg'gefjzifhpGJygonf/ odkYaomf
 14

orkwde,fwGif Oyg'gefjzifhpGJvrf;rIudk tukodkvf

tjypf &dSonf[k rxifMuaomfvnf; y&rwf
e,f w G i f avmbtuk o d k v f w &m;jzpf y gonf /
xdkYaMumifh Oyg'gefudk owdjzifhy,f&Sm;&ayrnf/
]] raem'Gg& ESihf "r®m&kH yHkpH (diagram) }}
(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)

(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH)
onm + Oyg'gef yk*¾dKvf? owå0g
onm + owd emrf&kyf
rsufpdESifhtqif;? em;ESifhtoH? ESmacgif;ESifh
teHY? vQmESifht&om? udk,fESifhtxdponfwdkYudk
tod r sm;Muaomf v nf ; raem'G g &ES i f h " r® m ½k H u d k
tod enf;Muygonf/ odkYaomf0dyóemwGifraem
 15

'Gg&ESifh"r®m½kHonf t"duusygonf/ raem'Gg&

onf pdwf\wnf&mjzpfí "r®m&Hkonf tawG;\
wnf&mjzpfygonf/ Oyrm rsufpdrdSwfí a&Twd*Hk
apwDawmfBuD;udk(qifjcif)ygu ("r®m&Hk)tjzpf
tm&Hkay:í raemupdwfjzifh od&jcif;jzpfygonf/
rsufpdonf jyifyorkwde,fwGif &Sdaom
yk*¾dKvf owå0gponfwdkYESifhwdkufqdkifaomtcg
rsupf wd iG f tqif;yH&k yd f (image)om ay:ygonf/
y&rwf e,fonf rsufpdrSponf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
tb,f aMumifq h akd omf rsupf o
d nf tqif;ESio
hf m
qufqH ygonf/ yk*¾dKvfowå0gtaejzifh rsufpdxJ
0ifí r&yg/ rsufpdwGif tqif;yHk&dyf ay:onfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf raem'Gg&wGifvnf; yHk&dyfay:ygonf/
,if;onf "r®ed,mrjzpfygonf/
qifjcifpdwf ESifh "r¨m&Hk}}
]]qif
raemwGifyHk&dyfay:aomfvnf; ]odpdwf} onf
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rodEdkifyg/ raemrSmjzpfay:aom
yxrqHk; ]odpdwf}onf ta&mifoabmudkom
odygonf/ ,if;ta&mifudk raemu ]bmvJ} [k
 16

]qifjcifpw d }f jzpfay:ygonf/ (qifjcif) &ef raemu

,lvu kd af om (tm&H)k onf jyifyrSr[kwyf g? twGi;f
tm&Hk ("r¨m&Hk) jzpfygonf/ xdkodkY tm&Hkudk wpfzef
qifjcifNyD;rS yHkoP²mef ]odpdwf} ESifhtrnf ]odpdwf}
tpOfwdkYjzpfay:vmum xifxif&Sm;&Sm; avmu
ynwf (a,mufsm;rdef;r? om;orD;? wdkuftdrf?
a&TaiG ) taejzifh odcGifh&jcif;jzpfygonf/
]]jrifrI ESifh odrI}}
rsupf od nf jrifjcif; (seeing) oabmom
jzpfí raemuodjcif; (recognizing) jzpfyg
onf/ rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf tm½kHudkvufcH&mXme
(Receptor)oabmrsdK;omjzpfí trSef wu,f
od&jcif;rSm raemwGif 1/ta&mifopd w d f 2/qifjcif
pdwf 3/yHkoP²mefodpdwf 4/trnfodpdwfpaom
pdwftpOf (mental process) (4)rsdK;jzpfay:
NyD;rS odcGifh&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY rsufpdujrif&HkrQ
jzpf í raemuod r I ( jzpf p Of ) ud k (ÓPf j rif ) jzif h
em;vnfoabmaygufygu em;? ESmacgif;? vQm?
udk,fwdkYjzifh odrIjzpfpOfwdkYonfvnf; wpfoabm
 17

wnf; twlwlyifjzpfygonf/ em;uMum;í raem

uod\? ESmacgif;ueHí raemuod\? vQmu
pm;í raemuod\? udk,fuxdí raemuod\/
odkYaomf tawG;odrIjzpfpOfwGif raemonf jyifyrS
tm&H k u d k r ,l a wmh y J yH k w G i f j yxm;onf h t wd k i f ;
raemonf "r®m&Hktjzpfay:aomtm&Hk(mind
object)udo k m qifjcifNy;D odciG hf &jcif;jzpfygonf/
Oyrmrsufpd rdSwfNyD; awG;awm qifjcifygu raem
0dnmPf\ tm&Hk "r®m&Hk tjzpf od&jcif;jzpfygonf/
]]Oyg'gefESifhyk*¾dKvfowå0g}}
vufawGUwGifraemü(qifjcifpdwf)jzpfrSom
od&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf raem0dnmPfonf
tm½kH oabm (image)udkomod&aomfvnf;
(Oyg'gef)&daS eaomaMumifh yk*Kd¾ vo f wå0g[k tcdik f
trm tESpfom&tm;jzifh t,lrSm; txifrSm;
aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm &kyf&Sifydwfum;? wDADG
zefom;jyifwdkYwGif tqif;ta&mif (colour) wdkY
omay:ygonf/ rsufpdwGif pu©K0dnmPfonf
t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;om odygonf/ raemwGif
 18

Oyg'gef )&daS eaomaMumifh ,if;tqif;yH&k yd w f u Ykd kd

yk*Kd¾ vf owå0gjyKí "r®m&Ht k jzpf od&jcif;jzpfonf/
ykxZk Ofw\ Ykd odrjI zpfpOfwiG f raemüpdwEf iS Ohf yg'gef
jzpfay:ygonf/ Oyg'gef[kqdkaomfvnf; rlv
w&m; ESpfyg;jzpfaom (t0dZÆmESifhwPSm)wdkYonf
aemufuG,frSyg0ifaeNyD; t"duMudK;udkif jzpfyg
onf/ t0dZmÆ onf tm&Hu k ykd *k Kd¾ vo
f wå0g[k tod
rS m ;rI ? wPS m -ES p f o uf r I ? Oyg'gef u jyif ; pG m
pGv
J rf;rIwaYkd Mumifh tm&H\ k oabm trSeu f rkd odbJ
yk * ¾ d K vf o wå 0 g[k t,l r S m ;txif r S m ;NyD ;
odjrifaejcif;jzpfygonf/
]]onm ESifh Oyg'gef}}
tm&Hkudk rSwfom;wwfaomoabmudk
onm[kac:\/ Oyrm vlwidk ;f wGif emrnfu, kd pf D
&SMd uonf/ odUk aomf arG;aomtcgu emrnfryg/
taztaru emrnfay;aomaMumihf ac:a0:
ajymqdk&eftwGuf emrnfwpfck&avonf/ xdk
emrnfukd rSwo f m;wwfaomonmrSm arG;onfrS
píyg\/ odkUaomf arG;&myg y&rwfonmudk
 19

arhaeMuonf/ wu,fr&SdbJ ajymqdk&eftwGuf

omay:ygonf / raemwG i f (Oyg'gef ) &S d a e
aomaMumifh oHk;&aom ynwfemrnfudk ac:oH
H M um;vd k u f o nf E S i f h ]ig}[k w u,f x if r S w f
Muygonf/ jzpfpOfwiG f Mum;ol\raemrSm (onm)
jzpfay:aomfvnf; onmudk ]ig}[k t,lrSm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ onm(emrf)udk Oyg'gefjzif]h ig}[k jyif;pGm
pGJvrf;aeaomaMumifh t,lrSm; 'd|djzpfaeygonf/
owdjzifh ac:oHaMumifh onmay:onf[k rSefpGm
atmuf a rh E d k i f y gu ]ig}pG J Oyg'gef u d k y,f & S m ;
Edkifayrnf/

('kwd,aeYNyD;\)
 20

]]twå ESifh tewå}}

taMumif;tusdK;qufET,frIwGif tusdK;
w&m;tay:wGif rdrdtvdk(Oyg'gef) twdkif;jzpf
onf[k xifjrif,lqygu twåjzpfí yk*¾dKvftvdk
rygyJ tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;tm;avQmfpGm
jzpfonf[k,lvQif tewåjzpfonf/ Oyrm vuf
ckyfwD;Munfhyg/ vufckyfwD;jcif;onf taMumif;
jzpfí vufckyfoHrnfjcif;onf tusdK;jzpfonf/
vufckyfwD;jcif; taMumif;&dSaeygvQuf vufckyf
oHrrnfygESifh[k tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif yk*¾dKvf
tvd k t wd k i f ; trd e f Y a y;í tpd k ; r&Ed k i f o uJ h o d k Y
vufcyk rf wD;yJ vufcyk o f rH nfatmifvnf; vkyí f
r&yg/ xdaYk Mumifh rdrt d vdjk zifh tusKd ;w&m; tay:
wGit f pd;k r&bJ tusKd ;w&m;onf (yk*Kd¾ vt f vd)k ryg
bJ taMumif;tm;avQmpf mG yif jzpfay:&avonf/
]]taMumif;w&m;udkomtm;xkwf&\}}
tcef;wpfcw k iG af rSmifaeyguxdt k arSmifukd
z,fcsifvQif tarSmifudkwdkuf&dkufz,fír&ay/
tvif;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;udkom tm;xkwf
 21

&jcif;jzpfonf/ tvif;jzpfay:onfESifh tarSmif

csKyfaysmuf&jcif;onf olYoabmolaqmifum
jzpfay:vmygonf/ rdrdonf tarSmifz,fjcif;
qdkaom tusdK;w&m;ESifhroufqdkifbJ tvif;jzpf
ay:&ef taMumif;w&m;udkom tm;xkwf&jcif;
jzpf o nf / xd k a Mumif h tusd K ;w&m;onf (rd r d
tvd)k ESirhf oufqikd b
f J taMumif;w&m;wdYk nDnwG f
jynfhpHkaomtcg olYoabmolaqmifjyD; jzpfay:
vmjcif;jzpfygonf/
]]orkwd taMumif;tusdK;}}
orkwed ,fwiG f taMumif;tusKd ;udk vlwikd ;f
em;vnfMuygonf/ taMumif;aumif;rS tusdK;
aumif;onf? taMumif;qd;k í tusKd ;qd;k onf[í l
taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif
wdkuf&dkuf qufET,ftpdk;&aerI (Connection)
oabmrsdK;jzpfaeonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh taMumif;
w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;udk arG;zGm;vdkufouJhodkY
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf y&rwfe,fwGif taMumif;
w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif wdkuf&dkuf
 22

qufET,fjcif; oabmrsdK;r&dSyg/ tusdK;w&m;onf

taMumif;w&m;wdYk jynfph nkH n
D wG o f nfEiS hf wpfNyKd if
euf ol Y o abmol a qmif u m obm0w&m;
(topf)wpfrsdK;onf (r&dS&mrS) topfjzpfay:
vmjcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/ Oyrm a&udk rD;tylay;ygu
rD;ylaomaMumifh a&yl\[k tylul;ajymif;ouJhodkY
wdkuf&dkufqufET,frI (Connection)oabm
rsdK;,lvQif orkwde,frS tylul;ajymif;aerI tjrif
jzpfygonf/ rD;ylrS a&yludk arG;xkwfvdkuf ouJhodkY
wdkuf&dkuf qufET,ful;ajymif;aejcif;rsdK; jzpfaeyg
onf/ ,if;onf orkwde,fuodaom aMumif;
usdK;qufET,frIjzpfonf/
]]y&rwf taMumif;tusdK;}}
y&rwfe,fwiG f rD;wGi&f aSd om tylawaZm
"mwfonf jzpfonfhae&mrSmyif csKyfaysmuf\/
awaZm"mwfonf ul;ajymif;jcif; ae&majymif;jcif;
(vHk;0)r&dSyg/ trSefrSm a&\at;onfh awaZm
"mwfrsm; csKyfaysmufjyD; ylonfhawaZm"mwfrsm;
olo Y abmolaqmifum (tpm;xdk;))topfjzpfay:
 23

aejcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rD;qdkaom taMumif;

w&m;\ aus;Zl;jyKrEI iS ahf wmh ruif;Edik af cs/ rD;onf
a&ylrItay:wGif wdkuf&dkufqufET,frI (Con-
nection)oabmrsdK; (ul;ajymif;jcif;)r[kwfbJ
tajctaeay;rI (Condition)taejzifhom
(aus;Zl;jyKjcif;)oabmrsdK;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
a&yljcif;udpöwGif rD;onf tyl"mwf (taMumif;
w&m;)wdkYjzifh vHkavmufaom (aus;Zl;jyKjcif;)
oabmrsdK;omjzpfonf/ a&yljcif;tusdK;w&m;
(ylonfhawaZm"mwf)onf olYoabmolaqmif
(r&dS&mrS) topfjzpfay:Ny;D at;onfh awaZm
um(r&d
ae&mwGif (tpm;xdk;))aejcif;omjzpfygonf/
aemufOyrmwpfcrk mS avwdu k íf opf&u G f
vIyfjcif;jzpfonf/ orkwde,fwGif avwdkufjcif;
onf taMumif; w&m;jzpfí opf&u G vf yI jf cif;onf
tusdK;w&m;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif avwdkufjcif;
taMumif;onf opf&u G vf yI jf cif; tusKd ;tay:wGif
wd k u f & d k u f q uf E T , f a eonf / y&rwf e ,f w G i f
avwGifyg0ifaom 0ga,m"mwfonf avrSmyif
 24

csKyfaysmuf\? odkYaomf opf&GufvIyfjcif;onf

opf & G u f w G i f y g0if a om rl v wnf j id r f 0 ga,m
csKyfaysmufí vIyf&Sm;0ga,m (topf)jzpfay:
vmaomaMumifh olo Y abmolaqmifum vIyjf cif;
jzpfonf/ xdo k Ykd vIy&f mS ;0ga,m topfjzpfay:jcif;
onf avwdkufjcif;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;\
aus;Zl;jyKrIESifhuif;í rjzpfay:Edkifacs/ xYdkaMumifh
taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif
wduk &f u
kd qf ufE, T rf I (Connection)oabmrsKd ;
ul;ajymif;jcif;r&dSaomfvnf; tajctaeay;rI
(Condition)oabmrsdK;jzifhom aus;Zl;jyKNyD;
tusKd ;w&m;onf olo Y abmol aqmifumr&d&S mrS
topftopfwdkYjzifh (tpm;xdk;)aejcif;jzpfonf/
(topftpm;xd;k jcif;jzifh ta[mif;csKyjf cif;jzpf\)
xYdktwl za,mif;wdkif rD;ul;rIwGifvnf;
yxrza,mif ; wd k i f r S r D ; onf 'k w d , za,mif ;
wdkifrS rD;pmudk wdkYxdjcif;[laom tajctaeay;rI
(Condition)taejzifhom aus;Zl;jyKjcif;jzpf
onf/ 'kwd,za,mif;wdkifü rD;awmufrIonf
 25

'kw, d za,mif;wdik &f Sd awaZm"mwfu olo Y abm

olaqmifum rD;awmuftopf jzpfay:vmjcif;
omjzpfonf/ rD;ul;ajymif;jcif; vHk;0r&dSyg/ xdkodkY
odjrifjcif;jzifh rdrcd E¨mwGiv f nf; (cE¨y#dpöorkyÜg'f)
taMumif ; tusd K ;ud k ( tewå Ó Pf ) tjrifjzifh
odjrifatmif ESvHk;oGif;tm; xkwfEdkifayrnf/
]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}
'ku©udkorkwde,frS olodigodtaejzifh
qif;&Jjcif;[k em;vnfMuygonf/ Oyrm wJjzifah e
&jcif;onf 'ku?© acgif;udu k jf cif;onf 'ku?© Adu
k ef m
jcif;onf 'ku?© aumif;aumif;rpm;&jcif;onf 'ku©
ponfjzifhodMuygonf/bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;aom
'ku©rSm ork',&dSrS 'ku©&dSygonf/ ork',r&dS
ygu 'kur© &dyS g/ 'kuu © kd ork',&d?S r&dS tay:wGif
rlwnfí "r®pMumw&m;awmfwGif a[mMum;
awmfrlcJhygonf/ Oyrm wdkufjzifhae&jcif;onf
csr;f om\? wJjzifah e&jcif;onf qif;&J\? orkwd
e,ftaejzifh rSefygonf/ odkYaomf opöme,frS
MunfhvQif wdkufjzifhae&aomfvnf; wdkufay:rSm
 26

ork',&dyS gu 'ku&© ySd gonf/ wJjzifah eaomfvnf;

wJay:wGif ork',r&dyS gu 'kur© &dyS g/
xdjYk yif opfaphrS tyifayguf&m wjznf;jznf;
Bu;D xGm;vmygonf/ tdrk if;&ifah &mfvmrnf? aemuf
qH;k ü aoqH;k &ygonf/ xdjk zpfpOfonf obm0 w&m;
(natural process)om jzpfygonf/ xdkYtwl
rdrw d o Ykd nf arG;vmNy;D tdMk u? emMu? aoMu &ygonf/
,if ; onf obm0w&m;om jzpf y gonf /
jyóemr&dSyg/ odkYaomf xdktdkemaotay:wGif
igtdkNyD? igemNyD? igaoawmhrSmyJ[lí (ig)jzifh
(ork',)&dSoGm;ygu pdwfqif;&Jjcif; 'ku©jzpfMu
&ygonf/ bk&m;&SifESifh&[EÅmwdkYwGif tdkemao&dSY
aomfvnf; ork',r&daS omaMumifh ud, k o
f memí
pdwfemonfh'ku© r&dSjcif;jzpfygonf/ rdrdwdkYrSm
ud, k ef mygu pdwyf gemavonf/ xdo k Ykd ud,
k ef mí
pdwfem&onfrSm rdrdudk,fay:rSm ork',&dSaom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ (ork ' ,)ud k (r*¾ ) jzif h y ,f
Ed k i f y gu ('k u © ) csKyf u m (ed a &m") qd k u f a om
udk,fomemí pdwfremjcif; jzpfavonf/
 27

]]tewå (5)ckESifhtwå(1)ck jrifatmif&I}}

rsufpdESifhtqif;wdkufygu jrifpdwfonf
t&dSudkt&dStwdkif; ,xmblwususjrifygonf/
odaYk omf raemonf e*drk u tyku d eG w
Yf wfygonf/
aumif; raumif;? vSrvS? BuKd urf BuKd upf onfjzifh
rdrdtvdk Oyg'geftwdkif; tydkawGygavonf/ xdk
tcg rsufpdonf e*dkt&dStwdkif;omjrifí tewå
jzpfonf/ raemonf rdrd\tvdk Oyg'geftwdkif;
jzpfcsifaomaMumifh twåjzpfonf/ xdkYtwlem;?
ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,fwdkYonf taMumif;tm;avQmf
pG m om e*d k t &S d t wd k i f ; od í tewå j zpf o nf /
xdkYaMumifh rsupf ?d em;? ESm? vQm? ud, k üf tewå (5)
ck&dSí raemwGif twå(1)ck&dSavonf/ tewå(5)
ckonf twå(1)ckukd tEdik &f oifah omfvnf; raem
utwåonf i,fEdkifjzpfaeygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
0dyóem&Ijcif;onf raemudk rsupf ?d em;? ESm? vQm?
ud, k rf mS odonfh twdik ;f rsupf u d jrifvQif jrifonfh
twd k i f ; raemu tyd k r ygbJ ,xmbl w
ÓPfjzifh odjrifatmif ESv;kH oGi;f &jcif; jzpfygonf/
(wwd,aeYNyD;\)
 28

]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESifh 0#f (3)yg;}}

(0dygu0#f) (udavo0#f) (ur®0#f)
0d n mPf
emrf & k y f t0d Z Æ m
oVm,we wPSm ocF g &
zó Oyg'gef uH
a0'em
(tusdkK;w&m;) (taMumif;w&m;)
'ku©opöm ork',opöm
y#dpöorkyÜg'f[lonf taMumif;tusdK;udk
a[mjyaoma'oemawmf j zpf o nf / &k y f e mrf ?
aMumif;usKd ;udk odjrifaomolonf &kyef mrfrw S pfyg;
toufaumif twåaumifr&dS[k t&dSudkt&dS
twdkif;od\/ (taMumif;)w&m;wdkY tqufrjywf
jzpfjcif;aMumifh (tusdK;)w&m;wdkY tqufrjywf
(jzpfjcif;)oabmudk odjrifygu ]]jywfw,f? pJw,f}}
[laomt,l (Oapä''d|)d uif;aysmuf\/ taMumif;
w&m;wdcYk sKyjf cif;aMumifh (tusKd ;)w&m;wdYk (csKyjf cif;)
 29

oabmudkodjrifygu ]]cdkifw,f? NrJw,f}}[laom

t,l (oów'd|)d uif;aysmuf\/ xdt k pGe;f ESpyf g;
wdkYrS vGwfatmif (rZÑdry#dy'g) tusifhjzpfaom
(y#dpöorkyÜg'f)a'oemawmfudk a[mawmfrljcif;
jzpfygonf/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk 0dygu0#f? udavo0#f?
ur®0#f[lí 0#f(3)yg;jzifh ydkif;jcm;Edkifavonf/
0dygu0#fwGif (0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we?
zó? a0'em)wdyYk g0ifí udavo0#fwiG f (t0dZmÆ ?
wPSm? Oyg'gef)ESifh ur®0#fwGif (ocFg&? uH)wdkY
yg0ifavonf/
jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif jzpfay:
aom &kyef mrfEpS yf g;? cE¨migyg;wdo
Yk nf tusKd ;w&m;
(0dygu0#f)jzpfygonf/ ,if;&kyfemrfudk yk*¾dKvf
owå0g[k todrmS ;rIonf t0dZmÆ ? ESpo f ufro I nf
wPSm? pGv J rf;rIonf Oyg'gefjzpfygonf/ (t0dZmÆ ?
wPS m ? Oyg'gef ) wd k Y o nf ud a vo0#f j zpf í
um,? 0pD? raemwdkYjzifh tm;xkwfrI apwem
(ocFg& ) wdkYaMumifh ukodkvf tukodkvf(uH)rsm;
 30

jzpfay:jcif;onf (ur®0#f)jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh jrif&mwGif0#f(3)yg;vnfyHkrSm
jrifrIu0dygu0#f? jrifonfhtay:wGif pGJvrf;rI
(Oyg'gef)u udavo0#f? taumif;tqdk; raem
(uH)ajrmufrIu ur®0#fjzpfonf/ jrifonfhtay:
rSm (Oyg'gef)uyfaomaMumifh tenf;qHk; raem
(uH)jzpfygu 0#f(3)yg;[laom y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fvnf\/
ud a vom(Oyg'gef ) csKyf y gu (uH ) taMumif ;
csKyfum tusdK;(Zmwd)csKyfNyD; oHo&m0#fvnfae
aom y#dpöorkyÜg'f&yfavonf/
]]Oyg'gefaMumifhuHajrmuf&\/}}
Oyg'ge ypö,m ur®b0qdkaom a'oem
awmft& ukodkvftukodkvf(uH)wdkYonf (Oyg'gef)
aMumifh jzpfay:aeonf[kqdk\/ (um,uH? 0pDuH?
raemuH)udk y&rwfaumufygu (apwem)&yg
onf/ apwemtay:wGif Oyg'gefuyfaomaMumifh
(uH ) jzpf a y:&onf / uH [ l a om(taMumif ; )
w&m;aMumif h aemuf b 0 aemuf c E¨ m qd k a om
(tusdK;)w&m;jzpfay:&onf/ xdkYaMumifh oHo&m
 31

&yfvdkygu taMumif;(uH)csKyf&ayrnf/ uHcsKyf&ef

(apwem)tay:rS (Oyg'gef)udk (owd)jzifh y,f&
ayrnf/ (apwemudrk y,f&yg? y,fívnf; r&yg)
xdkYaMumifh yckuúLq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf
]]um,uH ? 0pD u H ? raemuH j yKrJ h M uH Oyg'gef
ud k o wd j yK}}
yK}}[k a[mMum;qH k ; rygonf / OD ; pG m
tm;jzifh raemuHjzpfay:rIuo kd Ed ikd &f ef owdxm;í
Munhfoifhygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh rdrdrSm raemuH
jzpf? rjzpfukd aoaocsmcsm owdrjyKrMd uyg/ Oyrm
vrf;avQmufoGm;aomtcg rsufpdjzifh jrifwdkif;
raemuH r jzpf y g/ vS a omyef ; yG i h f u d k jrif a om
tcgrS pdwx f w J iG f ]vSvu
kd w
f mygvm;}[k (raemuH)
jzpfavonf/ (owd)r&SdaomaMumifhom jrif&m?
Mum;&m? eH&m? pm;&m? xd&mwdkYwGif raemuH jzpf?
rjzpfudk rodjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkodkY rodjcif;onf
(arm[)jzpfygonf/ raemuHjzpf? rjzpfudk (owd)
xm;Munhfygu jrif&mwGif (owd) pwif jzpfay:
vmayrnf/ xdkYtwl Mum;&m? eH&m? pm;&m? xd&m
wdkYrSmvnf; owd&dSygu raemuH jzpf?rjzpfudk
 32

udk,fykdif ÓPfjzihfodjrifayrnf/ xdktcg ,cifu

(arm[)ae&mwGif owdO;D aqmifaom (tarm[)
w&m;wdkYjzifh (tpm;xdk;)aexdkifEdkifayrnf/
]]Oyg'gefjzpfysuf owdur*f}}
xdak Mumifh jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdwYk iG f
Oyg'gefuyf? ruyfudk owdjzifhESvHk;oGif; qifjcif
jcif;jzifh Oyg'gefuyfonfudk aemufrSowdjzifh
todvdkufEdkifygu (Oyg'gef)jzpfysuf (owd) ur*f
jzpfygonf/ pdwfonf (wpfMudrfwGif ESpfpdwfNydKif
rjzpfay/) Oyg'gefuyfaomtcsdefwGif owdonf
rjzpfay:ao;/ (Oyg'gefudk owdjzifhtpm;xdk;)
vduk af omtcgüvnf; Oyg'gefr&daS wmhacs? y,fNy;D
jzpf\/ Oyg'gefonf udavo0#fjzpfí owdESifh
todvu kd jf cif;jzifh udavo0#f (w'*F)csKyyf gonf/
udavo0#fcsKyv f Qif ur®0#fcsKy\ f / ur®0#fcsKyyf gu
aemufb0? aemufcE¨mqdkaom 0dygu0#fcsKyfum
oHo&m0#fqif;&J &yfygonf/ ,if;udk (w'*F
ed A Á m ef ) [kvnf; ac:ygonf/ þodkYjzifh y#dpö
orkyÜg'f\0#f(3)yg;ESifh (taMumif;jynfhpHkygu
 33

tudsK;)jzpfay:Ny;D (taMumif;uif;ygu tusKd ;csKy)f

onfudk (cE¨mÓPfa&muf)odjrifvQif 0dyóem
twGuf ],xmblwÓPf}udk&&dSygonf/
]] Oyg'gefESifhtewå }}
Oyg'gefonf olUoabmolaqmif\/ jrif
orQ? Mum;orQ? eHorQ? pm;orQ? xdorQukd Oyg'gef
u r,lacs/ raemrSm&Sad omOyg'gefu olBuKd u&f m
ukod m pG,J yl gonf/ Oyrm xrif;ESifh[if;pm;aom
tcg Oyg'gefonf xrif;pm;aeaomfvnf; xrif;
\t&omudk r,lacs/ [if;\t&omudkompGJ
,lNy;D pdwx f rJ mS aumif;? raumif; raemuHjzpfay:
oGm;avonf/ xdt Yk wl jriforQ? Mum;orQuv kd nf;
Oyg'gefurpGyJ g? Oyg'gefEiS rhf pGyJ gu jrifumrQ? Mum;
umrQomjzpfygonf/ xdkxufpdwfrSm tydkrjzpfyg/
Oyg'gefuyfaom jrifrI? Mum;rIwdkYudkom pdwfrSm
pGJvrf;oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Oyg'gefonf
olUoabmolaqmifNy;D olt Y vdt k wdik ;f olBuKd u&f m
udkom pGJ,lwwfaMumif; (owd)&SdvQif Oyg'gef\
tewåoabmudk udk,fydkifÓPfjzifh odjrifEdkif
 34

ygonf/ xdktcg ]igh}tvdk r[kwfyJ ]Oyg'gef} tvdk

omjzpfaMumif;udk "r®oabmtwdkif;(owd)jyK
rdNyD; (yk*¾dKvfowå0g)tjrifudk ausmfvGefatmif
(ynm)jzifhxdk;xGif;íodjrifEdkifayrnf/
]] uHa[mif;ESifhuHopf }}
rsupf ?d em;? ESm? vQm? ud,
k Ef iS rhf aemwdo
Yk nf
twd w f ( uH a [mif ; )aMumif h jzpf a y:aeonf h
(tusdK;w&m;) 0dygu0#f jzpfygonf/ ypöKyÜef
(taMumif;)w&m;jzpfaom udavo0#fESifhur®
0#fwdkYonf (uHopf)udk jzpfay:aponf/ xdktcg
taMumif;xdkufaomuHwdkYonf aemufb0 Zmwd?
Z&mr&Pqdak om (tusKd ;)udk jzpfay:ap\/ xdo k Ykd
(uHa[mif;)aMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;ESifh(uHopf)
aMumif h j zpf a omtaMumif ; wd k Y tquf r jywf
jzpf a y:aejcif ; ud k ÓPf w G i f oH o &m0#f ' k u ©
tjzpf e m;vnf od j rif E d k i f y gonf / ud a vom
Oyg'gefcsKyfygu uHcsKyfaomaMumifh aemufb0
aemufcE¨mjzpfaom Zmwd? Z&mr&PwdkYvnf;
csKyfNidrf;&ygonf/ xdkodkY uH? udavomNidrf;jcif;
 35

taMumif;aMumifh cE¨mNidrf;jcif;tusdK; jzpfay:

jcif;udkyif eda&m"opöm (edAÁmef)[kac:ygonf/
udavomNidrf;aomedAÁmefudk (oOyg'd a oo)
edAÁmef[kac:í cE¨mtNyD;csKyfNidrf;aomedAÁmefudk
(tEkyg'daoo) edAÁmef[kac:qdkavonf/

(pwkw¬aeYNyD;\)
 36

]] opömav;yg; jrwfw&m;}}
0d y óem\&nf & G , f c suf r S m jrwf a om
trSef (Noble Truth)qdkaom opömav;yg;udk
owdynmjzifx h ;kd xGi;f odjrif&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/
xdktcg opöm(4)yg;ay:rSm zHk;aeaom rodrI
t0dZÆmtarSmifudk y,f&Sm;Edkifygonf/
]]opömav;yg;ESifhtvkyfw&m;}}
(od? y,f? qdkuf? yGm;)
1/ 'ku©opöm - ½kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg;
(&kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPf)
2/ ork',opöm - 'ku©jzpfaMumif; wPSm
(Oyg'gef)
3/ eda&m"opöm - 'ku©csKyf&mwPSmukef&m
(edAÁmef)
4/ r*¾opöm - 'ku©csKyf&ma&mufaMumif; tusifh
(r*¾if&Spfyg;)
opömav;yg;wGif 'ku©opömonf &kyfemrf
ESpfyg;? cE¨mig;yg;jzpfí ,if;onf ydkif;jcm; (od)
&rnfhw&m; jzpfonf/ 'kuj© zpfaMumif; wPSmonf
 37

ork',opömjzpfí(y,f)&rnfhw&m; jzpfonf/
'ku©csKyf&medAÁmefonf eda&m"opömjzpfí rsuf
arSmufjyK (qdkuf)a&muf&rnfhw&m; jzpfonf/
'kuc© sKy&f ma&mufaMumif;tusihf r*¾i&f pS yf g;onf
r*¾opömjzpfí (yGm;)rsm; tm;xkwf&rnfhw&m;
jzpfygonf/
]]ork',ESifh'ku©}}
trsm;tm;jzifh wJjzifhae&vQifqif;&Jí
wdkufjzifhae&vQif csrf;omonf[k ,lqMuyg
onf/ orkwde,ftm;jzifhrSefygonf/ odkYaomf
bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlaom opöme,frS'ku©
onf ork',&dSrSom'ku©&dSí ork',r&dSygu
'kur© &dyS g/ xdaYk Mumifh opöme,frMS unfyh gu wdu
k f
ay:wGif ork',&dSvQif'ku©&dSí wJay:wGif
ork',r&dyS gu 'kur© &dyS g/ pGv J rf;rI Oyg'gefonf
ork',jzpfí ork',csKyfaomaMumifh 'ku©Nidrf;
jcif;onf eda&m" jzpfygonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf
'kuj© zpfaMumif;udk ork',[k "r®pMumw&m;awmf
wGif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ pGJvrf;rIonf
 38

ork',jzpfí tpGcJ sKy&f monf eda&m"jzpfygonf/

pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefuif;atmif ESvHk;oGif;&
rnfrSm owdynmjzpfaomr*¾if(8)yg; tvkyf
w&m;yifjzpfygonf/ ,if;udk 0dyóemtvkyf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfonf[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ xdk
aMumifh 0dyóemtvkyfonf pGJ&mrSrpGJ&modkY
a&mufonfhtjyif oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku© taygif;
rSvGwfajrmuf&m edAÁmefudkyif rsufarSmufjyKEdkif
avonf/
]]opömav;yg;tay:rS t0dZÆmtzHk;zGifhjcif;}}
(1) 'ku©opöm[laom &kyfemrfudk
rSefpGmodjrifjcif; (or®m'd|d)
jrif&mwGif(tqif;)onf&kyfodwmonf
emrf? Mum;&mwGif(toH)onf&kyfodwmonf emrff?
eH&mwGif (teH)Y onf&yk f odwmonfemrf? pm;&mwGif
(t&om)onf&kyf odwmonfemrf? xd&mwGif
(txd ) onf & k y f od w monf e mrf ? awG ; &m
wGif(oabm)onfemrf&kyf odwmonfemrfwdkY
jzpf M uygonf / Oyrm ajcaxmuf e mygu
 39

ajcaxmufonf&kyfjzpfí emjcif;onf a0'em

jzpfonf/ ]vÇu&f nfuaumif;w,f}[k qd&k mwGif
vÇu&f nfonf &kyjf zpfíaumif;jcif;onf a0'em
jzpfonf/ xdo
k Ykd jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdw
Yk iG f
jzpfay:aeaom emrf&kyfwdkYonf 'ku©opömom
jzpfygonf/

(2) ork',opöm[laom y#dpöorkyÜg'f

(taMumif;tusdK;)udk
rSefpGmodjrifjcif;(or®m'd|d)
jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif
y#d p ö o rk y Ü g 'f ( taMumif ; tusd K ;)ud k tewå
tjrifjzifh odjrif&ayrnf/ jrif&mwGif Oyg'gefjzifh
pG J y gu(uH ) jzpf \ / ud a vom(uH ) [l a om
(taMumif;)jynfph ykH gu cE¨m[laom(tusKd ;)onf
r&d&S mrS (oloY abmolaqmif)um topfjzpfay:
aeyHkudk t&dStwdkif; rSefpGmodjrif&ayrnf/ Oyrm
eHrnfac:oHMum;ygu onmonf olYoabmol
aqmifjzpfay:í taMumif;uif;ygu csKyaf ysmuf
 40

ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh taMumif;&dSrS tusdK;jzpfí

taMumif;uif;u tusdK;csKyfygonf/ xdktcg
taMumif;Oyg'gefjzpfrS tusdK;cE¨mjzpfjcif;onf
ork',jzpfí (taMumif;) ork',csKyjf cif;aMumifh
(tusdK;) 'ku©csKyfjcif;onf eda&m"jzpfavonf/
xdkoYdk 'ku©jzpfaMumif; wPSm (Oyg'gef) udkodjrif
jcif;jzifh ork',opömtay:rS t0dZÆmtzHk;udk
zGifhEdkifavonf/

(3) eda&m"opöm[laom edAÁmef

(taMumif;tusdK;csKyf&m)udk
rSefpGmodjrifjcif;(or®m'd|d)
ork',opöm (taMumif;) ESifh 'ku©opöm
(tusdK; ) csKyfNidrf;aom uHcsKyf&m edAÁmefudk rsuf
arS m uf j yKjcif ; onf ed a &m"opö m tay:rS
t0dZmÆ tzH;k udk zGijhf cif;jzpfonf/ edAmÁ efonf udav
omNidrf;aom edAÁmefESifh cE¨mNidrf;aomedAÁmef[lí
ESpfrsdK;&dSavonf/ odkYaomf udavomNidrf;ygu
cE¨mNidrf;jcif; udpövnf; NyD;pD;avonf/
 41

(4) r*¾opöm[laom r*¾if(8)yg;udk

rSefpGmodjrifjcif;(or®m'd|d)
1/ or®m'd|d -rSepf mG jrifjcif; (right view)
2/ or®mouFyÜ -rSepf mG MujH cif;(right thought)
3/ or®m0gpm -rSepf mG ajymjcif;(right speech)
4/ or®mur®EÅ -rSepf mG vkyjf cif;(right action)
5/ or®mtmZD0 -rSepf mG toufarG;jcif;
(right livelihood)
6/ or®m0g,mr -rSepf mG tm;xkwjf cif;
(right effort)
7/ or®mowd -rSepf mG atmufarhjcif;
(right mindfulness)
8/ or®morm"d -rSepf mG wnfMunfjcif;
(right concentration)
r*¾i&f pS yf g;wGif or®m0gpm or®mur®EÅ or®m
tmZD0wdu Yk kd (oDvr*¾if)? or®m0g,mr or®mowd
or®morm"d wdkYudk (orm"dr*¾if)? or®m'd|d or®m
ouFyÜwdkYudk (ynmr*¾if)[lí ac:qdkMuygonf/
omoem\tESpfonf (oDv? orm"d? ynm)
 42

[laom odu©m(3)yg; tusifhw&m;wdkYom jzpfMu

ygonf/ or®m'd|d? or®mouFyÜonf ynmr*¾if
jzpfí or®mouFy[ Ü o l nfh rSepf mG MupH nfo;kH oyfEikd rf S
rSepf mG jrifjcif; or®m'd|jd zpfayrnf/ xdaYk Mumifh or®m
ouFyo Ü nf rsurf eS Ef iS w
fh íl rsurf eS wf yfrS (t&dSudk
t&dStwdkif;) trSefjrifEdkifNyD; or®m'd|djzpfayrnf/
or®m'd|djzpfay:rSvnf; r*¾opöm tay:rS t0dZÆm
tzHk;udk zGifhEdkifayrnf/
0dyóemtvkyo f nf orkwed ,frS y&rwf
e,fujkd zwfNy;D opöme,foaYkd &mufatmif tm;xkwf
&jcif;jzpfygonf/ r*¾if&Spfyg;wGif owd? 0D&d,?
orm"d[laom r*¾if(3)yg;tay:tajccHí ynm
r*¾ifjzpfaom or®mouFyÜ(right thought) ESifh
or®m'd|d (right view)wdkYudk wnfaxmif&jcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkodkY r*¾if(5)yg;jzpfygu t&dSudkt&dS
twdkif; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGmodjrifNyD; r*¾if&Spfyg;
jynfhpHkatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&jcif;jzpfygonf/
]]rsufjrifavmuESifhÓPfjrif"r®}}
aeonf ta&SUrSxGufí taemufodkY0if
 43

onfudk (t,lrSef)[kxifMuygonf/ odkYaomf

tmumorSxu G Mf unfyh gu aeonf0ifjcif;vnf;
r&doS vdk xGujf cif;vnf;r&dyS g/ urÇmuomvnfNy;D
aeudv k n
S yhf wfaeonfukd t&dt S wdik ;f trSeo f jd rif
ygu ta&SUaexGuf taemufae0ifukd (rsujf rif)
jzpfaomfvnf; (ÓPfjrif)jzifh (t,lrSm;)udk
y,fum tpGJuif;NyD; ajym&Hkomajymygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh avmuudk or®m'd|t d jrifreS jf zifh
aumif;pGmodjrifNyD;olonf ajymcsifwmvnf;
r&doS vdk rajymcsif wmvnf;r&dyS g/ ajymoifo h nf
udkom ajymjcif;onf or®m0gpmjzpfygonf/
xdkYtwl vkyfcsifwmvnf;r[kwf? rvkyfcsifwm
vnf; r[kwyf g/ vkyo f ifoh nfuo kd mvkyjf cif;onf
or®mur®EÅ jzpfonf/ xdkodkY ajymqdkvkyfudkifrIjzifh
toufarG;jcif;onf or®mtmZD0jzpfygonf/
xdktcg oDvr*¾ifvnf; jzpfay:vmaomaMumifh
r*¾if&Spfyg;vnf; jynfhpkHNyD;pD;jcif;odkY a&muf&dS
avonf/
(yOöraeYNyD;\)
 44

]]twå'd|d}}
'd|dqdkonfrSm tm&HkwdkYudkNrJaom (edpöonm)?
tcdkiftrm tESpfom&&dSaom (twåonm)jzifh
t,lrSm; txifrSm;jcif;jzpfonf/ trsm;em;vnf
aeMuaom'd|donf ]ig}[k ,ljcif;jzpfygonf/ 'd|d
jzKwfjcif;udkvnf; ]ig} y,fjcif;[k oabmayguf
Muygonf/ trSefrSm ]ig} qdkonfrSm NrJaom(edpö
onm)ESifh tcdkiftrm tESpfom&&dSaom (twå
onm)udk udk,fpm;jyKoHk;pGJaom emrfpm;om jzpf
ygonf/ ]ig} [laomoabmrSm raeYuvnf; ]ig}?
'DaeYvnf;]ig}? eufjzefvnf; ]ig} qdkNyD; cdkifNrJaerI?
tESpfom&&dSrIudk ynwfwifoHk;pGJjcif;jzpfygonf/
]]pdwf(6)rsdK;ESifhtm&Hk(6)rsdK;}}
jrifpwd o
f ad omtm&H-k &lyg&Hk (tqif;)? Mum;
pdwfodaomtm&Hk-o'´g½kH (toH)? eHpdwfodaom
tm&Hk-*E¨m&Hk (teHY)? pm;pdwfodaomtm&Hk-&om&Hk
(t&om)? xdpdwfodaomtm&Hk-azm|AÁm&Hk (txd-
yx0D? awaZm? 0ga,m)? raem0dnmPfodaom
tm&Hk-"r®m&Hk(tawG;)wdkYjzpfMuygonf/ 'd|donf
 45

xdkxdktm&HkwdkYudk NrJaom(edpöonm)? tcdkiftrm

tES p f o m&&d S a om(twå o nm)jzih f t,l r S m ;
txifrSm;um Oyg'gefjzifh jyif;pGmpGJvrf; aejcif;
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tm&HkwdkYonf rSefrSm yHk&dyfay:
ouJhodkY rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? raem wdkYjzifh
taMumif;wdkufqdkifcdkufom (pdwf \tm&Hk)tjzpf
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmNyD; taMumif;uif;onfESifh
csKyfaysmufMuygonf/ tm&HkwdkYonf tNrJr&dS
(tedp)ö ? tcdik tf rm tESpof m&r&dS (tewå)wdo Yk m
jzpfMuygonf/
]]onm Oyg'gefESifhowå0god}}
tm&HkudkrSwfwwfaom oabmonf
onmjzpf\/ Oyrm vlwkdif;wGif emrnfudk,fpD&Sd
Muyg onf/ odUk aomf arG;aomtcgu emrnfryg/
taztaru emrnfay;aomaMumihf ac:a0:
ajymqdk&eftwGuf emrnfwpfck&ygonf/ xdk
emrnfudk rSwfom;aomonmrSm arG;onfrSpí
ygavonf/ odkUaomf (onm)udk (owd)arhae
Muygonf/ wu,ft h &dw
S &m;r[kwb f J ajymqd&k ef
 46

twGuo f ;kH aom xdek mrnfuMkd um;vdu k o

f nfEiS hf igyJ?
igh e mrnf y J [ k wu,f t &d S x if M uygonf /
emrnf a c:oH o nf toH ( y&rwf ) ES i h f t rnf
(ynwf ) rQomjzpf a omf v nf ; Mum;ol r S m ig?
olwpfyg;? a,mufsm;? rdef;rqdkaom owå0gtpGJ
(Oyg'gef)jzifh t,lrmS ; txifrmS ; (wrong view)
jzpfay:oGm;avonf/
em;rSm emrnfac:onfh(toH)Mum;ygu
raemrSm(onm)ay:ygonf/ emrnfudk onmu
rS w f o m;xm;jcif ; jzpf o nf / toH ( &k y f ) onf
(taMumif;)w&m;jzpfí onm(emrf)onf (tusKd ;)
w&m;jzpfygonf/ y&rwfe,fwGif t&dSw&m;wdkY
onf (&kyef mrf taMumif;tusKd ;)rQom jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf onmtay:rSm ('d|d)jzifhOyg'gefuyfjcif;
aMumifh onmudk (edpö? twå)jyKNyD; owå0gtod
(ig)taejzifh t,lrSm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
]]pdwf0dnmPfESifhOyg'gef}}
pdwu f kd tNr&J aSd omedpw
ö &m;[lí Oyg'gefjzifh
xifrSwfpGJvrf;NyD; t&m&mudk arG;onfrSpí tNrJ
 47

&dSaompdwfjzifh vdkufíodaeonf[k t,lrSm;

txifrmS ;aeMuygonf/ xdpk w d u
f kd 0dnmPfaumif
vdyjf ymaumif toufaumiftaejzifh rysurf pD;bJ
tNrJwnfwHh cdkifNrJaeaom tESpfom&oabm
(tjrLaw)tjzpf t,lrmS ;aejcif;jzpfonf/ &kycf E¨m
aoqHk;oGm;aomfvnf; toufaumif 0dnmPf
aumifonf rysufrpD;bJ aemufcE¨mtopfodkY
ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k ,lqMuygonf/ ,if;onf
pdwu f kd NraJ om (edp)ö ? tcdik t
f rm tESpo f m&&daS om
(twå)taejzifh4if;? ]ig}taejzifh4if; t,lrSm;
aejcif ; jzpf y gonf / trS e f t m;jzif h pd w f o nf
tm&HkESifh'Gg&wdkY (taMumif;)wdkufqdkifcdkufom
jzpfay:aom(tusdK;)w&m;jzpfí taMumif;uif;
ygu csKyf a ysmuf M uygonf / xd k Y a Mumif h xd r I
(taMumif;)&dScdkufom olYoabmolaqmifNyD; odrI
(tusdK;)onf r&dS&mrStopf(newly arise)
jzpfay:vmaom tewåw&m; jzpfygonf/ odrI
pdwfonf rysufpD;bJ tNrJcdkifrmwnfwHhaeaom
twår[kwfyg/
 48

]]t&dk;a,mufsm; 'd|da,mufsm;?
t&dk;rdef;r 'd|drdef;r}}
t&dk;a,mufsm; t&dk;rdef;rwdkYonf tjyif
orkwde,frSm&dSygonf/ t&dk;wdkYjzifh cdkifrmvSy
aejcif;jzpfonf/ 'd|da,mufsm; 'd|drdef;rwdkYonf
twGi;f "r®m&Hw k iG f (tm&Ho k abm) a,mufsm;rde;f r
wdoYk mjzpfNy;D 'd|jd zifh tcdik f trmpG, J x l m;jcif;aMumifh
rdrt d m&Hw
k iG f cdik Nf raJ ejcif; jzpfonf/ Oyrm a&Tw*d kH
apwDawmfBuD;onf &efukefNrdKUwGif &dSygonf/
rsufpdrSdwfí qifjcifvdkufygu a&Twd*HkapwDawmf
BuD;onf "r®m&HkwGif tm&Hktaejzifhay:ygonf/
(&efukef) a&Twd*HkESifh (tm&Hk) a&Twd*Hkonf twl
r[kwfyg? wpfckpDomjzpfygonf/ &efukef a&Twd*Hk
onf (t&d)S jzpfí tm&Hak &Tw*d o kH nf (tod) jzpfyg
onf/ t&dSa&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;\ "mwfBuD;
av;yg;wdkYonfvnf; jzpfwnf ysuftpOfjzifh
olYoabmolaqmifvQuf tewåjzpfygonf/
tm&Hk a&Tw*d o kH nfvnf; qifjcifcu kd of m jzpfay:í
rqifjcifonfESifh csKyfaysmufMuygonf/ tNrJr&Sd
 49

(tedpö)? tcdkiftrm tESpfom&r&dS (tewå)wdkY

omjzpfMuygonf/ xdkYtwl om;orD;b,fESpf
a,muf&o Sd vJ[k ar;Munfyh gu ESpaf ,muf&w Sd ,f?
oH;k a,muf&w Sd ,f[k ajzMuygonf/ tjyif (t&d;k )
om;orD;ESifh twGif; ('d|d) om;orD;ruGJMuyg/
ar;ygu"r®m&HkwGif qifjcifíajzjcif;omjzpfaomf
vnf; (tm&H)k om;orD;udk tm&Hrk eS ;f rodyJ (Oyg'gef)
jzifh owå0gjyKí ('d|)d om;orD;rsm;tjzpf t,lrmS ;
txifrSm;aeMujcif;jzpfygonf/
]]rlvw&m;ESifhaemufwdk;w&m;}}
&kyfemrfESpfyg; cE¨mig;yg;onf rlvw&m;
jzpfaomfvnf; 'd|djzifh ,SOfuyfay;rIaMumifh twå
]ig}qdkaom (owå0goabm) onf (aemufwdk;
w&m;) tjzpf xGuaf y:vmygonf/ odaYk omf twå
]ig}udk aemufwdk;w&m;tjzpf trSefrodjrifEdkifyJ
rlvw&m;tjzpf (t,l r S m ;) um ]igodw,f?
igajymw,f? igvkyw f ,f? igjrifw,f? igMum;w,f}
ponf h ]ig} twå j zif h avmuud k w nf
aqmufMujcif; jzpfygonf/
 50

Oyrmtm;jzif h vÇ u f a jcmuf ? oMum;? Ed k Y q D ?

a&aEG ; wd k Y , S O f w G J a ygif ; pyf y grS vÇ u f & nf o nf
jzpfay:vmygonf/ odkYaomf vÇuf&nfudk (aemuf
wdk;w&m;)tjzpfrodyJ (rlvw&m;)tjzpf tcdkif
trm Oyg'gefjzifhpGJ,lum vÇuf&nfucsdKw,f?
vÇuf&nfuzefw,f? vÇuf&nfuylw,fponfjzifh
]twå}t,ljzpfay:oGm;ygonf/ vÇuf&nfonf
rlvw&m;r[kwaf omaMumifh vÇu&f nfurcsKd Edik yf g?
oMum;uomcsd K jcif ; jzpf y gonf / xd k Y t wl
vÇuf&nfu rzefEdkifyg? vÇufajcmufuom zefjcif;
jzpfonf/ vÇu&f nfurylEikd yf g? a&aEG;uomyljcif;
jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkY cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;aMumifh
(rl v w&m;)
w&m;)udkodjrifjcif;onf (tewå Ó Pf )
jzpf y gonf / (vÇ u f & nf u d k rl v w&m;tjzpf
tcdkiftrm tESpfom&jyKí Oyg'gefjzifhpGJ,lxm;
jcif;onf twåt,ljzpfygonf/)
xdaYk Mumifv h u Ç &f nfurcsKd Eikd yf gbJ oMum;u
omcsdKonf[k trSefatmufarhEdkifjcif;onf(owd)
jzpfygonf/ ]vÇuf &nfucsdKw,f}[k vÇuf&nfudk
 51

rlvw&m; tjzpf wpfoufv;kH Oyg'gefjzifh pGv J rf;

aejcif;udk owdrjyKrdEdkifacs/ tvGefodrfodrf
arGaY rGY pGv
J rf;aeaomaMumifh ,if;]twå} oabm
udk jrifEdkifcJ odEdkifcJjzpfaeMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
,if;pGJvrf;rI twå'd|dudk wpfaMumif;wnf;aom
owdy|meftvkyjf zifo h mvQif y,f&mS ; Edik af yrnf/

(q|raeYNyD;\)
 52

]]0dyóem tESpfcsKyf}}
(1) ½kyfemrfwdkY\obm0vu©PmESifh
ÓPf\tm&Hk
&kywf &m;wdo Yk nf qefu Y sizf uf w&m;wdYk ESihf
awG Y y gu azmuf j yef a jymif ; vJ w wf a om
(vu© P m) m)&d S \ /,if ; wG i f "mwf B uD ; av;yg;yg
0if\/ yx0Donf cufrmjcif; aysmhjcif;vu©Pm?
tmaygonf zGJYpnf;jcif; ,dkpD;jcif; vu©Pm?
awaZmonf yljcif;at;jcif; vu©Pm? 0ga,m
onf wG e f ; wd k ; jcif ; axmuf u ef j cif ; vu© P m
&dSygonf/
emrfw&m;onf tm&Hkudk nTwfwwfaom
vu©Pm&d\ S / ,if;wGif emrfw&m;av;yg; yg0if\/
a0'emonf tm&H k u d k cH p m;aomvu© P m?
onmonf tm&H k u d k r S w f o m;aomvu© P m?
ocF g &onf tm&H k u d k a ph a qmf tm;xk w f a om
vu© P m? 0d n mPf o nf tm&H k u d k o d a om
vu©Pm&dSygonf/
obm0vu©PmwdkYudkqifjcifí &kyfemrf
 53

y&rwfwdkYudk ÓPf\tm&Hk ("r®m&Hk)taejzifhom

od c G i f h & jcif ; jzpf y gonf / Oyrm yvyf a yguf
(socket)twGif; vufxnfhírD;cvkyfzGifhyg/
wpfudk,fvHk; usOfwufoGm;ayrnf/ usifrIonf
vQyfppf"gwfr[kwfyg/ usOfjcif; (vu© P mud k
qifjcif)í vQyfppf"mwf&dSjcif;udk ÓPf\(tm&Hk)
tjzpf odcGifh&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf (t&d S ) ES i f h
(tod)udk cGjJ cm;rodEikd af omaMumifh rdro d &d onfrmS
0g,mBudK;rSm&dSaom vQyfppf"mwf[k txifrSm;
aejcif;jzpfonf/ trSefrSm vQyfppf"mwfonf
0g,mBudK;rSm&dSaomfvnf; odcGifh&onfrSm qifjcif
íod&aom "r®m&HkrS tm&Hkoabmom jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh (0d y óemonf tm&H k u d k & I & jcif ; )
jzpfygonf/
(2) tewå taMumif;tusdK;
1/ taMumif;ESit hf usKd ;onf oD;jcm;pDjzpf
aomfvnf; aMumif;usdK;quftpOfonf wpfck
wnf;oabmtjzpf xif&\/ aMumif;usdK;quf
tpOfonf yef;oDu;Hk xm;ouJo h Ykd wpfqufwnf;
 54

wpfckwnf;oabm ({uwå)jzpf\/
2/ taMumif;ESit hf usKd ;onf oEÅmefwal omf
vnf ; obm0vu© P mtm;jzif h jcm;em;rI
(emewå)&d\ S /
3/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;
tay:rSm tpd;k r&/ taMumif;jynfph ykH gu tusKd ;
w&m;onf r&dS&mrS (ol Y o abmol a qmif )um
topfjzpfay:vmjcif; (tAsmyg&)
(tAsmyg&)jzpfonf/
4/ tusKd ;w&m;onf olo Y abmolaqmif
aomfvnf; (taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm))jzpfay:\/
({0H"r®wm)
taMumif ; w&m;onf tusd K ;w&m;ud k
udk,f0efaqmifxm;jcif;rsdK;r&dSovdk tusdK;w&m;
onfvnf; taMumif;w&m;udk,f0efrS arG;zGm;
vmjcif;rsdK;r[kwfyg/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHk
nDnGwfonfESifh tusdK;w&m;onf olYoabm
olaqmifNy;D r&d&S mrS topftopf (newly arise)
jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfygonf/
 55

]]ypöKyÜeftaMumif;ESifhtwdwftaMumif;}}
rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf
( taMumif;-&kyf ) ( tusdK;-emrf )
rsupf Ed iS t hf qif;wdu k q
f ikd rf I taMumif;jynfh
pHkygu tudsK;w&m; jrifpdwfonf olYoabmol
aqmifNyD; topfjzpfay:vmygonf/ taMumif;
w&m;wdw Yk iG f eD;aom (ypö,)taMumif;ESihf a0;aom
(a[wk ) taMumif ; [l í ES p f r sd K ;&d S \ / jrif r I w G i f
(rsuf p d E S i f h t qif ; ))wdkufqdkifrIonf (eD ; aom
taMumif;))jzpfí twdwfrS ( uH )onf (a0;aom
taMumif ; ))jzpfonf/ odkYaomf twdwfrSuHonf
a[wkjzpfí t"duydkusygonf/ Oyrm uHukefí
aoqHk;jyD; aomoludk eD;aomtaMumif;jzpfonfh
rsufpdESifhtqif; wdkufqdkifay;aomfvnf; jrifpdwf
rjzpfay:Edkifawmhyg/
 56

(3) raem'Gg&ESifh"r®m½kH
(mind and mind object)
(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)

(t&S d )

tm&H k
(tod )

(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH)
pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*d¾Kvf? owå0g
onm + 'd|Kyg'gef edpö? twå (onm)
onm + owd tedpö?tewå(onm)
r*fÓPf edAÁmef
'd | d - edpöonm (tNrJ&dSjcif;)
- twåonm (tcdkiftrm tESpfom&&dSjcif;)
wPS m - okbonm (wifhw,fjcif;)
- okconm (csrf;omjcif;)
 57

(4) y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh0#foHk;yg;
0dygu0#f udavo0#f ur®0#f
(uHa[mif;) (uHopf)
jrif - awG; pGJvrf;rI tm;xk w f r I ( uH )
um,uH ( oD v )
owå0g Oyg'gef 0pDuH (oDv)
raemuH(orm"d)
emrf&kyf owd? ynm uHcsKyf
jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif emrf&kyf
onf uHa[mif;\tusdK; (0dygu0#f)taejzifh
jzpf a y:onf / uH a [mif ; (taMumif ; )aMumif h
(tusKd ;)emrf½yk tf opfw\ Ykd qufE,T rf I (taMumif;
ESifhtusdK;)jzpfpOfwGif olYoabmolaqmifum
jzpfaejcif;onf (tewå)jzpfonf/ (tusKd ;)emrf½yk f
rS ( taMumif ; )uH o pf j zpf a y:jcif ; wG i f (tusd K ;
ESit hf aMumif;)Mum;wGif Oyg'gef(twå)&daS eygonf/
,if;twåudk owdOD;aqmifaomr*¾ifynmjzifh
y,frSom (tusdK;rStaMumif;)udk jzwfEdkifayrnf/
 58

(Oyg'gefjzpfysuf owdur*f)
emrf½kyfu'ku©? uHcsKyfueda&m"/
(emrf&kyf uHcsKyf)
(5) opöm 4-yg;
(od? y,f? qdkuf? yGm;)
]'ku©opöm}
- ½kyfemrfudk ydkif;jcm;(od)&ef
]ork',opöm}
- wPSm (Oyg'gef)udk(y,f)&ef
]eda&m"opöm}
- wPSmcsKyf&m edAÁmefudk
rsufarSmufjyK(qdkuf)a&muf&ef
]r*¾opöm}
- r*¾if&Spfyg;udk (yGm;)rsm;&ef
]aorSmraMumufygESifh?owdr&dSrSmomaMumufyg}
]]aovQifowdjzifhaoyg/}}

(owåraeYNyD;\)
 59

t*Fkwd ¬K&&ff ygVdawm

wmff pwkuúedygwf
r[m0*ff
r[m0*
aomwmEk*wokwf
&[ef;wdYk aomwyom'odYk tpOfavQmuf
ukeaf om EIwjf zifah vhvmtyf? pdwjf zifh ½Iqifjcif
tyfí ynmjzifh aumif;pGmxd;k xGi;f í odtyfuek f
aom (y&d,wf)w&m;wd\ Yk (rcRw&f vdrrhf nf[)k
arQmv f ift h yfaom tusK;d qufwo Ykd nf þav;rsK;d
wdw
Yk nf;/
tb,fav;rsK;d wdeYk nf;[lrl - xd&k [ef;tm;
xdkw&m;wdkYonf 1/ aomwyom'odkY tpOf
avQmufukefaom 2/ EIwfjzifhavhvmtyf 3/
pdwjf zifh ½Iqifjciftyfuek íf 4/ ynmjzifh aumif;pGm
xd;k xGi;f íodtyfuek \ f /
]] yXrtusKd;quf }}
xd&k [ef;onf owdvw G u f if;onfjzpfí
aovGe&f aomf ewfbw kH pfrsK;d rsK;d üjzpf\? xdek wfbükH
csrf;omjcif;&Sdaom xdkyk*¾Kdvftm; (w&m;tpk )
wdkYonf (ay:vG i f x if & S m ;);)ukef\/ &[ef;wdkY
 60

(owd)jzpfjcif;onf EkHYaES;ao;\? xdkowå0g

onfum; vsipf mG omvQif (w&m;xl;))ud&k Edik \ f /
&[ef;wdYk þonfum; aomwyom'odYk tpOf
avQmufuek af om? EIwjf zifah vhvmtyf? pdwjf zifh
½Iqifjciftyfukefí? ynmjzifhxdk;xGif;íodtyf
uk e f a omw&m;wd k Y \ (rcRwf & vd r f h r nf [ k )
arQmvf ift h yfaom yXrtusK;d qufwnf;/
]] 'kwd,tusKd;quf }}
xd&k [ef;onf owdvw G u f if;onfjzpfí
aovGe&f aomf ewfbw kH pfrsK;d rsK;d üjzpf\? xdek wf
bHük csr;f omjcif;&Sad om xdyk *k K¾ v d t f m; (y&d,wf)
w&m;tpkwo Ykd nf (ray:vGirf xif&mS ;)uke?f pifppf
aomfum; (wefcdk;BuD;))í pdw\ f avhvmjcif;odYk
a&mufNyD;aom (&[ef ; ))onf ewfy&dowfü
(w&m;udka[mMum;) [mMum;)\? xdyk *k K¾ v d t f m; ]]a&S;b0u
igusichf zhJ ;l aom jrwfaomtusi[ hf al om xdk ("r®
0de,)
,)onf ,ck &[ef;a[maeaom þ"r®0ed ,
yifwnf;}}[k pdwt f MujH zpf\/ &[ef;wdYk owdjzpf
 61

jcif;onf EkaYH ES;ao;\? xdt k cgü xdo k wå0gonf

vsipf mG omvQif (w&m;xl;))udk &Edik \ f / &[ef;wdYk
þonfum; aomwyom'odkY tpOfavQmuf
ukeaf om? EIwjf zifah vhvmtyf? pdwjf zif½h q I ifjcif
tyfuek í f ? ynmjzifh aumif;pGm xd;k xGi;f í odtyf
ukefaom w&m;wdkY\ (rcRwf & vd r f h r nf [ k )
arQmv f ift h yfaom 'kw, d tusK;d qufwnf;/
]] wwd,tusKd;quf }}
xd&k [ef;onf owdvw G u f if;onfjzpfí
aovGe&f aomf ewfbw kH pfrsK;d rsK;d üjzpf\? xdek wf
bHük csr;f omjcif;&Sad om xdyk *k K¾ v d t f m; (y&d,wf)
w&m;tpkwo Ykd nf (ray:vGirf xif&mS ;)uke?f wefc;kd
BuD;í pdwf\ avhvmjcif;odkY a&mufNyD;aom
&[ef;onfvnf; ewfy&dowfü w&m;ra[m?
pifppfaomfum; (ewfom;) m;)onf ewfy&dowfü
(w&m;a[m)
(w&m;a[m)\? xdkyk*¾Kdvftm; ]]a&S;b0u ig
usichf zhJ ;l aom jrwfaomtusi[ hf al om "r®0ed ,
onf (,ck ewfom;a[maeaom) þ("r® ("r®0de,)
yifwnf;}}[k tMujH zpf\/ &[ef;wdYk owdjzpfjcif;
 62

onf EkaYH ES;ao;\? xdt k cg xdo k wå0gonf vsipf mG

omvQif (w&m;xl ; ))ud k & Ed k i f \ / &[ef ; wd k Y
þonfum; aomwyom'odkY tpOfavQmuf
ukeaf om? EIwjf zifah vhvmtyf? pdwjf zifh ½Iqifjcif
tyfuek í f ? ynmjzifah umif;pGmxd;k xGi;f í odtyf
ukefaom w&m;wdkY\ (rcRwf & vd r f h r nf [ k )
arQmvf ift h yfaom wwd,tusK;d qufaywnf;/
]] pwkw¬tusKd;quf }}
xd&k [ef;onf owdvw G u f if;onfjzpfí
aovGe&f aomf ewfbw kH pfrsK;d rsK;d üjzpf\? xdek wf
bHük csr;f omjcif;&Sad om xdyk *k K¾ v d t f m; (y&d,wf)
w&m;tpkwo Ykd nf ray:vGif rxif&mS ;uke?f wefc;kd
Bu;D í pdw\ f avhvmjcif;odYk a&mufNy;D aom &[ef;
onfvnf; ewfy&dowfü w&m;ra[m? ewfom;
onfvnf; ewfy&dowfü w&m;ra[m? pifppf
aomfum; (a&S;OD;pGm))jzpfEiS ahf om (ewfom;) m;)onf
(aemuf )rSjzpfvmaom (ewf o m;) m;)udk ]]tcsif;
ewfom; a&S;b0u igwdu Yk sichf zhJ ;l aom jrwfaom
tusi[ hf al omxd("r®(k "r®0ed ,),)udo k ifatmufaravmh/
 63

xdek wfom;onf ]]tcsi;f igonf atmufarh\?

tcsi;f igonf atmufarh\}}[k qd\ k / &[ef;wdYk
owd j zpf j cif ; onf Ek H Y a ES ; ao;\? xd k t cg xd k
owå0gonf vsifpGmomvQif (w&m;xl ; ))udk
&Edik \f / &[ef;wdYk þum; aomwyom'odYk tpOf
avQmufukefaom? EIwfjzifhavhvmtyf? pdwfjzifh
½Iqifjciftyfuek í f ? ynmjzifh aumif;pGm xd;k xGi;f
í od t yf u k e f a omw&m;wd k Y \ (rcRwf j zpf
vd r f h r nf [ k ) arQmfvifhtyfaom pwkw¬tusKd;
qufaywnf;/
&[ef ; wd k Y (1) aomwyom'od k Y
tpOfavQmuf ukeaf om? (2) EIwjf zifah vhvmtyf?
(3) pd w f j zif h ½I q if j cif t yf í ? (4) ynmjzif h
aumif;pGmxdk;xGif; odtyfukefaomw&m;wdkY\
(rcRwf & vd r f h r nf [ k ) arQmf v if h t yf a om
tusKd ; quf w d k Y o nf þav;rsKd ; wd k Y w nf ; [k
rdeaYf wmfr\l /
1/ w&m;em 2/ EIwfwufaqmif
3/ pdwfjzifhqifjcif 4/ ynmjzifhxdk;xGif;od
 64

oH,kwåedum,f oVm,we0*¾ygVdawmf
oVm,weoH,kwf e0yk&mP0*f
]] ur®ead &m"okwf }}
&[ef;wdYk topf ta[mif;jzpfaom uHwYkd
udk4if;? uH\csKyf&mudk4if;? uH\csKyf&modkYa&muf
aMumif;tusifhudk4if; a[maytHh/ xdkw&m;udk
emMuukeaf vmh? aumif;pGm ESv;kH oGi;f Muukeaf vmh?
a[mMum;aytH/h
]] uHa[mif; }}
&[ef;wdkY rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\?
em;onf uHa[mif;rnf\/ ESmacgif;onf uHa[mif;
rnf\/ vQmonf uHa[mif;rnf\/ udk,fonf
uHa[mif;rnf\/ pdwf(raem)onf uHa[mif;
rnf\? jyKjyiftyf\? pDrt H yf\? cHpm;rI\taMumif;
[k ½I&rnf/ &[ef;wdYk þ(tvH;k pH)k udk uHa[mif;
[kqt kd yf\/
]] uHopf }}
&[ef ; wd k Y ,ck ]ypö K yÜ e f } tcgü tMuif
(wpfpHkwpf&m)trIudk udk,fjzifh4if;? EIwfjzifh4if;?
 65

pdwjf zif4h if; jyK\/ &[ef;wdYk udk,f (um,uH)? EIwf

(0pD u H ) ? pd w f ( raemuH ) jzif h ,ck j yKtyf a om
þtrIukd (uHopf)[k qdt k yf\/
]] uH\csKyf&m }}
&[ef;wdkY tMuifedAÁmefonf (um,uH
0pDuH raemuH\csKyfjcif;))aMumifh (udavomrS)
vGwfajrmufrI t&[wåzdkvfodkY tm½Hk\tjzpfjzifh
a&muf\/ &[ef;wdYk þ (edAÁmefudk uH\csKyf&m)
[kqtkd yf\?
]]uH\csKyf&modkY a&mufaMumif;tusifh}}
(t*F g &S p f y g;)
g;)&S d a om þt&d , mr*f y if
wnf;/ þr*f[o l nf rSeu f efpmG jrifjcif;? rSeu
f efpmG
MuHjJcif;? rSefuefpGmqdkjcif;? rSefuefpGmjyKvkyfjcif;?
rSeu
f efpmG toufarG;jcif;? rSeu f efpmG tm;xkwjf cif;?
rSeuf efpmG atmufarhjcif;? rSeu f efpmG wnfMunf
jcif;wnf;/ &[ef;wdYk þ(r*f (r*f)udk (uH\csKyf&m) m)odYk
a&mufaMumif;tusi[ hf k qdt k yf\/
&[ef;wdYk þodv Yk Qif igonf (uHa[mif;))udk
 66

a[mtyfNyD? (uH o pf ) udk a[mtyfNyD? (uH \

csKyf & m)
m)udk a[mtyfNyD? uH\csKyf&modkYa&muf
aMumif;tusiu hf kd a[mtyfNy/D &[ef;wdYk wynfh
om0uwd\ Yk tpD;tyGm;udk vdv k m;aom oem;
wwfaom q&mjzpfaomigonf oem;jcif;udpk í JG
oifwt Ykd wGuf jyKoifo h nfujkd yKtyfNy/D
&[ef;wdkY (udavomudk)½IdUNr§dKufMuukef
avmh? rarhravsmMh uukev f if?h aemiftcg ESv;kH r
om,mrjzpfMuukefvifh? þonfvQif oifwdkY
twGuf ig\ tqH;k trwnf;[k (rdeaYf wmfr\ l )/
yXrokw/f
uHa[mif;\tusdK;u - tewå?
uHopfjzpfwmu - twå ?
uHcsKyf&mtusifhu - r*¾
uHcsKyf&mu - eda&m"

(t|raeYNyD;\)
 67

]]"r®vrf;}}pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;
1/ "r®vrf;udk avQmufMur,f
2/ rZösdrvrf;udk avQmufMur,f
3/ jrwfAk'\¨ 0dyóem
4/ yd#uwfrSwfpk
5/ "r®aumufEkwfcsufpmpkrsm;
6/ 0dyóem ]0vHk;wef;}
7/ 0dyóem tajccHESifh tvkyfay;w&m;
8/ tajccHÓPfESpfyg;ESifh tewåtjrif
9/ ouúm,'d|d odyHky,fyHk
10/ vufawGUavQmufvSrf;"r®vrf;
11/ tqefvrf;
12/ pGJ&mrS rpGJ&modkY
13/ xGufajrmuf&m
14/ The Origin of Rebirth
15/ The Four Noble Truths and Anatta