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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
1. Thyroid gland
2. Hormones of the thyroid gland
3. Thyroid disorders
a. Hyperthyroidism
b. Hypothyroidism
4. History
5. Other animals
6. Case Study
7. Bibliography
The Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located
anterior of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx in the neck.
It is composed of two lobes which are located on the
either side of the trachea. Both the lobes are
interconnected with a thin flap of connective tissues
called isthmus.
The thyroid gland is composed of microscopic spherical
sacs, the follicles held together by loose connective
tissue, the stromal tissue. Beside containing blood
capillaries, the stromal tissue contains small cluster of
specialized parafollicular cells or ‘C’ cells.
Each thyroid follicle is composed of follicular cells,
enclosing a cavity. The follicles are filled with a
homogeneous substance called colloid, composed of
glycoprotein, thyroglobulin. The thyroid gland can store
enough hormones in the collide to supply the body for
about two months.
The human thyroid as viewed from the front with arteries
visible.
Hormones of the Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones:
Thyroxine or tetra-iodothyroxine (T4),
triiodothyroxine (T3), thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
under CC BY-NC
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a condition of the thyroid. It
occurs when the thyroid makes too much of T3, T4
or both.
Causes
A variety of conditions can cause hyperthyroidism.
Graves’s diseases, autoimmune disorder, is the
most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It causes
antibodies to stimulate the thyroid to secret too
much hormone. Graves’s disease occurs more
often in women than in men. It trends to run in
families, which suggests a genetic link.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition where your thyroid gland
does not make enough thyroid hormone. Low level of
thyroid hormone interfere with the body’s ability to
perform normal metabolic functions such as efficient use
of energy from food products, regulation of many
chemical reactions in the body, and maintenance of
healthy cells, bones and muscles, to name a few.
Causes
The most common cause are surgical removal of your
thyroid, autoimmune diseases, and radiation treatment
Surgical removal
This may be necessary to treat hyperthyroidism, or
tumours of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism will occur
when the whole thyroid gland is removed.
Autoimmune diseases
These diseases cause the production of the antibodies
that attack your thyroid gland. Autoimmune thyroiditis
which can appear suddenly or develop over several
years is more common in women.
Radiation treatment
Radiation treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers
of head and neck can injure the thyroid. If this occurs,
the gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormone to
keep your metabolism running smoothly. Radioactive
iodine (I – 131) destroys the thyroid gland and can be
used to treat people with Grave’s disease and thyroid
cancer. Grave’s disease is an autoimmune diseases that
causes hyperthyroidism.
Other causes of hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism
Some children are born without thyroid gland or they
may have one which does not perform properly.
Viral or autoimmune Thyroiditis
When antibodies or virus attack your thyroid, thyroid
hormones can leak out. Sometimes all of the thyroid
hormones are released into your blood at one time.
When this happens, symptoms of thyroid excess or
hyperthyroidism occurs.
Medication
Lithium used to treat bipolar disease, amiodarone
(medication with high iodine content used to treat
serious ventricular arrhythmias, interleukin 2 (antiviral
and anticancer agent) and interferon alpha (anti-viral
agent) are medications that can cause hypothyroidism.
This is more likely to occur in people who have a genetic
tendency for autoimmune thyroid diseases.
Pituitary diseases
The pituitary is the master gland that signals the thyroid
how much hormone it needs to produce. If the pituitary
is damaged by trauma, stroke or tumuor, the signal to
release thyroxin will stop. This causes the thyroid to stop
making thyroid hormone.