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M O N E Y I N T H E W E S T E R N LE G A L T R A D I T I O N
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
Edited by
DAVID FOX AND WOLFGANG ERNST
Most of the papers collected for this volume have been presented
at conferences supported by the Gerda Henkel Stiftung
1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
3
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Gerda Henkel Stiftung who generously provided funding for two
conferences held in Cambridge in 2011 and 2012 where the project was planned and initial
papers presented. We benefited at those conferences from the advice of Professor Peter
Spufford of Queens’ College Cambridge, and Professor Nicholas Mayhew of the Ash-
molean Museum, Oxford. Knut Wolfgang Nörr and François Velde have given us excellent
advice. Some authors who had not attended the conferences also joined the project:
Kenneth Reid, Clausdieter Schott, Wim Decock, and Stefan Kötz. Direct funding for the
project has also been provided by the Law Faculty of the University of Zürich, by the
University of Cambridge, and by St John’s College Cambridge. Much of the work was done
during periods of research leave granted by the University of Cambridge, and spent at the
University of Edinburgh and the University of Otago.
We acknowledge particularly the administrative and editorial assistance provided by
Mr Peter Ilidge, Dr Aasha Joshi, Dr Rosie Šnajdr, Mr Damian Stocker, and Mr Nigel Stone,
and the support of the editorial team at Oxford University Press. Mr Andrew Bell and
Dr Carsten Fischer translated the original language versions of two chapters. Without them
this book would not have seen the light of day.
David Fox
Wolfgang Ernst
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
Contents
Table of Cases xi
Table of Legislation xvii
List of Abbreviations xxiii
List of Contributors xxvii
I N T RO D U C T I O N
1. Monetary History between Law and Economics 3
David Fox, François R. Velde, and Wolfgang Ernst
2. Money as a Legal Institution 18
Christine Desan
PAR T I . T HE LA TE M I D DL E AGES :
COINS AND THE L AW
I. Monetary Environment
3. Currency Depreciation and Debasement in Medieval Europe 41
Martin Allen
4. Money in Medieval Philosophy 53
Fabian Wittreck
5. The Last Scholastic on Money: Gabriel Biel’s Monetary Theory 71
Stefan Kötz
II. Civil Law
6. Money in the Roman Law Texts 93
Thomas Rüfner
7. The Legists’ Doctrines on Money and the Law from the Eleventh
to Fifteenth Centuries 110
Wolfgang Ernst
8. Money in Medieval Canon Law 136
Andreas Thier
9. The ‘Reduction’ of Money in the Low Countries c.1489–1515 167
Alain Wijffels
P A R T I I . M O N E Y I N T H E E A R L Y M O DE R N P E R I OD :
T H E T R I U MP H OF N O M I NA L I S M
I. Monetary Environment
10. Monetary Reforms in the Holy Roman Empire in the Fifteenth
and Sixteenth Centuries 191
Michael North
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viii Contents
Contents ix
Bibliographies 789
Index 855
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
Table of Cases
Australia
Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd v Hall (1949) 78 CLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Jolley v Mainka (1933) 49 CLR 242 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Maudsey v Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd [1945] VLR 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Permanent Trustee Co of NSW v Pym (1938) SR 39 (NSW) 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Austria
Oberster Gerichts- u. Cassationshof (Austrian Supreme Court)
(1882) 27 Zeitschrift für Handelsrecht 558 (2 April 1878) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Canada
Saskatoon v London Western Trusts Co Ltd [1934] 1 DLR 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Weiss v State Life Insurance Co [1935] SCR 461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Germany
Appellationsgericht Kassel (Appellate Court of Kassel)
(1882) 27 Zeitschrift für Handelsrecht (ZHR) 569 (12 April 1878) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
New Zealand
Alliance Assurance Co Ltd v Auckland City Corp and Auckland Transport Board
[1936] NZLR 413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Guardian Trust and Executors Co of New Zealand Ltd v National Mutual Life Association
of Australasia Ltd [1942] NZLR 346 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Thompson v Wylie (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 328 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Yan v Post Office Bank Ltd [1994] 1 NZLR 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
South Africa
Woodhead Plant & Co v Gunn (1894) 11 SC 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
United Kingdom
Adelaide Electric Supply Co Ltd v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd [1934]
AC 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235, 236, 709–12, 722–31
Anon 1 Dyer 82b, pl. 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Anon 1 Dyer 82b–83a, p. 72–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Anon 1 Dyer 83a, pl. 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Anon (1294) YB 21 & 22 Edward I (RS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Anon (1305–7) YB 33–5 Edward I (RS), 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Anon (1308) YB 1 & 2 Edward II, (1903) 17 Selden Society 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Anon (1309) YB 2 & 3 Edward II, (1904) 19 Selden Society 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Anon (1317–18) YB 11 Edward II, (1942; repr. 1996) 61 Selden Society 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . 369, 370, 374
Anon (1339) YB 12 & 13 Edward III (RS), 244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361, 371
Anon (1355) YB Pasch. 29 Edward III, fo. 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Anon (1368) YB Pasch. 41 Edward III, fo. 10, pl. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362, 365, 366, 370, 373–75
Anon (1439) YB Mich. 18 Henry VI, fo. 20, pl. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Anon (1441) YB 19 Henry VI, fo. 5, pl. 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Anon (1451) YB Mich. 33 Henry VI, fo. 55a, pl. 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Anon (1455) YB Mich. 34 Henry VI, pl. 23, fo. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Anon (1458) YB 36 Henry VI, fo. 9, pl. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370, 372, 373
Anon (1467) YB Hil. 6 Edward IV, fo. 11, pl. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Anon (1469) YB Pasch. 9 Edward IV, fo. 1, pl. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Anon (1479) YB Hil. 18 Edwrd IV, fo. 23, pl. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Anon (1484) YB Mich. 2 Richard II, fo. 14, pl. 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Anon (1495) Hil. 11 Henry VII, fo. 5, pl. 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Anon (1505) YB Mich. 20 Henry VII, fo. 8, pl. 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365, 371, 373
Anon (1528) YB 19 Henry VIII, fo. 3, pl. 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Anon (1573) 3 Leon. 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Anon (Milton’s Case) (1668) Hardres 485 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Anon (1696) Holt. KB 296 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Anon (1699) 3 Salk. 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Aubert v Walsh (1812) 4 Taunt. 293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Ayres v Moore [1940] 1 KB 278 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Bagshaw v Playn (1595) Cro. Eliz. 537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207, 208, 236
Baker v Lambert; Grelle v Lambert (1510–13), (1929) 46 Selden Society Select Cases
Concerning the Law Merchant 138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379, 380
Bank of England v Anderson (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 589 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Bank of England v Newman (1699) 12 Mod. 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Barnaby v Rigalt (1635) Cro. Car. 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Barrington v Potter (1552) (1552) 1 Dyer 81b, pl. 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220, 222, 228
Beckingham and Lambert v Vaughan (1616) 1 Rolle Rep. 391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Bellamy v Majoribanks (1852) 7 Exch. 389 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Benger v Pert (1553) Dalison’s Reports (2007) 124 Selden Society 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Blair v Sampson, 26 January 1814 F.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
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Table of Cases xv
Sheldon v Horton (1555) noted in (1993) 109 Selden Society 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Sir George Walgraces Case (1606) Noy 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Slade’s Case (1602) 4 Co. Rep. 91a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 375
Slyfield v Sibille (1567) Benloe 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Smith v Union Bank of London (1875) 1 QBD 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Snaith v Mingay (1813) 1 M. & S. 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Southcote v Bennet (1601) Cro. Eliz. 815; 4 Co. Rep. 83b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Sowerby v Harris (1791) 4 TR 494 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Spert v Abbot of Chertsey (1534) 120 Selden Society 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
St Leger v Pope (1693) Holt KB 550; sub nom. Pope v St Leger (1693) 1 Lutwyche 484 . . . . . . . 207, 208
Swan v Bank of Scotland (1836) 10 Bligh. N.S. 627 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Swane v Searles (1569) Benloe 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Swears v Wells (1795) 1 Esp. 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Swinton v Beverdige, 21 June 1799 F.C, (1799) Mor. 10105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559, 571
Tassell v Lewis (1695) 1 Ld. Raym. 743 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Tate v Hilbert (1793) 2 Ves. Jun. 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387, 392
Tenax Steamship Co Ltd v The Brimnes (Owners) (The Brimnes) [1973] 1 All ER 769 . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Thorold v Smith (1706) 11 Mod. 71, 88 ER 896, s.c. 11 Mod. 87; Holt KB 462; Holt KB 463 . . . . . . . 391
Tinson v Francis (1807) 1 Camp. 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
United Dominions Trust v Kirkwood [1966] 2 QB 431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Wade’s Case (1601) 5 Co Rep 114a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 211, 242
Ward v Evans (1703) 2 Ld. Raym. 928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379, 551–3
Ward v Ridgwin (1625) Latch 84; sub nom. Ward v Kedgwin (1625) Palmer 407 . . . . 207, 208, 236, 718
Warren v de la Poyle (1320) 104 Selden Society 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Westralian Farmers Ltd v King Line Ltd (1931) 47 TLR 586; (1932) 48 TLR 598 . . . . . . . . . 720, 724, 725
Wharton v Walker (1825) 4 B. & C. 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Whitaker v Bank of England (1835) 1 C. M. & R. 744 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Whorewood v Shaw (1602) Yelv. 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372, 373
Williams v Everett (1811) 14 East 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Wilshalge and Davidge’s Case (1585) 1 Leo. 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Windle v Andrews (1819) 2 B. & A. 698 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Woodhouse Ltd v Nigerian Produce Ltd [1971] 2 QB 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Young v Grote (1827) 4 Bing. 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387, 397–400
United States
Aymar v Beers, 7 Cow. 271 (N.Y. 1827) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Briscoe v Bank of Commonwealth of Kentucky, 36 U.S. 257 (1837) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Bronson Rodes 74 U.S. 229 (1868) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Butler v Horwitz 74 U.S. 258 (1869) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Campbell v Chase Nat’l Bank, 5 F. Supp. 156 (S.D.N.Y. 1933) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Campbell v Medalie, 71 F.2d 671 (2d Cir. 1934) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Delbrueck v Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co, 609 F. 2d 1047 (US Court of Appeals
(2nd Cir.), 1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 384
Hepburn v Griswold, 75 U.S. 603 (1869) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506, 778
James McCulloch v The State of Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Juilliard v Greenman, 110 U.S. 421 (1884) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Knox v Lee; Parker v Davis, 79 U.S. 457 (1871) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Norman v Baltimore & O. R., 294 U.S. 240 (1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701–5
Nortz v United States, 294 U.S. 317 (1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Perry v United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701–5
SEC v Chenery, 332 U.S. 194 (1947) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Securities and Exchange Commission v Trendon T. Shavers and Bitcoin Savings
and Trust (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas, Case No. 4:13-CV-416) . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Trebilock v Wilson (1872) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Willard v Taylor (1870) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
Table of Legislation
Texts Germany
Council of Vienne (1311/1312), c. 12, Si Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch
beneficiorum (Clem. 3.8.2) . . . . . . . . 155, 166 (ADHGB) (Uniform German
Gregory IX Commercial Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Cum canonicis (Po. 9657, X 3.39.26) . . . . . . . .141, Art. 336 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583, 584
166, 181, 252, 253, 262 Bankgesetz (Banking Act), 14 March
Innocent III 1875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504, 510, 512
Quanto personam tuam (Po. 656, 3Comp. § 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
2.15.4, X 2.24.18) . . . 115, 139, 145, 153, 164, § 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
182, 183, 253, 254, 275 § 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
xx Table of Legislation
List of Abbreviations
Cons. Consilium
Cow. Cowen’s New York Reports (1823–29)
Cox Cox’s English Chancery Reports (1783–96)
Cranch Cranch’s United States Supreme Court Reports
Cro. Car. Croke’s English King’s Bench Reports tempore Charles I
Cro. Eliz. Croke’s English King’s Bench Reports tempore Elizabeth
Cro. Jac. Croke’s English King’s Bench Reports tempore James (Jacobus)
C. Th. Codex Theodosiansus
Cth Commonwealth
d. Lat. denarius or penny (smallest unit in the libra system of counting money)
d. died (with dates)
D. Digesta Iustiniani
Davis Davis Irish King’s Bench Reports
Dict. Dictum
DLR Dominion Law Reports (Canada)
Doug. Douglas’ English King’s Bench Reports (1778–85)
DRW Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch
dsm dollars silver money
Dyer Dyer’s English King’s Bench Reports
East East’s King’s Bench Reports
ed./eds editor(s), edited by
edn edition
EA General Archives of the Realm, Great Council of Mechlin, Brussels—First-
instance proceedings
ECB European Central Bank
ESCB European System of Central Banks
EEC European Economic Community
ELA emergency liquidity assistance
ER English Reports (1220–1865)
Esp. Espinasse’s English Nisi Prius Reports (1793–1807)
Exch. Exchequer Reports (1847–56)
F.C. Faculty of Advocates Reports (1738–1841)
FCA Fürstlich-Castellsches Archiv
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Fitz. Abr. Fitzherbert’s Abridgement
fo. Folio
G./Gai Gaius, Institutiones
GBC government budget constraint
GCM General Archives of the Realm, Great Council of Mechlin
GDP gross domestic product
GNP gross national product
Godb. Godbolt’s English King’s Bench Reports
H. & N. Hurlstone and Norman’s Exchequer (1856–1862)
H. Bl. Henry Blackstone’s Common Pleas Reports
Hardres Hardres’ English Exchequer Reports
HCA High Court of Australia
Hil. Hilary Term
HL House of Lords
HLC Clark’s House of Lords Cases
HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office
Holt KB Holt’s English King’s Bench
HPM high powered money
ICU International Clearing Union
i.f. Lat. in fine
IMC International Monetary Conference
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
List of Contributors
Allen, Martin is Senior Assistant Keeper, Department of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge, and an Affiliated Lecturer in the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge.
Amend-Traut, Anja is Professor of German and European Legal History, Canon Law and Civil
Law, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg.
Bordo, Michael is Professor of Economics and Director of the Center for Monetary and Financial
History at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Decock, Wim is Research Professor at the Faculty of Law, KU Leuven, and an Associate Researcher
at the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main.
Desan, Christine is Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School.
Dondorp, Harry is Assistant Professor of Legal History at the VU (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam.
Ernst, Wolfgang is Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Oxford and Fellow, All Souls
College, Oxford.
Fox, David is University Lecturer, University of Cambridge, and Fellow, St John’s College,
Cambridge.
Geva, Benjamin is Professor of Law, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto.
Kötz, Stefan is Keeper of the Coin Cabinet at the LWL (Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe)-
Museum of Art and Culture/Westphalian State Museum in Münster, Germany.
Kreitner, Roy is Professor of Law, Tel Aviv University.
Kugler, Peter is Professor at the Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Basel.
Meder, Stephan is Professor of Civil Law and Legal History, University of Hannover.
North, Michael is Professor of Modern History at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald.
Redish, Angela is Professor of Economics at the University of British Columbia.
Reid, Kenneth G. C. is Professor of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh.
Roberds, William is Research Economist and Senior Policy Adviser at the Federal Reserve Bank of
Atlanta.
Rogers, James Steven is Professor of Law at the Boston College Law School.
Rüfner, Thomas is Professor of Roman Law and Private Law, University of Trier.
Schott, Clausdieter is Professor emeritus of Legal History and Private Law, University of Zürich.
Siekmann, Helmut is Professor of Money, Currency and Central Bank Law, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main.
Thier, Andreas is Professor of Legal History, Ecclesiastical Law, Legal Theory, and Private Law,
University of Zürich.
Thiessen, Jan is Professor of Civil Law, German and Contemporary Legal History, Commercial and
Corporate Law, University of Tübingen.
Velde, François R. is Senior Economist and Research Advisor, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Vrbaski, Rastko is Head of the Department for Intensive Supervision and Crisis Intervention,
Banking Division, Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA (Eidgenössische Finanz-
marktaufsicht), Berne.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/1/2016, SPi
Wijffels, Alain is Professor of Comparative Law and Legal History, Universities of Leiden, Leuven,
and Louvain-la-Neuve; senior research fellow CNRS (Lille-2).
Wittreck, Fabian is Professor of Public Law, Legal Philosophy, and Sociology of Law, University of
Münster.
Wray, L. Randall is Professor of Economics, University of Missouri–Kansas City, and Senior
Scholar, Levy Economics Institute.
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