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Microwave Electronics
Drawing on over 20 years of teaching experience, this comprehensive yet self-contained text pro-
vides an in-depth introduction to the field of integrated microwave electronics. Ideal for a first
course on the subject, it covers essential topics such as passive components and transistors; lin-
ear, low-noise and power amplifiers; and microwave measurements. An entire chapter is devoted
to CAD techniques for analysis and design, covering examples of easy-to-medium difficulty for
both linear and nonlinear subsystems, and supported online by ADS and AWR project files. More
advanced topics are also covered, providing an up-to-date overview of compound semiconductor
technologies and treatment of electromagnetic issues and models. Readers can test their knowl-
edge with end-of-chapter questions and numerical problems, and solutions and lecture slides are
available online for instructors. This is essential reading for graduate and senior undergraduate
students taking courses in microwave, radio-frequency and high-frequency electronics, as well as
professional microwave engineers.
Giovanni Ghione is Professor in Electronics at Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and a Fellow of the
IEEE. He has authored or co-authored several books, including Semiconductor Devices for High-
Speed Optoelectronics (Cambridge, 2009), and is the Editor in Chief of IEEE Transactions on
Electron Devices.
Marco Pirola is Associate Professor at Politecnico di Torino, where he coordinates the Microwave
Laboratory.
Peter Aaen, Jaime Plá and John Wood, Modeling and Characterization of RF and Microwave
Power FETs
Dominique Schreurs, Máirtín O’Droma, Anthony A. Goacher and Michael Gadringer (Eds.), RF
Amplifier Behavioral Modeling
Fan Yang and Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna
Engineering
Enrico Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators
Earl McCune, Practical Digital Wireless Signals
Stepan Lucyszyn, Advanced RF MEMS
Patrick Roblin, Nonlinear RF Circuits and the Large-Signal Network Analyzer
Matthias Rudolph, Christian Fager and David E. Root (Eds.), Nonlinear Transistor Model
Parameter Extraction Techniques
John L. B. Walker (Ed.), Handbook of RF and Microwave Solid-State Power Amplifiers
Anh-Vu H. Pham, Morgan J. Chen and Kunia Aihara, LCP for Microwave Packages and Modules
Sorin Voinigescu, High-Frequency Integrated Circuits
Richard Collier, Transmission Lines
Valeria Teppati, Andrea Ferrero and Mohamed Sayed (Eds.), Modern RF and Microwave
Measurement Techniques
Nuno Borges Carvalho and Dominique Schreurs, Microwave and Wireless Measurement
Techniques
David E. Root, Jason Horn, Jan Verspecht and Mihai Marcu, X-Parameters
Earl McCune, Dynamic Power Supply Transmitters
Hossein Hashemi and Sanjay Raman (Eds.), Silicon mm-Wave Power Amplifiers and
Transmitters
Isar Mostafanezhad, Olga Boric-Lubecke and Jenshan Lin (Eds.), Medical and Biological
Microwave Sensors
Giovanni Ghione and Marco Pirola, Microwave Electronics
Forthcoming
Richard Carter, Microwave and RF Vacuum Electronic Power Sources
T. Mitch Wallis and Pavel Kabos, Measurement Techniques for Radio Frequency Nanoelectronics
Pedro, Root, Xu and Cotimos Nunes, Nonlinear Circuit Simulation and Modeling
Michael Schröter and Martin Claus, Carbon Nanotube Electronics for Analog Radio-Frequency
Applications
MA RCO P IR OLA
Politecnico di Torino
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107170278
DOI: 10.1017/9781316756171
c Cambridge University Press 2018
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ghione, Giovanni, 1956– author. | Pirola, Marco, author.
Title: Microwave electronics / Giovanni Ghione (Politecnico di Torino),
Marco Pirola (Politecnico di Torino).
Other titles: Cambridge RF and microwave engineering series.
Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge
University Press, 2018. | Series: The Cambridge RF and microwave
engineering series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017025023| ISBN 9781107170278 (hardback ; alk. paper) |
ISBN 1107170273 (hardback ; alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Microwave devices. | Electronics. |
Microwave integrated circuits.
Classification: LCC TK7876 .G48 2018 | DDC 621.381/3–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025023
ISBN 978-1-107-17027-8 Hardback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/ghione
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Preface page xv
Notation and Symbols xix
3 CAD Techniques 87
3.1 Modeling of Linear and Nonlinear Blocks 87
3.2 Power Waves and the Scattering Parameters 89
3.2.1 Representations of Linear Two-Ports 89
3.2.2 Power Waves 92
3.2.3 Power Wave n-Port Model: The Scattering Matrix 93
3.2.4 Properties of the S-Matrix 97
3.2.5 Power Wave Equivalent Circuit 100
3.2.6 Direct Evaluation of the Scattering Parameters 102
3.2.7 Reference Plane Shift 103
3.2.8 Cascade Connection of Two-Ports: The T-Matrix 105
3.2.9 Solving a Network in Terms of Power Waves 106
3.3 Analysis Techniques for Linear and Nonlinear Circuits 108
3.3.1 Time-Domain vs. Frequency-Domain Methods 108
3.3.2 The Harmonic Balance Technique 108
3.3.3 The HB Technique: Multi-Tone Excitation 112
3.3.4 The Envelope HB Time-Frequency Technique 119
3.4 Circuit Optimization and Layout Generation 123
3.5 Questions and Problems 124
3.5.1 Questions 124
3.5.2 Problems 125
References 126
Microwave and millimeter-wave electronics is today far more widespread than it used
to be only 20 years ago. Traditional applications based on metal waveguide approaches
are still on the market (think about radar systems and some satellite-based systems);
however, the introduction of solid-state hybrid and above all monolithic microwave inte-
grated circuits (MMICs) using III-V semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, initially
in the low microwave range but now covering frequencies up to millimeter waves, has
allowed for a dramatic reduction in the size, weight and cost of many microwave systems
in fields ranging from wireless telecommunications to space applications to automotive
radars.
Starting from the beginning of this century, a new revolution has taken place in
MMICs, with the introduction of RF, microwave and now also mm-wave silicon-based
ICs (CMOS but also SiGe). This has finally marked the entrance of microwave systems
in the area of low-cost consumer electronics. At the same time, new semiconductor
materials for high-power applications (such as gallium nitride) are gradually entering
the market of microwave systems, with a promise of size and cost reduction related to
the record power densities achievable. And yet, despite the widespread conversion to
solid-state electronics, in some areas vacuum tubes are still successfully surviving1 and
expanding their potential, e.g., in the field of THz sources.
The design of microwave circuits is largely based today on Computer-Aided Design
(CAD) techniques that have turned the “black magic” associated with the design of dis-
tributed (transmission line or waveguide) circuits into a routine that is easily manageable
by the designer – of course, provided that he or she has well understood the basics of
microwave electronics. Alternative approaches based on lumped parameter components,
which make the design of microwave integrated circuits quite similar to that of analog
integrated circuits at large, have indeed become increasingly popular in MMICs, at least
up to the middle microwave range. On the other hand, high-frequency monolithic and
hybrid ICs still have to partly rely on distributed components and the related design
styles. In conclusion, today’s microwave design is a well-balanced blend of distributed
and lumped technological approaches that the designer should be able to master.
1 Think about the high-power sources exploited in long-range radars and also consumer goods like
microwave ovens, where the power source is a 1 kW power magnetron – a vintage device invented during
the Second World War.
Microwave CAD tools initially emerged in the 1980s, following the early develop-
ment of circuit simulators such as the open source software, SPICE (Simulation Program
with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). Early tools were limited to the analysis, and some-
times optimization, of linear circuits, and used analytical, closed-form models for the
components, or measured small-signal parameters in a tabular format. Data input was
carried out through quite user-unfriendly ASCII netlists. Since those beginnings, the
evolution of CAD tools has been substantial. On the one hand, such tools now benefit
from the graphical interfaces available under today’s operating systems; netlists have
been replaced by the direct entry of graphical schematics, layout generation has been
added, and flexible data output and effective visualization tools have been made avail-
able. On the other hand, CAD tools have dramatically extended their potential in two
directions: the analysis and optimization of nonlinear circuits through techniques such
as the harmonic balance method; and the seamless integration of the circuit simulator
into fast 3D or 2.5D electromagnetic solvers. As a final step, most microwave circuit
CAD tools are now in turn integrated within system-level simulation design suites, thus
allowing the loop between circuit-level and system-level design to be effectively closed
by the designer.
However powerful and user-friendly microwave CAD tools have become, their user
should nevertheless be aware of a number of issues that affect high-frequency analog cir-
cuit design. Even a simple problem like a transmission line matching of a load through
CAD can lead to unrealistic results if the designer is not aware of all aspects related the
behavior of distributed circuits, and also to their physical implementation with a spe-
cific technology. Fitting a simple lumped parameter FET model to measured scattering
parameters can become a nightmare if the initial guess where to start the optimization is
chosen at random.
Taking into account the above remarks, it is not surprising that an introductory text-
book on microwave electronics should try to work at several levels, where system-level
applications, enabling technologies, component and circuit theory, and CAD techniques
seen both in their theoretical basis and in their practical use, should interact in order to
provide the student with a realistic vision of microwave design.
To this end, we choose to start (Chapter 1) from a system-level overview, selecting as
a target the ubiquitous telecommunication transceiver. A RF or microwave transceiver
(besides being in most students’ pockets as a part of a smartphone or in most stu-
dents’ backpack as the WLAN transceiver of their notebook) hosts the most important
microwave subsystems, such as low-noise, high-gain and power amplifiers, mixers,
oscillators and frequency synthesizers, together with passive elements such as switches
and filters. In this introductory chapter, a glimpse is also given at the enabling tech-
nology choices, with a stress on the planar (hybrid or monolithic) integrated circuit. A
broad system level should allow the reader to correctly place the role of the different
microwave subsystems, and in particular of the amplifier, that is in fact the main focus
of the text. Limiting the treatment to amplifiers within the framework of a first course
on microwave electronics is in our opinion a reasonable choice, that allows the material
to be kept self-contained and the textbook of a reasonable size.
Linear elements and subsystems can be a convenient starting point for the detailed
treatment of microwave circuits. Chapter 2 covers the technology of passive (distributed
or lumped) elements and their modeling. Chapter 3 introduces the scattering param-
eters as a natural and convenient representation of a linear N-port and provides an
early introduction to the basic concepts of microwave CAD (linear and nonlinear cir-
cuit frequency-domain analysis; optimization techniques; layout). The presentation of
harmonic-balance techniques also includes aspects that should not considered any more
as “advanced,” since they are now available in some widespread CAD tools, like multi-
tone and envelope analysis. Chapter 4 completes the review of passive elements with the
presentation of coupled transmission lines and directional couplers and dividers, both in
distributed and in lumped form.
Chapter 5 is entirely devoted to microwave active devices and their linear and non-
linear equivalent circuits. Some emphasis is placed on semiconductor theory, material
choices and enabling technologies, covering both III-V compound semiconductor FETs
(from the vintage MESFET to the HEMT in its more recent varieties) and Si-based RF
nanometer-scale MOSFETs; III-N (GaN-based) FETs are also reviewed together with
the LDMOS as power device solutions. Although the design examples provided by the
text are mostly carried out with FETs, III-V and SiGe bipolars are also introduced in
some detail.
Having completed the treatment of passive and active components, Chapter 6 intro-
duces the design of linear, high-gain amplifiers, starting from the theory of loaded
two-ports and the issue of two-port stability. The discussion concerns not only general
design strategies for the traditional open-loop amplifier, but also a number of specific
topics that are popular in microwave amplifier design, such as the balanced amplifier
and the distributed amplifier.
Chapter 7 is devoted to a discussion of noise modeling in active devices and of
low-noise amplifiers. Taking into account that noise is a difficult subject whose back-
ground from communication theory courses has sometimes to be refreshed, the initial
part of Chapter 7 includes a review of the theory of random processes. After intro-
ducing the device noise models and system-level parameters like the noise figure, the
traditional low-noise design approach based on noise figure minimization is introduced,
stressing its possible shortcomings in terms of input matching. Then, typical low-noise
topologies, like the common-gate and the series inductively degenerated stages, are
discussed.
Chapter 8 is entirely devoted to the design of power amplifiers; after a discussion of
the characteristic parameters describing power gain, distortion and efficiency, the opti-
mum design of class A amplifiers is introduced with the help of the Cripps analytical
load-pull model. The review of traditional high-efficiency classes (AB to B to C) is
followed by the introduction of more advanced solutions, such as the harmonic-loaded
amplifier (class F), the switching amplifier (class E) and high-efficiency combined solu-
tions (the Doherty amplifier). Chapter 9 covers the topic of microwave measurements
(linear, power and noise), with an emphasis on the calibration theory.
A modern introductory course in microwave electronics should include a set of CAD
laboratories; however, at the same time, CAD tools exhibit continuous evolution that
makes it difficult to create a stable textbook.2 Although some “paper and pencil” design
examples are provided in the text, we devote one last chapter (Chapter 10) to the presen-
tation of a number of “CAD examples” or “CAD projects,” to be seen as potential CAD
laboratory traces. The level of the traces is intentionally tutorial, even if most features
of CAD tools are covered, including linear and nonlinear circuit examples. To avoid
early obsolescence, the traces are schematic and only provide a glimpse of the design
process, with some significant results. The related projects are made available online as
additional material, allowing the reader to run all cases in the original CAD environ-
ment. Apart from Chapter 10, each chapter is finally followed by a set of questions and
problems that may be helpful to check what has been learned and to apply some of the
techniques presented.
This book is the result of work begun almost 20 years ago when the authors started
to give lectures in Microwave Electronics at the II Faculty of Engineering of Politec-
nico di Torino in the (now vanished) Vercelli campus. By and by, lecture notes were
collected and an early textbook in Italian, covering some of the material presented here,
was assembled. Although this was an entirely new course, part of the material covered
was actually adapted from courses given in earlier years by senior (and now retired) col-
leagues, like Professor Gianpaolo Bava, Professor Carlo Naldi and Professor Claudio
Beccari, to whom the authors are indebted.
Later, the course in Microwave Electronics was somewhat transplanted (with a slight
downsizing from 10 to 6 credits) to the III Faculty of Engineering of Politecnico di
Torino, in the main Turin campus, where it was given for a number of years by Professor
Simona Donati Guerrieri; she contributed with helpful suggestions and corrections to the
Italian textbook trace, to the course slides and to the development of CAD lab traces.
The authors are indebted to her for her contribution and for helpful discussions. Finally,
from the beginning of the last decade the lectures on Microwave Electronics became
part of a Master degree in Electronics offered entirely in English; this suggested the
rewriting in English of the lecture traces, adding and updating material and ultimately
leading to the present textbook.
The authors would like to thank a number of colleagues from Politecnico di Torino
who have, directly or indirectly, contributed to this book: Professor Vittorio Camarchia,
who managed for some years the organization of the Microwave Electronics CAD
labs; Professor Andrea Ferrero, for his contribution to Chapter 10 on microwave mea-
surements; Professor Fabrizio Bonani, for helpful discussions, in particular concerning
noise. Finally, the authors would like to mention a number of Italian colleagues with
whom they have had and continue to have fruitful research collaboration in the design
of microwave circuits (in geographical order, north to south): Professor Fabio Filicori
and Vito Monaco of Bologna University; Professor Giorgio Vannini of Ferrara Univer-
sity; Professor Franco Giannini, Ernesto Limiti and Paolo Colantonio of University of
Roma Tor Vergata; Dr Claudio Lanzieri, now with Leonardo.
2 Also gray literature like CAD lab traces used in the courses have to be updated almost every year.
B [Hz] bandwidth
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
β [m−1 ] propagation constant
β bipolar transistor common emitter current gain
c0 [m s−1 ] speed of light in vacuum, c0 = 2.99792458 × 108 m s−1
Cch [F m−2 ] channel capacitance per unit surface (FETs)
Ceq [F m−2 ] equivalent 2DEG capacitance (HEMTs)
CGS [F] gate-source capacitance
Cj [F] junction capacitance
C [F m−1 ] capacitance per unit length
Ca [F m−1 ] capacitance per unit length in air
CIMR Carrier to Intermodulation Ratio
δ [m] skin penetration depth
δ [rad] loss angle
Ec [J] [eV] conduction band discontinuity
Ev [J] [eV] valence band discontinuity
D/A Digital to Analog
DPA Doherty Power Amplifier
DUT Device Under Test
E(k) [J] [eV] dispersion relation
E(ω) [V m−1 ] electric field, frequency domain
Ec [J] [eV] conduction band edge
ED [J] [eV] donor energy level
EF [J] [eV] Fermi level
EFh [J] [eV] quasi-Fermi level, holes
EFi [J] [eV] intrinsic Fermi level
EFn [J] [eV] quasi-Fermi level, electrons
Eg [J] [eV] energy gap
Eg [V] generator open-circuit voltage
Et [J] [eV] trap energy level
Ev [J] [eV] valence band edge
ENR Excess Noise Ratio
EVM Error Vector Magnitude
E [V m−1 ] electric field
Ebr [V m−1 ] breakdown electric field
[F m−1 ] dielectric permittivity
(ω) [F m−1 ] complex dielectric permittivity, frequency domain; = (ω) −
j (ω)
eff effective permittivity
r relative dielectric permittivity
0 [F m−1 ] vacuum dielectric permittivity, 0 = 8.854187817 × 10−12 F m−1
η drain or collector efficiency
f [Hz] frequency
fmax [Hz] maximum oscillation frequency
• The RF band includes frequencies between a few MHz and 1 GHz, with free space
wavelengths of the order of 1 m (30 cm at 1 GHz); the applications include analog
radio broadcasting through frequency modulation (FM), and also many other systems,
like TV broadcasting, point-to-point communications (for instance, the lowest band
in European GSM systems), long-range radar systems, industrial applications like RF
heating and RF drying.
• The microwave frequency band includes frequencies between 1 GHz and 30 GHz,
with free space wavelengths between 30 cm and 1 cm.1 In the microwave range, sev-
eral applications exist: below 10 GHz we have all mobile phone systems up to the
LTE (Long-Term Evolution, commonly known as 4G LTE) standard, many Wireless
Local Area Network (WLAN) applications, terrestrial and satellite radio links, radar
systems, positioning systems. Also the electronic part of long-haul optical commu-
nication systems operates in this band, although in this case many of the exploited
1 Notice that the name microwaves is somewhat misleading, since the related wavelength is much larger
than 1 μm!
circuit architectures are digital rather than analog. It should be taken into account that
the speed requirement is similar both in fast digital and analog circuits, but digital
circuits typically require lower output voltages and power, while analog circuits often
have more demanding requirements in terms of output power (think, for instance,
of the typical requirement of mobile handset power amplifiers to transmit 1 W of
radiated power at the output antenna).
• Beyond microwaves we find the millimeter wave band, with frequencies between 30
GHz and 100 (300) GHz, free space wavelengths below 1 cm. Typical applications
range from radio links to radar systems (e.g., automotive radar). Conventional elec-
tronic circuits (e.g., in integrated form) become increasingly difficult to manufacture
above 100 GHz, even if working subsystems (e.g., receivers) have been demonstrated
above 500 GHz.
Compound semiconductor technologies like GaAs, SiGe and InP help to push almost
conventional integrated circuit concepts beyond the microwave range (GaAs roughly up
to 50 GHz, SiGe similar but with reduced output power, InP being the highest perfor-
mance but also highest cost semiconductor), but with decreasing output power, so that
above a few hundred GHz (and certainly above 1 THz) no conventional (i.e., transistor-
based) electronics is feasible [3, Ch. 14]. The region above 300 GHz, also referred to
as the Teraherz (THz) range, is of great interest today for many applications, but the
enabling technologies above 1 THz are fairly different from the ones exploited in con-
ventional electronics, and sometimes similar to optical technologies. A sketch of the
frequency regions with the related applications (audio, video, radio broadcasting, radar)
is shown in Fig. 1.1. On the top row we find the so-called ITU (formerly CCIR; ITU
In vacuo wavelength
100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm 0.1 mm
Radio
broadcasting Radar
RF
Figure 1.1 Frequency bands and related applications together with the free space wavelengths.
The bands in the top row are defined according to the ITU (formerly CCIR) denomination;
see [2].
UHF L S C X Ku K Ka V W mm
Gamma Cosmic
ELF SLF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF IR Light X-Rays
Rays Rays
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 430 THz 1018 Hz 1028 Hz
30 Hz 3 kHz 300 kHz 30 MHz 3 GHz 300 GHz 1000THz 10 Hz20
Figure 1.2 Frequency bands in the RF, microwave and millimeter wave range and their IEEE
denominations (above). In the row below a more extended range has been considered according
to the ITU standard. For the IEEE band names [2] see also Table 1.1.
• Reducing the wavelength, antenna systems become more directive and propagation
is quasi-optical, thus allowing for space diversity, i.e., the capability to exploit in the
same environment different radiation beams without causing interference.
• With increasing frequency, the capacity of a channel having the same fractional
bandwidth increases.
• Finally, the use of higher frequencies is fostered by the gradual occupation of lower
frequency bands.
2 Extending the term “microwaves” to denote frequencies above 30 GHz is not without meaning, since the
enabling technology, above all at the integrated circuit level, does not significantly change around 30 GHz.
Table 1.1 IEEE denomination of frequency bands [2] The notes are from [4, 5].
• The atmospheric attenuation of the Hertzian channel increases with frequency and
exhibits sharp peaks in some frequency bands starting from the millimeter waves;
see, e.g. [6].3
• The development of integrated circuits becomes more and more difficult when
increasing the frequency due to the active element performances (such as the avail-
able power, which decreases roughly as the inverse of the square of the frequency)
and to the losses introduced by passive elements.
• Costs increase, since low-cost silicon circuits have to be replaced by more expensive
III-V-based circuits.
To understand the basic reason for using RF or microwaves within the framework of
a communication system exploiting transmission through the Hertzian channel, we
have to recall that the basic information content, both in digital and analog form, is
mainly a baseband or lowpass signal, i.e., a signal whose spectrum extends from DC
(approximately) to some maximum frequency. For instance:
• A digital bit sequence at a given rate has a spectral occupation roughly extending
from DC to a frequency of the order of the bit rate.
• An analog audio signal with a bandwidth sufficient for High Fidelity standards has a
spectrum extending from almost DC up to about 20 kHz. If the same signal is sampled
3 The atmospheric attenuation at sea level (T = 20 ◦ C, water vapor density 7.5 g/m3 ) has a first peak due to
H2 O absorption around 22 GHz (0.2 dB/km) to increase up to around 20 dB/km near 60 GHz, due to O2
absorption. Two transmission windows exist in the range 60–118 GHz and 118–183 GHz, with minimum
attenuation around 0.2 dB/km. At 183 GHz the attenuation reaches 30 dB/km. Due to the large attenuation,
the 60 GHz band is not allocated (i.e., free).
at the Nyquist frequency (40 kHz) and represented with N bits the spectral occupation
of the 40 × N kbps digital signal will be of the order of 40 × N kHz.
x(t) = A(t) cos φ(t) cos ωc t + A(t) sin φ(t) sin ωc t (1.1)
= I(t) cos ωc t + Q(t) sin ωc t,
Kun Semjon jälleen tointui, oli tupa kaikin puolin ennallaan, mutta
tuvassa ei ollut ketään muuta kuin hän itse vaimoineen ja lapsineen.
PYHIINVAELTAJAT
Joh 4,19. Nainen sanoi hänelle: Herra, minä näen, että Sinä olet
profeetta.
23. Mutta tulee aika ja on jo, jolloin totiset rukoilijat rukoilevat Isää
hengessä ja totuudessa: sillä semmoisiksi Isä tahtoo rukoilijansa.
Jelisei ei ollut rikas eikä köyhä; nuoremmalla iällään hän oli tehnyt
kirvesmiehen töitä; vanhempana hän eli kotona ja hoiti mehiläisiä.
Hänellä oli kaksi poikaa; toinen teki työtä vieraissa paikoissa, toinen
asui isän luona. Jelisei oli hyväntahtoinen ja hilpeä luonteeltaan.
Joskus hän otti ryypyn, nuuskasi myöskin ja lauloi mielellään.
Muuten hän eli sävyisästi ja mitä parhaimmassa sovussa
omaistensa ja naapurien kanssa. Jelisei oli kooltaan pieni,
mustaverinen, kähäräpartainen ja aivan kaljupäinen kuten hänen
samanniminen suojeluspyhimyksensäkin, profeetta Elias.
— Minä olen sitä mieltä, virkkoi Jelisei, ettei sitä enää ole
lykättävä, vaan lähdetään heti. Kevät on ihan paras aika.
Tarasytškin hymyili:
II
III
Miehet olivat jo olleet viisi viikkoa matkalla; kotoa otetut uudet virsut
olivat he jo kuluttaneet loppuun ja oli täytynyt ostaa uudet. He olivat
tulleet vähävenäläismaille. Niin kauan kuin he olivat olleet lähellä
kotipaikkaa, oli heidän täytynyt maksaa yösijasta ja ruuasta;
vähävenäläiset kestitsivät heitä ilmaiseksi ja pitivät kilvan
pyhiinvaeltajia luonaan vierainaan. He tarjosivat yösijan, antoivat
ruokaa eivätkä tahtoneet mitään maksua; he antoivat vielä leipää,
jopa pannukakkujakin matkaevääksi. Niin saatiin kuljetuksi noin
seitsemänsataa virstaa, mutta sitten vaeltajat joutuivat
paikkakunnalle, jossa oli ollut katovuosi. Täälläkin annettiin heille
yösija maksutta, mutta mitään syötävää ei annettu. Väliin ei
rahallakaan voinut saada leipää. Heille kerrottiin, ettei mikään ollut
kasvanut viime vuonna. Rikkaat talonpojat olivat huutavassa
hukassa ja heidän oli täytynyt myydä kaikki, vähemmän varakkaat
olivat joutuneet puille paljaille, ja köyhät olivat joko siirtyneet muualle
kerjäämään tahi koettivat jotenkin tulla toimeen kotona. Talvella he
olivat syöneet akanoita ja saviheiniä.
Jelisei pysähtyi.
— Älä jää odottamaan minua! sanoi hän. — Minä käväisen vain
kiireesti tuossa talossa juomassa vettä. Kyllä minä saavutan.
— Laskekaa sisään!
— Kristityt!
Kukaan ei liikahtanut.
— Jumalan palvelijat!
Hän painoi salpaa — ovi ei ollut lukossa. Hän avasi sen ja tuli
eteiseen. Tuvankin ovi oli auki. Vasemmalla oli uuni, suoraan edessä
oli nurkka pyhäinkuvineen ja pöytä; pöydän takana oli penkki.
Penkillä istui eukko huivitta päin, yllään vain paita, pää pöytää
vasten. Hänen vieressään seisoi laiha poika — kalpea kuin vaha,
ruumis pöhöttyneenä; hän itki, nyki eukkoa hihasta ja näytti ärjyen
pyytävän häneltä jotakin. Jelisei tuli lähemmäksi. Ilma oli tuvassa
ummehtunut ja raskas. Hän näki lavitsalla uunin takana naisen
makaavan. Hän makasi selällään, silmät ummessa, rinta koristen,
toinen sääri koukistuen ja ojentuen. Hän vääntelehti kouristuksissa,
ja paha haju tuntui lähtevän hänestä; hän ei itse päässyt liikkeelle,
eikä kukaan voinut siivota hänen vuodettaan. Eukko kohotti päätään
ja huomasi tulijan.
Jelisei kysyi:
— Eikö täällä ole ketään tervettä, joka voisi siistiä sairaan naisen
vuoteen?
— Ei ketään. Mies on ulkona pihalla kuolemassa, ja me täällä.
Kun poika näki vieraan, lakkasi hän itkemästä. Mutta kun hän kuuli
vanhuksen puhuvan, alkoi hän jälleen nykiä tätä hihasta ja pyysi:
Jelisei kysyi, missä kaivo on, ja vanhus selitti hänelle. Jelisei lähti
kaivolle, löysi ämpärin, toi vettä ja antoi mökin asukkaille juoda.
Lapset söivät vielä vähän leipää ja joivat vettä; eukkokin söi, mutta
mies ei tahtonut syödä. Hän sanoi ruuan tuntuvan vastenmieliseltä.
Mieskin söi nyt, eukko söi, lapset nuolivat vielä vadinkin tyhjäksi ja
rupesivat sitten kaulakkain nukkumaan.
Jelisei nukahti jälleen. Kun hän aikaisin aamulla heräsi, meni hän
heti rikkaan talonpojan luo ja osti häneltä takaisin niityn ja pellon.
Sitten hän osti viikatteen — viikatekin oli myyty — ja toi sen kotiin.
Hän lähetti miehen viikatteineen heinään ja meni kylälle. Kapakan
isännällä sattui juuri olemaan hevonen ja rattaat myytävinä. Jelisei
sopi hinnasta isännän kanssa ja meni sitten lehmää ostamaan.
Hänen edellään kulki kaksi kylän naista ja Jelisei kuuli heidän
puhuvan hänestä. Toinen naisista kertoi:
Kun Jelisei kuuli heidän kiittelevän häntä, päätti hän jättää lehmän
oston. Hän palasi kapakoitsijan luo, maksoi vaaditun hinnan, valjasti
hevosen rattaiden eteen ja ajoi jauho-ostoksineen mökille.
Nähdessään hevosen oli hänen isäntäväkensä ihmeissään. He
aavistivat hänen ostaneen sen heille, mutta eivät rohjenneet sanoa
sitä ääneen. Mies tuli ulos porttia avaamaan.
Kun Jelisei oli kulkenut noin viisi virstaa, alkoi päivä sarastaa. Hän
istuutui puun suojaan, irroitti reppunsa ja laski rahansa. Hänellä, oli
enää vain seitsemäntoista ruplaa ja kaksikymmentä kopeekkaa. Hän
ajatteli: — Tällä rahalla ei voi päästä meren taa. Ja jos minä
kerjäämällä hankin matkarahat, voi se olla suurempi synti. Jefim-
veljeni pääsee sinne kyllä ilman minuakin ja sytyttää temppeliin
kynttilän minunkin puolestani. En saa velkaani varmaankaan tässä
elämässä suoritetuksi. Onneksi velkojani on hyväluontoinen eikä
minua ahdista.
Jelisei nousi, otti repun selkäänsä ja lähti kotiin. Hän kiersi kylän,
missä oli viime päivinä oleskellut, etteivät ihmiset näkisi. Pian hän oli
kotonaan. Menomatkalla oli käveleminen tuntunut hänestä hyvin
vaikealta, ja hänen oli usein ollut vaikea pysytellä Jefimin rinnalla,
mutta kotimatkalla hän ei ihmeekseen huomannut väsymyksestä
merkkiäkään. Astuminen oli hänestä nyt kuin lasten leikkiä. Hän
heilutti iloisena matkasauvaansa ja käveli usein seitsemänkymmentä
virstaa päivässä.
Kun Jelisei saapui kotiin, oli vilja jo korjattu. Omaiset iloitsivat isän
kotiintulosta. Alettiin kysellä, minkätähden hän oli jättänyt
matkatoverinsa, miksi hän oli palannut kotiin menemättä perille asti.
Mutta Jelisei ei puhunut mitään elämyksistään. Hän virkkoi vain: