Class: 10 Unit: 6

Climates of the World (Climatic Zones)

Northern Polar Region (70o to 90o N)

Cold Temperate Climate (60o to 70o N)

Temperate Zone (30o to 60o N)

Tropical Zone (0o to 30o N & S)

Temperate Zone (30o to 60o S)

Southern Polar Region (70o to 90o N)

 df};d / xfjfkfgL
jfo'd08n (Atmosphere)
k[YjL nufot u|xsf] rf/}lt/ /x]sf] xfjfsf] cfj/0fnfO{ jfo'd08n elgG5 .
df};d (Weather)
lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] tfk,rfk, afbn, jiff{, cflb jfo'd08nLo cj:yfnfO{ df};d elgG5 . df};d l5gl5gdf
kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . df};dsf] cjlw 5f]6f] / clglZrt x'G5 . df};d k[YjLsf] ;fgf] efudf x'G5 . h:tf]
sf7df8f}Fsf] s'g} efudf 3fd nflu/x]sf] a]nf csf]{ efudf afbn nfu]sf] x'G5 . df};d cIff+zdf e/ kb}{g .
tfkqmd, xfjfsf] rfk, xfjfsf] cf›tf, cflbn] df};ddf k|efj kf5{ . pbfx/0f M lxhf] kf]v/fsf] df};d ;kmf lyof]
t/ cfh k'/} afbn nfu]sf] 5, a]n'sLkv kfgL kg]{ ;Defjgf 5 .
xfjfkfgL (Climate)
s'g} :yfgsf] nfdf] ;do ;Ddsf] df};dsf] cf};t cj:yfnfO{ xfjfkfgL elgG5 . xfjfkfgL df};d h;/L 5f]6f]
;dodf kl/jt{g eO{ /xb}g . xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj jf lj:tf/ k[YjLsf] 7"nf] If]qdf x'G5 . o;sf] ;do cjlw nfdf] /
lglZrt x'G5 . cIff+z, prfO , ;d'G›b]lvsf] b'/L, ;fd'lG›s wf/ cflbn] xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kf5{ . pbfx/0fM pi0f
d08ndf kg]{ ePklg sf7df8f}Fsf] xfjfkfgL ;'/Do 5 . oxfF lu|iddf klg cToflws udL{ x‘Fb}g eg] hf8f]df klg
cToflws lr;f] x‘Fb}g .
xfjfkfgL If]q (Climate Zone)
xfjfkfgL, k|fs[lts jg:klt / kl/0ffd :j?k dfgjLo ultljlw ;d]t ldNbf]h'Nbf] ePsf] k[YjLsf] ;txsf] 7"nf]
If]qnfO{ xfjfkfgL If]q elgG5 .
 Unit: 6 Lesson: 1
Factors affecting the climate of the earth’s surface
Cold V. Cold
Warm
Equator Hot

V. Hot

Latitude
(Distance
from the
V. Hot
Equator)
Hot
Warm
V. Cold Cold
Latitude (Distance from the Equator)

It is very hot at the equator as the sun rays are straight. As

the latitude increases to the north and south of the
equator, temperature gradually decreases because the sun
rays are slanted there. Due to slanted sun rays, the poles
are extremely cold throughout the year .
 Distance from the Sea

The places near by the sea or ocean have moderate

climate in comparison to the places which are far away
from the ocean or in the inner part of the continents. The
main reason behind the moderate climate in coastal
region and in the islands is the influence of see breeze and
land breeze.
 Altitude (Height from the sea level)

Altitude is another major factor which affects temperature. At

lower altitude, temperature is high, and as the altitude (height) of
the mountain increases, temperature gradually decreases. Thick air
layer at lower altitude absorbs more heat and retains for longer
time whereas thin air layer at higher altitude absorbs less heat and
retains it for shorter time. Generally at the altitude of 165 m, 1
degree C temperature decreases.
 Temperature?
Altitude difference is-
2645 m- 665 m
Altitude = 1980 m
Now, temperature
difference= ?
Here, 165 m= 1 degree
1m= 1/165 degree
1980 m= 1/165X 1980
degree
Formula- 165m = -1o C = 12 degree
Now, 24 degree- 12
degree
= 12 degree ans.

24o C
25o C
25o C
Oceanic Current
 ;fd'lG›s wf/ (Oceanic Current)
;fd'lG›s wf/ (Ocenic Current)
dxf;fu/df lgoldt ¿kn] lglZrt lbzf eO{ gbL
em}+ alu/xg] kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;fd'lG›s wf/
elgG5 ;fd'lG›s wf/ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
!_ Gofgf] jf ;txL wf/
@_ lr;f] jf leqL wf/
Gofgf] ;fd'lG›s wf/ aUg] dxfb]zsf lsgf/L
efusf] xfjfkfgL Gofgf] x'G5 / jiff{ klg w]/} x'G5
lsgeg] Gofgf] wf/ dflysf] xfjf Gofgf] / aflkmnf]
x'G5 t/ lr;f] wf/ aUg] t6Lo efudf lr;f] x'G5
/ jiff{ klg sd x'G5 lsgeg] lr;f] wf/ dflysf]
xfjf 708f / ;'Svf x'G5 . To;}n] Pp6} cIff+zdf
kg]{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] k"jL{ lsgf/sf]
xfjfkfgL Gofgf] x'G5 eg] klZrdL t6Lo efudf
xfjfkfgL 708f x'G5 .
Slope of Mountains

Page-9
ljZjsf xfjfkfgLsf k|sf/x¿
pi0f d08n
e"dWo /]vfaf6 #)) pQ/L / #)) blIf0fL cIff+z;Dd km}lnPsf] xfjfkfgL If]qnfO{ pi0f d08n elgG5 . 23½
l8u|L pQ/L uf]nfw{df cjl:yt ss{6 /]vf / 23½ blIf0fL uf]nfw{df cjl:yt ds/ /]vf klg oxL xfjfkfgL
If]qdf k5{g\ . o; If]qdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f l;wf kg]{ ePsfn] tfkqmd a9L x'g'sf ;fy} jiff{ klg a9L x'G5 . pi0f
d08nnfO{ rf/cf]6f xfjfkfgLsf pkk|b]zdf laefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ M
s_ e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgL
v_ pi0f t[0fe"ldsf] xfjfkfgL
u_ pi0f d?:yfnLo xfjfkfgL
3_ pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgL
e"dWo/]vf (Equator) M k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ pQ/L / blIf0fL uf]nfw{ u/L a/fj/ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug]{ u/L
;txsf] dWoefuaf6 k"j{– klZrd km}lnPsf] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ e"dWo /]vf elgG5 . e"dWo /]vfnfO{ ) l8u|L
cfIff+z dfg]/, o;sf] ;dfgGt/ x'g] u/L pQ/ / blIf0fdf cIff+z /]vf (latitude) lvlrPsf x'G5g\ .
ss{6 /]vf (Tropic of Cancer) M 23½ l8u|L pQ/L cIff+zdf kg]{ sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ ss{6 /]vf elgG5 .
ds/ /]vf (Tropic of Capricorn) M 23½ l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+zdf kg]{ sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ ds/ /]vf
elgG5 .
ss{6 /]vf / ds/ /]vf e"dWo /]vf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ (parallel) x'G5g\ .
cjl:ylt e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgL
e"dWo/]vfaf6 % l8u|L pQ/ / %
l8u|L blIf0f;Dd k[YjLsf] ;txsf]
s]lx 7fpFdf of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .

xfjfkfgL kfOg] 7fpFx¿

blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] cd]hg a]+;L,
clk|msfsf] sª\uf] a]+;L, blIf0f k"jL{
Pl;ofnL låkx¿ dn]l;of,
OG8f]g]l;of, l;ª\ufk"/, cflb
b]zx¿ .
e"dWo /]vLo xfjfkfgLsf d'Vo ljz]iftf
s_ ;'o{sf] ls/0f ;w} l;wf kg]{ ePsfn] jif{ el/ g} udL{ x'G5 . jflif{s cf};t tfkqmd @& ) ;]lN;o; x'G5 .
tfkfGt/ @ ) b]lx # ) x'G5 . of] If]qdf Ct' kl/jt{g x‘Fb}g .
v_ of] xfjfkfgL If]qdf b}lgs h;f] kfgL k5{ . k|To]s lbg dWofGgkl5 lah'nL rDsg] / d]3 uh{g ;lxt
;+jfxlgs jiff{ x'G5 . oxfF jflif{s @)) ;]= ld= kfgL k5{ . jiff{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf] t/ d';nwf/] x'G5 .
u_ oxfFsf] xfjf cf]l;nf] x'g] ePsfn] ;fk]lIfs cf›tf *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'G5 .
3_ of] xfjfkfgLnfO{ udL{– cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL jf w]/} h;f] efu cd]hg a]+;Ldf kg]{ ePsfn] cd]hg k|sf/sf]
xfjfkfgL klg elgG5 .
;+jfxlgs jiff{
udL{ If]qdf ;txsf] xfjf tfltP/ xn'sf eO{ dfly km}lnG5 . w]/} prfOdf k'u]kl5 Tof] aflkmnf] xfjf ;]nfP/
afbndf ›jLe"t x'G5 clg To;af6 jiff{ x'G5 . o:tf] jiff{nfO{ ;+jfxlgs jiff{ elgG5 . o:tf] jiff{ 5f]6f]
cjlwsf] t/ d';nwf/] x'G5 .
 e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgL If]qsf jg:klt / hLjhGt'
jg:klt
➢jif}{ el/ pRr tfkqmd / ;+jfxlgs jiff{ x'g] ePsfn] oxfF
3gf / ;bfaxf/ hª\un kfOG5 .
➢oxfFsf ?vx¿ cToGt cUnf, 7"nf / s8f vfnfsf x'G5g .
➢?vsf tNnf] efudf xfFuf x'b}gg / 6'Kkfdf dfq xfFufx¿
‰ofDd lkFmlhPsf x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{ e'OFdf 3fd kg{ kfpFb}gg\
. h;n] ubf{ e'OFdf 3fF; pd|b}g .
➢cUnf ?vx¿ kftnf] ePsf] stf st} xf]rf ?vx¿ klg
kfOG5 eg] st}st} nx/fx¿ ?vdf a]l/P/ 6'Kkf] ;Dd k'U5g\ /
k|sfz kfpF5g\ .
➢blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] cd]hg a]+;Ldf kfOg] 3gf ;bfaxf/
hª\unnfO{ ;]Nefh elgG5 .
➢/a/, Paf]gL, /f]ha"8, tf8, gfl/jn, df]xufgL, cflb jg:klt
kfOG5 .
➢hLjhGt'
➢;+;f/df kfOg] emG8} () k|ltzt ;hLj k|hftLx¿ of]
If]qdf kfOG5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf zfsfxf/L / df+zfxf/L
hgfj/sf ;fy} r/fr'?+uL kfOG5 .
 dfgjLo tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfk Suresh- 2080

dfgjLo tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfk

• xfjfkfgL cg's'n gePsfn] cd]hg a]+;L / sª\uf]
a]+;Ldf dfgj j:tL cToGt kftnf] 5 . oxfFsf]
hg3gTj k|lt ju{ ls= ld= b'O{hgf dfq 5. .
• cd]hg a]+;Ldf a:g] /]8 OlG8og / sª\uf] a]+;Lsf
cflbjf;L lkUdLx¿ cem} klg hª\unL hgfj/sf] l;sf/
u/]/ / hª\undf kfOg] sGbd"n ;ª\sng u/]/
hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g\ .
▪ cflbjf;Lx¿ l;sf/ / sGbdd"n ;ª\sngdf ;+nUg eP
An area of forest is
klg cGo dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo k];f eg]sf] s[lif xf] .
/a/, gl/jn, pv', ds}, wfg, skmL, lrof, sf]sf,
cleared through ‘slash
;'tL{, s]/f, d;nf, cflb d'Vo s[lif k}bfjf/x¿ x'g\ . and burn’ method
▪ cfhsfn cflbjf;Lx¿ klg hª\un km8fgL u/L
v]tLkftLdf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 . pgLx¿ hª\un
km8fgL u/]/ 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu v]tL u5{g\ . To;kl5
s]xL jif{ Tof] 7fpF vfnL 5f8\5g\ . k|fs[lts ¿kdf
df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm kmls{Pkl5 km]l/ pgLx¿ ToxL
7fpFdf v]tL ug{ kms{G5g\ . o:tf] v]tLkftLnfO{
c+u|]hLdf shifting cultivation elgG5 .
▪ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ cToGt sd ePsf] 5 . 3gf h+un, Farming is done for few Then the land is abandoned for
ljifd xfjfkfgL, h+unL hLjhGt'sf] ultljlw, cflbn] years some years so that the fertility
ubf{ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ x'g g;s]sf] xf] . of the land is restored
naturally.
Pp6} xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf kg]{ ePklg blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofnL låkx¿ dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of, l;+ufk"/, cflb b]zsf]
cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ultljlw s+uf] a];L / cd]hg a];Lsf] eGbf w]/} leGg 5 .
blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofnL låkx¿sf] cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ultljlw
•of] If]qdf dfgj j:tL afSnf] 5 . ;fd'lG›s jfo'sf] k|efjn] ubf{ xfjfkfgL t'ngfTds ¿kn] /fd|f] ePsfn]
hg3gTj a9L ePsf] xf] .
•dflg;x¿ Joj;flos s[lifsf ;fy} pBf]u, Jokf/, ko{6gdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
•s'g} a]nf o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿sf] pklgj]z /x]sf oL 6fk' b]zx¿df o'/f]k]nL ljsf;sf] k|efjn] ltj| ultdf ljsf;
e}/x]sf 5g\ .
•cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/,pBf]u, snsf/vfgf tyf ko{6g pBf]u /fd|/L km:6fPsf 5g\ .
 Tropical Grassland (Sudan Type of Climate)

Location
5o to 20o north and south latitude
Places: Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda in
Africa, Brazilian High Land, Orinoco Basin in
Venezuela, inner part of Northern Australia.
In Brazilian Highland, it is called Campos, in
Orinoco Basin, it is called Llanos, and in
Africa it is called Savannah.
Climatic Characteristics
Summer- very hot (32oC)
Winter- warm ( 22o C)
Rainfall in summer- (50 to 150 cm)
 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife of the Tropical Grassland
Natural Vegetation
• Vast grasslands
with scattered
trees due to less
rainfall
• Trees are
umbrella shaped
having long roots
.
• Vast grasslands.
Tall and coarse
grasses up to 3 /4
m tall.

Wildlife
Thousands of herbivorous and
carnivorous animals, and different
types of birds are found in this region.
That’s why this region is called the
Zoo of the World
Life and Development of the Tropical Grassland
Suresh- 2079
• Maasai are native tribe of Kenya,
Tanzania and Uganda, and Hausa
are the native people of Nigeria.
• These semi-nomads live by
hunting and cattle rearing.
• People are engaged in agriculture
as well.
• Nowadays, commercial farming
Coffee Sugarcane
has flourished in Kenya, Tanzania,
Sudan, Uganda and Nigeria.
• Thousands of tourists visit this
region every year, but the local
Tobacco Tea
people have been less benefited
from tourism.
 Tropical Hot Deserts
Location and places
20 to 30 degree north and south, mainly in the western part of the continents
 Tropical Hot Deserts
Location
200 to 300 North and south, mainly in the western part of the
continents
Places
➢ Sahara, Kalahari and Namib deserts of Africa
➢ Atacama Desert of South America
➢ Californian Desert of North America
➢ Great Australian Desert of Australia
➢ Arabian Desert and Thar Desert of Asia

Climate
• Very hot in summer (Day 40oC Night 10o C)
• Winters- Cold an dry (Day 12oC Night 0oC)
• Rainfall – Sometimes in summer (Average 12cm)
• Some deserts do not receive rainfall for more than ten years
 Natural Vegetation
• Poor in
natural
vegetation
due to very
less rainfall.
• No trees
except some
in the oasis.
• Thorny
bushes with
fleshy
leaves and
long roots.
Pictures: Google
 Wildlife

The animals hide

themselves in the burrows
or in the bushes during day
time and come out for prey
at night when it is cool.
Some birds protect
themselves from scorching
sun by hiding in the bushes.
Life and Development in the Deserts
Life and Development in the Deserts
Bedouins of Arabian Desert Bushmen of Kalahari Desert

Aborigines of Australian Desert

 Houses in the Deserts
This temporary house is built to protect
Traditional houses have no roofs them from sandstorm, not from rain water.

?
Desert Economic Activities (1)
Desert Economic Activities (2)
Desert Economic Activities (3)
Oasis in the deserts
More pictures of oasis
 Sheepas
Camel is known ofthe
Desert
ship of desert

Long eyelashes
Hump with fat

Wide feet
 Revision

Hot Desert, Savannah, Monsoon Region ,Equatorial Region

A C

B
B D
 Tropical Monsoon Climate
Location
5o to 30o north and south
Places/Countries
South and South-East Asia (Nepal, India,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri-Lanka, Pakistan,
Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, South East
China)
South-East Brazil,
Central America, West Indies,
Northern Australia,
South-East Africa, Madagascar Island
Climate
Hot and Wet Summer- 32o C
Cold and Dry Winter- 15o C
Rainfall in Summer- 50 to 200 cm
Can be divided into three seasons
Summer- Hot and Dry
Rainy- Hot and wet
Winter- cold and dry Picture- Google
 Suresh- 2078

Natural vegetation varies as per

rainfall.

Picture- Google
Rainfall Types of vegetation

200cm or above Tropical evergreen forest

100 to 200 cm Deciduous forest (trees shed their leaves in winter)

50 to 100 cm Bushes, specially thorny bushes and some grasslands

Less than 50 cm Semi- desert vegetation, thorny plants and coarse grasses
 Natural vegetation differs as per rainfall
Rainfall Types of vegetation

200cm or above Tropical evergreen forest

100 to 200 cm Deciduous forest (trees shed their leaves in winter)

50 to 100 cm Bushes, specially thorny bushes and some grasslands

Less than 50 cm Semi- desert vegetation, thorny plants and coarse grasses
 Wildlife of the Tropical Monsoon Region

Pictures- Google
 Life and Development of the Tropical Monsoon Region
Suresh- 2078
• Densely populated as the climate is favorable for human
settlement.
• Rich in Eastern Civilization.
• Agriculture is the major occupation of the people. Nearly 70%
people are engaged in agriculture as there is suitable climate,
adequate rainfall and fertile land .
• Nowadays, many industries and factories have been
established in this region. Trade and business is also
flourishing.
• Tourism is another major economic activity of the region.
 Major food crops of the Tropical Monsoon Region

Paddy, Maize, Oilseeds, Wheat

A B

C D

All Pictures- Google

 Major cash crops of the Tropical Monsoon Region
Cotton, coffee, jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.
1 2 3

4 5 6

All Pictures- Google

 Temperate Zone
30o to 60o North and South
(i) Mediterranean Region
(ii) Temperate Monsoon Region (China Type of Climate)
(iii) Temperate Deserts
(iv) Temperate Grasslands
(v) Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate
(vi) St. Lawrence Type of Climate
 Mediterranean Region
Location:
30o to 45o north and 30o to 40o south

Places:
Places around the Mediterranean Sea
(Palestine, Greece, Italy, Spain, France,
Southern Portugal ), North- West and
South West of Africa, California of
North America, Central Chile of South
America, South and South West of Australia.

Climate:
• Summer-hot and dry ( 27o C average temperature)
• Winter- cold and wet (10o C average)\
• Rainfall: 40 to 80cm
• Also called winter rain climate
Mediterranean Trees
 Thick and hard bark

Long Roots

Glossy leaves
• Mediterranean bushes and short
trees.
• Features: long roots, thick and
hard bark, small glossy and furry
leaves. Some common trees: oak,
maple, olive, etc.
 Lifestyle of the Mediterranean Region
Pictures- Google

• Density of
population is high as
the climate is
favorable for human
settlement.
• Rich in art, culture
and civilization.

• Agriculture:
(Paddy, wheat, sugarcane, maize, oilseeds, etc.)
• Famous for citrus fruits; Orange, lemon, oranges,
apricot, etc.
• World famous for wine production.
• Tourism has flourished.
• Trade and business has also flourished.
• Famous for movie shooting as well.

This region is called the ‘ Garden of the World’ as

different types of fruits are grown in this region in an
extensive scale.
 Temperate Monsoon Climate (China Type of Climate)

Location
30o to 45o north and 30o to 40o south in
the eastern part of the continents
Places
East China, Southern Japan, Korea,
South- east USA, Southern Brazil,
South- east coast of Africa and South-
east of Australia
Climate
Summer is hot- 25oC
Winter is cold- 12oC
Rainfall takes place in summer- 75 to
150cm

All Pictures- Google

 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Natural Vegetation
Mainly deciduous
forests. Some
bushes, grasslands
and coniferous
trees in some
places
Wildlife
Bear, squirrel,
foxes, deer, wolves,
snake, etc.
Lifestyle of the Temperate Monsoon Climate

• Densely populated as the climate is

favorable for human settlement.
• Large cities are there in this region.
• Agriculture has flourished in this
region.
• People grow paddy, wheat, tea, coffee,
sugarcane, cotton, etc. in this region.
• Silk farming is another major
occupation Chinese people of this
climatic region.
• Silk farming has been done in China for
hundreds of years.
• Mulberry plants, of which the leaves
are used to feed silkworms grow in
large scale in this region.

Mulberry leaves
are used for
feeding silkworms
 Temperate Grasslands

Location
45o to 60o north
30o to 40o south

Places
Prairies in North
America
Steppes in Eurasia
Pampas in South
America
Veld in Southern
Africa
Downs in Australia
Climate and Natural Vegetation of the Temperate Grassland

Climate
• Very hot summer : 27o C average
temperature
• Very cold winter: below 0o C
• Extreme climate as the
temperature difference is very
high
• Rainfall in summer 40cm to 75cm

Natural Vegetation
• Vast grasslands
with scattered trees
 Life and Development in the Temperate Grassland

• Sparsely populated as
the climate is extreme.
• Major occupation
cattle rearing and
agriculture.
• Argentina is one of the
leading exporter of
meat in the world as
there are many large
animal farms in
Pampas Grassland of
this country.
• Wheat is grown in
large scale in Prairies
and Steppes. sheep
rearing is extensively
done in Downs
• This region is called the
‘Bread Basket of the
World’.
 Some Questions for Discussion
1. Compare the farming in Prairies and farming in
Nepal in four points
2. Argentina earns a substantial amount of foreign
currency from animal husbandry. Why? Give four
reasons.
3. Nepal is an agricultural country but we still import
food and cash crops of billions of rupees from the
foreign countries. What should Nepal learn from
farming in Prairies and Pampas? Write in four points.
 Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate
(British Type of Climate)

Location:
45o to 60o North
40o to 50o South
Places:
Western Europe, Western Canada,
Southern Chile, Tasmania, Southern New Zealand
Climate:
Neither very cold nor hot
Summer: Warm (15o) , Winter – Cold (5o)
Rainfall throughout the year due to westerlies and oceanic influence.
Slight snowfall in winter.
 Natural Vegetation

• Deciduous forests in plains

• Coniferous forests in hills
• Birch, maple, oak, beech, poplar, etc.
 Life and Development

• Densely populated as the climate is

favorable for human settlement
• The countries are highly industrialized
• Trade and business is the major
occupation of the people
• Apart from trade and business, cattle
rearing, agriculture, fruits farming are
other occupations of the people
 St. Lawrence Type of Climate
(Manchurian Climate)
Location
• 45o to 60o North
Places
• St. Lawrence Region of North America and
Manchuria of China
Climate
• Warm summer and very cold winter
• Rainfall takes place throughout the year.
Snowfall in winter.
Natural Vegetation
Deciduous forests in some area and in some
areas, coniferous evergreen forests. Maples,
oak, birch are the common trees.
Life and Development
Densely populated. Highly industrialized.
Agriculture – wheat, barely, potato, fruits,etc
Some Questions for Discussion
1. Compare the lifestyle of the Mediterranean region and
the Temperate Grassland in four points
2. Why population density is very high in the Cool
Temperate Oceanic Climatic Region? Write in four points.
 Cold Temperate Climate
(Siberian Climate)
Location:
60o to 70o latitude in
Northern Hemisphere only.
Places: Northern part of
North America, Northern
Europe and Northern Asia
Climate:
Warm Summers (10o C) Very
short -3 months
Very cold winters( below
freezing point) long winters –
9 months
 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Natural Vegetation
Coniferous forests,
needlelike leaves. The
trees are useful for
making paper, furniture
toys, etc. Spruce, fir,
pine, etc.
Wildlife
Thick fur bearing
animals: Bear, lynx,
squirrel, reindeer,
wolverine etc.
Taiga: The vast evergreen
coniferous forest consisting
mostly of pines, spruces and
larches extending between 60o
to 70o latitude in the Northern
Hemisphere from Alaska to
Siberia.
 Life and Development
• Density of population is
low due to extremely cold
climate.
• People are involved in
lumbering. They cut the
trees load in the trucks or
float into the river. Then
the tree logs are taken to
the pulp or furniture
factory.
• Hunting is their traditional
occupation.
• Agriculture is also done in
some places in short
summer. Wheat, barley,
etc.
Pulp- A soft substance that is made by crushing wood, cloth or other
material and then used to make paper (Oxford Dictionary)
 Polar Climate

Location:
70o to 90o latitude north and
south.
Places:
North: Northern Canada,
Greenland, Northern Part of
Europe and Asia
South: Antarctica
 Polar Climate
Climate:
• Very cold throughout the year.
• The land is covered with snow throughout the year as
the temperature is always below 0o C
• Snowfall takes place.
• Long and extremely cold winter (10 months)
• Short and cold summer (2 months)
Natural Vegetation
• Mosses and lichens grow in some places where there
is no snow.
• In some places flowering plants grow in summer when
snow melts for short period of time.
Animals
• As there is no forest, only a few living species are found
in this region.
• Polar bear, seal, penguin, etc. are some species.

• Penguins have close growing feathers

which protect them from extreme cold.
• Seals have a thick layer of fat inside
their skin which keeps them warm.
 Polar Climate: Life and Development
• Density of population is very low as
the climate is not favorable.
• The native tribes living in northern
polar region are: Eskimos in
Greenland, Lapps in Scandinavia and
Inuit in Northern Canada
• In southern polar region, where the
continent Antarctica is located, no
one lives permanently. Only the
scientists go there for study and
research, stay there for certain period
of time and return.
• Traditionally, people lived by hunting
and fishing, but now many changes
have taken place in their lifestyle.
• They used to live in igloos in winter
and tupiks in summer.
• Igloos are the winter houses of northern polar region which are made up of ice blocks.
• Tupiks are the summer tent houses of northern polar region which are made up of
animal’s skin .
Changes in the lifestyle of the people of the polar region in the last fifty years

Fifty Years Ago Present

I
I
Sledges pulled by the dogs Snowmobile

II Modern houses
II Igloos and tupiks with cozy rooms

III Clothes made up of

III
animal’s skin Modern garment
clothes

Hunting and fishing IV

IV Mines
Changes in the lifestyle of the people of the polar region in the last fifty years

Fifty Years Ago Present

I
I

II
II

III III

IV
IV
Compare the lifestyle of the Inuits and the Eskimos fifty years ago with their present
lifestyle. (Write the answers as per the pictures given in the next slide )

Ans.
Many changes can be seen in the lifestyle of the Inuits and the Eskimos living in the
Northern Polar Region in the last fifty years. Their past and present lifestyle can be
compared in the following points.

Lifestyle of the Inuits and the Eskimos Lifestyle of the Inuits and Eskimos at
50 years ago present
i. Sledges pulled by the dogs were the They use snowmobiles as the means of
major means of transportation in the transportation in the snow.
snow
Ii
Iii
iv

Complete the above table based on the pictures given in the next slide
1. More than 75% people in Brazil live in the cities of the eastern part of the
country. Why? Give four reasons.
Ans.
Brazil is the largest and the most developed country in South America but
population distribution in the country is uneven. Most of the people live in the
cities in the eastern part of the country. Some possible reasons are given below.

(i) The climate of eastern part of the country is far more suitable for human settlement
than the inner part of the country. Monsoon climate of the eastern part attracts the
people.
(ii) Many industries and factories established in the eastern cities provide employment to
a large number of people.
(iii) Production is less in the inner part of the country due to uncertain rainfall. The vast
forest in Amazon Basin with heavy rainfall is not suitable for human settlement.
(iv) Infrastructures such as roads, education, health, electricity facilities are not developed
in the inner part of the country due to difficult topography. So, people are compelled
to migrate to the major cities in the east.
Conclusion
Topography, climate , infrastructures , facilities are the factors causing uneven
population distribution in Brazil.
Despite having vast reserve of resources, Africa is lagging far behind in
development. Give four reasons.
Ans.
Africa, the second largest country in the world, has vast reserve of natural resources
but the countries have failed to utilize the resources for the socio-economic
development of their countries. The possible reasons are listed below:
(i) Political instability is the major cause of backwardness of the continent. Frequent
change of the government, dictatorship, civil war are the common political
situation in most of the countries.
(ii) Financial resource management is another serious problem as a large amount of
budget and technology are needed to exploit the resources. But the poor
countries have failed to manage the budget.
(iii) Extreme climate also poses obstacle in in development of the countries. Heavy
rainfall in some places, draught, desert climate are the climatic features of the
continent.
(iv) Outdated government policy in utilization of the resources and rampant
corruption are other problems of the countries. Most of the governments in Africa
are highly corrupted.
Thus, we can conclude that civil wars, extreme climate and ineffective government
policy, corrupt governments are the main causes of backwardness of the
continent.
1.Write the major problems of Africa and suggest any four measures to
develop the continent.
Ans.
Africa, the second largest country in the world, has vast reserve of natural resources
but the countries have failed to utilize the resources for the socio-economic
development of their countries. Major problems of Africa are listed below:
(i) Civil war is the major problem of Africa. Post colonial ethno, religious and political
conflict has caused millions of deaths and hampered social and economic progress
of the continent.
(ii) Famine is another problem of the continent. Soaring food prices, civil war and
climate change are plunging parts of Africa into a severe and enduring food crisis,
with millions of people in Africa facing extreme hunger.
(iii) HIV AIDS, Ebola, and other different epidemics and pandemics have caused death
of tens of thousands people every year. Massive illiteracy, poverty, indifference of
the government, poor health service have escalated the situation.
(iv) Extreme climate creates another problem in Africa. Hot and wet Congo Basin, hot
and dry deserts pose obstacle in economic development of the continent.
Despite having vast reserve of the resources, Africa is lagging behind in development due
to various problems. Some ways to develop the continent by solving the problems are
listed below:
(i) Ongoing civil war should be ended through dialogue. United Nations and the African Union
and other concerned international organizations can facilitate the peace process.
(ii) Steps should taken to increase the production of food and cash crops through
commercialization of agriculture and providing the farmers necessary subsidy and other
facilities.
(iii) Health facilities should be developed. Special campaign is needed to fight against the spread of
HIV AIDS and other diseases and epidemics. WHO and other international organizations can
help the African countries in this regard.
(iv) Mines and minerals in African should be properly utilized. Rather than letting multinational
companies to operate the mines, the governments and the people themselves should invest in
mining.
(v) Economic condition of Africa can be developed through tourism as the continent has great
potentiality of tourism development due to the presence of a large number animals, birds and
reptiles. Moreover, ancient heritages of Egypt also contribute in tourism development.
Tourism should be developed by developing infrastructures ad increasing the participation of
local people so as to improve their living standard through he income from tourism.
What should Nepal learn from North America, South America and Africa?
Ans.
As a small and developing country, Nepal should learn a lot of things from these continents.
Some of them are listed below.

From north America,

(i) Nepal should learn how to utilize the available means and resources for the development of
a country.
(ii) Commercialization and use of modern techniques and scientific methods in agriculture is
another lesson Nepal should learn. Nearly 4% people are involved in agriculture in Canada
and the USA but yet they export food crops and cash crops .
(iii) Development of technology is another important aspect that we need to learn from the
countries of North America. In the present world, a country can be developed only by
developing science and technology.
(iv) One important thing that we need to learn from Canada is proper exploitation of forest
resources. Forest resource is one of the major income source of Canada. Despite the fact
that 40% more area of Nepal is covered with forest, we are failed to utilize it for the
economic development of the country.
From South America
(i) Nepal should learn about commercial animal husbandry from South
America. For instance, Argentina, a country in South America is one of the
leading exporter of meat in the world. Despite having great potentiality of
animal husbandry, Nepal still relies on imports. This is possible in South
American countries including Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Chile due to
the use of modern techniques and scientific technology.
(ii) Second thing that Nepal can learn from South America is proper utilization
of water resources