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An Occupational Risk Analysis of Garbage Collection Tasks in the Philippines

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DOI: 10.1109/IEA.2019.8715109

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 An Occupational Risk Analysis of Garbage Collection Tasks in the Philippines
Ma. Janice J. Gumasing
School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering
Management
Mapua University
Intramuros, Manila
mjjgumasing@mapua.edu.ph,
Abstract— Waste management entails proper handling of
material waste in accordance with the local environmental
regulatory framework from collection, transportation,
dumping and recycling along with other waste product
monitoring and regulation measures. Because waste collection
and disposal involves various processes, the tasks of garbage
collectors are faced with numerous occupational risks. Several
studies and researches have been developed regarding the
potential risk of improper disposal of waste to the environment
and to the general public, however, the occupational risks
associated with the garbage collection tasks received little
attention. Thus, this study aims to identify and assess the
occupational risks associated with the tasks of garbage
collectors in the Philippines in order to develop a mitigation
plan that would minimize the occupational risks associated
with this field of work. A multimethod qualitative and
quantitative research design were applied in this study. The
qualitative design helped in identifying and investigating the
occupational injuries and work-musculoskeletal disorders
(WMSD) experienced by garbage collectors using survey
questionnaire and Cornell Musculoskeletal Disorder
Questionnaire (CMDQ). Key findings from the study revealed
that workers were often exposed to injuries such as light
wound and cut, insect bites, eye irritation, sprain and rashes.
This is because garbage collectors in the country have
inadequate and improper personal protective equipment when
performing their tasks like lack of gloves, facemasks, goggles,
safety shoes and coveralls. Similarly, workers also complained
of over fatigue and pain in their lower back, shoulder, hips,
thigh and other WMSD due to heavy manual handling tasks in
garbage collection activities. Using ergonomic tools such as
Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and NIOSH Lifting
Equation, the researchers were able to identify and categorized
three risk factors associated with garbage collection tasks such
as (1) health factor, (2) environmental factor and (3) task-
related factor. These factors were further treated analyzed
using quantitative research design method such as correlation
and regression analysis. The result of statistical analysis
revealed that factors such as worker’s age, BMI, exposure to
noise, illumination, heat index, task duration, task frequency,
time of day and weather condition significantly affect the risks
of workers in developing occupational injuries and work
musculoskeletal disorders. Given these conditions, the
researchers were able to come up with a risk mitigation plan
based from the predictive model developed from regression
analysis in order to minimize the occupational risks of garbage
collectors in the Philippines.
Zharlene B. Sasot
School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering
Management
Mapua University
Intramuros, Manila
zbsasot@mapua.edu.ph
Keywords-garbage collection, occupational risk, occupational
injury, musculoskeletal disorder
I. INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management encompasses a wide range of
activities, including collecting garbage, collecting and
sorting recycling materials, and collecting and processing of
commercial and industrial waste [7]. As a result of rapid
population growth, the increase in waste generation has
become a major problem among highly-urbanized cities and
in developing countries [30]. One of the problems is the
exposure of workers in the waste management industry to
hazardous working conditions. The activities in waste
management industry involve risks to the workers from the
point where the operators handle waste for collection to the
point of waste disposal [4]. Being a garbage collector or
street sweeper is not an enticing job. In fact, these could be
counted as the least desirable job not just in the Philippines,
but also in other countries [5]. Workers are exposed to harsh
environmental condition, and are also vulnerable to health
risks from contact with agents that are harmful to health
more than anybody else [3]. Several studies and researches
have been developed regarding the potential harm and risk
of improper disposal of waste to the environment and to the
general public. Most researches about waste management
industry are focused on policies and legislation on proper
disposal of wastes, however, the occupational risks
associated with the garbage collection tasks received little
attention. Thus, it is also important to study the occupational
risks and hazards associated with waste management
industry especially to the garbage collectors who are
directly involved in the tasks.
According to Canadian Union of Public Employees
(CUPE), while garbage collection may not seem like a
hazardous job, it can pose health and safety risks that keep
hundreds of the workers in the industry off the job at any
given time. Fatality in the occupation are rare, but
ergonomic injuries and work musculoskeletal disorders,
such as back strain, are commonplace, and cuts from sharp
objects and exposure to bacteria and toxins are always a
threat. In 2010 report, CUPE described garbage collection
as one of the most hazardous jobs, with injuries afflicting
35% of garbage collectors each year.
 In the Philippines, there have been 246 and 514 cases of
occupational injury that were reported for waste
management industry in 2011 and 2013 respectively.
Similarly, there have been reports of musculoskeletal
disorders for workers in the waste management industry. A
total of 134 cases and 185 cases of MSDs were reported for
year 2011 and 2013 respectively. There were also reported
accidents of workers in the waste management industry.
(PSA, 2015).
Steven Jerie [25] developed a study of occupational risks
associated with solid waste management in the informal
sector of Gweru, Zimbabwe. It was determined in the study
that occupational risks occur at every stage in the waste
management process, from the point where workers handle
waste in the enterprise for collection or recycling to the
point of ultimate disposal. Key findings from the study
revealed that solid waste management practices are
dominated by manual handling tasks hence have higher
incidents of musculoskeletal disorders. Other safety and
health hazards associated with waste management identified
in the study are diarrhea, viral hepatitis, and higher incidents
of obstructive and restrictive disorders. It was concluded in
the study that lack of comprehensive waste policy that deals
with safety, health and environmental management issues in
Zimbabwe has compromised effective solid waste
management in the informal sector.
Jeong, Lee and Lee [2] also developed a study about
workplace accidents and work-related illnesses of household
waste collectors. The study attempted to establish
significant relationship in the cases of injuries and illnesses
according to factors such as worker’s age, length of
employment, size of workplace, injured body part, day and
month of injury, type of accident, and agency of accident
and collection process. The results of the study showed that
most injuries occur in workers in their 50s and older. The
most prevalent form of injury is from falling, which usually
happens when workers hang from the rear of the truck
during transportation. Similarly, workers experienced MSD
due to damaging and awkward postures.
Based on the review of related studies [2][3][22][25],
there are various occupational risk factors and sub-factors
that can affect the workers in the waste management
industry. The sub-factors include (1) health-related: age of
workers, BMI, smoking habits, drinking habits and years of
service (2) environmental-related: noise level, illumination
level, heat index, time of day and weather condition (3)
task-related: work posture, lifting posture, task duration and
task frequency. Previous studies and researchers have not
yet considered and verified these factors in the occupational
risks and injuries of workers in garbage collection tasks.
That is why the researchers intended to validate and identify
the relationship of these factors in the occupational risks and
injuries of the workers.
Given this condition, the paper aimed to minimize the
exposure of garbage collectors in the country to
occupational risks factors by developing a risk mitigation
plan. The researchers initially intended to identify the type
of occupational injuries and work musculoskeletal disorders
experienced by garbage collectors in the country.
Furthermore, the researchers also intended to analyze the
contributing factors that caused the occupational injuries
and WMSDs through review of related literatures,
interview, survey and ergonomic assessment.
II. METHODOLOGY
The researchers conducted the study among the six
districts in the city of Manila wherein large numbers of
waste management operators were located. A total of 128
participants of the study included 21 operators, 89 garbage
collectors and 18 truck drivers.
Devices such as BP meter, light meter, noise dosimeter
and digital psychrometer were used to obtain demographic
profile factors of the respondents as well as measures for
environmental factors. The researchers also used CMDQ in
order to determine the discomfort location and common
types of musculoskeletal disorders experienced by garbage
collectors when performing their tasks. Postural analysis
was also done in order to gather data for task-related factors.
The researchers used Rapid Entire Body Assessment
(REBA) to evaluate whole body postural MSD and measure
risks associated with the garbage collection tasks. NIOSH
lifting equation was also used to assess the manual material
handling risks of workers associated with lifting and
lowering tasks in their job.
A. Statistical Analysis
Descriptive measures were used to provide an analysis of
summary of factors obtained from data gathering. Collected
data from survey, interview and observations were arranged
in a manner of which the data can be easily interpreted
through the use of frequency count and percentage
distribution.
In addition, the factors considered in the study were
statistically treated and analyzed using correlation analysis
and regression method. Correlation analysis was used to
establish the possible connections between the occupational
risk factors considered in the study to the injuries and
WSMDs experienced by garbage collectors. Moreover, the
significant factors identified were further analyzed using
multiple regression analysis to identify the relationship of
the predictors and how they affect the injuries and WMSDs
of workers in garbage collection tasks. Stepwise backward
elimination procedure was also done to simplify the
multiple regression equation formulated in the study. This
technique was used to identify the true significant risk
factors as predictors for the injuries and WMSDs of workers
in garbage collection tasks.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The table below showed the overall summary of results
of the CMDQ from the 89 respondents and ranked from the
highest to lowest percentage of risk.
 TABLE I. CMDQ SCORE process, this is because collection process involves many
BODY PART Grabbing Lifting Carrying
Pushing of
Shoveling
Emptying
Hanging Total Cum. %
activities that are highly laborious. Workers in this task are
cart of bags
Lower back 23.78 24.39 25.97 10.11 15.49 13.55 18.35 131.64 7%
exposed to repetitive movements, awkward lifting posture,
Shoulder (Right) 22.46 20.55 20.7 10.61 17.42 12.63 22.22 126.59 13% heavy loads and inadequate use of personal protective
Shoulder (Left) 17.69 15.63 21.7 9.16 16.07 12.25 25.47 117.97 19%
Hip/Buttocks 16.79 24.46 13.5 9.83 16.99 11.43 13.98 106.98 24% equipment when performing their tasks like lack of gloves,
Thigh (Right) 11.53 21.45 11.71 10.49 15.46 14.16 21.97 106.77 29% facemasks, goggles, safety shoes and coveralls.
Knee (Right) 14.19 18.54 11.16 11.19 16.03 12.12 21.76 104.99 34%
Upper arm (Right) 12.28 16.41 13.73 9.63 17.85 13.71 21.02 104.63 40% In order to validate the cause of injuries and
Thigh (Left)
Knee (Left)
11.14
14.19
18.66
16.64
11.65
11.46
9.02
10.94
17.06
16.79
14.03
12.36
21.65
20.42
103.21
102.8
45%
50%
musculoskeletal disorders of workers in collection process,
Foot (Right) 13.79 17.09 12.17 10.28 16.85 10.07 18.49 98.74 55% the researchers conducted a Rapid Entire Body Assessment
Upper arm (Left) 10.58 13.8 13.52 9.61 14.84 13.46 21.02 96.83 60%
Wrist (Right) 13.76 17.84 9.02 9.61 15.76 12.63 16.46 95.08 64%
(REBA) as shown in the figures below.
Forearm (Right) 9.81 13.97 12.88 10.28 16.26 13.33 17.7 94.23 69%
Wrist (Left) 13.76 14.81 10.11 9.72 15.81 13 16.22 93.43 74%
Forearm (Left) 9.28 16.72 12.13 8.25 14.81 13.1 18.48 92.77 78%
Foot (Left) 13.79 13.06 12.27 9.58 14.61 10.07 18.23 91.61 83%
Lower leg (Left) 9.13 15.1 10.75 9.13 15.73 11.02 20.4 91.26 87%
Lower Leg (Right) 9.13 12.5 11.11 9.26 15.58 11.35 19.29 88.22 92%
Upper back 9.44 15.26 12.8 9.17 15.48 10.42 14.06 86.63 96%
Neck 8.67 12.91 8.29 8.97 15.4 8.61 18.21 81.06 100%

Based on the results of CMDQ, the most affected body

parts of workers in terms of discomfort when performing
their task are the ff: shoulders, hips/buttocks, thigh, knee,
upper arm and wrist. On the other hand, the researchers also
gathered data on the reports of injuries and accidents
encountered by garbage collectors when performing their Figure 1. REBA Score for Grabbing of Waste Task
task. The results are presented in the table below.
The result showed that current posture for grabbing of
TABLE II. SUMMARY OF INJURIES/ACCIDENT REPORT waste task pose a very high risk for workers in developing
MSD especially to their lower back, shoulders, neck and
Injuries No. Percentage
Light wound/cut 46 23.96%
hips/buttocks. This proved why majority of workers
Insect bite 42 21.88% experienced MSDs in these parts of the body as reflected in
Eye Irritation 36 18.75%
Sprain 19 9.90%
the CMDQ scores of the respondents. The workers are using
Rashes 18 9.38% this posture in grabbing waste since the workers do not have
Deep wound/cut 16 8.33%
Animal bite 5 2.60% tools like brooms, dustpans and grabbers.
Fracture 5 2.60%
Traffic accident 3 1.56%
Amputation 2 1.04%
TOTAL 192 100%

Based on the survey, the common types of injuries

encountered by workers in garbage collection tasks are the
ff: light wound/cut, insect bite, eye irritation, sprain, rashes
and deep wound or cut.
TABLE III. DISTRIBUTION OF INJURIES/ACCIDENT BY
GARBAGE COLLECTION TASK Figure 2. REBA Score for Carrying of Waste
Frequency of
Task Involved Percentage
injuries Carrying of waste task obtained a score of 6 which
Grabbing wastes (sack,
plastic bag)
39 20.31% implied that workers pose a medium risk for developing
Lifting of waste 15 7.81% MSD in their lower back, upper arms and wrists. Lifting and
Collection Carrying of waste 16 8.33%
Process Pushing of cart 8 4.17% carrying of waste bag caused high back compression that
Shoveling
Emptying of bags (plastic,
20 10.42% increased the risk of injury for some of the population. The
38 19.79%
sack) into truck weight of the garbage bags that average 10 kgs or more
Hanging by the side of the
truck
17 8.85% contributed to increased risk of injury. The majority of lifts
Transit
Sitting on top of the truck 4 2.08% of workers are done with one or more bags in each hand.
Hanging on the back of the
truck
12 6.25% The weight of the single garbage bag exceeds one handed
Inside the truck
Waiting for load to be dump
17 8.85% lifting guidelines. Thus lifting multiple bags at a time are
Dumping 6 3.13%
in the barge more susceptible to risk of injury.
TOTAL 192 100.00%
Based on the result of the data, majority of the injuries
encountered by workers were obtained from collection

Figure 3. REBA Score for Shoveling of Waste
The result of postural analysis for shoveling of garbage
obtained a score of 10, which implied that workers pose a
high risk for developing MSD in the lower back, right arm,
wrist and neck. Workers are exposed to awkward posture
because of the current design of the steel shovel being used.
The length of the shovel’s shaft is too short that is why the
workers must bend their back in order to gather the waste.
In addition to that, the weight of the steel shovel that
averages 3 kgs also contribute to the risk of injury and MSD
or workers.
The researchers also assessed the lifting posture of
workers in garbage collection task using NIOSH Lifting
Equation. The job resulted in poor lifting conditions, which
caused for concern as the location of the garbage bags are
outside the preferred lifting zone of 75 cm to 110 cm
vertical height and horizontal reach of 40 cm based from 5 th
percentile female reach distance with elbow at side of body
[26].
Correlation analysis was used to show the relationships
of factors to the occupational injuries and work-
musculoskeletal disorders of workers as shown in the table
below.
TABLE IV. RESULT OF CORRELATION ANALYSIS
Based on the result, all factors have positive correlation
to the occupational injuries and MSD of workers in garbage
collection tasks. However, the only factors that have
significant relationship to the injuries and MSD of workers
are age, BMI, noise level, heat index, task duration, task
frequency, work posture (RULA score) and lifting posture
(NIOSH score).
These factors were further analyzed and treated using
stepwise regression analysis to verify the true predictors for
occupational injuries and MSD of workers as shown below.
Equation (1)
Injury Score = 17.32 + 0.285 age + 0.454 heat index + 0.632 task duration
+ 0.819 task frequency + 0.612 RULA Score + 0.233 NIOSH Score
Equation (2)
MSD Score = -11.16 + 0.1186 age – 0.00527 yrs of service + 0.277 BMI –
0.075 smoking + 0.0313 noise + 0.0008 illumination +0.1148 heat index +
0.489 task duration + 0.281 task frequency + 0.321 RULA Score + 0.012
NIOSH Score
The model summary for the stepwise regression model
incurred an adjusted R2 of 87.62% and 92.32% with
coefficient of correlation (R) values of 0.912 and 0.934
respectively, which explained that independent variables in
the equation are strong predictors for the occupational injury
and musculoskeletal disorders of workers in garbage
collection task. This served as the focus of the researchers in
the development of risk mitigation plan.
A. Risk Mitigation Plan for Garbage Collection Task
1.) Use of Personal Protective Equipment
It was determined in the study that workers obtained
injuries and musculoskeletal disorders due to lack of
personal protective equipment like gloves, facemasks,
goggles, safety shoes and coveralls. Similarly, workers also
complain of over fatigue and pain in their lower back,
shoulder, hips, thigh and other WMSD due to heavy manual
handling tasks in garbage collection activities and due to
lack of appropriate tools in their task like broom, dustpan
and grabbers. Thus, the researchers propose the use of
appropriate personal protective equipment and tools for
garbage collection activities such as safety glasses,
reflective vest, pierce resistant gloves, fitted full-body
coverage clothing, non-slip sole steel-toed boots, lumbar
support belts, dust mask, stick broom and dustpan, trash
grabber and aluminum blade shovel.
2.) Development of Safety Policy for Waste Management
Workers
In the Philippines, current OSHA regulations do not
specifically address solid waste management workers since
we do not have comprehensive policy for workers in waste
management industry relating to health and safety issues.
Therefore, the researchers proposed to develop a safety
policy for waste management workers that covered safe
work practices, use of appropriate PPE and policy regarding
manual material handling. The proposed safety policy is
adapted from safety standards and procedures from other
labor and safety agencies such as American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), National Waste and Recycling
Association (NWRA), and National Solid Wastes
Management Association (NSWMA).
 The proposed safety policy for waste management coveralls, gloves, safety shoes, safety glasses, and vests.
workers included the following important recommendations Furthermore, it was determined using statistical analysis that
as shown in the table below: health, environmental and task related factors contributed to
the occupational injuries and musculoskeletal disorders of
TABLE V. RECOMMENDED SAFETY POLICY FOR WASTE workers in waste collection task. The factors that were
MANAGEMENT WORKERS
identified to have significant contribution to the
Safety Policy for Garbage Collectors
Safe Work Perform a pre-use inspection at the beginning of every shift. occupational injuries of workers are the following: age, heat
Procedure Wear personal protective equipment index, task duration, task frequency, work posture and
Watch for traffic and stay visible
Collect from one side of the road at a time. lifting posture. On the other hand, factors that were
Stay clear of any pinch points while the garbage is being compacted. identified to have significant contribution to
Recommended Safety glasses
Appropriate Reflective vest musculoskeletal disorders of workers are: age, years of
PPE for Proper gloves service, body mass index, noise, illumination, heat index,
Garbage Non-slip steel toed boots
Collectors
Fitted full-body clothing task duration, task frequency, work posture and lifting
Policy for Warm up before your shift. posture. Given these conditions, the researchers were able to
Manual Start at a gradual pace.
Handling Task Use a mechanical aid when possible
come up with the risk mitigation plan that includes the use
Roll garbage bins when possible. of PPE and implementation of safety policy for workers to
Use your legs and whole body momentum to handle waste.
Work symmetrically. Use both hands to lift and carry heavy waste
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