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Lecture 4. Multi - Stage Transistor Amplifers - For Uploading
Lecture 4. Multi - Stage Transistor Amplifers - For Uploading
Lecture 4. Multi - Stage Transistor Amplifers - For Uploading
Multi-stage
Transistor Amplifiers
Mai Linh, PhD
Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications,
VNU-University of Engineering and Technology
Email: linhmai@vnu.edu.vn ; mlinh2009@gmail.com
1
Outline
1. Single transistor amplification review
2. Introduction multistage amplifier
3. RC-coupled multi-stage amplifier
4. DC-coupled multi-stage amplifier
5. Compound configurations
6. Differential amplifier
7. RF selective amplifier
8. Wideband amplifier
9. Power amplifiers
2
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
Amplifiers are classified in many ways based on different criteria as given below
3
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Common Emitter and Common Source
4
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Common Emitter and Common Source
Amplifier input and output resistance (these are small signal parameter).
Sometimes, we neglected ro because ro >> Rc
5
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Summary of Common Emitter and Common Source Characteristics
6
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Common Collector and Common Drain
DC Circuit
8
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Common Base and Common Gate
DC Circuit
10
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Terminal Resistance of Generally Loaded Transistors
11
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Single-Stage Amplifiers “Terminal Gain and I/O Resistances of BJT Amplifiers”
Rsig vin vo Rsig vin Rsig vin
+
vo
vs RL vs + vs RC
RB RE RC RB Ri RL RB
vo _
_ Ri
Ri Ro Ro
Ro Ro
(a) CE (b) CC (c) CB
− RC − g m RC RL RL Av = g m RL
Avo = Av = =
r + ( + 1) R E 1 + g m RE 1 re + RL
+ RL 1
R gm Rin = re = ;
(1 + ) RE C + ro gm gm
Ri = r + (1 + ) r + ( + 1) R E
Ri = r + ( + 1) RL
ro + RC + RE r + Rth 1 Rth Ro = RC
Ro = +
Ro = RC || Ro = RC || 1 + g m ( r || RE ) ro + ( r || RE ) 1+ gm AI 1
Ro 1 + g m RE ro AIo = + 1
AIo =
Without degeneration RE: For the gain, Ri, Ro of the whole amplifier, you need to include
Simply set RE = 0 voltage/current dividers at input and output stages
12
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Single-Stage Amplifiers “Terminal Gain and I/O Resistances of BJT Amplifiers”
(C-C) (C-B)
(C-E)
13
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Single-Stage Amplifiers “Terminal Gain and I/O Resistances of FET Amplifiers”
C-S C-G
C-D
g m RL g m RL AV ,t = g m RL
Av ,t = − AV ,t =
1 + g m RS 1 + g m RL Ri 1
gm
Ri = Ri =
Ro = ro (1 + g m RS )
Ro = ro (1 + g m RE ) Ro = 1
gm AI ,t 1
AI ,t =
RI ,t =
Without degeneration RS:
Simply set RS = 0
For the gain, Ri, Ro of the whole amplifier, you need to include voltage/current
dividers at input and output stages 14
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Inverting Amplifiers: C-E and C-S Amplifier Review
15
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
Follower Circuits - CC & CD
amplifiers Summary
(C-C) (C-D)
16
4.1 Transistor Amplifier Configurations (review)
C-B and C-G Amplifiers
Summary
(C-B) (C-G)
17
4.2 Introduction Multistage Amplifiers
Need for Multistage Amplifiers
❑ Usually
– An input stage to provide required input resistance
– A middle stage(s) to provide gain
– An output stage to provide required output resistance
❑ It is important to note that the input resistance of the follow on stage
becomes the load of the previous stage
18
4.2 Introduction Multistage Amplifiers
noois tangaf choongf taangf
21
4.2 Introduction Multistage Amplifiers
Example 1: A Four-Stage Bipolar Op-Amp
❑ 1st stage or input stage (Q1, Q2) is
differential-in and differential-out
3rd gain stage CS – biased by current source Q3
1st
with degeneration ❑ 2nd stage (Q4, Q5) is a differential-
differential in and single-ended-out stage
pair
– biased by current source Q6
4st stage: Emitter
2nd differential follower output
❑ 3rd stage (Q7) is CE amplifier,
pair with stage provides
single-ended
output
– additional gain
– shifting the dc level of the signal
❑ 4th stage - output stage (Q8) is an
Current emitter follower
mirrors
22
4.2 Introduction Multistage Amplifiers
Open Circuit Overall Voltage Gain
Fig.: Three-stage amplifier cascade
In the cascade amplifier,
the overall voltage gain
is the product of the
open-circuit voltage
gains of the individual
stages.
Inverting amplifier using an operational amplifier Closed-loop feedback amplifier two-port model 23
4.2 Introduction Multistage Amplifiers
Open Circuit Overall Voltage Gain
RinB RinC
vo = AvAvi AvB AvC Output resistances are small (zero in the ideal case)
RoutA + RinB RoutB + RinC
𝑣0
The open circuit overall gain expression: 𝐴𝑣 = = 𝐴𝑣𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴𝑣𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝑣𝐶
𝑣𝑖 24
4.2 Introduction Multistage Amplifiers
Closed Circuit Overall Voltage Gain
vo
Atotal = = A1 A2 ... An
vin
Rin
Overall voltage gain: Av = Atotal (in dB) = 20log10|Av|
Rs + Rin
Pout
Power gain in decibels = 10 log10 Ap = 10 log10
Pin
25
The bel (B) & decibel (dB) scale
❑ bel scale
In the early 1920's in order to quantify the degree of signal loss
occurring in 1 mile of standard telephone cables, Bell Laboratories
came up with the bel (B) scale, named after A. G. Bell - this scale was
simply a logarithmic comparison of two signal powers (one at the start Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish-
of a cable and one at the end). American scientist and inventor,
1847–1922
P1
A = log10 [B]
P2
A denotes the relative difference between the two powers P1 and P2 on a logarithmic scale.
P1 1
or A=10 log10 bel
P2 10
P1
If we write 1/10 bel as decibel (dB), then A = 10 log10 [dB]
P2
Where A, again denotes the relative difference between the two powers P1 and P2 on a
logarithmic scale
26
The bel (B) & decibel (dB) scale
❑ Thus: the decibel (or dB) represents the ratio between two levels of power, or power gain.
❑ As defined, the dB is a dimensionless parameter (given that it is the ratio of two quantities
having the same unit of measure).
✓ 0 dB corresponds to a ratio of 1:1
✓ 10 dB corresponds to a ratio of 10:1
✓ -10 dB corresponds to a ratio of 1:10
❑ dB are used to measure
➢ Electric power, filter magnitude
➜ If P2 = P1 ⇒ AdB = 0 dB
➜ If P2 =2P1 ⇒ AdB = 3 dB
➜ If P2 = (1/2)P1 ⇒ AdB = −3 dB
➜ If P2 = 1,000,000P1 ⇒ AdB = 60 dB
27
Logarithmic Measure for Power
• To express a power in terms of decibels, one starts by choosing
a reference power, Preference, and writing
Power P in decibels = 10log10(P/Preference)
• Example 2:
Express a power of 50 mW in decibels relative to 1 watt.
50 × 10−3
𝑃 𝑑𝐵 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 = −13 (𝑑𝐵)
1
28
4.3 RC-coupled transistor amplifier
Coupling network
✓ 2-stage amplifier circuit, in CE,
common VCC.
✓ R1, R2 and RE form the biasing &
stabilization network.
✓ CE (bypass capacitor) which passes
only ac while restricting DC.
✓ RC : load impedance
✓ Cin couples ac signal to the base of
the transistor.
✓ CC (coupling capacitor) connects 2
stages and prevents DC
interference between the stages
and the shifting of operating point.
29
4.3 RC-coupled transistor amplifier
Operation of RC Coupled Amplifier
30
Xc=1/2πfc
4.3 RC-coupled transistor amplifier
Frequency response
The voltage gain drops off at low (< 50
Hz) and high (> 20 kHz) frequencies
whereas it is uniform over mid-frequency
range (50 Hz to 20 kHz)
Advantages:
(i) Excellent frequency response. The gain is constant over the audio frequency range (for speech,
music etc.)
(ii) It has lower cost since it employs resistors and capacitors which are cheap.
(iii)The circuit is very compact as the modern resistors and capacitors are small and extremely light.
Disadvantages:
(i) The RC coupled amplifiers have low voltage and power gain because the low resistance
presented by the input of each stage to the preceding stage decreases the effective load
resistance (RAC) and hence the gain.
(ii) Tendency to become noisy with age, particularly in moist climates.
(iii)Impedance matching is poor. It is because the output impedance of RC coupled amplifier is
several hundred ohms whereas the input impedance of a speaker is only a few ohms. Hence,
little power will be transferred to the speaker.
32
• Example 3: RC-Coupled Transistor Amplifier with 3 stages
Chapter 14
33
• Example 3: RC-Coupled Transistor Amplifier with 3 stages
❖ Input and output of overall amplifier is ac-coupled through capacitors C1 and C6.
❖ Bypass capacitors C2 and C4 are used to get maximum voltage gain from the two inverting amplifiers.
❖ Interstage coupling capacitors C3 and C5 transfer ac signals between amplifiers but provide isolation at
dc and prevent Q-points of the transistors from being affected.
❖ In the ac equivalent circuit, bias resistors are replaced by RB2 = R1||R2 and RB3 = R3||R4
34
• Example 3: RC-Coupled Transistor Amplifier with three stages
All capacitors have been replaced by short circuits. For Q2 & Q3, the base bias resistors
have been replaced by 𝑅𝐵2 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 & 𝑅𝐵3 = 𝑅3 ∥ 𝑅4
37
➢AC Analysis
Simplified ac circuit of the three-stage
amplifier with 3 sets of parallel resistors:
RI1 = 620 Ω || 17.2 kΩ 598 Ω
RI2 = 4.7 kΩ || 51.8 Ω 4.31 kΩ
RL3 = 3.3 kΩ || 250 Ω 232 Ω , and
RL1 = RI1 || Rin2 = 598Ω || rπ2 =598Ω || 2500Ω 482Ω
Rin = RG = 1 MΩ
RL1
Fig.: Small-signal equivalent (hybrid- equivalent) circuit for the three-stage amplifier.
To simplify calculations, let skip all ro1, ro2, and ro3 38
Overall Voltage gain calculation:
𝑣2
The gain of the 1st stage: 𝐴𝑣1 = = −𝑔𝑚1 𝑅𝐿1
𝑣1
𝑅𝐿1 = 482 Ω , 𝑔𝑚1 = 0.01 S
→ 𝐴𝑣1 = −0.01 𝑆 × 482 Ω = −4.82
𝑣3
The terminal gain of the 2nd stage (common-emitter amplifier): 𝐴𝑣2 = = −𝑔𝑚2 𝑅𝐿2
𝑣2
RL2: total load resistance connected to the collector of Q2 → 𝑅𝐿2 = 𝑅𝐼2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑛3 , 𝑅𝑖𝑛3 = 𝑟𝜋3 + (𝛽03 + 1)𝑅𝐿3
𝑅𝐿2 = 4310 ∥ 1000 + 81 × 232 3.54 (𝑘), 𝑔𝑚2 = 62.0 mS → 𝐴𝑣2 = −62.0𝑚𝑠 × 3.54𝑘Ω = −219.48
v A v 995vi
The current delivered to the load from the amplifier is io = o = v i = = 3.98vi
250 250 250
i 3.98vi
The current gain Ai = o = 4.02 10 6
( 132 dB)
ii 9.90 10 −7 vi
P v i
The power gain of the amplifier: AP = o = o o = Av Ai = 995 4.02 106 = 3.99 109 ( 96 dB)
Ps vi ii
40
Example 3: RC-Coupled Transistor Amplifier with three stages
v3
Calculations of Current gain & Power gain: Q2
Q3
4.31 k
53.3 k
RI2 ir
ro2
❖ To find the overall output resistance of the whole amplifier Rout, vx
3.3 k
RE3
use Test voltage vx by applying it to the C-C amplifier output.
vx vx
ix = ir + ie = + (1) RTh3
3300 RiE 3
Fig.: Output resistance of the 3-stage amplifier
vx r + RTh 1 RTh
RiE = = + (2) (RiE : The resistance looking into the emitter terminal)
ix o + 1 gm o
𝑅𝑇ℎ3 (Thevenin equiv. source Res. of 3rd stage) is equal to the parallel combination of inter stage resistance
𝑅I2 & the output resistance of Q2 (𝑟02 ): RTh3 = RL2||ro2 = 4310 Ω||53300 Ω 3987.6 Ω
Case of Q3: put equ. (2) into (1)
vx 1 1
Rout = = = 61.4 ()
ix 1 1 1 1
+ +
3300 1 RTh 3 3300 1 3987.6
+ +
g m3 3 78.4 mS 80
41
4.4 DC-coupled transistor amplifier
• The coupling capacitors in the multistage amplifier limit the low-frequency
response of the amplifier and prevent its application as a dc amplifier.
• For the amplifier to provide gain at DC or very low frequency, capacitors in series
with the signal path must be eliminated. Such as amplifier is called DC-coupled, or
direct-couple amplifier.
42
4.4 DC-coupled transistor amplifier
Example 4: 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 = 0.7 𝑉 and 𝛽 = 100 for both transistors. Determine Q-point?
DC analysis
Ri = R1 || R2 || r 1
Rout = RC 2
45
4.5 Compound configuration
• Darlington pair
If the input impedance of the amplifier circuit is to be only 500 KΩ or less,
then CC Configuration can be used. But if still higher input impedance is
required, a special circuit has to be used. This circuit is known as the
Darlington configuration or Darlington Pair configuration.
❖ DC analysis:
𝑉𝐶𝐶
Voltage across R2 and RE: 𝑉2 = × 𝑅2 & VE = V2 − 2VBE
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉2 − 2𝑉𝐵𝐸
Current through RE, 𝐼𝐸2 = and IE1 = IB2
𝑅𝐸
𝐼𝐸2 𝐼𝐸2
𝐼𝐵2 = 𝐼𝐸1 = IE2 = IE1β2
𝛽2 𝛽2
We have: IE1 = β1IB1 since IE1 ≅ IC1 → IE2 = IE1β2 = β1β2IB1
𝐼𝐸2 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝐼𝐵1
Therefore, Current Gain can be given as: 𝛽 = = = 𝛽1 𝛽2
𝐼𝐵1 𝐼𝐵1
46
4.5 Compound configuration Sidney Darlington
(July 18, 1906 – October 31, 1997)
Characteristics
The following are the important characteristics of
Darlington amplifier.
3-terminals device can be called ✓ Extremely high input impedance (MΩ).
as Darlington transistor ✓ Extremely high current gain (several
thousands).
✓ Extremely low output impedance (a few Ω).
47
4.5 Compound configuration
• Darlington pair ❖ ac analysis: small signal
Vπ1 = Iirπ1 → gm1Vπ1 = gm1rπ1Ii = β1Ii and Vπ2 = (Ii + β1Ii)rπ2
The output current: Io = gm1Vπ1 + gm2Vπ2 = β1Ii + β2(1 + β1)Ii where gm2rπ2 = β2.
The overall current gain is then
𝐼
𝐴𝑖 = 𝐼𝑜 = 𝛽1 + 𝛽2 (1 + 𝛽1 ) ≅ 𝛽1 𝛽2 , note: 𝛽1 𝛽2 >> 𝛽1 + 𝛽2
𝑖
Input resistance is Ri = Vi/Ii . Vi = Vπ1 + Vπ2 = Iirπ1 + Ii(1 + β1)rπ2 Ii[rπ1 + (1 + β1)rπ2]
so that Ri = rπ1 + (1 + β1)rπ2
𝛽1 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐶𝑄2 𝛽2 𝑉𝑇
𝑟𝜋1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐶𝑄1 ≅ → 𝑟𝜋1 = 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 𝑟𝜋2
𝐼𝐶𝑄1 𝛽2 𝐼𝐶𝑄2
Thus, input resistance Ri 2β1rπ2 = 2rπ1
(𝛽1 +1)𝑟𝜋2 𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝐸1 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑟 ≅ and 𝑔𝑚2 ≅ 𝛽2 𝑔𝑚1
𝜋1 +(𝛽1 +1)𝑟𝜋2 2
𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑔𝑚1 𝑔𝑚2 𝑔𝑚2 𝑔𝑚2 𝑔𝑚2
𝑔𝑚 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑔𝑚1 2 + 𝑔𝑚2 2 → 𝑔𝑚 = 2
+ 2
= 2𝛽2
+ 2
≅ 2
Vo = Ad(V1 – V2)
49
4.6 Differential Amplifier
Advantages
➢ There are 2 reasons for using differential in preference to
single-ended amplifiers.
(1) Differential circuits are much less sensitive to noise and
interference than single-ended circuits.
(2) It enables us to bias the amplifier and to couple amplifier stage
without the need of bypass and coupling capacitors which are
impossible to fabricate economically by IC technology.
50
khac pha nhau
51
4.6 Differential Amplifier
Output voltage:
52
4.6 Differential Amplifier
Ideal, the differential amplifier is symmetric. The differential amplifier behaves as either an inverting or
noninverting amplifier for differential input signals but tends to reject signals common to both inputs.
53
4.6 Differential Amplifier
The BJT Differential Pair: Basic Operation-1: Common-mode input
• Assume the inputs are shorted together to a common voltage, vCM,
called the common mode voltage
– equal currents flow through Q1 and Q2
– emitter voltages equal and at vCM - 0.7 in order for the devices to
be in active mode
– collector currents are equal and so collector voltages are also
equal for equal load resistors
– difference between collector voltages = 0
• What happens when we vary vCM?
– As long as devices in active mode, equal currents flow through Q1
and Q2
– Note: current through Q1 and Q2 always add up to I, current
through the current source
– So, collector voltages do not change and difference is still zero….
– Differential pair circuits thus reject common mode signals
4.6 Differential Amplifier
The BJT Differential Pair : Basic Operation-2
Example 5
Find vE, vC1, and vC2 in the circuit of Fig.
Assume that |vBE| of a conducting transistor
is approximately 0.7 V and that α 1.
58
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Example 5 – Sol.
5-0.7
= 4.3mA
1
= +0.7V
= -5 V
= -0.7 V
= -5 + 4.3x1
= 4.3 mA
59
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
DC analysis
To find the Q-points, setting both input signal voltages to zero.
VBE1 = VBE2 = VBE
Assume Q1 & Q2 are matched, then
IC1 = IC2 = IC, IE1 = IE2 = IE , and IB1 = IB2 = IB,
Due to symmetry of the circuit: VC1 = VC2 = VC
The loop equation starting at the base of Q1
𝑉𝐸𝐸 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 loop 2IE
VBE + 2IEREE − VEE = 0 and 𝐼𝐶 = 𝛼𝐹 𝐼𝐸 = 𝛼𝐹
2𝑅𝐸𝐸
𝑣1 + 𝑣2
vid = v1 − v2 and 𝑣𝑖𝑐 =
2
Fig.: Differential amplifier with a differential Fig.: Small-signal model for differential-mode inputs. The output
mode input signal. resistances are neglected in the calculations
63
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Differential-mode gain & I/O-put
resistances finding
Resistances r & REE have their equivalent conductance ve=0 diem dat ao
g & GEE. The base-emitter voltages are:
vid vid
v3 = − ve & v4 = − − ve → v3 + v4 = −2ve
2 2
Hence 𝑣𝑒 (𝐺𝐸𝐸 + 2𝑔𝜋 + 2𝑔𝑚 )=0 which requires 𝑣𝑒 = 0 → v3 = vid /2 & v4 = – vid /2
• For a purely DM input voltage, the voltage at the emitter node is identically zero ➔ emitter node (ve)
represents a virtual ground for DM input signal. So this node causes the differential amplifier to
behave as a common-emitter (or common-source) amplifier.
64
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Differential-mode gain & I/O-put resistances finding
vid vid
The output signal voltages are vc1 = − g m RC vc 2 = + g m RC vod = − g m RC vid
2 2
vod
The differential-mode gain Ad for a balanced output, vod = vc1 − vc2, is Ad = = − g m RC
vid vic = 0
If vc1 or vc2 is used as the output, referred to as a single-ended (or ground-referenced) output, then
vc1 g m RC Ad vc 2 g m RC A
Ad1 = =− = or Ad2 = =+ =− d
vid vic = 0
2 2 vid vic = 0
2 2
The virtual ground @ the emitter node causes the amplifier to behave as a single-stage C-E
amplifier. (The same as for C-S amplifier in case of CMOS).
common-mode output voltages voc = 0 since vc2 = −vc1, and therefore Adc is indeed zero.
65
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Differential-mode gain & I/O-put resistances finding
Differential-Mode Input Resistance
The differential-mode input resistance Rid represents the small-signal resistance
presented to the full differential-mode input voltage appearing between the two
bases of the transistors.
vid
Rid = = 2r
ib1
If vid is set to zero, then gmv3 and gmv4 are zero, and the differential-mode
output resistance Rod is
Rod = 2(RC||ro) 2RC
Thus, single-ended outputs Rout RC
66
The BJT Differential Pair
4.6 Differential Amplifier
Common-mode gain & Input
resistances finding
To find the CM characteristics and discover that it
tends to reject CM input signals, a very useful
property!
67
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Common-mode gain & Input resistances finding
2 ( o + 1) REE
The voltage at the emitter: ve = 2 ( o + 1) ib REE = vic vic
r + 2 ( o + 1) REE
68
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Common-mode gain & Input resistances finding
voc o RC R
The CM output voltage 𝑣𝑜𝑐 : Ac = =− − C (Because β𝑜 >> 1)
vic vid = 0
r + 2 ( o + 1) REE 2 REE
I C RC VCC / 2 VCC VCC
Ac = − where it is assumed that F = 0
2 I C REE 2 I E REE 2 (VEE − VBE ) 2VEE and ICRC = VCC / 2.
1 1
If ro is included Ac RC −
oor 2 REE
69
4.6 Differential Amplifier The BJT Differential Pair
Common-mode gain & Input resistances finding
Common-mode input resistance
vic r + 2 ( o + 1) REE r
Ric = = = + ( o + 1) REE
2ib 2 2
𝐴𝑑𝑚 𝐴𝑑 Τ 2 1 1
CMRR = = = 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 × = 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐸𝐸
𝐴𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝐶 2 𝑅𝐶 Τ2𝑅𝐸𝐸
70
4.6 Differential Amplifier Differential Amplifier with MOSFET
MOSFETS provide very high-input resistance and are often used in differential
amplifiers implemented in CMOS technologies.
I SS K
IS = I D = n (VGS − VTN )
2
,
2 2
VD1 = VD 2 = VDD − I D RD , Vo = 0
VDS = VDD − I D RD + VGS
71
4.6 Differential Amplifier Differential Amplifier with MOSFET
72
4.7 RF selective amplifier (further reading)
• In radio communication, waves have frequencies of the order of hundreds of kHz or higher. Amplifiers
operating in this frequency range is called high-frequency or RF ones (Radio Frequency Amplifier).
• Information in this waveband is usually set in a narrow frequency range around a certain frequency
called the carrier. In this case, the amplifier should only is required to amplify the received signals
about the carrier’s frequency or the neighboring, and then remove the other ones which are far from
that narrow range. Such amplifier is called the selective amplifier.
• The resonant frame LC has the selective character about the critical frequency w = 1 /LC is the
good selection using it as a resonant load for a transistor-based amplifiers.
73
RF selective amplifier
74
4.8 Wide-Band Amplifier (further reading)
• Such a video amplifier requires a wideband to 6.5 MHz. Meanwhile the frequency response of a
typical RC-coupled amplifier is limited at some tens of kHz. It is only uniform over mid-frequency
range (e.g.50 Hz to 20 kHz) but is dropped off at two ends of bandwidth:
✓ Lower the low-range, signal is attenuated due to the high-impedance of coupled capacitors.
✓ Over the high-range, signal is shunt-dropped due to parallel parasitic capacitors in circuit.
75
4.9 Power Amplifiers
What is a Power Amplifier?
A power amplifier is an electronic amplifier designed to increase the
magnitude of power of a given input signal. The power of the input
signal is increased to a level high enough to drive loads of output devices like speakers,
headphones, RF transmitters etc. Unlike voltage/current amplifiers, a power amplifier is
designed to drive loads directly and is used as a final block in an amplifier chain.
(Textbook 2: Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic devices, 9th edition, Prentice Hall, Chap. 7)
78
4.9 Power Amplifiers Classification of Output Stages
Class A
❖ Class A: the transistor conducts
Class B
for the entire cycle of the input
signal
❖ Class B: the transistor conducts
for only half the cycle
❖ Class AB: conduction cycle is
greater than 180º and less than
360º
Class AB Class C – Used for opamp output stage and
audio power amplifiers
❖ Class C: conduction cycle is less
than 180º
– Used for radio-frequency (RF) power
amplifications (mobile phones, radio
Collector or Drain current waveforms and TV)
of different output stages 79
AC & DC Load lines in BJT transistor amplifiers
DC Load Line
When the transistor is given the bias and no ac
signal is applied at its input, the DC load line
drawn under such conditions, can be
understood as DC condition.
VCE = VCC − ICRC
80
AC & DC Load lines in BJT transistor amplifiers
ac Load Line
Whereas the ac load line gives the peak-to-peak voltage, or the
maximum possible output swing for a given amplifier.
VCE = (RC||RL)×IC , let rC = RC||RL RB
BJT work as an amplifier: The Q point is so chosen that the
maximum input signal excursion is symmetrical on both negative
and positive half cycles.
→Vmax = VCEQ and Vmin = -VEQ
VCEQ is the emitter-collector voltage @ Q point.
Current IC @ the saturation point (A): IC(sat) = ICQ + (VCEQ/rC)
Voltage VCE @ the cutoff point (B): VCE(off) = VCEQ+ ICQrC
81
AC and DC Load Line
When ac and DC Load lines are represented
in a graph, it can be understood that they are
not identical.
DC Load Line: For C-E transistors, it is
straight line. It is on output characteristic
curve (RC is the resistor in collector circuit)
ac Load Line: It is straight line through the
quiescent operating point having slope
corresponding to AC load resistance rC =
RC || RL.
82
4.9 Power Amplifiers Class A power amplifiers
• Operating in linear region.
• Q-Point is centered on the AC load line
• Determine the voltage gain and the power gain of the class A power
amplifier in below figure. Assume 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = 𝛽3 = 200.
86
Reference: Electronic Devices, 9th Ed.
Example 7- Sol.: by Thomas Floyd. Chapter 7.
1st stage (Q1) is a voltage-divider biased common-emitter with a resistor (RE1). The 2nd stage (Q2 & Q3)
is a Darlington voltage follower configuration. The speaker is the load.
1st stage: The ac collector resistance Rc1 RC || (R3 || R4) = 4.7 k || 5.6 k || 22 k = 2.29 k
R2 10
VB CC 12 = 1.82 (V)
V =
R1 + R2 66
V − 0.7 1.82 − 0.7
IE = B = = 1.78 (mA)
RE1 + RE 2 628
25 mV 25 mV
re( Q1) = = = 14
IE 1.78 mA
Rc1 2.29 103
Voltage gain of the first stage with the loading of the 2nd stage Av1 = − =− −27.93
RE1 + re(Q1) 68 + 14
Total input resistance of the 1st stage Rin (tot)1 = R1 || R2 || ac (Q1) ( RE1 + re(Q1) )
= 56 k ||10 k || 200(68 + 14 ) = 8.4 k
87
Reference: Electronic Devices, 9th Ed.
Example 7- Sol.: by Thomas Floyd. Chapter 7.
Overall amplifier: The overall voltage gain is the product of the first and second
stage voltage gains.
Av(tot) = Av1Av2 = (– 27.9)(1) = – 27.9
Power gain:
Rin (tot)1 2 8.4 k
Ap = A2
= (−27.9) 817330
8
v (tot)
RL
88
Reference: Electronic Devices, 9th Ed.
by Thomas Floyd. Chapter 7.
Example 8
• Determine the efficiency of the power amplifier in Example 7.
89
Reference: Electronic Devices, 9th Ed.
Example 8 – Sol.: by Thomas Floyd. Chapter 7.
The efficiency is the ratio of the signal power in the load to the power supplied by
the dc source. The input voltage is 50 mV peak-to-peak which is 35.4 mV rms.
→ The input power: v 2 (35.4 mV )
Pin = in
= 149 nW
Rin 8.4 k
The output power Pout = Pin Ap = (149 nW ) 817330 = 122 mW
Most of the power from the dc source is supplied to the output stage. The current in the output stage
can be computed from the dc emitter voltage of Q3.
22 k
VE ( Q 3) (12 V ) − 1.4 V = 8.2 V
27.6 k
VE ( Q 3) 8.2
I E ( Q 3) = = 0.25 ( A)
RE 33
Neglecting the other transistor and bias currents, which are very small, the total dc supply current is about
0.25 A. The power from the dc source PDC = ICCVCC = (0.25 A)(12 V) = 3 W
Pout 122 mW
➔ Efficiency of the amplifier = = 0.04 Only 4% !
PDC 3W
90
Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
• Class B Amplifiers is in cutoff for 180𝑜 .
• Q-Point is at cutoff: amplifier is biased at the cutoff point:
𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 0; 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑄 = 𝑉𝐶𝐸(𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓) .
• Only conduct for positive half of cycle.
Emitter-Follower circuit
91
Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
• Class B push-full operation
✓ Transformer coupled push-pull amplifiers:
93
Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
• Class B push-full operation
Crossover distortion: Q1 & Q2 are off
due to the input signal voltage < VBE.
➔ there is a time interval between the
positive and negative alternations of
the input when neither transistor is
conducting.
➔ Make distortion in the output
waveform is called crossover distortion
(méo xuyên tâm)
94
Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
• Biasing Push-Pull Amplifier for Class AB Operation
To overcome crossover distortion, the biasing is adjusted to just overcome
the VBE of the transistors → leads to class AB.
D1 & D2 are closely matched to the characteristics of Q1 & Q2, → the current
in the diodes and the current in the transistors (ICQ) are the same; named as
current mirror.
Biasing the push-pull amplifier 0.7 V is applied to the input transformer’s secondary 95
Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
• AC Operation
✓ Q-Point is slightly above cutoff
✓AC saturation current for two-supply operation with
push-pull amplifier:
𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝑐(𝑠𝑎𝑡) =
𝑅𝐿
97
Example 9 – Sol.
The ideal maximum peak output voltage is
Vout ( peak ) VCEQ VCC = 20 V
98
Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers
• Single-Supply Push-Pull Amplifier
Push-pull amplifiers using complementary symmetry
transistors can be operated from a single voltage source
99
Example 10
• Determine the maximum ideal peak values for the output voltage and
current in below figure:
100
Example 10 – Sol.
The maximum peak output voltage
VCC 20
Vout ( peak ) VCEQ = = = 10 (V )
2 2
101
Class B and Class AB push-pull Amplifiers
• Class B/AB Power
✓ Maximum Output Power maximum average output power:
Pout = Iout(rms)Vout(rms) = 0.707Ic(sat)×0.707VCEQ = 0.5Ic(sat)VCEQ
VCEQ = VCC/2 => Pout = 0.25Ic(sat)Vcc
✓ DC Input Power (comes from the VCC supply):
PDC = ICCVCC and ICC=Ic(sat)/𝜋 (because each transistor operates a half-cycle of signal)
𝐼𝑐(𝑠𝑎𝑡)𝑉𝐶𝐶
=> 𝑃𝐷𝐶 =
𝜋
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 0.25𝐼𝑐(𝑠𝑎𝑡) 𝑉𝐶𝐶 much higher efficiency
✓ Efficiency: 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 0.25𝜋 ≈ 79% when compare to class A!
𝑃𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝑐(𝑠𝑎𝑡)𝑉𝐶𝐶 Τ𝜋
• Input Resistance
input resistance for the emitter-follower Rin = ac ( re + RE ) || R1 || R2
Since RE = RL, Rin = ac ( re + RL ) || R1 || R2
102
Example 11
• Find the maximum ac output power and
the dc input power of the amplifier in
figure.
103
Example 11 – Sol.
The ideal maximum peak output voltage
VCC 20
Vout ( peak ) VCEQ = = = 10 (V )
2 2
The maximum peak output current
VCEQ 10
I out ( peak ) I c ( sat ) = = = 1.25 ( A)
RL 8
The ac output power and the dc input power
Pout = 0.25 I c ( sat )VCC = 0.25 1.25 20 = 6.25 (W )
I c ( sat )VCC 1.25 20
PDC = = 7.96 (W )
104
Class C Amplifiers
• Be biased so that conduction
occurs for much less than 180o.
• More efficient than either class A
or push-pull class B and class AB.
• Not used for linear amplification,
but used in radio frequency (RF)
applications.
105
Class C Amplifiers
The power dissipation of the transistor in a
class C amplifier is low!
When Pout >> PD(avg), the class C efficiency closely approaches 1 (100%)
108
Example 12
• A class C amplifier is driven by a 200 kHz signal. The transistor is on
for 1us and the amplifier is operating over 100% of its load line. If
Ic(sat) = 100 mA and Vce(sat) = 0.2 V, what is the average power
dissipation of the transistor?
109
Example 12 – Sol.
1
The period is T= = 5 s
200 kHz
Therefore,
ton
PD ( avg ) = I c ( sat )Vce ( sat ) = 0.2 100 mA 0.2 V = 4 mW
T
110
Example 13
• Suppose the class C amplifier described in example 12 has a
VCC = 24 V and RC = 100 ohm. Determine the efficiency.
111
Example 13 – Sol.:
Therefore,
Pout 2.88
= = 0.999
Pout + PD ( avg ) 2.88 + 4 10 −3
112
Prob. #1: What are the voltage gain, input resistance, and output resistance of the
amplifier (in slide #35) if bypass capacitors C2 and C4 are removed from the circuit?