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Textbook Nanomaterials in Energy and Environmental Applications 1St Edition He Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Nanomaterials in Energy and Environmental Applications 1St Edition He Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Nanomaterials in Energy and Environmental Applications 1St Edition He Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Nanomaterials
in Energy
and Environmental
Applications
1BO4UBOGPSE4FSJFTPO3FOFXBCMF&OFSHZ7PMVNF
Nanomaterials
in Energy
and Environmental
Applications
editors
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz edited by
Wolfgang Palz
Junhui He
Wind Power
for the World
Email: editorial@panstanford.com
Web: www.panstanford.com
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.
Preface xv
3.4.2.3 Proton-conducting
properties, water uptake,
and swelling ratios of the
SiO2–P2O5/SPEEK
composite membranes 163
3.4.2.4 H2/O2 single fuel cell testing 165
3.5 Anhydrous Proton-Conducting Glass
Membranes Doped with Ionic Liquid for
Intermediate-Temperature Fuel Cells 167
3.5.1 Preparation of [Dema][TfO]/SiO2
Hybrid Glass Membranes 168
3.5.1.1 Preparation of [dema]
[TfO]ionic liquid 168
3.5.1.2 Preparation of [dema]
[TfO]/SiO2 glass membranes 169
3.5.2 Characterization, Analysis, and
Discussion 169
3.5.2.1 Characterization of
[dema][TfO]ionic liquid 169
3.5.2.2 Morphology and structure
of the [dema][TfO]/SiO2
glass membranes 170
3.5.2.3 FTIR analysis of the
[dema][TfO]/SiO2 glass
membranes 171
3.5.2.4 Ionic conductivity of the
[dema][TfO]/SiO2 glass
membranes 172
3.6 Performance of Fuel Cells (FCs) with Novel
Proton-Conducting Glass Membrane or
Composite Membrane 175
3.6.1 Improved Performance of Fuel
Cell with Proton-conducting Glass
Membrane 175
3.6.1.1 Preparation 176
3.6.1.2 Characterization, analysis,
and discussion 178
3.6.2 Performance of a Direct
Methanol Fuel Cell Using
Flexible Proton-Conducting
Glass-Based Composite
Membrane 183
Contents ix
Index 523
Contents xv
Preface
jhhe@mail.ipc.ac.cn
1.1 Introduction
Transparent surface coatings with suitable optical path differences
can suppress the reflection of substrates. Such coatings are usually
called “antireflective coatings (ARCs).” Many antireflective surfaces
exist in nature. Taking some diurnal butterflies as an example, they use
arrays of nonclose-packed nipples (about 300 nm) as antireflective
structure (ARS) to reduce reflection from their compound eyes [1,2].
The ARS on the cornea can increase light transmission and suppress
reflection losses at the interfaces. Besides these excellent optical
properties, the ARS arrays also exhibit self-cleaning capability
because of the high fraction of air trapped between arrays [3,4].
R
0 1 R 1 2
R
23
R
34
R 2
d
n
substrate
3
Figure 1.1 Propagation of light rays through (a) a single-layer coating and
(b) multi-layer coating on substrate (ns > nn, where ns and nn are
the refractive indices of substrate and coatings, respectively)
[4]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier.
a b c
7i.v
e
7sv
Figure 1.3 (a) A liquid droplet on a smooth surface. (b) A liquid droplet
in the Wenzel state. (c) A liquid droplet in the Cassie state [4].
Copyright 2014 Elsevier.
In the above equations, the contact angles are all static. However,
owing to chemical heterogeneity, surface roughness, and surface
reorganization, different contact angles can coexist along the contact
line upon contact with probe liquid [41]. As shown in Fig. 1.4a, the
contact angle of the droplet at the front is greater than that at the
back, and they correspond to the advancing and receding contact
angle, respectively. The difference between the advancing and
receding contact angles is defined as the contact angle hysteresis,
which is a measurement of how well a drop of liquid sticks to the
solid surface (Fig. 1.4b).
a b
ÔRec
•§Adv
R b
Figure 1.5 (a) SEM image of lotus leaf showing epidermal cells, and (b)
diagram showing the self-cleaning process on a rough surface
[42]. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.
light light
a b
co 2
Mechanism of photocatalysis
The redox potential for TiO2 photo-generated holes is +2.53 V,
which can produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The redox potential
for conduction band electrons is –0.52 V, which is enough to
reduce dioxygen to superoxide, or to hydrogen peroxide [48]. The
basic processes for an electron-hole pair reducing or oxidizing an
adsorbate and forming a singly oxidized electron donor and singly
reduced electron acceptor can be summarized as Fig. 1.7 [49].
lu
+0
(al ,0
lui
* +
o
D+
(h)
If) + RH-> R*+ H=
hu++
0 hu++
+ fU) > 'OH + H*
A id)
eu+ 0 ,-> O2 hu++O2 -> 'o.
+0
eu H2O2-> -••OH.
eu + R +H* -> RH
#
+ 0H
E
A
Previous results have shown that many liquid and solid organic
compounds can be photocatalytically decomposed into nontoxic gas-
phase products. The decomposition of organic compounds (alkanes,
alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, and so on) can be summarized
as Scheme 1.1 with alcohols as an example [50,51]. As reported by
Schwitzgebel et al. [52], long-chain organic compounds (e.g., C16
and C17 acids) and even polymers can also be decomposed by chains
breaking.
-o
Ti Ti:
c H H
O O
hv(h )
+
_1/2H2O2
or
ÎTl' Ti;
H
- ( Í H 0 + Í0 )
2 2
o
b
•O
Ti (h, )+
Ti
O
Figure 1.8 Surface structural models for the TiO2 surface. (a) (Before UV
irradiation) the OH group is bound to oxygen vacancy, (b) (at
the transition state) the photogenerated hole is trapped at the
lattice oxygen, and (c) (after UV irradiation) new OH groups
are formed [53]. Copyright 2003 American Chemical Society.
Fabrication Strategies and Methods 13
Mr. Scratchetty-Claw
Nibbles had put the ring around his neck again for
safe keeping, but when he showed it to a footman in
the palace hall, he took Nibbles and Teenie Weenie
at once to the Prince, who was sitting in a lovely rose
arbor in the garden.