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An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to Cure Neonatal

Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System

Article · January 2020

DOI: 10.33702/jctn.2020

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Neonatology

Received: May 18, 2020

Revision received: May 28, 2020
Accepted: June 10, 2020 www.joctn.com
DOI:10.33702/ jctn.2020. 1.1.1
Review Article

An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to Cure

Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection
System

Hamidreza Shirzadfar,* Kowsar Sheikhi

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sheikhbahaee University, Isfahan, Iran

ABSTRACT
Phototherapy is a non-invasive method for treating jaundice. After diagnosing the bilirubin level in the
baby's blood by the neonatal physician, the treatment process begins with the baby's blood. Phototherapy
is one of the most commonly used devices for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. One of the most
effective and safe methods for treating neonatal jaundice is using light therapy or phototherapy. This
device uses fluorescent lamps, tungsten-halogen bulbs, LEDs, optical fibers, etc. Bilirubin reacts to the
green and the blue light. The green light has the wavelength of 495-570 nm. Blue light has the wavelength
of 450-495 nm and the absorption range of 450 nm. The studies show that the best light for the
phototherapy devices is the light with the wavelength range from 400 to 520 nm, and because it has the
absorption range of about 450 nm, blue light is used in phototherapy devices [1]. In this article, we try to
illustrate various types of phototherapy devices, light sources and the protection system of this kind of
device to cure neonatal jaundice and find which change can make this device more effective.
Keywords: Neonatal Jaundice, Phototherapy, Light Therapy, Fluorescent Lamps, Tungsten-Halogen
Bulbs, Optical Fibers, Bilirubin.
Citation: Hamidreza Shirzadfar. (2020). An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to Cure Neonatal Jaundice:
Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System. Journal of Clinical and Translational Neonatology, 1(1)1-10,
http://dx.doi.org/10.3370210.33702/jctn.2020. 1.1.1
Author for correspondence: Hamidreza Shirzadfar, Sheikhbahaee University, Isfahan, Iran
Email: h.shirzadfar@shbu.ac.ir, h.shirzadfar@gmail.com
Copyright: Hamidreza Shirzadfar
License: This open access article is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

INTRODUCTION

Types of Phototherapy Devices

First Generation Phototherapy Device
The most commonly used lamps in this machine are fluorescent lamps. Although these lamps are
inexpensive and affordable, the light emission and the intensity will drop over time. Today, in
phototherapy devices, LED lamps are preferred over other types of lamps because [2]:
1) They have narrower bandwidth.
2) They produce less heat, but the light intensity is higher, so the lamps are put in less distant with the
neonates, so their effect on the jaundice is greater.
3) These lamps are small, have lighter weight, non-fragile and have low power consumption.
4) The light stability of these lamps is high for a long time application and does not decrease in intensity.
It should be noted that in this type of phototherapy, the baby's eyes and the genitals should be covered
with a proper coverage. Because these parts of the baby's body are vulnerable to radiations of the device

Second Generation Phototherapy Device (Fiber-optic)

Fiber-optic phototherapy is a new technology that has been used to treat neonatal jaundice using optical
fibers. In this type of device, the light source is a quartz halogen lamp that emits the light and reaches the
pads via the optical fiber [3].

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This device has low power and spectral radiation because the body absorbs some of the radiation.
However, it has advantages, which make this device more appropriate than the first-generation
phototherapy [4]:
1) Treatment and baby care without separation from the mother.
2) No retina damage and complications such as inflammation, corneal or the eye irritation, etc. due to
direct transmission of light to the baby's body.

Third Generation Phototherapy Device

In this type of phototherapy, both the first-generation and the second-generation (fiber-optic) devices are
used simultaneously under the conditions described above. This phototherapy is a dual device which
includes the first generation and the fiber-optic device. This generation of phototherapy devices is more
commonly used in cases of very high neonatal jaundice [5].

Figure 1: A dual-phototherapy device that simultaneously uses both common device and the fiber-optic phototherapy [5].

Phototherapy Light Sources

Before introducing the available light sources for the phototherapy, let us briefly explain how light is
produced. Light is a type of energy that can be emitted from an atom and consists of a large number of
small particles which are like the energetic and moving orbs but they are weightless. These particles are
called photons and are the basic units of the light. Atoms release photons when their electrons are
excited. Electrons have different energy levels depending on several factors, including their speed and
distance from the nucleus. Electrons with different energy levels occupy different orbitals. In general,
higher-energy electrons are located in orbitals farther from the nucleus. When an atom gets energized or
loses energy, this is seen by speed variation. Energy intake (heat, for example) may cause it to
momentarily move it to a higher orbital (farther from the nucleus). The electron stays in the orbital only
for a fraction of a second and returns to its original orbital. Of course, on its return, it releases its received
energy in the photon, which in some cases is optically. The wavelength of the emitted light depends on the
output energy level, which itself depends on the location of the electron. As a result, different types of
atoms release different optical photons. In other words, the color of the light is determined by the type of
the excited atom. This fundamental mechanism is the basics of most of the light sources and the main
difference between these sources is in the process of atoms excitation [6].

Light sources used in phototherapy devices include:

Halogen Spotlight
The first lamps of this kind went on market in 1959 by GE. Iodine was used in these lamps, and they were
called Quartz Iodine. Soon after, bromine was recognized to be an appropriate and advantageous element
to this task. At the time, these lamps were used in special applications like the lighting of the stadiums,
projectors, and the car lamps. Later in the early 1980s, special bulbs were created for these lamps called
aluminosilica. Nowadays, by development of the technology of manufacturing these lamps the price of
these lamps is reduced and their productivity in various applications has increased [7].

In these lamps, the task of the halogen gas is to create a chemical cycle in which the vaporized tungsten by
the heat is re-deposited on the filament surface. In ordinary inflammatory lamps, vaporized tungsten
settles on the bulb but in the halogen bulbs non-deposition of tungsten on the bulb causes the bulb to
remain clean and the bulb light to remain constant throughout the life of these bulbs. The function of
halogen in the lamp is that the halogen in the low-temperature parts of the bubble is combined with
tungsten vapor. This compound, by reaching the very hot spots of the bulb, is separated on the filament
and again becomes halogen and tungsten, thus returning the vaporized tungsten-halogen back to the

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
filament. Since halogen and tungsten vapor have to be chemically combined at very high temperatures,
the bulb bubble must withstand this temperature more than ordinary bulbs. To prevent the bubble from
being damaged at this temperature, the bulb of these lamps must be made of quartz or other high-
temperature melting glass (such as aluminosilicate) [7].

Figure 2: Internal structure of a tungsten halogen lamp [8].

Since quartz has good resistance against the pressure, the use of this material allows increasing gas
pressure inside the bubble which causes the reduction of the tungsten evaporation from the filament and
extending the life of the lamp. However, in these lamps, vaporized tungsten usually does not settle on its
original location, and eventually, the filament is thinned and cut off in the areas that are hotter. This is the
time when the lamp is burnt [7].

Phototherapy spotlights usually include a 150-watt, 21-volt halogen lamp with a special reflector cover
that absorbs infrared wavelengths. These spotlights are usually mounted on a separate stand or as part of
the interior. These lights generate more heat than all phototherapy lamps, so a fan must constantly cool
the heated halogen lights. Also, to prevent the baby from warming up, the device must be placed at the
distances specified by the manufacturer. In addition, due to the usual heat generated by these lights, it
may lead to an increase in the heart rate in neonates, which requires essential care during the
phototherapy. The location of the bulb above the baby is one of the most important issues affecting the
spotlight. The bulb is most effective when placed directly above the baby at a distance of about 45-50 cm.
Few halogen spotlights include a dosimeter that displays the amount of the received phototherapy dose
[9].

Fluorescent Lamps
The first model of fluorescent lamps was invented in 1896 by Edison who used calcium tungstate coating
as a fluorescent material. But although it was registered in 1907, it did not come in vast production.
Nicolas Tesla did similar experiments in the 1890s and designed high-frequency fluorescent lamps that
displayed a bright green light, but like Edison's devices, no commercial success was achieved. In 1895,
Daniel McFarlane Moore showed 2 to 3meter light bulbs that used carbon dioxide or nitrogen to emit
white or pink light.

After years of work, Moore was able to extend the life of the lamps by inventing a controlled valve that
maintained constant gas pressure inside the tube. Although the Moore’s bulb was complicated, it had a
high installation cost and a high voltage; it was significantly more efficient than the incandescent lamps
and was more similar to the natural light as the contemporary incandescent lamps. Since 1904, Moore's
lighting system has been installed in some stores and offices.

Around the same time that Moore developed his lighting system, another American developed a lighting
device that could also be a precursor to the modern fluorescent lamp. It was a mercury vapor lamp
invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt and registered in 1901. In the Hewitt lamp, it shines when an electric
current is transmitted through mercury vapor at low pressure. Unlike Moore's lamps, Hewitt was
manufactured in standard sizes and operated at low voltage. Mercury vapor lamps outperformed
incandescent lamps in terms of energy efficiency, but blue-green light limited their applications progress.
However, it was used for photography and some industrial processes. Over time, the mercury vapor lamp

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
developed rapidly. Particularly in Europe, and in the early 1930s, they had limited use for large-scale
lighting.

Fluorescent light tubes are usually sturdy and range from about 100 mm (3.9 inches) for miniature lamps
to 2.43 meters (8 Ft.) for high output lamps. Some tubes have a small circular bend that is used for places
where less light is needed. Larger U-shaped lamps are used to supply the same amount of light in a more
compact space or under specific environmental conditions. Exposure phosphate is used as a color coating
for the inside of the tube to prevent the evaporation of existing compounds when the inner temperature
of the tube reaches the evaporation point and to attach the coating to the lamp tube. The coating should
be thick enough to absorb all the ultraviolet light produced by the mercury arc, but not thick enough to
absorb the visible light. The first phosphorus is the synthetic versions of natural fluorescent minerals and
a small number of metals have been added as activators. Later, other compounds were discovered,
allowing different colors of lamps to be made [10].

Figure 3: Internal structure of a fluorescent lamp [11].

As mentioned, the main element of the fluorescent lamp is a glass tube containing a small amount of
mercury and a noble gas (usually argon) that is kept at low pressure and inside the lamp is covered with
phosphorus powder. At the bottom of the tube there are two electrodes that are connected to the
electrical circuit and the circuit is connected to a power supply. When we turn on the lamp, the current
flows from the electrical circuit into the electrodes and a significant voltage is generated at the two ends
of the electrodes so the electrons move from one end to the other (inside the gas). This energy converts
some of the mercury from liquid to gas. As electrons and charged atoms move inside the lamp, some
collide with mercury gases. This excites the atoms and lifts the electrons to a higher energy level and
releases light photons as initially stated, returning the electrons to the original orbital. We said that the
emission wavelength of a photon depends on the type of the atom locating. The electrons of mercury
atoms are positioned to release more photons in the ultraviolet wavelength range. This is not the visible
light, so it must be visible. The philosophy of the phosphor layer inside the lamp is illustrated here.
Phosphorus electrons rise to the higher orbital when exposed to emission photons of the mercury atom
electrons and release visible (white) light when they return. Of course, not all of the received energy of
the released photons from the mercury atom is released into the light, but some of it is wasted in the heat
as it hits the phosphorus layer [11, 12].

Figure 4: Fluorescent lamp operation [13].

The light output and performance of the fluorescent lamps are strongly influenced by the temperature of
the lamp wall and its effect on the partial pressure of mercury vapor in the lamp. Each lamp contains a
small amount of mercury that must be produced to support the flow of the bulb and the light. At low
temperatures, mercury is in the form of liquid droplets. When the lamp heats up, mercury is in the form of

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
steam. At higher temperatures, the vapor absorbs into the wall, reducing UV production and the visible
light. The optimum temperature in these lamps is about 40 ° C (104 ° F) [12, 14].

The most common light source used in phototherapy is fluorescent lamps. Fluorescent lamp is a type of
mercury vapor discharge in the low-pressure gas lamp that the voltage applied to the two ends of the
lamp causes the argon or neon gas to heat up inside the lamp and thereby cause mercury vapor in the
lamp to stimulate and lead to a chain ionic production process. This results in plasma that emits
ultraviolet beam. This beam is then converted to visible light by fluorescent material (phosphorus). These
lamps emit blue light with a wavelength of 400-520 nm. After about 1200 hours of use, Fluorescent lamps
lose their light intensity and about 35-40% of their blue light emission. Manufacturers of these lamps
always advise users to replace these lamps when the allowed usage time is reached. Placing it directly
next to the baby significantly reduces the output dose. There are also dense fluorescent lamps that are
short (5 to 7 inches) folded and multilayer that emit blue and white light. Dense fluorescent lamps do not
produce much heat, so they can be placed at relatively short distance from the baby [9].

Figure 5: Fluorescent lamp used in phototherapy [15].

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

The first industrial-produced LEDs in the US (red only) (a combination of aluminum, gallium, and
arsenide) entered the market in 1962. Green, blue, yellow, and orange LEDs were produced in the 1960s.
LED optical productivity gradually increased until the late 1980s and early 1990s when LEDs were
marketed in high-performance groups. Early LEDs were only used in electronic circuits because of their
low efficiency. Blue LEDs emit a narrow and limited range spectrum. Prototypes of these LEDs have been
used in phototherapy devices since 1990 and the first LED phototherapy device marketed in the US and
UK in 2002. The simplest circuit to launch an LED is through a series resistor. The Ohm's law and the
Kirchhoff circuit rules are used to calculate the appropriate resistance value to obtain the desired current.
Its value for the LED is calculated from the source voltage and division of the current flow. The voltage is
unique to each diode according to the characteristics of each LED. If the voltage is low or equal to the
threshold, no current will pass and therefore the LED is without radiation. If the voltage is too high, the
current will rise above the maximum temperature of the LED, causing overheating and the loss of the
LED. It is therefore important that the power supply provides the proper current and that the lamps
should only be connected to fixed current sources [16, 17].

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 6: A simple LED circuit with a resistor to limit the current [18].

The formula for calculating the appropriate resistance is as follows [19]:

V s −V f
R = (1)
I
Where Vs is the voltage of the power supply, for example, the battery is 9V; V f is the startup voltage. The
recommended value for I is obtained from the LED manufacturer's specifications. However, in many
circuits, LEDs operate at less than the specified maximum current to save energy and protect the lamp
and the driver circuit. Typically, Vf in an LED is between 1.8 and 3.3 V, which varies with the color of the
LED. The voltage of a red lamp typically drops to 1.8 volts, but this number in a blue LED may drop from 3
to 3.3 volts. This formula is an application of Ohm's law in which the voltage of a power supply is
calculated by the voltage drop in the diode, which varies over a wide range of useful currents [19].

LED lights are often set so that each LED or each string of LEDs can be switched on or off individually.
Unlike incandescent lamps that light up regardless of the electric pole, LED lights only illuminate with the
correct electric pole. When the voltage is in the p-n region and in the correct direction; a significant
current passes, which is said to be the device's default setting. If the voltage is at the wrong pole, the
device is said to be in reverse mode with very little current passing through it and no light-emitting [17,
20].

Figure 7: The structure and schematic of a LED [17].

In modern LED phototherapy devices on the market, a combination of blue, yellow and a few red LEDs are
used. LEDs are durable and long lasting and consume little electricity; also because the spectrum of these
light sources is concentrated in the blue area of the light spectrum, it generates little heat and can be
placed close to the baby. The light intensity of the LEDs gradually decreases over time, so it should be
checked every six months [21].

Parts of a Phototherapy Device:

• On and off power switch
• Light power switch
• Wavelength selection control key
• Device timer
• Device light source
• Radiation Surface Key - which allows you to select low or high light intensity?
• Light position adjusters on the baby
• Temperature display and other parameters

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Baby bed
• Device cooling fans that should not be blocked.

Device Protection System

Temperature Controller
As its name implies, a temperature controller is a device that is used to control temperature without the
involvement of an operator. The controller within a heat control system accepts a thermal sensor such as
a thermocouple or sensor as input and compares the actual heat value (as it receives from the thermal
sensor) with the desired or specified heat value. It then produces an output. In most cases, relays are used
for the timely disconnection of the circuit. These relays require a circuit to operate. This circuit includes
transistors, diodes, and resistors. The transistor is used to amplify the current to stimulate the relay coil
with as much current as possible. The resistor is used to bias the transistor and the diode to smooth the
current when the transistor is turned off [22].

Figure 8: The internal circuit of the temperature controller module [23].

Relay
The relay is a type of real-time electrical key that is opened and closed by directing another electrical
circuit. The method of controlling the opening and closing of this electric key is in various forms
mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic, etc. They are also called amplifier relays in the sense that the
relay can drive a current stronger than the input current. A relay is a type of fast or real-time electrical
switch that is opened and closed by directing another electrical circuit. This electrical key is in various
forms mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic and so on. In general, relays are used to cut and
connect current to a much smaller DC. If we compare the relay to a key, pressing the key is like passing a
low current through the coil. There is a coil inside the relay. Normally, when the voltage does not exceed
the coil, the COM (common) pin is connected to the NC pin by an iron blade. In this case no current passes.
When voltage is applied to the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field and pulls the blade inward, causing
the COM pin to connect to the NO pin and pass the main current through the iron blade [22].

LM35 Temperature Sensor

In recent years, the new medical technologies such as Bio microelectromechanical systems and Bio Nano
electromechanical systems (Bio MEMS & BioNEMS), have become widespread and extensively used in a
wide range of applications particularly in medicine, such as diagnosis and treatment [24-48].

The most popular and low-cost temperature sensor is the LM35. The LM35 temperature sensor has
tripods named VCC, OUT and GND. The output of this sensor is a variable voltage that is directly related to
temperature. The temperature range that this sensor is capable of measuring ranges from -55 to +150
degrees Celsius. MLX sensors can also be used in place of the sensor, which will increase the accuracy of
temperature measurement [49].

Figure 9: The schematic of temperature sensor type LM35 [50].

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Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LM358 Amplifier
Amplifiers have different applications, one of which is voltage comparisons. When the positive input
voltage is greater than the negative input voltage, the comparator output is HIGH and vice versa when the
negative input voltage is greater than the positive input, the output is LOW. The LM358 is an operational
amplifier that has two internal voltage comparators [51].

CONCLUSION

One of the most effective and low-risk ways to treat neonatal jaundice is the use of light therapy or
phototherapy. Phototherapy is one of the most common devices for treating neonatal jaundice. They use
fluorescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, LEDs, optical fibers and etc. All of the phototherapy devices
cause some problems for neonates that started to be cured with them. By better understanding this
device and changing some parts of it, such as changing light sources or improving the protection system,
we can prevent or minimize possible damages.

In this article, we try to illustrate current methods and various types of phototherapy devices and as
mentioned, each generation has some advantages to comparison with previous ones and in every change
during the period of developing this device, all internal or even external parts can be replaced with new
technologies such as LEDs for light sources and add more protective parts such as alarms or more
temperature sensors to have safer device.

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Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
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[36] Shirzadfar, H., Khanahmadi, M., “General Review on the Properties and Applications of Magnetic
Nanoparticles in Biomedicine”, Biomaterials & Medical Applications (BMA), Vol. 2, No. 2., pp. 1-8, 2018.
[37] Shirzadfar, H., Khanahmadi, M., “Review on Structure, Function and Applications of Microfluidic
Systems”, International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics, Vol. 4, No. 6., pp. 263-265, 2018.
[38] Shirzadfar, H., Bashiri, M., Khanahmadi, M., “Design and Manufacture a Portable Medical Instrument
Based on Optical Sensor to Measure the SpO2 and Heart Rate”, Syntax Journal of Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, Vol. 1, No. 1., pp. 104/1-104/6, 2019.
[39] Shirzadfar, H., Amirzadeh, P., “A Comprehensive Study on Eye Issues and Modern Developments in
Visual Rehabilitation for People with Impaired Vision”, International Journal of Biosensors &
Bioelectronics, Vol. 5, No. 2., pp. 48-54, 2019.
[40] Shirzadfar, H., Amirzadeh, P., Hajinoroozi, M.H., “A Comprehensive Study over the Jaundice Causes
and Effects on Newborns and Reviewing the Treatment Effects”, International Journal of Biosensors &
Bioelectronics, Vol. 5, No. 4., pp. 107-112, 2019.
[41] Shirzadfar, H., Gordoghli., N., “Study the Anatomy and Physiology of Body's Urinary System and
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) for the Design an Intelligent Alarm System for Monitoring of FMS”, Journal
of Clinical and Translational Urology, Vol. 1, No. 1., pp. 72-81, 2019.
[42] Shirzadfar, H., Gordoghli., N., “Design and Evaluation of an Intelligent Monitoring and Alarm System
Based on a Noninvasive Fluid Level Sensor for Patients with Fibromyalgia”, International Journal of
Electrical and Electronic Science, Vol. 6, No. 2., pp. 8-16, 2019.

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 Hamidreza Shirzadfar and Kowsar Sheikhi; An Introduction on Different Types of Phototherapy Devices to
Cure Neonatal Jaundice: Internal Structure of Light Sources & Protection System
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
[43] Shirzadfar, H., Gordoghli., N., “A Comparative Study of Current Methods and Recent Advances in the
Diagnosis and Assessment of Osteoporosis”, Recent Research in Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorder,
Vol. 2, No. 1., pp. 3-17, 2020.
[44] Sheikhi, K., Shirzadfar, H., Sheikhi, M., “A Review on Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19): Symptoms,
Transmission and Diagnosis Tests”, Research in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 1.,
pp. 1-8, 2020.
[45] Shirzadfar, H., Haraszczuk, R., Nadi, M., Yamada, S., Kourtiche, D., “Detecting and Estimating Magnetic
Fluid Properties by a Needle-Type GMR Sensor”, International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications
and Properties, pp. 1(2)02NNBM29(4), 2012.
[46] Shirzadfar, H., Claudel, J., Nadi, M., Kourtiche, D., Yamada, S., “Analysis Sensitivity by Novel Needle-
Type GMR Sensor Used in Biomedical Investigation”, XIII Mediterranean Conference on Medical and
Biological Engineering and Computing (MEDICON 2013), pp. 833-836, Vol. 41, 2013.
[47] Shirzadfar, H., Nadi, M., Kourtiche, D., Yamada, S., “Characterization of a Needle-Type Probe GMR
sensor for Biomedical applications”, IEEE SENSORS 2013, pp. 298-301, 2013.
[48] Ngo, T. T., Shirzadfar, H., Bourjilat, A., Kourtiche, D., Nadi, M., “A method to determine the parameters
of the double layer of a planar interdigital sensor”, International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST
2014), pp. 348-351, International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 2014.
[49] Poonam, Y.M. and Y. Mulge, Remote temperature monitoring using LM35 sensor and intimate
android user via C2DM service. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 2013.
2(6): p. 32-36.
[50] Agham, N.D., V.R. Thool, and R.C. Thool. Mobile and web based monitoring of patient's physiological
parameters using LabVIEW. in 2014 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON). 2014. IEEE.
[51] Noordin, K.A., C.C. Onn, and M.F. Ismail, A low-cost microcontroller-based weather monitoring
system. CMU journal, 2006. 5(1): p. 33-39.

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