Index
A access cavity preparation
AAE. See American Association of
Endodontists (AAE)
AAOM (American Academy of
Oral Medicine), 71
AAPD (American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry), 822
abandonment of patients, 423–424
abbreviations in documentation,
405, 405b
A-beta fibers, 42–45
ablators, 241
abscesses
apical, 37–38, 295f, 540–542,
541f, 580
buccal, 428f, 659f
under carious lesions, 811
formation of periodontal, 659
inflammation with, 59
management of, 594
periradicular, 9f, 42–45
sodium hypochlorite-related,
336f
abutting teeth, 871f, 873f, 880f,
886f, 887
AC (apical constriction), 145,
316–317, 936f
access, surgical. See surgical access
access cavity preparation,
150–153, 170f, 175, 318f,
369f–370f
angle of penetration, 165f
anterior (See anterior access
cavity preparation)
breaking instruments (See
separated/broken
instruments)
with calcified canals, 169–173
challenging, 170f
class I preparation, 482f
with class V restorations, 170f
creation of cavity walls, 152
crowded teeth, 173–174, 174f
crown tilt, 163f
with C-shaped root canal
systems, 217b–219b
devices for periapical
dédebridement, 241–242
errors of (See under errors)
evaluation of CEJ and occlusal
anatomies, 151–152
f indicates figure; b, box; and t,
table. NOTE: Page numbers from
953 to 1026 in the index apply to
Chapters 26 to 30, which only
appear online.
(Continued)
excavation of restoration and
base material, 172f
exploration before, 168f
with geriatric patients, 875–877
guidelines for, 151–153
heavily restored teeth, 166–169
ideal/proper, 150–151, 158
inadequate/incomplete, 161f,
926
incisal, 152f, 161f
instruments for (See
instruments)
locating difficult canals, 152
mandibular teeth (See specific
teeth under mandibular
teeth)
maxillary teeth (See specific teeth
under maxillary teeth)
mechanical phases of, 153–157
minimal/no clinical crown,
165–175, 169f
modifications to, 712
mouse hole effect, 163–164,
166f
objectives of, 150–151
occlusions, 171f
posterior (See posterior access
cavity preparation)
prepared canal wall, 356f
pulp chamber
inspection of, 153
roof/horn removal, 165f
for pulpectomies on primary
teeth, 833–836
pulp remnants/wall debris/
cleaned walls, 149f
removal of defective restorations
and caries, 152
removal of unsupported tooth
structures, 152
rotated teeth, 174–175
shaping/cleaning, 162f, 166f
starting locations, 162–163,
163f, 165f
straight-line access, 151f
tapering of cavity walls, 153
three-canal, 185f
through ceramometal crowns,
171f
through existing restorations,
899–900
through lingual and occlusal
surfaces, 152
underextended, 161f
visualizing, 151, 168f
wide and narrow apical, 319t
accessory canals, 139–141, 215f
obturation of, 380f
patterns of, 139f
in roots, 457–458
accessory foramina, 140f, 147,
181f
accessory innervation, 700
acetaminophen, 679–682, 686f.
See also nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
acid etching, 786–787
acoustic streaming, 239
Actinomyces organisms, 313t
Activ GP, 364
acute apical abscesses, 37
acute cases. See emergencies
acute endodontic pathosis, 78f
acute immunoinflammatory
response, 540
ADA. See American Dental
Association (ADA)
ADA (American Dental
Association), 92
universal precautions, 88
adaptive immune response, 532t,
533–534, 535f
A-delta fibers, 36, 36f, 42, 50–52,
54
adhesives/cements, 263–269, 795f,
798f–799f, 801f. See also
specific adhesives/cements by
name
crown removal and, 902
cyanoacrylate, 925f
dual-cured adhesives, 786
glass ionomer (See glass
ionomer cements (GICs))
post cementation, 804f
rationale for using adhesive, 786
removal of old, 170f
for removing separated
instruments, 930–931
self-adhesive luting cements,
787–793
temporary, 272b
tissue adhesives, 757
zinc oxide and eugenol (See
zinc-oxide-Eugenol (ZOE)
formula)
adipocytes, 604
adipogenic differentiation, 604f
adult (postnatal) stem cells, 603
adverse drug reactions, 404–405
adverse effects
COX-2 inhibitors, 680
of local anesthesia, 693–694
allergic reactions, 694
adverse effects (Continued)
cardiovascular reactions,
693–694
to sulfite antioxidant
formulations, 694
systemic, 694
of opioids (narcotic analgesics),
682
prothrombic, 680
aesthetics, 82
discoloration, 92, 780f,
790f–791f, 797f
of crown, 821
of nonvital primary incisors,
835
of primary teeth, 834f
of single teeth, 869
of traumatized teeth, 821
of implants, 896–897
AF. See apical foramina
afferent fibers, 674–675, 675f
afferent neurons, 474
A fibers, 475f
age. See patient age
argyrophilic collagen fibers,
468–469
AH Plus sealer, 361f
AH26 sealer, 266–267
AIDS and HIV patients, 76, 88,
444–445
air abrasion, 521, 899–900
airborne transmission of microbes,
131, 134
airborne transmission of
microorganisms, 131
air embolus
(pneumomediastinum),
440
ALARA principles, 95–96, 987
alcohol use/abuse by patients, 438,
694
allergic reactions
chlorhexidine, 250–251
diphenhydramine for, 700
to formocresol, 826
to local anesthesia, 694
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),
247
to sulfites, 694
allodynia, 59–60, 483, 672–674,
673b, 675f
causes of, 675–676
mechanical, 674–679
thermal, 674
allografts, 764t
alveolar bone, described, 530
alveolar hard tissues, 14
alveolar process, described, 530
I-1
I-2 INDEX
AMA (American Medical
Association), 409, 422
amalgam, 748f, 785, 948f
coronal radicular, 798
removal of, 170f
amalgam core approaches, 779f,
800f
amalgam particles, 107f
ameloblasts, 455f
amensalism, 578–579
American Academy of Oral
Medicine (AAOM), 71
American Academy of Pediatric
Dentistry (AAPD), 822
American Association of
Endodontists (AAE), 73, 358,
872, 898
Endodontic Case Difficulty
Assessment Form and
Guidelines, 42, 43f–44f
American Dental Association
(ADA), 92, 130, 969
Code of Ethics, 410–412
continuing education, 963
Council on Scientific Affairs, 80,
988–989
drug warning pads, 422
instrument measuring standards,
240f
measurement points for
gutta-percha cones, 261f
universal precautions, 88
American Heart Association
(AHA), 73, 445, 729
American Medical Association
(AMA), 409, 422
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), 969
instrument standards, 239
K-files, H-files, gutta-percha
cones, 240t
measurement points for
gutta-percha cones, 261f
measuring points, 240f
American Society of
Anesthesiologists (ASA), 71,
72b, 404, 728
amino acid release, 675
AMPA receptors, 675f
amputation neuroma, 58–59
amputations
of coronal pulp, 823–824, 824f
of root, 67f, 867f, 898
superficial (partial pulpotomy),
842
AMSA (wand) injections, 422f
AMSA (anterior middle superior
alveolar) nerve blocks, 705
anachoresis, 561
anaerobic bacteria, 584, 586
analgesia. See also pain entries
acetaminophen, 679
ibuprofen compared to, 686f
and liver injury/failure,
680–682
antibiotics as prophylactic,
684–685
combining, 682
compatibility with pregnancy
and breastfeeding, 74b
analgesia (Continued)
corticosteroids, 683–685
corticosteroids for, 683
drug interactions, 682t
gender differences in response
to, 695
nonnarcotic, 680–682, 686f
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 682t
opioids for, 682, 682t–683t
Oxford League Table of
Analgesic Efficacy, 681t
paste delivery systems,
615f–616f
for peripheral neuropathies, 60
for peripheral nociceptors, 674
prescriptions for, 45–46
anastomoses, 139t–140t, 215f
anatomic crown. See crowns
(anatomic)
anatomic landmarks, 875
anatomy/anatomic considerations.
See also morphology
A-delta fibers, 50–51
anatomic preparations of
maxillary molars, 293f
anatomic relationships of teeth,
136
apical root, 145–150, 354f
tubules and microbranches,
147f
canal, 928f
complex apical, 216f
complex root, 216f
C-shaped canals, 139, 217f–218f
dental, 285–287
distal root, 83f
distribution of maxillary
division of trigeminal
nerve, 704f
effect of resorption on canal
anatomy, 832
geriatric patients, 882
of infections, 574–577
interconnecting canal, 218f
neuroanatomy, 40
autonomic nervous system
(ANS), 42–45
central nervous system
(CNS), 42
neural structures, 41–42
somatic structures, 40–45
occlusal anatomy and access
cavity, 151–152
of periapex, 529
for periradicular surgery,
730–732, 730f, 732f
anterior maxilla and
mandible, 732
posterior mandible, 730–731
posterior maxilla, 731–732
post placement and root
anatomy, 781–782
primary root canal anatomy,
814
radicular, 296f
reproduction of original tooth
anatomy, 166–168
root canal system, 138f,
139–145, 815b
anatomy/anatomic considerations
(Continued)
tomographic illustrations of,
293f–294f
tooth components, 55
tooth structure (See tooth
structure)
unusual/complicated, 286f
visualization of internal, 151
anemia, 5–6
anesthesia/anesthetics (in general).
See also local anesthesia
articaine, 698–699, 705
clinical effectiveness of, 698
insurance carrier warnings,
698–699
with irreversible pulpitis, 710
central core theory, 701f
clinically available, 693
confirming, 695, 696f–704f,
708f
dosages, 693t
drug interactions with, 695t
effects of systemic diseases/
conditions on, 694–695
excessive, 422f
going without, 832
for incision and drainage, 713
increasing success of, 700
lidocaine, 697, 699
and epinephrine, 702–703
mean plasma concentrations
for, 711f
plasma levels after use of, 711
sodium channel resistance to,
673
local (See local anesthesia)
long-acting, 699
long-term, 676
mechanisms of action for,
692–693
mepivacaine, 697–698
oral conscious sedation, 714
for pain reduction when
endodontic treatment is
impossible, 714
patients with previous problems
with, 696
for periradicular surgery, 713,
737–741
prilocaine, 697–698
pulpal blood flow and, 510–512,
511f–512f
pulpal reaction to intrapulpal,
512
for pulpotomy, 714
reversing, 697
ropivacaine, 699
routes of administration (See
routes/sites for anesthesia
injections)
safety of ligamental anesthesia
to pulp, 706–707
selective testing with (See under
diagnostic processes)
solutions for infiltration
injections
articaine/epinephrine, 703
bupivacaine/epinephrine, 703
mepivacaine/prilocaine, 703
anesthesia/anesthetics (in general)
(Continued)
prilocaine/epinephrine, 703
successful, 697
topical, 696
angiogenesis, 603–605
animalcules, 560
ANSI. See American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)
anterior access cavity preparation,
152
identification of canal orifices,
159
individual teeth, 162
initial external outline form, 158
primary teeth, 833
pulp chamber, 158–159
refinement of margins, 162
removal of caries and permanent
restorations, 157–158
removal of lingual shoulder,
orifice, coronal flaring,
159–160
starting location/angle of entry,
158f
straight-line access
determination, 160–162
visual inspection of cavity, 162
anterior middle superior alveolar
(AMSA) nerve blocks, 705
anterior palatine artery, 732f
anterior superior alveolar (ASA)
nerve, 704f
antiadrenergic drugs, 695t
antibacterials, 248–249, 313–314
antibiotics
contraindications for, 594
for emergent irreversible
pulpitis, 41
for flare-up avoidance, 684
indications for prescribing, 45
intracanal placement of, 612f
pretreatment administration of,
734–737
prophylactic, 96–97, 737
as prophylactic analgesia,
684–685
systemic, 594–595
timing of administration of, 684
triple antibiotic paste, 255, 494f,
608–609, 612f–613f, 852f
anticoagulation therapy, 73, 729
antidromic impulses, 481, 672
antigen-presenting cells, 471f
antigen-presenting cells (APCs),
533
antimicrobial therapy, 275, 325f,
567
anxiety/fear
antianxiety regimens, 97–98
anxiety virtual analog scale
(AVAS), 86
assessment of, 77, 958
behavioral interventions,
959–960
distraction, 959
hypnosis/guided imagery,
959–960
referrals to mental health
professionals, 960

anxiety/fear (Continued)
relaxation, 959
control of, 71
coping strategies, 959
definitions, 954
dental phobia, 954
influence on case selection of,
84–86
inter- and intravariability in
responses, 954
management of, 91–92, 956–960
pain perception and, 672–673,
676
prevalence of patients with, 953
role of, 953
APCs (antigen-presenting cells),
533
apexification, 382f, 494f, 608–609,
611–614, 637
artificial apical barrier
techniques, 850–851
calcium hydroxide (See calcium
hydroxide)
filling materials for, 266b, 633
histologic example (dog tooth),
849f
of immature teeth, 630–635,
847–851
with MTA (See mineral trioxide
aggregate (MTA))
with nonvital pulp, 630–635
pediatric, 847–851
radiographic examples, 848f
schematic of, 847f
Apexit, 266b
apex locator devices, 243f–244f,
318
apexogenesis, 608, 845–847,
845f–846f
apexum devices, 241f–242f
apical abscesses, 37–38, 295f,
540–542, 541f, 580
apical accessory canals, 747f
apical actinomycosis, 586
apical area access
for gutta-percha removal,
910–914
for paste retreatment, 919–921
for silver point removal,
921–924
solid core obturators for,
914–919
apical barrier technique, 381,
632–633
apical bone loss, 20f, 25f
apical canal configurations,
148–149
mandibular
canines, 202t
first molars, 209t–210t
first premolars, 204t
incisors, 200t
second molars, 213t
second premolars, 206t
third molars, 216t
maxillary
canines, 182t
central incisors, 178t
first molars, 188t–190t
first premolars, 184t
apical canal configurations
(Continued)
lateral incisors, 180t
second molars, 189t, 195t
second premolars, 186t
third molars, 195t
apical (squamous shape) cells,
603–604
apical closure, 819
apical constriction (AC), 145,
316–317, 936f
apical diameters, 146t, 318
apical fenestration, 721
apical flaring, 147–148
apical foramina (AF), 145–146,
656
blood flow through, 657
effect of resorption on, 832
mandibular permanent teeth,
140t
maxillary permanent teeth, 139t
size of main, 146t
apical fractures, 751
apical granuloma, 542–545
apical infections (definition), 531
apical inflammation, defined, 531
apical neurovascular supply
damage, 641–643
apical papilla, 611f
apical perforations, 943–944
apical/periapical disease, 285f.
See also specific disease
apical periodontitis, 19, 530, 553t,
634f, 673–674
adaptive immune response in
pathogenesis of, 533–534
asymptomatic, 37, 542–545
bone destruction/resorption
in, 544f
cell biology of, 542–545
clinical features, 545
with cyst formation, 547–548,
548f–550f
dendritic cells in, 542–543
epithelial cell rests of
Malassez (ERM) in, 543,
544f
fibroblasts in, 543–545
histopathology of, 545,
546f–547f
inflammatory mediators of,
545
lymphocytes in, 542
osteoclasts (dentinoclasts) in,
543, 544f
outcomes, 545
reactive bone formation with,
551
bacteremia and, 552
chronic, 542–545
clinical presentations of,
534–535
with cyst formation, 545–551
clinical features, 548
cyst regression, after
nonsurgical endodontic
therapy, 554
inflammatory mediators with,
548
outcomes, 551
apical periodontitis (Continued)
description, 559
diagnosis of, 534–535
endothelial cells in response to,
537
as endpoint of disease flow, 286
etiology of, 530–531
extraradicular endodontic
infection with, 551–552
genetic polymorphisms and, 552
healing patterns, 552–555, 553t,
883f
histopathology of, 535–536
infection and, 531–532
as infectious disease, 559–560,
560f
innate immune response in
pathogenesis of, 532–533
macrophages in response to,
533, 537–538
mast cells in response to, 537
microbial causation of, 560
natural killer (NK) cells in
response to, 538
nonendodontic, 551
nonsurgical retreatment for,
896f
pathogenesis of, 532–534, 532t,
535f, 565
persistent, 891
platelets in response to, 538
polymorphonuclear neutrophilic
leukocytes (PMNs) in
response to, 533, 537
prevalence of, 530
pulpitis and, 536, 536f
studies on, 350
symptomatic, 37, 536–542
cell biology of, 536–538
clinical features of, 540
histopathology of, 540
inflammatory mediators with,
538–540, 539t
outcomes, 540–542, 541f
systemic disease and, 552
apical pulp, 473f
apical root
anatomy of, 145–150, 147f
resection of, 898
resorption of, 104f–105f, 645
apical surgery
indications for, 79f, 924
reasons for, 78
when to consider, 920
wide and narrow preparations,
319t
apical tissue, normal, 37
apical zip, 318f
apicoectomies, 417f, 667, 886f
apicomarginal defects, 758
apoptosis, 533
archaea, 559, 579
Archimedes screw effect, 334–335
armamentaria. See instruments
arterioles, 484f–485f
arteriosclerotic changes, 882
articaine, 693t, 698–699, 705
after failed inferior alveolar
nerve blocks, 705
clinical effectiveness of, 698
INDEX I-3
articaine (Continued)
with epinephrine, 703
insurance carrier warnings,
698–699
with irreversible pulpitis, 710
lidocaine compared to, 699
artificial enamel, 811
artificial apical barrier techniques,
850–851
ASA (American Society of
Anesthesiologists), 71, 72b,
404, 728
ASA (anterior superior alveolar)
nerve, 704f
aspirin, 45, 680, 729, 882
assessment. See also diagnostic
processes
commencement of pain, 6
duration of symptoms, 6
intensity of symptoms, 6
localization of pain, 6
of medically compromised
patients, 71–72
provocation of/relief of
discomfort, 6
psychosocial, 77
of tooth sensitivity (See
sensitivity assessment)
asymptomatic apical periodontitis,
37, 353, 542–545
bone destruction/resorption in,
544f
cell biology of, 542–545
clinical features, 545
with cyst formation, 547–548,
548f–550f
dendritic cells in, 542–543
epithelial cell rests of Malassez
(ERM) in, 543, 544f
fibroblasts in, 543–545
histopathology of, 545,
546f–547f
inflammatory mediators of, 545
lymphocytes in, 542
osteoclasts (dentinoclasts) in,
543, 544f
outcomes, 545
reactive bone formation with,
551
asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis,
37
asymptomatic teeth
local anesthesia with, 713
partial pulpotomies on, 844
atypical facial pain, 60
Australian and New Zealand
Academy of Endodontists,
905
autoclaving methods, 126–127
autocrine effects, 675f
autogenous bone grafts, 764t
autoinducers, 567
autonomic nervous system (ANS),
42–45, 52
autonomic (efferent) neurons, 474
avulsed teeth, 621, 647–648
closed apex avulsions, 648–651
consequences of, 647
following intraligamentary
anesthesia, 706
I-4 INDEX
avulsed teeth (Continued)
immature, 634
open apex avulsions, 648–651
treatment methods
adjunctive therapy for, 650
emergency treatment,
647–648
endodontic treatment timing
for, 650–651
objectives of, 647
permanent restorations,
651–652
root preparation, 648–649
soft tissue management,
649–650
splinting, 649
temporary restorations, 651
treatment before replantation
of, 651f
axial forces on teeth, 788
axial slice images, 1015f–1016f
B referrals to mental health
backfill, 375f
back-pressure for anesthesia
success, 705, 712
bacteremia, 552, 588–589, 729
bacteria/bacterial infections. See
also infections
altered growth rates of, 567
anaerobic, 584, 586
antimicrobials/antibacterials,
253–255
and apical periodontitis,
530–531, 560
bacterial toxins in inflammatory
response, 531
contamination by, 80–81, 353,
514, 666–667
coronal penetration of, 249–250
delays between visits and, 86
in dentinal tubules, 461, 644f
in dentin samples, 335
factors in, 286–287
at filling stage, 581–582
genetic exchanges by, 567
gram-negative, 572–573
gram-positive bacteria, 582
habitat range for growth,
566–567
historic studies of, 560
identification of, 589
infective endocarditis, 73
inoculation of microbes, 286
metabolic diversity and
efficiency of, 567
nutrients in root canal system
for, 578–579
oral cavity, 130, 132
pathogenicity of enhanced, 567
persistent, 567, 721–722
protection from environmental,
567
quorum sensing by, 567–568
sinus infections, 59
taxonomy, 571
bacterial persistence, 585
bacteria-tight seals, 352
Bacterioidetes clone X083, 573,
584
balanced force technique, 323–324
band and loop space maintainers,
832
barrier disinfection, 130
barrier placement, 133b. See also
rubber dams
basal lamina, 453–454
basement membrane (BM), 456f
B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs),
533
BCRs (B-cell antigen receptors),
533
BC (bioceramic) sealers, 361
behavioral and psychiatric issues,
77
acceptance of tooth loss, 872
of geriatric patients, 874
interventions for anxiety/fear,
959–960
distraction, 959
hypnosis/guided imagery,
959–960
professionals, 960
relaxation, 959
bell stage of pulp-dentin complex,
454f, 456, 456f, 458–459, 474
Benadryl (diphenhydramine), 700
bevels, 149
bifid inferior alveolar nerve canal
(IANC), 435f
bifunctional methacrylates, 784
bioactive glass, 255
bioactive proteins, 764t
Biocalex 6.9 (Endocal 10), 921
bioceramic (BC) sealers, 361
bioengineering, 852
biofilms, 565–568, 566f
bacterial interactions and, 566
community lifestyle of, 566–567
definition, 566
in dental water lines, 130
formation of, 568
resistance to antimicrobial
agents of, 567
subgingival, 560
biohazard disposal, 89, 133
biologic properties of sealers, 269
biomechanical status,
pretreatment, 779f
BioOss, 668f
biopsies, 77, 666–667, 724f,
744–745
bisecting angle technique, 99
bisphosphonate-associated
osteonecrosis (BON), 75–76,
76b, 97, 555
bisphosphonates, USDA-approved,
98t
bite tests, 19, 27, 227
bite-wing views, 82–83, 107f, 994t
biting forces, 788
BK (bradykinin), 673
bleaching, 521–522, 790f–791f.
See also sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCI)
bleach injuries, 438–439, 439f
bleach-resistant discoloration,
790f–791f
bleeding, postoperative, 767
blockages, canal, 935–937, 936f,
938f, 942f–943f
blocks, nerve. See anesthesia/
anesthetics (in general); nerve
blocks
blood clot formation, 627, 882
blood flow, 75
humoral control of, 486
laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF),
18
local control of, 486
pulpal, 17, 510–512, 511f–512f
through apical foramen, 657
blood pressure, 73, 483f
blood vessels in pulp horn, 485f
blunted roots, 146
B lymphocytes (B-cells), 533–534
BM (basement membrane), 456f
BMMSC (bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells),
603–604
BMP (bone morphogenic protein),
760–761
BON (bisphosphonate-associated
osteonecrosis), 75–76, 76b,
97, 555
bonded resin, 632f
bonding materials, 787, 812
bonding of pulp exposures, 812
bone allografts, 942. See also
osseous-related entries
bone augmentation, 602
bone daggers, 416f
bone grafts, 667, 668f, 758, 764t
bone loss/diseases, 659
apical, 20f
bisphosphonate-associated
osteonecrosis, 75–76, 76b,
97
demineralization of, 604–605
distraction osteogenesis, 602
endodontic, 15
food-impaction related, 818f
furcation, 15
halo-like, 29
isolated, 29–30
osteonecrosis, 336f
with perforations, 944f
periapical, 1012
radiographic changes, 20–21
resorption in apical
periodontitis, 543, 544f
vertical root fracture and, 34f
bone marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells
(BMMSC), 603–604
bone marrow stem cells, 602
bone morphogenic protein (BMP),
760–761
bone regeneration, 553–554,
662–663, 666f, 668f
bone removal, 744
bone replacement grafts, 662–663,
666f
bone resorption, 728
bone trauma, 727
bone wax, 746
bony defects, 79f, 185f, 758, 760f
botanicals, 404
bradykinin (BK), 673
braided files, 924f
brain lesions, 61
brainstem, descending neurons, 52
Brasseler Endo Extractor kit, 926f,
932–933
Brasseler GPX Instruments, 915f
breach of warranty, 964–965
breastfeeding, drugs compatible
with, 74b
bridge formation, 492, 812
bridges
cantilever, 31f
fixed, 880f–882f
removers, 901, 901f–902f
British Society of Paediatric
Dentistry (BSPD), 822
broaches, 231
barbed, 231, 232f, 290–308
broken instruments. See separated/
broken instruments
bruxism, 788
BSPD (British Society of Paediatric
Dentistry), 822
buccal crown lengthening,
792–793
buccal object (cone-shift) rule, 103
buccal-object rule (cone shift),
103–106, 106f–107f, 166
buccal space, 593
abscesses, 428f, 659f
infections of, 9–10
swelling of, 9f–10f
buccal vestibular space, 593
Buckley’s formocresol, 826b
bud stage of tooth development,
458–459
bumpers, 906f
bupivacaine, 693t, 699, 703
burns (treatment-related), 422f
burs, 153–155, 154f–156f,
165f–166f, 233, 233f–234f
angle of penetration of, 158–159
Domer bur, 906f–907f
extended-shank round, 155
Gates-Glidden, 323f
improper angulation of, 176f
metal-cutting, 899–900
non-end cutting, 835f
patterns left by, 749
Roto-Pro Bur, 905f
safety tips on, 153–154
sequence of use of, 321f
transmetal, 155
trephine, 906f
C
Calamus flow obturation delivery,
377f, 378
calcification
calcified masses in pulp
chamber, 819f
canal obliteration, 641, 641f
of canals, 137f, 169–173, 173f,
877–879, 1015f
dystrophic, 495
in geriatric patients, 861f
perforation risk and, 881f
pulpal, 171–172, 494–497, 819,
868f
after traumatic luxation, 497f

calcification (Continued)
diffuse, 495f
dystrophic, 639f
pulp stones, 495f–496f
pulp stones (denticles), 494,
1015f
calcification ages
mandibular teeth
canines, 202f
central/lateral incisors, 201f
first molars, 211f
first premolars, 205f
second molars, 214f
second premolars, 207f
third molars, 216f
maxillary teeth
canines, 181f
central incisors, 178f
first molars, 191f
first premolars, 185f
lateral incisors, 181f
second molars, 196f
second premolars, 187f
third molars, 198f
calcific metamorphosis, 286
calcified tissue, healing with, 635
calcitonin gene-related peptide
(CGRP), 476f, 480–481, 482f,
486f, 508, 672
calcium hydroxide, 264–266, 353,
359–360, 492f, 628f,
630f–631f, 811–812, 836,
927f
as antibacterial, 650
apexification with, 254f, 602,
633f
delivery systems, 254f
first use of, 602
as intervisit dressing, 81
limitations of, 254
long-term therapy with, 633
partial pulpotomies, 627f
pH of, 643f
pulpal reaction to, 517–518, 518f
root filling techniques after,
633f
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2),
315–316
calcium sulfate, 746
calculus, 660f
California Dental Association,
Dental Patient Bill of Rights,
409
cameras
digital, 984f
intraoral, 978–983, 982f
video, 982b
camphorated monochlorophenol
(CMCP), 41
canal bifurcation, 136–137, 137f
canal chamber volume, 865f
canal curvature, 138, 288
canal diameter, 493
canal disinfection regimes, 939
canal fusion, 185f, 215f
canal length measurement,
242–243, 879
canal loops, 181f
canal orifice location, 152–153,
172–173, 175, 191f, 876
canal patency, 876–877
canal projection technique,
115–120, 118f–120f
canals, individualization of, 120
canal space
accessory canals, 139–141, 215f
obturation of, 380f
patterns of, 139f
in roots, 457–458
calcification of, 137f, 1015f
access cavity preparation
with, 169–173
locating, 173f
cleaning/drying of, 42
diameters of, 148, 148t
disinfection of, 132, 608
disinfection of necrotic,
608–609
examination of, 870
identification and enlargement
of, 153f
impediments in, 935–937, 936f,
938f, 942f–943f
isthmus types, 149–150
ledged, 936f–937f
locating, 884f
medicating, 41
microorganisms in, 291f
missed, 939f
preparation techniques,
319–331
protection of, 942
separated/joined, 145
shortfilled, 435f
silicone models of, 815f
transported, 435f
widening of, 34f–35f
canal surface, infected, 573
canal system/morphology
anatomy, 138f, 139–150
apical (See apical canal
configurations)
calcified root canal orifices,
137f
canal configurations
apical (See apical canal
configurations)
canal bifurcation, 136–137,
137f
C-shaped, 214f, 217b–219b,
217f
curved, 118f–120f
divided/split, 187f
five canals, 216f
Gulabivala’s configurations,
144f
Kartal and Yamikoglu’s
configurations, 144f
multiple canals, 86f
Vertucci’s configurations,
142f
Vertucci type V configuration,
145f
components of, 138–139
lesions of, 287
locating, 137f
pulp space configuration types
(Types I-VII), 140–142
ribbon-shaped, 142f
Cancellier Kit, 932–933, 933f
cancer, 5–6
breast, 694
of jaw, 74–75
lung, 61
treating patients with, 73
Candida organisms, 313t, 584
canine (infraorbital) space
infections, 9, 9f, 593–594
cantilever bridges, 31f
capillary blood flow, 483–484
capillary plexuses, 725–726
capping. See direct pulp capping
caps. See crown restorations (caps)
capsaicin receptor, 673
cap stage of tooth development,
458–459
carbide burs, 155
carbonated anesthetic solutions,
700
carbon dioxide (CO2), frozen, for
cold testing, 15–16
carcinogenics, 826–827
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR), 694, 710
cardiovascular conditions/events,
5–6, 5b, 680
American Heart Association
guidelines, 729
bacterial endocarditis, 73
cardiac/thoracic pain, 61
complications of, with patients
with cancer, 73
heart rate effect of mepivacaine,
711
history of, 405–408
history of myocardial infarctions
(MIs), 72–73
infective endocarditis, 445
myocardial infarction (MI), 61
oral bacteria and, 130
reactions to local anesthesia,
693–694, 710–711
treatment planning and, 72–73
vasoconstricture use with,
728–729
caries, 810f, 897f
cervical, 886f
contamination by, 157
detection of, 987
distal root, 886f
extension into root of, 782
inflammatory reaction
development, 461
interproximal root, 862
leakage-related, 789
in primary teeth, complete
evacuation of, 840–841
pulpal necrosis secondary to,
612f
pulpal reactions, 504–508
chemokine production, 507,
507f
clinical symptoms, correlation
of, 509–510, 509f
dentin sclerosis, 505, 505f
fibrodentin, 505–506
inflammatory response,
506–507, 506f
neurogenic mediators,
508–509
INDEX I-5
caries (Continued)
prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment, 519–521, 520f
pulpal dendritic cells
aggregation, 507–508,
507f
reactionary dentin, 505–506,
506f
reparative dentin, 505–506,
506f
tertiary dentinogenesis,
504–505
treatment of, 521f
to treatment of, 520f
in young teeth, 810–811
recurrent, 168
removal of, 162
root, 862f–863f, 887f–888f
subosseous root, 78–79
cariogenic microorganisms, 822
carious lesions, 286
bacteria of, 561
in dentin, 152, 490f
inflammation with, 820
carotid space, 593
carrier-based systems
gutta-percha, 378–381
for obturation, 270–271
Simplifill, 380–381
Successfil, 380
carriers
metal, 917f
plastic, 918f
case selection, 71, 84
case studies/examples
diagnostic process, 68
nonodontogenic toothaches,
65–68
preparation for treatment, 92–95
revascularization protocol
example, 614
cast post/core system, 785
caudalis, 674
Caulfield elevator tip, 923f
cautery, 747
cavitation, 239
cavities
access (See access cavity
preparation)
class III, 790f–791f
class IV, 790f–791f
lingual access, 790f–791f
preparation using air abrasion,
521
CBVT. See cone-beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT)
CDJ (cementodentinal junction),
145, 316–317, 656, 865f, 880
CDR Wireless, 984
ceiling effect (of medication),
734–737
CEJ. See cementoenamel junction
(CEJ)
celecoxib, 680
cell biology of apical periodontitis,
536–538, 542–545, 544f
cell death, 478
cell division, 492f
cell-free layer of Weil, 464
cell-poor zone, 464
I-6 INDEX
cell restorations of Malassez, 662
cell-rich zone, 464–466
cellulitis, 42–45, 594
cemental tears, 661
cement layer thickness, 787
cementoblasts, 497f
cementoblasts/cementogenesis, 727
cementodentinal junction (CDJ),
145, 316–317, 656, 865f, 880
cementoenamel junction (CEJ),
151–152, 613f, 615f–616f,
632f
formation of, 813–814
law of, 151
position of pulp chamber at,
162
cementoma (periapical cemental
dysplasia), 20f
variations in stages of, 106f
cements. See adhesives/cements;
obturation; sealers/sealants;
specific cement by name
cement trails, 29, 34f
cementum, 480, 497f
described, 529
healing injuries with, 639–640
rate of formation of, 870
Centers for Disease Control
(CDC), 88–90
culturing of dental water lines,
130
diabetes incidence, 73–74
guidelines for sterilization,
124–125
sterility of sterile packs, 130
central core theory, 701f
central excitatory effects, 55
central information store (CIS),
974–975
centrality, law of, 151
centrally emanating pains, 61
central nervous system (CNS),
478, 692, 699
central neuropathies, 60
central sensitization, 53, 675–676
cephalosporins, 684
ceramic grafts, 764t
ceramic onlays/overlays, 781
ceramic posts, 905
ceramometal crowns, 171f
cerometal restorations, 168–169
cervical caries, 886f
cervical dentin bulges, 164
cervical enamel projections,
661–662, 663f
cervical loop (CL), 454f, 458–459
cervical resorption, 1017f
C-factor, 780
C fibers, 32, 42, 50–52, 54, 475f,
673
C+ files, 912f, 935–936
CGRP (calcitonin gene-related
peptide), 476f, 480–481, 482f,
486f, 508, 672
challenging/complicated cases,
170f
calcified canals, 169–173
cleaning/shaping of canal
system, 340f
crowded teeth, 173–174, 174f
challenging/complicated cases
(Continued)
crown tilt, 163f
Endodontic Case Difficulty
Assessment Form and
Guidelines (AAE), 42,
43f–44f
excavation of restoration and
base material, 172f
heavily restored teeth, 166–169
inadequate/incomplete, 161f
minimal/no clinical crown,
165–175
with missing anatomic crown,
169f
occlusions, 171f
through ceramometal crowns,
171f
vital pulp loss in immature
teeth, 840f
chamber floor, 115–116, 120
champagne bubble test, 137
charts, patient. See documentation/
records
CHD (coronary heart disease),
405–408
checkerboard hybridization
studies, 586
cheek numbness, 703
cheek swelling, 593
chelators, 777
chemical irritation/trauma, 59, 515
chemokines, 507, 507f, 539–540
chemomechanical preparation,
245–246
chemotherapy, 74–75
chest lesions, 61
chief complaints, 2–5, 49f, 62–64,
858
childhood hypophosphatasia, 461f
children. See pediatric endodontic
treatment
chlorhexidine (CHX), 132,
247–251, 250f, 254, 312–314
chlorine, 247. See also sodium
hypochlorite (NaOCI)
chloroform, 911–912, 912f
chloropercha, 264
chloropercha filling, 910–911
chondrocytes, 604
chondrogenic differentiation, 604f
chronic apical abscesses, 38
chronic apical periodontitis,
542–545
chronic infections, 664
CHX (chlorhexidine), 132,
247–251, 250f, 254, 312–314
circumpulpal dentin, 458–459
CIS (central information store),
974–975
citric acid, 749–750
CL (cervical loop), 454f, 458–459
Clark’s rule, 103
class I access cavity preparation,
482f
class I occlusions, 896–897
class I restorations, 172f
classes (A-F) of need for bone
grafts, 758
class III cavities, 790f–791f
class III occlusions, 896–897
class II restorations, 157–158
class IV cavities, 790f–791f
class V restorations, 168, 170f
cleaning and shaping of canal
system, 162f, 166f, 229–241,
321–324, 325f
balanced force technique,
323–324
canal preparation techniques,
319–331
clinical issues of, 287–289,
316–319
complicated cases, 340f
concepts and strategies for,
318–319
crown-down technique,
322–323, 328f
dental anatomy, 285–287
desired shape examples, 318f
disinfection/dentin surface
modifiers/lubricants,
311–316
enlargement of orifice, 323f,
327f
eradication of microorganisms,
334–337
errors of, 298f, 318f–319f
finishing files, 327f
framework for, 283–289
Group I manually operated
instruments, 230–233, 231b
Group II low-speed rotary
instruments, 231b, 233
Group III rotary instruments for
canal preparation, 229,
231b, 233–236, 234f–235f
Group IV engine-driven
three-dimensionally
adjusting files, 231b,
236–238
Group V engine-driven
reciprocating, 231b, 238
Group VI sonic and ultrasonic,
231b, 238–239
hand and engine-driven
instruments, 290–308
handle movements, 325f
HERO 642/Hero Shaper,
298–299, 301f
infection management, 292f
irrigation modes and devices,
331–334 (See also
irrigation/irrigants)
objectives of, 289b, 316–318,
320f
pathophysiology of endodontic
disease, 283–285
pulp remnants/wall debris/
cleaned walls, 149f
radiographic examples, 340f
rotary instruments (See rotary
instruments)
sequence of use of instruments,
321f, 323f, 329f
smear layer management,
337–339, 338f–339f
standardized technique for, 321
step-back technique, 321–322
step-down technique, 322
cleaning and shaping of canal
system (Continued)
straight-line access, 324f
surface textures of unprepared
root canal, 314f
technical issues of, 289–316
techniques for, 42, 331–339
ultrasonic devices, 330–331
in vivo/in vitro, 292f
cleaning of instruments. See
sterilization
clenching, 56, 788
clinical presentations
in apical periodontitis, 534–535
internal root resorption, 644
pulpal inflammation correlation,
509–510, 509f
root fractures, 635
symptomatic apical
periodontitis, 540
clinicians. See staff issues
closed apex avulsions, 648–651
closure of surgical site, 756
clot formation, 724
cluster headaches, 57
CMCP (camphorated
monochlorophenol), 41
CO2, forming solid, 16f
cocaine, 695t
codeine, 682, 687
CO2 laser, 519
cold sterilization, 126–127, 129
Colla-Cote, 940f, 942f–943f
collagen, 764t
collagen bundles in pulp space,
607f
in dental matrix, 462–463
as hemostatic agent, 440, 613f,
745, 746f
ossix membrane, 668f
pulpal collagen fibers, 471f, 473f
soft-tissue, 495
types I-VI, 473
collagen bundles in pulp space,
607f
collagen gene expression, 456–457
collagen GTR (guided tissue
regeneration), 666f
CollaPlug, 615f–616f
College of American Pathologists,
995
collimation, 95
color. See also discoloration
changes, 780, 789
differences in pulp chamber
areas, 171–172
law of, 151
combination grafts, 764t
combined lesions, endo-perio, 661f
communication (office), 956–959,
1025. See also patient
preparation/education
e-mail protocols, 967b
eye contact, 958
interoffice, 967
nonverbal, 958–959
privacy protocols for, 966
professional, 437
rapport with patients, 436–437,
956–957

communication (office)
(Continued)
telephone skills, 437
trust-building, 959
community-based microbial
pathogenesis, 565–568, 566f,
578–579
compaction
devices for, 244f
pluggers, 372f
thermomechanical, 381
excessive, 371f
lateral, 367–368
comparative testing for pulp/
periradicular status, 894
compartment syndrome, 430
complaints. See chief complaints
complications
with geriatric patients, 882
lawsuits and, 964
neuropathic, 59
in patients with cancer, 73
of periodontal treatment,
865–866
of periradicular surgery,
766–768
postoperative, with Stabident
and X-tip systems, 711
of post removal, 907–909
of root fractures/cracks,
636–637
with single versus multiple visit
treatment, 81–82
treatment of (See specific injury)
composite core approaches
materials for, 754–755, 784–785
with post, 802f–803f
recommendations for, 790f–791f
without post, 801f
composite resin bonding, 834f
composite restorations, 613f,
795f–796f
composition of sealers, 266b
Compudent (The Wand), 707,
707f
computed tomography (CT scan),
29, 732–734, 994t
computer hardware and software
in administration areas, 993
cabling and wireless systems,
1001
central information store (client/
server network), 974–975
data security, 975
equipment protection, 975
hardware, 975
privacy, 975
software, 974–975
central processing units (CPUs),
1002
Citrix and Windows servers,
999
clinical support, 970t
computer hardware and
software, 999f
consulting and support IT
systems, 1004
digital imagine (See digital
imaging instruments/
systems)
computer hardware and software
(Continued)
fat-client/thin-client models,
999–1001
graphics and imaging standards,
994–995
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 1004
input devices, 1003–1004
integrated office system, 970f
local area networking (LANs),
998
monitors, 1002–1003
online communication systems,
996f
online preregistration forms,
1000f–1001f
patient education software, 1004
pharmacology reference
software, 1004
power supplies/protection, 1001
printers, 1003
scanners
dental film scanning, 985f,
986b
document, 1003
virtual private networks (VPNs),
998–999
wide area networking (WANs),
998
workstations, 972
computerized records, 405
confidentiality, 966
digital signatures, 966
off-site backup, 966
protection against alteration,
966
computer use
policies for, 967
protocols, 966, 967b, 982b
in sterilization areas, 993
COMT inhibitors, 695t
concentricity, law of, 151
concomitant attachment damage,
625
concomitant lesions, 661, 661f
concussion luxations, 637
cone-beam volumetric tomography
(CBVT), 20, 22f–25f, 229,
229f, 721–722, 732–734,
966–968, 992–993,
1015f–1016f
angulation examples, 1014f
applications of, 734
axial slice images, 1012f
benefits of, 1012
description of, 1007
for detecting root fractures, 29
diagnostic tasks for, 1008–1016
examinations and
interpretations, 22–23
field of view, 1008–1011
image examples, 1010f
immature maxillary canine, 820f
incomplete obturation, 1017f
indications for, 1010–1011
access cavity images, 1013f
apical morphology/endodontic
lesions, 1012–1013
cone-beam volumetric tomography
(CBVT) (Continued)
internal/external root
resorption, 1016
presurgical visualization, 1013
root canal system
morphology, 1013
suspected root fractures/
trauma, 1013–1016
interpreting ability of clinician,
1011
machines currently on market,
1009f, 1010t
maxillary primary molars, 816f
pixels versus voxels, 1007–1008,
1009f
pulp stones/canal calcification,
1015f
radiation doses from, 994t
region of interest (ROI), 1011
spatial resolution requirements,
1010–1011
tools available in, 1007
versus 2D radiography, 1013
usage for implant placement/
apical surgery, 443f
voxels/voxel sizes, 1007–1008
cones, silver. See silver points/
cones
cone shift (buccal-object rule),
103–106, 106f–107f, 166
cone-shift technique, 103
confidentiality, 444f, 964–966
connective tissue, 472–473, 603,
635
conscious sedation, 714, 734–737
Consensus Conference on Diagnostic
Terminology, 36
consent forms, 399f
Consolidated Standards of
Reporting Trials (CONSORT),
42
CONSORT (Consolidated
Standards of Reporting
Trials), 42
consults. See referrals/consults
continuing education. See staff
issues
continuous wave compaction
technique, 371–374, 374f
convergence, 52, 55
of pulpal nociceptors, 55
referred pain and, 674
with visceral/musculoskeletal
pain, 63–64
core/core materials, 784–785
Activ GP, 364
amalgam, 785
amalgam core, 779f, 785, 800f
amalgam cores, 798
choice of core, 439–440
composite core, 801f–803f
with post, 802f–803f
resin, 784–785
without post, 801f
core bundle, 701f
flexing of core, 782
glass ionomer/modified glass
ionomer, 785
gold, 798–801
INDEX I-7
core/core materials (Continued)
recommendations for, 790f–791f
retention of core, 804f
role of core, 781
solid core obturators, 914–919
coronal access cavity preparation,
899–901
coronal binding, 320
coronal dentin, 459, 462–463,
463f
coronal disassembly, 899–901
CoronalFlex Kit, 901f
coronal hard-tissue deposition,
290f
coronal leakage, 164, 350
coronal orifice sealers, 381–382
coronal penetration of bacteria,
249–250
coronal pulp, 109, 455f, 603–604,
823–824, 824f
coronal radicular amalgam, 798
coronal root fractures, treatment of
complications of, 636–637
coronal seals, 153, 369f–370f,
881–882
coronal tooth structure, 151f, 875
coronal vitality loss, 636
coronary heart disease (CHD),
405–408
corrosion, 364f, 921, 922f
cortex, 676
cortical bone perforations,
1015f–1016f
cortical plates, 848
corticosteroids, 674
for analgesia, 683–685
antiinflammatory effects of,
683–684
intracanal administration of,
683
patients taking long-term, 604
systemic administration of,
683–684
cosmetic dentistry, 905
COX-1 and 2 (cyclooxygenase),
672–673, 675f, 728
COX-2 inhibitors, 680
cracks/fractures, 24, 47, 864
apical fractures, 751
cracked tooth syndrome, 25, 47
crown (See crowns (anatomic))
locating/evaluating, 19, 27–28,
228f
management of, 47
prognosis for, 29
reduced risk of causing, 120
treatment for, 24
types of, 24–25
vertical root fractures (See
vertical root fractures)
craniofacial structures, 62
craze lines, 24, 864
CRCS, 266b
cross-innervation, 701
crowded teeth, 173–174, 174f
Crown-A-Matic, 901f
crown-down (double-flare)
technique, 320–323,
328f–329f, 922f
crown infraction, 622–624
I-8 INDEX
crown lengthening, 78–79,
792–793
crown margin failure, 782
crown restorations (caps)
creating access through, 168
crown lengthening, 792–793
crown preparation for temporary
restorations, 801–805
explanations of treatments, need
for crown after treatment,
92
foundation restorations under
full crowns, 794–801
indications for, 780f
materials for (See restorative
materials and options)
metal veneer, 168–169
onlays/overlays, 798f
performing endodontic therapy
through, 158
porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns,
15–16
porcelain jacket crowns, 15–16
recommendations for, 790f–791f
removal of, 878f, 899–901
retention of, 876f
Richwil Crown and Bridge
Remover, 902f
veneers (See veneer crowns)
crown-root fractures, 621, 635
crowns (anatomic)
access cavity preparation
crown tilt, 163f
with missing anatomic crown,
169f
teeth with minimal/no crown,
165–175
through ceramometal crowns,
171f
fractures/cracks, 620, 622–635
complicated, 624, 624f
crown infraction, 622–624
emergency treatment of,
623f
treatment methods, 624–625,
629f
full pulpotomy, 629
uncomplicated, 624
morphogenesis of, 455
pulpal reaction to preparation
of, 516, 516f
regeneration of, 602
requirements for success of
restorations for, 781–782
surface temperature of, 225
crown tilt, access cavity
preparation, 163f
crown-to-root angulation,
166–168, 174
C-shaped canal configurations,
142–144, 214f, 217b–219b,
217f
CT scan (computed tomography),
29, 732–734, 994t
CTX test, 75–76
cube tool, 1015f–1016f
culture methods, 568b, 648
curettage, 744–745
curved canals, 118f–120f
cuspal flexure, 523–524
cusps
bite testing on individual, 19
pressure on, to assess for
fracture, 27
custom cap posts, 947f
custom cones, 366–367
customer service, 1023–1024
cutting angles, 234
cutting tips, 232f
Cvek pulpotomies, 842–843, 843f
cyanoacrylate, 925f, 929–930
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and 2),
672–673, 675f, 728
CYP2D6 allele, 687
cystic lesions, 893f
apical periodontitis with
cell biology of, 547
clinical features, 548
cyst regression after
nonsurgical therapy, 554
histopathology of, 548,
548f–550f
inflammatory mediators with,
548
outcomes, 551
histopathology of, 662
periodontal cysts, 662,
664f–665f
radicular, 545–551
radicular cysts, 288f
true cysts, 892f
cysts, 744–745
cytochrome P450 (CYP), 687
cytokines, 673
in innate immunoinflammatory
response, 539
release of, 675f
in wound healing, 553t
cytolytic T lymphocytes, in
adaptive immune response,
533
D DenOptix system, 984–985
danger space, 593
dark room organization, 102–103
dead tracts, 811
deafferentation, 478
debonding, C-factor for, 780
debridement, surgical versus
biologic, 554
debris
apical extrusion of, 585
cotton fibers, 746–747
dentinal, 880–881
left by NiTi instruments, 319
in maxillary sinus, 731
removal of, 461–462
in tooth orifices, 149f, 175f,
316, 331–332, 935
decision making
filling material, 943–944
for practice management issues,
1025–1026
preserving versus replacing a
restoration, 899–900
shared, 722
for treatment options, 722–723,
898, 939–941
deep somatic tissue, 55
defective instruments, 421
defective restorations, 157, 432
deflection of instruments, 160–161
DEJ (dentinoenamel junction),
460f, 656
delivery systems
apexification with calcium
hydroxide, 254f
Calamus flow obturation
delivery, 377f, 378
calcium hydroxide, 254f
fluid to canals, 316
gutta-percha, 245f, 376f–377f,
378–381, 380f–381f
HotShot, 378
intraligamentary anesthesia, 706
irrigation modes and devices,
331–333
medications paste, 615f–616f
for mineral trioxide aggregate
(MTA), 728, 756f
MTA placement, 727
obturation materials, 836
for obturation materials,
269–271
preclinical studies on, 606
for regenerative tissue, 606
for root-end fillings, 728
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI),
256f
staining dyes, 267f
syringe types, 727–728
triple antibiotic paste, 608–609
demethylation, 687
demineralization, 357, 604–605
demineralized freeze-dried bone
allografts (DFDBAs), 666f
dendritic cells
in asymptomatic apical
periodontitis, 542–543
pulpal, 469, 469f–471f,
507–508, 507f
denominators invaginatus, 611f
Dental Anxiety Scale, 436
dental basement membrane,
453–454
dental dams. See rubber dams
dental health care personnel
(DHCP). See staff issues
dental history, 6–9. See also
diagnostic processes
for determination of vertical
root fractures, 27
documentation of, 393, 397
of of geriatric patients, 861–870
interview techniques, 6
present problem, 6
dental operating microscopes
(DOMs), 28, 137, 137f, 145f,
226–228. See also microscopes
dental papilla (DP), 454,
454f–456f, 456
Dental Patient Bill of Rights, 409
dental phobia, 954. See also
anxiety/fear
dental pulp (DP), 457f, 525.
See also pulp/pulpal entries
dental pulp cells (DPCs), 604f
dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs),
603–604, 606f
dental sac (DS), 454f, 457f
denticles (pulp stones), 494, 1015f
dentin, 458–462
age-related changes in, 497
carious lesions in, 152, 490f
circumpulpal, 458–459
deposition of new, 816, 827f
EDTA exposure, 252f
elasticity of, 458
exposed, 515–516, 515f–516f,
560–561, 894
exposure to ethylenediamine
Tetra-acetic Acid, 252f
formation of, 489–490
fragilization of, 777
groove creation in, 480f
injuries to, 810f
interglobular, 460, 460f
intertubular, 459, 460f
intratubular, 459
mantle, 458
peritubular, 460f
permeability of, 461–462, 516
predentin (PD), 459, 477f, 492f
permeability of, and pulpal
reaction, 517f
primary, secondary, tertiary,
458, 489
protection of, 521
reactive (tertiary)
dentinogenesis, 285,
504–506, 506f, 810f, 811
regenerative, 603, 606f
removal of, 325f, 330–331,
335f
removing/locating calcified
canals, 173f
reparative, 490, 490f–491f, 493,
493f, 505–506, 506f, 812,
864f
root, mechanical properties of,
462–463
sensitivity, innervation of pulp,
478–480
structure/properties of, 604–605,
777–778
surface modifiers, 311–316
tertiary reactionary, 810f, 811
thickened, 641f
ultimate tensile strength of,
778
dentinal bridging, 811–812, 845f
dentinal fluid, 460–461
dentinal sclerosis, 459–460
dentinal tubules, 459, 477f, 492f,
656
arrangement of, 809f
bacteria in, 335–336, 560–561,
644f
branching of, 460f
description of, 479
fluid movement in, 36f, 479f
infections of, 287
leakage through, 150f
microorganisms in, 291f
number and diameter per square
millimeter, 459t
pathogens capable of
penetrating, 576–577
size/density of, 462f

dentinal walls
reinforcement of thin, 633
thickness change of, 613f
dentin and enamel junction (DEJ),
460f
dentin bonding, chlorhexidine,
250
dentin bridge formation, 492
dentin bulges, removal of, 164,
165f
dentin dust, 315f
dentin hypersensitivity
management of, 510, 511f
treatment of, 521
dentinoclasts (osteoclasts), 543,
544f, 642f
dentinoenamel junction (DEJ),
460f, 656
dentinogenesis, 285–286, 457,
472, 504–505
dentinphosphoprotein (DPP),
458–459
dentin protection measures, 521
dentin-pulp border zone, 477f
dentin-pulp complex. See
pulp-dentin complex
dentin regeneration, 603
dentin sclerosis, 505, 505f
dentin sensitivity, 478–480
dentin surface modifiers, 311–316
dentures, 859, 896–897
Depo-Medrol, 714
deposition of new dentin, 816,
827f
desiccation, pulpal damage and,
513–514
development, staff. See under staff
issues
developmental grooves, 661–662
devices. See diagnostic materials
and devices; instruments
dexamethasone, 604, 683–684
DFDBAs (demineralized freeze-
dried bone allografts), 666f
DHCP (dental health care
personnel). See staff issues
diabetes mellitus, 73–74
diagnostic materials and devices,
223–229
for cracks and fractures,
226–228
digital radiography, 989
endodontic instruments,
229–245
hyperalgesia, 675f
image assessment, 228–229
off-the-cuff diagnoses, 437
for pulp sensitivity, 223–225
for pulp vascularity, 225–226
diagnostic processes. See also
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT);
radiography; sensitivity
assessment; testing/
assessment methods;
thermal testing; specific
condition, disease, or
injury; specific test
proceduresapical
periodontitis, 534–535
diagnostic materials and devices
(Continued)
art and science of, 2–9
assessment interview questions
commencement of pain, 6
duration of symptoms, 6
intensity of symptoms, 6
localization of pain, 6
provocation of/relief of
discomfort, 6
avulsed teeth, 648
blood from exposed pulp site,
820
chief complaint, 2–5
dental history, 6–9
for determination of vertical
root fractures, 27
interview techniques, 6
present problem, 6
documentation of, 395
for emergencies, 40
establishment of working
diagnosis, 817
examination/testing, 9–32
exploratory surgery for,
735f–736f
external versus internal root
resorption, 645
extraoral examination, 9–10
framework for neuropathic pain,
55
with geriatric patients, 861
interview protocol, 957–958
intraoral examination, 10–15
for locating root canal orifices,
137
materials and devices,
hyperalgesia, 675f
medical history, 5–6
for microorganism identification,
50
misdiagnoses, 893f
nonodontogenic toothaches
(See nonodontogenic
toothaches)
off-the-cuff, 437
pediatric, 817–821
for posttreatment disease,
892–894
pulp vitality (See pulp testing
methods)
radiographic examinations and
interpretations, 20–23
cone-beam volumetric
tomography, 22–23
digital radiography, 21–22
intraoral radiographs, 20–21
referred pain, 31–32
root fractures (See root
fractures/cracks)
sample forms for information
gathering, 3f–4f, 7f
selective testing with anesthesia
locating pain sources, 66f–67f
to primary and secondary
pain sources, 674–675
pulp testing methods, 19–20
software packages for, 8f
stages of, 2
for vertical root fractures, 27
diagnostic records, 393
Diaket, 753–754
diameter of maxillary teeth, 146
diameters of apical root canal,
148–149, 318
diamond burs, 153
diclofenac, 680
dietary supplements, 404
Dietary Supplements Health and
Education (DSHE) Act, 404
differential diagnosis
cement trails, 29
documentation of, 393–395
endodontic/periodontal lesions,
661–662
intraligamentary anesthesia for,
706
nonodontogenic/odontogenic
pain, 65
pulpal/periodontal disease, 662t
radiographic interpretation, 103
referred pain and, 32
stomal exits, 13–14
vertical root fracture, 27–28
differentiation (potency) of stem
cells, 603
diffusion barrier, 285
difluorodichloromethane gas, 621f
digital documentation, 964
digital imaging instruments/
systems, 966–967
cameras, 984f
complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS)
direct sensor, 985f
computer interface for, 992
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (See cone-
beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT))
data quality, 985–987
DICOM compliant units, 994f
digital photography, 983–984,
984f
effective doses from x-ray
procedures, 994t
fiberoptic imaging, 983
intraoral cameras, 978–983,
982f
markers/tags, 991–992
measurement, 991
microscopic imaging, 978
patient education systems, 989
quality assurance, 989
radiation protection, 987–989,
988f–989f
radiography, 21–22, 108f,
984–985, 989–991,
990f–991f, 993f
security of, 991
storage and compression of
images, 991
visible light (VL) imaging, 982b
workflow improvement, 989
digitalis (Digoxin), 695t
digital photography, 983–984
digital radiography, 21–22
digital signatures, 966
digital technology/equipment. See
technology/digital technology
INDEX I-9
dilacerated root system, 104f–105f
diode lasers, 275
diphenhydramine (Benadryl), 700
direct composite resins, 780–781
direct composite restorations,
780–781, 795f–796f
direct digital imaging systems,
108
direct foundation restorations,
783–785
direct pulp capping, 518–519, 822,
840–841, 841f
disclosure errors, 416, 433
discoloration, 92, 780f, 790f–791f,
797f, 869. See also color
of crown, 821
of nonvital primary incisors,
835
of primary teeth, 834f
of single teeth, 869
of traumatized teeth, 821
discomfort. See also pain entries
during anesthesia injections,
712
with intraligamentary
anesthesia, 706
of intrapulpal injections,
711–712
provocation of/relief of, 6
disease transmission, 134
disinfection/disinfectants, 124,
311–316. See also irrigation/
irrigants
of apical part of root canal, 319
canal disinfection, 630–631
of canal space, 132, 939
chlorhexidine (CHX), 132,
247–251, 250f, 254,
312–314
effectiveness of, 338
ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic
Acid (EDTA), 137, 252f,
314–315, 749–750, 921
heating of solutions, 336
hydrogen peroxide, 335–336
iodine potassium iodide (IKI),
227, 249, 253, 314
low-level, 129
MTAD, 251–252, 251f, 314
povidone iodine, 248, 251
pretreatment, 124–130
protocols for, 609
pulpal reaction to, 519
sodium hypochlorite (See
sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCI))
techniques, 630–631
of treatment room, 129–130
displacement of teeth, 821
distal access cavities, 175f
distal root, 23, 83f, 210t, 886f
distofacial roots, 817
distraction osteogenesis, 602
distraction techniques, 959
diversity of microorganisms,
571–573, 572f
divided/split canals, 187f
DNA, 569
doctor-patient relationship,
956–957
I-10 INDEX
documentation/records. See also
legal responsibilities/issues
abbreviations used in, 405, 405b
archiving, 975
clinician and staff initials log,
406f
computerized treatment records,
405
computer records, 966
confidentiality of, 966
corrections to record entries,
407, 407f
dental history, 393
diagnostic and progress records,
393
diagnostic tests, 395
digital, 964
electronic records, 393, 977
evaluation and differential
diagnosis, 393–395
false claims/billing, 407–408
falsified records, 408f
forms (samples) (See forms
(samples))
furcation defects, 15b
Government Computer-Based
Patient Record (GCPR),
969–970
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 405–406
identity of entry authors, 406
importance of records, 390
informed consent forms, 397
laws of computer records, 966
confidentiality, 966
digital signatures, 966
off-site backup, 966
protection against alteration,
966
legal responsibilities (See legal
responsibilities/issues)
medical health history, 390–393
Medical History form, 392f
medication log, 398f
MedWatch, 404–405
Patient Account Information for,
391f
patient education pamphlets,
406
patient information form, 390
patient record requests, 406
perception of stimulus, 54
poor record-keeping, 964
postoperative instructions, 406,
406f
progress notes, 400f–401f
of radiography, 393
record excellence, 390–405
recording notes, 967
recording refusal of treatment,
418
record size, 406
referrals, 406–407
security of, 965–966, 975
S.O.A.P. (Subjective Objective
Appraisal Plan) format, 6
spoliation, 407
of suspected etiology, 894
tooth mobility, 15b
documentation/records (Continued)
of treatment history, 397–404
dietary supplements, 404
drug history, 402
FDA drug approval, 402–404
general patient data, 397
medical history, 398–402
of treatment methods, 397–404
dietary supplements, 404
drug history, 402
FDA drug approval, 402–404
general patient data, 397
medical history, 398–402
of treatment planning, 395–397
diagnosis, 395
examination, 395
patient consultation, 395
of treatment provided, 397
written records/forms, 133b
Domer bur, 906f–907f
DOMs (dental operating
microscopes), 28, 137, 137f,
145f, 226–228. See also
microscopes
Doppler principle, 18
dorsal horn, 51–52
dosages, local anesthesia, 693t
double-flare (crown-down)
technique, 320–323,
328f–329f, 922f
double-flare technique (crown-
down), 322
DP (dental papilla), 454,
454f–456f, 456
DP (dental pulp), 457f, 525.
See also pulp/pulpal entries
DPCs (dental pulp cells), 604f
DPSCs (dental pulp stem cells),
603–604, 606f
drainage, 811
for controlling swelling, 42
of fluctuant swelling, 81f
incisions for, 42–45, 594
leaving teeth open, 42, 45
local anesthesia for, 713
from periapical area through
canal, 46f
sinus tracts, 13
drills. See also burs
Gates-Glidden, 292–294, 311f,
929f
slips of, 427
drugs. See medications
drug-seeking behavior, 687
dry heat sterilizers, 127–129
dry ice, 15–16
drying techniques, 42
DS (dental sac), 454f, 457f
DSHE (Dietary Supplements Health
and Education) Act, 404
dual-cured resin cements, 787
dual wavelength
spectrophotometry, 226
duration of anesthesia, 697
infiltration, 712
intraligamentary, 706
intraosseous route, 710
mandibular, 697
for mandibular teeth, 713
maxillary, 703–704
duration of symptoms, 6
dyes. See staining dyes
dystrophic calcification, 495
E treatment, 45
ecchymosis, 767f, 883–887
ecosystem of root canal, 577–579
ectodermal stem cells, 603
ectomesenchymal (mesenchymal)
stem cells, 603
pulpal, 603
sources of, 609
types of, 603–604
EDTA (ethylenediamine Tetra-
acetic Acid), 137, 252f,
314–315, 459, 749–750, 921
education. See patient preparation/
education; staff issues
effective dose (radiation), 733–734
effects of root canal treatment,
284f–285f
efferent (autonomic) neurons, 474
Eggler Post Remover, 905, 908f
EI DownPak device, 376f
elastic deformation, 230b
elastic fibers, 472
elasticity of dentin, 458
elastic limit, 230b
elastin fibers, 472
elderly patients. See geriatric
patients
electric pulp test, 15–16, 31, 621,
867, 894
electrochemically activated water,
316
electronic records, 393
Electronic Signature in Global
and National Commerce Act,
405
electronic speckle pattern
interferometry (ESPI),
781–782
electrosurgery, 120–121, 427, 747,
831
Elements obturation unit, 377f,
378
Emdogain, 602
emergencies, 40
AAE Endodontic Case Difficulty
Assessment Form and
Guidelines, 43f–44f
analgesics for, 45–46
antibiotic prescriptions, 45
avulsed teeth, 647–648
classification of, 40
cracks/fractures, 47
definition, 40
diagnostic process for, 40
flare-ups, 46–47
informed consent with, 415
laboratory diagnostic adjuncts,
46
leaving teeth open, 42, 45
life-threatening, 45
management of, 40–45, 1023
nonvital infected teeth, 46f
pulpal necrosis with acute
periradicular abscess,
42–45
recording of care given, 423
emergencies (Continued)
single versus multiple visit
treatment for, 81–82
symptomatic teeth with previous
vital teeth, 41–42
Emery & Webb, 698–699
emotional response to pain, 955
empathy, 957
Employee Retirement Income
Security Act (ERISA), 409, 425
employees. See staff issues
enamel, artificial, 811
enamel knots, 455
EndoActivator System, 255, 255f
Endobender Pliers, 938f
EndoCal 10, 921f
EndoCal 10 (Biocalex 6.9), 921
endocrowns, 781, 790f–791f
endodontically treated teeth,
restorations on. See
restorations; restorative
materials and options; under
restorative procedures
Endodontic Case Difficulty
Assessment Form and
Guidelines (AAE), 42, 43f–44f
endodontic diseases, 658f
primary lesions, 658, 658f–659f
with secondary periodontal
involvement, 658–659,
660f
relationship of radicular
anatomy to, 296f
endodontic failure, 79f
endodontic infections, 559–560,
571, 657. See also infections
Endo Extractor kit, 929–930
endogenous abatement of pain, 52
EndoRez, 268, 268f
EndoRez environmental scanning
electron microscope (ESM),
264f
endoscopy, 109, 983, 984f
EndoSequence, 303–304
Endosolv-E/Endosolv-R, 915f
endosseous dental implants.
See implants
Endotec II device, 375f
endothelial cells, 492f, 537
endothelial cells/angiogenesis,
725–726
endothelial perturbation, 489
endotoxins, 312
EndoVac, 256, 257f
end-stage renal disease/dialysis, 76
enterococci organisms, 313t
Enterococcus faecalis, 247–248,
251–252, 261–262, 582, 584,
939
enucleation of lesions, 664f–665f
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 130
environmental stress, bacterial
protection from, 567
epinephrine, 693–694, 697–700,
728–729
articaine with, 703
bupivacaine with, 703
prilocaine with, 703

epinephrine pellets, 746–747
Epiphany, 267
Epiphany Obturation System, 365f,
915f
epithelial cell rests of Malassez
(ERM), 530, 543, 544f
epithelial cells, in asymptomatic
apical periodontitis with cyst
formation, 547
epithelial enamel knots, 455
epithelial healing, 726
epithelial rest cells, 457f
epithelial root sheath (ERS), 457f
epithelium, 455f, 726
equipment maintenance, 421, 964.
See also technology/digital
technology
equivalent dose (radiation),
733–734
eradication of microorganisms,
312–314, 334–337
erbium. chromium-doped yttrium
scandium gallium garnet
lasers, 275
erbium-doped yttrium aluminum
garnet lasers, 274–275
ergonomics, 973
ERISA (Employee Retirement
Income Security Act), 409,
425
ERM (epithelial cell rests of
Malassez), 530, 543, 544f
errors. See also failures
of access cavity preparation,
152, 175, 176f, 318f
breaking instruments, 177f
failure to remove pulp
chamber roof, 175f
inadequate/incomplete, 161f
overextension of cavity, 175f
perforations, 170f, 174f
poor placement of, 175f
avoiding, 158–159
bleach injuries, 439f
burns, 422f
of cleaning and shaping, 298f,
319f
concealment of, 431–432
disclosure, 416, 433
examples of, 416f
excessive local anesthetics, 422f
excessive pressure, 925–926
fatal injuries, 438
harpooned implants, 438f
incorrect core choice, 439
instrument breakage (See under
instruments)
of length control, 919f
misdiagnosis of psychogenic
pain, 57–58
misinterpretation of radiographs,
103
missed canals, 939f
missing fractures, caries,
marginal breakdowns,
157–158
overfills (See overextensions/
overfills)
overheating posts, 414f
perforations (See perforations)
errors (Continued)
placement of radiation detectors,
988
preparation, 316
separated instruments
(See separated/broken
instruments)
shortfilled canal, 435f
transportation, 231, 435f
eruption, forced, 667, 669f
eruption ages
mandibular teeth
canines, 202f
central/lateral incisors, 201f
first molars, 211f
first premolars, 205f
second molars, 214f
second premolars, 207f
third molars, 216f
maxillary teeth
canines, 181f
central incisors, 178f
first molars, 187f, 191f
first premolars, 185f
lateral incisors, 181f
second molars, 196f
second premolars, 185f, 187f
third molars, 198f
Er:YAG laser, 519
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR), 62
erythromycin, 684
ESM (EndoRez environmental
scanning electron
microscope), 264f
ESPI (electronic speckle pattern
interferometry), 781–782
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation
rate), 62
esthetics, 82
discoloration, 92, 780f,
790f–791f, 797f, 869
of crown, 821
of nonvital primary incisors,
835
of primary teeth, 834f
of single teeth, 869
of traumatized teeth, 821
implant, 896–897
recommendations for treatment
and, 790f–791f
esthetic zone of mouth, 788
etch-and-rinse adhesive system,
794, 795f, 799f, 801f
etching agents, 515, 798f, 801f
ethical guidelines, 410–412, 444
ethnic differences, 142–144, 956
ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid
(EDTA), 137, 252f, 314–315,
459, 749–750, 921
etiology, vertical root fractures,
25–26
etiology of, 890–892
Eucalyptol, 912f
eucalyptol, 911–912
evacuation systems, 256f
evaluation/assessment. See also
diagnostic processes;
radiography
documentation of, 393–395
evaluation/assessment (Continued)
for treatment planning, 77–86
endodontic therapy versus
dental implants, 80
factors influencing case
selection, 82–86
immature teeth, 82
nonvital cases, 81
periodontal considerations, 77
restorative considerations,
78–79
retreatment cases, 82
single-visit versus multiple-
visit treatment, 81–82
surgical considerations, 77–78
vital cases, 80–81
evidence-based endodontics,
413–414
evoked bleeding, 609, 611f–612f
examinations, 9–32. See also
diagnostic processes
extraoral examination, 9–10
intraoral examination, 10–15
process for, 433, 818
examples of forms. See forms
(samples)
excavation of restorations and base
material, 172f
excisional dentoalveolar wounds,
726–727
excitatory action (+ sign), 675f
excitatory neurons, 675
exogenous infections, 562–563
exostoses, 885f
expert testimony, 424
exploratory surgery, 120, 725f,
735f–736f
explorers, 144f, 156, 156f–157f,
159f–160f, 173f, 230f
exposed dentin, 515–516,
515f–516f, 894
exposure of film. See radiography
extended-shank round burs, 155
external root resorption, 639–643,
886f
external versus internal root
resorption, 645
extracellular matrix (ECM), 472
extractions. See also intentional
replantation
alternatives to, 885f
inadvertent, 901f
indications for, 79f, 896–897,
909, 924
as last resort, 945
long-term prognosis for, 897f
neuroma formation in sites of,
58–59
of posts, 906f
restoration options with,
662–663
when to consider, 920
extraoral examinations, 9–10
extraoral facial swelling, 9–10
extraoral sinus tract, 11f
extraradicular infections, 551–552,
569–571, 584–587, 586f–587f,
892f
extraradicular microorganisms,
892f
INDEX I-11
extrusion, 438–439
avoiding, 336
forced, 667, 669f
orthodontic, 667
of sealers, 360f
extrusive luxation, 637
eye protection, 728
F
facial pain, 50
facial swelling, 593
faciolingual plane, 814
factitious disorders, 61
failures. See also errors
to achieve anesthesia, 696–697,
700–701
accessory innervation, 700
accuracy of injection, 701
cross-innervation, 701
needle bevel and success, 701
needle deflection, 701
speed of injection, 701
theory on, 701
canal isthmi and, 150
endodontic (See endodontic
failure)
with geriatric patients, 882
with glutaraldehyde use, 827
of initial endodontic therapy,
890–891
overfill-related, 721
posts, 784
pulpotomy, 819f
treatment, 349, 363, 581
false claims/billing, 407–408
falsified records, 408f
fascial space infections, 590–594,
591f–592f
fast break guideline, 136–137
fatal injuries, 438
fatigue failure, 782–783
FDA. See Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
fearful patients. See anxiety/fear
Federal False Claims Act, 407–408
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure,
424
fees/payment procedures, 437–438
ferric sulfate, 746, 827–830
ferrules, 778, 781
FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor 2),
602
fiberoptic imaging, 983
fiber posts, 784, 905
fibrin, generation of, 95
fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2),
602
fibroblasts/fibroplasia, 468–469,
492f, 543–545, 603, 725
fibrodentin, 492–493, 505–506
fibrosis, 494f, 868f
files. See also specific file by name,
e.g. ProFile
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), 240t
choosing, 147–148
cleaning and shaping, 231b,
236–238
components of, 233–236
designs of, 236
I-12 INDEX
files (Continued)
finishing, 327f
flute geometry, 298f
hand files, 326f, 937
handle movements, 325f
instruments designs, 236
overinsertion of, 416f
patency, 318
for pathfinding and gauging,
322f
precurved stiff, 935–936
reciprocating, 242–243
retreatment, 915f
self-adjusting files (SAFs),
236–238, 237f, 257f
separated, 428f, 929
single use of, 132
Twisted File (TF), 305f
twisted/fluted, 304–305
unretrieved broken, 427–428
fillings/filing materials, 260–269
amalgam, 170f, 748f, 798, 948f
apexification, 266b, 633
bonded root-end fillings, 752
extrusion of, 59f
ideal, 358–359
MTA (See mineral trioxide
aggregate (MTA))
overfills, 426f, 430f–432f
Oxpara study, 833
paste, 919–920, 919f–920f
for primary root canals, 836–838
properties of ideal obturation,
363b
root-end, 382f, 728, 740f, 748f,
752–756, 752f, 884f
sealers and cements, 263–269
(See also sealers/sealants)
solid, 260–262
temporary, 80–81, 153,
272f–273f
toxic components of, 59, 269
film holding devices, 101f–102f.
See also radiography
film images, 987
finger spreaders, 369f–370f
Fisch, E. A., 258
FISH, 586
fissure carbide burs, 153
fistulas, 13
five-canal configurations, 216f
fixed bridges, 880f–882f
flap reflection, 742–743, 743f, 885f
flaps/flap design, 742
closure of flap, 756
for soft-tissue access, 742
submarginal, 742f–743f, 947f
triangular, 742f
flare-ups, 676, 924
corticosteroid treatment for, 683
definition, 46–47
incidence of, 676, 679
prophylactic antibiotics for, 684
swelling with, 42
flaring
apical, 147–148
of canals, 792, 879
coronal, 159–160, 164
of orifice, 160
radicular, 147–148
flash sterilization, 127
flexion of post/core, 782, 788–789
FlexMaster files, 303, 303f, 309f
flexural strength of posts,
783–784
flora, microbial, 560f
fluctuant swelling, 12f
fluid-borne pathogens, 88
fluid delivery systems, 316
fluid movement, in dentinal
tubules, 479f
fluid-tight seals, 352
flute geometry, 298f
focal infection theory, 587–589
follow-up care, 766
after pulp capping, 844
pulpectomies in primary teeth,
838
for traumatic injuries, 621–622
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)
chloroform use, 911–912
drug approval, 402–404, 964
maximal dose of acetaminophen,
680–682
MedWatch, 404
NSAID product labeling, 680
Prescription Drug User Fee Act,
404
food impaction, 818f
foramina
accessory, 140f, 147, 181f
apical, 145–146, 656
blood flow through, 657
mandibular permanent teeth,
140t
maxillary permanent teeth,
139t
size of main, 146t
greater palatine foramen, 732f
lack of main, 146–147
in mandibular teeth, 138–139
in maxillary teeth, 138–139
mental foramen, 730f
incisive nerve block at, 699
neuroma formation in, 58–59
multiple, 149, 218f
forced eruption procedure, 667,
669f
foreign body reactions, 542, 892f
foreign objects. See obstructions
formaldehyde, 823, 826
formaldehyde additives, 268–269
formocresol pulpotomies,
823–827, 826b, 827f–828f,
845
forms (samples)
AAE Endodontic Case Difficulty
Assessment Form and
Guidelines, 43f–44f
confidentiality agreement, 444f
Dental Symptoms, 394f
diagnosis and treatment, 396f,
400f–401f
Endodontic Case Difficulty
Assessment Form and
Guidelines, 42
for evaluating odontogenic
toothache, 62f–63f
for information gathering, 7f
forms (samples) (Continued)
informed consent, 397, 399f,
419f
Medical History, 392f
online preregistration forms,
1000f–1001f
patient information, 390
physician recommendations
forms, 445f
referral form/report, 972f
Tell Us About Your Health
form, 4f
Tell Us About Your Symptoms
form, 3f
written records/forms, 133b
foundation restorations, 781–782,
789, 794–801
4-point flexure of coronal dentin,
463f
fractured posts, 903f–906f,
909f–910f
fracture mechanisms
(instruments), 307–308
fractures. See cracks/fractures
fragilization of dentin, 777
framework for neuropathic pain,
55
frozen carbon dioxide (CO2),
15–16
full crown restorations, 781–786
full-mouth intraoral x-rays, 994t
full prosthetic restorations, 793t
functional retention of tooth, 945
fungal infections, 287, 559, 579
furcal defects
bone loss, 15
documentation of, 15b
perforations, 176f
perforations of, 940f,
942f–943f
recording, 15b
furcal infections, 833
furcal post perforations, 940f
furcation
Grade II or III involvement of,
663–664
radiolucencies, 141f
trifurcating roots, 141f
furcation canals, 138–139, 658f
incidence of, 656t
mandibular first molars with,
138f
fused canals, 185f
fusion of roots, 817
G glutaraldehyde pulpotomies, 827
GaAlAs (gallium-aluminum-
arsenide) laser, 519
GABA (gamma amino butyric
acid) release, 675, 675f
gamma amino butyric acid
(GABA) release, 675, 675f
gap imaging, 264f–265f, 268f
gastrointestinal (GI) conditions,
5b, 680
Gates-Glidden (GG) instruments,
155, 160, 292–294, 311f, 321,
834, 923–924, 929f
GBR (guided bone regeneration),
602, 758–760
GCPR (Government Computer-
Based Patient Record),
969–970
Gelfoam, 746
gender differences in pain
response, 682, 956
general liability, 964
gene sequencing, 569
genetic basis for pain response,
956
genetic exchanges, cell-cell, 567
genetic polymorphisms, 552
geographic influence on infections,
573–574
geriatric patients, 859–860
concerns of/for, 873f
consultations with, 872–873
dental history, 861–870
diagnosis and treatment
planning, 870–873
endodontic surgery, 882–887
endodontic surgery for, 882–887
growth of population of, 859f
medical history, 860–861
restorations for, 887
statistics on, 858
treatment options, 873–882
Geristore (resin-ionomer
suspension), 754–755
Geristore Kit, 887f, 941f
German Surgical Society, 258
GG (Gates-Glidden) instruments,
155, 160, 292–294, 311f, 321,
834, 923–924, 929f
GICs (glass ionomer cements),
268, 360, 753, 786, 825f, 913
gingival blood flow, 486f
gingival hypertrophy, 121f
gingival inflammation, 707
gingival recession, 862, 862f, 864f,
868f
gingival sulcus, 15, 661
gingivectomies, 120–121
gingivitis, 664f–665f
glass ionomer cements (GICs),
268, 360, 753, 786, 825f, 913
glass ionomer/modified glass
ionomer core, 785
glial cells, 481, 675, 675f
glial modulating agents, 675
glide paths, 329f
gloves, examination versus sterile,
132
glucocorticosteroids, 683
glutamate, 675
glycine release, 675
glycogen, 662
glycoproteins, 472
goal setting, 1022
gold core, 798–801
gold foil, 493
gold post material, 790f–791f
Golgi complex, 473
Gonon Post Removal Technique,
904–905, 906f
Government Computer-Based
Patient Record (GCPR),
969–970
Gow-Gates technique, 699

GPCRs (G protein-coupled
receptors), 692–693
G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), 692–693
graded response, 55
grafts, bone, 666f, 764t
gram-negative bacteria, 572–573
gram-positive bacteria, 582
granulomas, 542–545, 744–745
granulomatous inflammation, 542,
725
granzymes, 533
greater palatine foramen, 732f
Greater Taper (GT) files, 297–298,
300f, 937
groove creation in dentin, 480f
grooves
deepening, 156–157
developmental, 661–662
ground substance, 471–472
group classifications of cleaning
and shaping instruments.
See cleaning and shaping of
canal system
group classifications of
instruments for, 231b
growth factors/morphogens,
604–605, 725–726, 810
combinations of, 604–605
effects on differentiation of
odontoblast-like cells of,
605t
in wound healing, 553t
GT (Greater Taper) files, 297–298,
300f, 937
GT obturator, 379f
GTR (guided tissue regeneration),
602, 608, 666–667, 666f,
668f, 758–762
GT Series X obturators, 378–380
guided bone regeneration (GBR),
602, 758–760
guided tissue regeneration (GTR),
602, 608, 666–667, 666f,
668f, 758–762
guidelines (laws) of pulp chamber
anatomy, 151–152
Guide to Clinical Endodontics
(AAE), 358
Gulabivala’s canal configurations,
144f
GuttaFlow system, 378
gutta-percha, 260–261, 916f
Activ GP, 361f
adherence to heating tip, 912f
advantages/disadvantages, 363,
921
carrier-based delivery systems,
378–381, 380f–381f
coated, 261
compaction units, 245f, 372f
composition of, 260b
cones, size designations for,
244t
contraindications for, 832
delivery systems, 245f, 377f
Obtura III system, 376f
disinfection of, 260–261
fabricating custom cones, 367f
filling large canals, 368f
gutta-percha (Continued)
fill systems, 271f
GuttaFlow trituration capsule,
361f
heating systems for, 271, 373f,
377f, 379f
EI DownPak device, 376f
historic perspectives on,
352
injection techniques, 271
measurement points for cones,
261f
medicated, 261–262
nonstandard cones, 365f
overextended, 431f
points, 13f, 15–17
in primary teeth, 840f
removal of, 244f, 912f–914f,
913–914, 918f
Resilon, 261
sealers for, 260
solvents for, 266t, 381,
911–912
standard points, locating
infection sources with,
365f, 369f–370f
standards for, 240t
taper of cones, 243–244
GyroTip technique, 905,
909f–910f
H hematologic conditions, 5b
Hall technique, 822
halo effect, 656
halo-like bone loss, 29
halothane, 911–912, 912f
hand and engine-driven
instruments, 290–308
hand instruments, 321–324, 326f,
937
handle movements, 325f
handpieces, 153
hand washing, 131–132
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution
(HBSS), 648
hard tissue
apical barriers, 627f, 631,
633f
configurations/shapes of, 136
coronal hard-tissue deposition,
290f
palpation of alveolar, 14
surgical access in, 744
wounds (See wound healing)
hard-tissue barriers, 631–632
hard-tissue deposition, 286
hard-tissue formation, 630–631
harpooned implants, 438f
Harvey Chemiclave, 127–129
h-CGRP(8-37), 486f
headaches
cluster, 57
International Headache Society,
56–57
migraine, 57
tension-type, 57
head pain, 55
healing patterns. See wound
healing
HealOzone, 257–258, 259f
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA),
91, 405–406, 964
electronic communication
systems and, 1004
equipment security, 975
health maintenance organizations,
409–410
heart conditions. See
cardiovascular conditions/
events
heat carriers, 910–911
heat generation, 916, 934–935
heating of osseous tissue, 744
heating systems, 244f, 271, 373f,
376f–377f, 379f
heat pluggers, 919f
heat-related injuries
overheating posts, 414f
pulpal damage, 513, 513f–514f
during retreatment procedures,
934–935
tissue adherence to heating tip,
912f
tissue damage from ultrasound,
911f
heat testing. See thermal testing
Hedstrom files, 232f, 291–292,
918f, 924f, 932f
helper T-cells, 471f
hematogenous infections, 97
hemorrhages, 73, 820–821,
840–841
hemostasis/hemostatic agents, 825f
collagen-based, 440, 613f, 745,
746f
ferric sulfate, 828
localized hemostasis, 713,
737–738, 745–747, 756,
941–942
nonpharmacologic agents, 823
for patients on anticoagulation
therapy, 729
in periradicular surgery,
745–747
pulpal reactions to, 519
with pulp-preserving treatment,
846
HeNe (helium neon) laser, 519
hepatic enzymes, 687
herbal supplements, 404
Hermann, B. W., 602
hermetic seals, 352
herpes simplex virus (HSV), 59
herpesvirus, 579–580
herpes zoster virus (HZV), 59, 59f
Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath
(HERS), 457, 813–814,
849–850
heterotopic pain, 53, 55–56, 61
H-files, 240t
HIPAA. See Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPAA)
histopathology
of acute immunoinflammatory
response, 540
of apical periodontitis, 535–536,
545, 546f–550f, 548
INDEX I-13
histopathology (Continued)
of cysts, 662
of internal root resorption, 644
HIV and AIDS patients, 76, 88,
444–445, 579–580
HLA-DR+ matured macrophage in,
469f
Hodgkin’s disease, 73, 694
holism, 565
homeostatic regulation, 52
Hookian elasticity, 306f
horizontal incisions, 741–742
horizontal root fractures, 638f,
1013–1016
host cells, 564
host defense mechanisms, 562,
564, 567
host-parasite interactions, 531–532
host resistance, 582
HotShot delivery system, 378
Ho:YAG laser, 519
H-type instruments, 231–232
humoral control of blood flow,
486
humoral immune response to
caries, 508
Hunter, William, 587
hyaluronan, 472
hyaluronidase, 700
hybrid techniques for cleaning and
shaping, 327–330, 333f–334f,
340f
hydraulic chamber of canal, 116
hydrodynamic mechanism of
dentin sensitivity, 478, 480
hydrogen peroxide, 252–253,
335–336
hydrostatic pressure changes, 483
hydrostatic stimulation pulses,
483f
hyperalgesia, 60, 672–674, 673b,
675f
causes of, 675–676
central, 685
characteristics of, 482–483
with noxious stimuli, 674
secondary, 52
hypercementosis, 871f
hypnosis, 959–960
hypochlorite. See sodium
hypochlorite (NaOCI)
hypophosphatasia, childhood, 461f
hypotensive crisis, 694
I
IADT (International Association of
Dental Traumatology), 622
IAN. See inferior alveolar nerve
(IAN) blocks
IANC (bifid inferior alveolar nerve
canal), 435f
IANC (inferior alveolar nerve
canal), 441–442, 442f, 455f
IASP (International Association for
the Study of Pain), 60
iatrogenic root fractures, 25–26
ibuprofen, 686f
ibuprofen compared to
acetaminophen, 686f
ID (interglobular dentin), 460, 460f
I-14 INDEX
IEE (inner enamel epithelium),
454f, 456f
IKI (iodine potassium iodide),
227, 249, 253, 314
illumination
devices for, 153
fiberoptic, 171–172
transillumination, 19, 28, 168,
168f, 227–228, 228f
imaging instruments/systems.
See also cone-beam
volumetric tomography
(CBVT); radiography;
technology/digital technology;
ultrasonic equipment
digital, 108f, 966–967
complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS)
direct sensor, 985f
computer interface for, 992
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (See
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT))
data quality, 985–987
DICOM compliant units, 994f
digital photography, 983–984,
984f
effective doses from x-ray
procedures, 994t
fiberoptic imaging, 983
intraoral cameras, 978–983,
982f
markers/tags, 991–992
measurement, 991
microscopic imaging, 978
patient education systems,
989
quality assurance, 989
radiation protection, 987–989,
988f–989f
radiography, 21–22, 984–985,
989–991, 990f–991f,
993f
security of, 991
storage and compression of
images, 991
visible light (VL) imaging,
982b
workflow improvement, 989
gap imaging, 264f–265f, 268f
Kodak 9000 3D extraoral
imaging system, 994f
technology for, 966–967, 982b
immature roots. See also pediatric
endodontic treatment;
primary teeth
radiographic example of, 634f
revascularization of, 642f
immediate obturation, 381–382,
383f
immune response
adaptive, 532t, 533–534, 535f
bacterial toxins in activation of,
531
to caries, 506–508
innate, 532–533, 532t, 535f
immunocompromised patients,
5–6, 76–77
immunoglobulins, 533
implants, 267f, 760f
costs of, 896–897
endodontic therapy versus, 80
harpooned, 413f, 438f
into inferior alveolar nerve
canal, 442f
neuropathic complications of
mandibular, 59
periimplantitis, 896f
placement of, 443f, 524
prosthetic, 76–77
survival rate of, 80, 723
incisions
for drainage, 42–45
horizontal, 741–742
intrasulcular, 728–730, 742f
local anesthesia, 713
papillary-based, 742f
submarginal, 742f–743f
vertical, 741
incisive nerve block at mental
foramen, 699
incremental filling technique, 780
indications for treatment. See
treatment methods
indirect composite restorations,
781
indirect foundation restorations,
785–786
indirect pulp therapy (IPT) , in
primary teeth, 821–822
infections. See also microorganisms
abscesses (See abscesses)
after luxation injuries, 641f
apical periodontitis (See apical
periodontitis)
archaea, 559, 579
bacterial (See bacteria/bacterial
infections)
biofilm and community-based
microbial pathogenesis in,
565–568, 566f
cellulitis, 594
control guidelines, 88–90
endodontic, 559–560, 657
extraradicular, 551–552,
584–587, 586f–587f,
892f
of fascial space, 590–594,
591f–592f
focal infection theory, 587–589
fungal, 579
furcal and periapical, 833
hematogenous, 97
high-risk patients, 76–77
host-parasite interactions and,
531–532
influence on outcomes of, 82
locating sources of, 13f
management of, 133b, 292f
of maxillary and mandibular
molars, 12–13
mechanisms of pathogenicity,
562–565
as medical emergencies, 45
microbial flora of, 559–560,
560f, 571, 572f
microbial identification
methods, 568–569, 568b,
570f–571f, 571b
infections (Continued)
microbial pathogenicity and
virulence mechanisms,
563f–564f
nonvital infected teeth, 46f
odontogenic, 593
oral, 75
posttreatment, 124, 684
prevention of, 643
primary
geographic influence on,
573–574
intraradicular, 572–580
microbial composition and
diversity, 572–573, 572f,
574f–576f
microbial ecology and,
577–579, 581f
nonbacterial microorganisms,
579–580
spatial distribution of
microbiota, 574–577,
577f–580f
symptomatic infections, 573,
577f
prophylactic treatment for, 685
pulpal, and restorations/
restorative procedures, 28f
with pulp necrosis, 37
of pulp space, 641–642
removal of infected tissue,
80–81, 287, 312f
routes of, 560–562, 561f–562f
secondary/persistent, 580–584
bacteria at the root canal-
filling stage, 581–582
microbiota in root canal-
treated teeth, 582–584,
583f–585f
treatment failure and, 581,
582f
systemic antibiotics for, 594–595
treatment rationale for, 589–590
types of, 569–571
viral, 579–580
infective endocarditis, 445
inferior alveolar nerve (IAN)
blocks, 697, 699–700.
See also anesthesia/anesthetics
(in general)
failure of, 701, 705
for mandibular teeth, 713
plain solutions, 697–698
preventing nerve damage, 425
success of, 700, 709
inferior alveolar nerve canal
(IANC), 441–442, 442f, 455f
infiltration injections, 699
duration of, 712
mandibular first molar, 699–700
solutions for
articaine/epinephrine, 703
bupivacaine/epinephrine, 703
mepivacaine/prilocaine, 703
prilocaine/epinephrine, 703
inflammation/inflammatory
response, 52, 672–673, 683
abscesses with, 59
acute immunoinflammatory
response, 540
inflammation/inflammatory
response (Continued)
of apical periodontitis, 538–540,
545, 548
bacterial causes of, 561
bacterial toxins in, 531
to caries, 506–507, 506f
circulation in inflamed pulp,
488–489
clinical signs of, 820–821
in coronal pulp, 824f
corticosteroid affects on, 683
hallmarks of pain perception
due to, 673–674
inflamed interstitium, 472
inflammatory mediators, 482
inflammatory root resorption,
646f–647f
influence on pulp of
periodontal, 657
innate immunoinflammatory
response, 539t
interproximal inflammatory
tissue, 635
management of, 679
neural response to, 673
neuritis, 59–60
neurogenic, 534
neuronal changes with, 673
noninflamed pulp, 620, 625
reduction of chemical mediators
of, 676
sensitization of nerve fibers
with, 54–55
subclinical, 861f
subepithelial, 645–646
inflammatory lesions, 744–745
inflammatory phase of healing,
723–725
informed consent, 95
adequate, 415
application of, 416–417
avoiding patient claims, 418
different schools of thought on,
417–418
endodontic informed consent,
418
forms, 397, 419f
forms for, 397
in general, 415
for older patients, 872–873
patient preparation/education,
95
for periradicular surgery, 734
principles of, 415–418
questionnaire form, 399f
restorative, 417–418
video-informed consent, 418
informed refusal, 965
infraorbital nerve blocks, 704
infraorbital (canine) space
infections, 9, 9f, 593–594
inhibitory action (- sign), 675f
inhibitory neurons, 675
injection sites/techniques for local
anesthesia, 700f, 705f
accuracy of injections, 701
Gow-Gates technique, 699
incisive nerve block at mental
foramen, 699

injection sites/techniques for local
anesthesia (Continued)
inferior alveolar nerve blocks,
699–700
infiltration injections of, 699
mandibular first molar
infiltration injections,
699–700
maxillary, 704–705
anterior middle superior
alveolar (AMSA) nerve
block, 705
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior
alveolar (P-ASA) nerve
block, 704
posterior superior alveolar
(PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block,
704
selection of, 709
speed of injections, 701
Vazirani-Akinosi technique, 699
injuries. See traumatic injuries
inlays, recommendations for,
790f–791f
innate immune response, 532–533,
532t, 535f, 538–539
inner enamel epithelium (IEE),
454f, 456f
innervation of pulp. See pulp
innervation
innervators of inflamed tissue, 673
insoluble sealers, 913
instrumentation
errors of (See errors)
sequences for, 291, 320, 321f,
323f, 329f
of vital teeth, 80–81, 882f
Instrument Removal System kit,
933–934
instruments, 127f, 153–157, 325f,
891f. See also specific
instruments by name, e.g.
Greater Taper
broken (See separated/broken
instruments)
burs (See burs)
canal identification and
enlargement, 153f
carriers, 917f
chairside disinfection of, 132
cleaning (See cleaning and
shaping of canal system)
coated root-end preparation,
751–752
corrosion of, 337f
crown/bridge removers, 901,
901f–902f
decontamination of, 134
deflection of, 160–161
deformation of, 299f
dental operating microscopes
(DOMs), 145f
design of, 232–233, 236, 298f,
751–752, 752f
effectiveness and wear of,
240–241
explorers (See explorers)
files (See files)
instruments (Continued)
forceps, 917f
fracture mechanisms of,
307–308, 310f
hand- and engine-driven,
290–308, 321–324, 326f, 937
handle movements, 325f
handpieces, 153, 744f
high versus slow speed,
158–159
illumination (See illumination;
transillumination)
imaging (See cone-beam
volumetric tomography
(CBVT); imaging
instruments/systems;
radiography; ultrasonic
equipment)
instrument management system
(IMS), 126f
magnifying (See magnification
devices)
manufacturing process of most,
295
measuring of root canal space,
230–243
motors/devices, 308–311
negotiating the canal, 173f
obstruction removal, 245
orascopes, 125f
orifice enlargement, 323f
penetration instruments, 173f
periapical dédebridement,
241–242
for periradicular surgery (See
periradicular surgery)
pyramidal wires, 231f
recommended motion for, 310
removal of dentin/locating
calcified canals, 173f
root canal obturation, 243–245
rotary (See rotary instruments)
for routine endodontic care, 125b
selection of, 124
separated (See separated/broken
instruments)
shapers (See cleaning and
shaping of canal system)
single-use, 134
spoons, 156, 157f, 230f
standards for, 239–240
stands/holders for instruments,
127f
sterilization/cleaning of (See
sterilization)
swallowing/aspirating, 428–429,
429f
tensile strength, 440f
tips (cutting/noncutting), 232f,
297f
for tooth isolation (See rubber
dams)
ultrasonic (See ultrasonic
equipment)
usage guidelines, 152
using combination of, 330b
vision enhancers, 153
insurance
carrier warnings about articaine,
698–699
insurance (Continued)
false claims/billing, 407–408
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 91, 405–406
submitting claims, 967
intensity of symptoms, 6, 64
intentional replantation, 762–765,
767f, 898, 945
interactions, drug. See under
medications
interactions of irrigants, 336f
interglobular dentin (ID), 460,
460f
intermediate restorative material
(IRM), 753
internal ankylosis, 496–497
internal resorption, 623f
internal root resorption, 644, 646
International Association for the
Study of Pain (IASP), 60
International Association of Dental
Traumatology (IADT), 622
International Headache Society,
56–57
Internet. See Web sites
interpersonal skills, 1025
interpolaris, 674
interradicular pathosis, 285f
interstitium, inflamed, 472
intertubular dentin, 459, 460f
interviewing for dental history, 6,
957–958
interview protocols, 957–958
intracanal medication, 253–255
administration of analgesics,
corticosteroids, 683
bioactive glass, 255
calcium hydroxide, 253–254
chlorhexidine (CHX), 248–249,
254
formaldehyde, 253
halogens, 253
Ledermix, 254–255
phenolic preparations, 253
triple-antibiotic paste, 255
intracoronal attachments, 872f
intracranial structures, 61
intraligamentary anesthesia, 702,
705–707
amount of solution delivered,
706
anesthetic solutions, 706
avulsion following, 706
back-pressure using, 705
discomfort with, 706
duration of anesthesia, 706
ligamental syringes for, 706
mechanism of action, 705
needle gauges for, 706
onset of anesthesia, 706
precautions for, 707
safety of, 706–707
selective anesthesia with, 706
success of, 705
systemic effects of, 706
The Wand (Compudent), 707,
707f
IntraLight ultraviolet disinfection,
259–260
INDEX I-15
intraoral examinations, 10–15
digital imaging for, 988
palpation, 14
percussion, 14
periodontal probing, 15
sinus tracts, 13–14
soft tissue, 10–11
swellings, 11–13
tooth mobility, 14
intraoral radiographs, 20–21
intraosseous route for local
anesthesia, 707–711, 708f
cautious use of, 711
duration of, 710
onset of anesthesia, 709
perforator breakage, 709
plasma levels of lidocaine after,
711
postoperative problems, 711
repeating, 710
site selection, 709
Stabident and X-Tip systems,
707–709, 708f
success of, 709–710
systemic effects of, 710–711
timing of, 710
intrapulpal route for local
anesthesia, 512, 711–712
intraradicular infections, 569–580,
892f
intrasulcular incisions, 728–730,
741
intratubular dentin, 459
intratubular nerve endings, 477
intrusive luxation, 637–639
in vitro fibers, 780–781
in vivo/in vitro cleaning/shaping,
292f
iodine, povidone, 248
iodine combinations, 261–262
iodine potassium iodide (IKI),
227, 249, 253, 314
iodoform paste, 836
ionizing radiation, 989f
IPT (indirect pulp therapy) , in
primary teeth, 821–822
irradiation methods, laser, 272–275
irreversible pulpitis, 16f, 36–37,
40–41
anesthesia with, 705, 712–713
asymptomatic teeth, 713
intraosseous, 709–710
mandibular teeth, 712
maxillary teeth, 712–713
solution deposition with,
708–709
success of, 710
symptomatic teeth, 713
antibiotics, for emergent, 41
asymptomatic, 37
medical conditions influencing,
75f
pain management strategies for,
714
pretreatment of tooth, 320f
single-visit treatment for, 42
straight-line access example,
324f
symptomatic, 36–37, 41–42
with vital teeth, 41–42
I-16 INDEX
irrigation/irrigants. See also
disinfection/disinfectants
benefits of using, 315b
calcium hydroxide, 315–316
chlorhexidine (CHX), 247–251,
312–314
choosing the ideal irrigant, 253
into dentinal tubules, 315f
effectiveness studies on, 250
efficacy in deactivating
microorganisms of, 313t
ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic
Acid (EDTA), 252, 252f,
314–316
heating syringes for, 337f
hydrodynamics of, 245–246
hydrogen peroxide, 252–253,
316
ideal characteristics of, 246b,
311–312
importance of, 835
interactions between, 250
interactions with dentin of, 777
iodine potassium iodide (IKI),
253, 314
modes and devices, 331–334
manually activated, 333
negative and positive
pressure, 334
sonically activated, 333
syringe delivery, 331–333
ultrasonically activated, 334
movement/distribution of, 317f
MTAD and Tetraclean, 251–252,
314
needle sizes and manufacturers,
246t, 335f
new techniques and devices,
255–260
noninstrumentation technique,
339
oxidative potential water, 316
properties of ideal, 336b
in regeneration of smear layer,
609
replacement of fluid, 258f
Safety-Irrigator, 257f
sodium hypochlorite, 156
for treatment of apical
periodontitis, 589–590
ultrasonically activated, 339
IRS instrument, 934f
isolated bone loss, 29–30
isolation of teeth. See rubber dams
ISO-normed instruments, 290
isthmus classifications/types,
149–150, 150f
J for pulpotomies, 520–521
jaws/jawbones, osteonecrosis of,
75–76, 76b, 97, 555
joint infections, 729
Joint National Committee on
Prevention, Detection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure, 728–729
Journal of Endodontics, 608
Journal of the American Medical
Association, 587–588
J-shaped radiolucency, 34f, 898
JS Post Extractor, 905 lawsuits. See under legal
judgment errors, 427–432 responsibilities/issues
JW-17 explorer, 156 LC (locus ceruleus), 52
leakage
K caries related to, 789
Kartal and Yamikoglu’s canal coronal, 164, 881–882
configurations, 144f prevention with reverse filling
key performance indicators of, 150f
(KPEs), 1021 retarding, 382
K-files, 232f, 323f, 325f–326f, of rubber dams, 114
332f, 912f of seals, 150f, 364f, 427
standards for, 240t through dentinal tubules, 150f
K3 files, 302, 302f Ledermix, 254–255
kidney disease, 76 ledged canals, 160–161, 936–937,
Koch, Robert, 560 936f, 938f
Kodak 9000 3D extraoral imaging ledge errors, 318f, 937f
system, 994f legal responsibilities/issues,
K3 shapers, 302 408–425. See also
K-type instruments, 231–233 documentation/records;
KY Pliers, 901f practice management
abandonment of patients,
L 423–424
labial infiltrations, 699 ability to foresee unreasonable
labial perforations, 176f risk, 414–415
labiolingual diameter, 146 avenues of exposure, 964–966
laboratory diagnostic adjuncts, 46 computer records, 966
lamellar bone formation, 726–727 confidentiality, 444f, 965–966
lamina dura, 103, 643f, 870 continuing education
laminar bone, 764t requirements, 413, 442–443
lasers/laser treatment customary practice versus
caries prevention, diagnosis, and negligence, 412–413
treatment, pulpal reaction documentation/records (See
to, 519–521, 520f–521f documentation/records)
CO2 laser, 519 ethical guidelines, 410–412
diode lasers, 275 evidence-based endodontics,
doped-doped yttrium scandium 413–414
gallium garnet lasers, 275 expert testimony, 424
erbium-doped yttrium false claims/billing, 407–408
aluminum garnet lasers, FDA approval/clearance of
274–275 drugs, 414
Er:YAG laser, 519 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure,
GaAlAs (gallium-aluminum- 424
arsenide) laser, 519 fraudulent concealment,
for gutta-percha removal, 914 431–432
HeNe (helium neon) laser, 519 identity of entry authors, 406
Ho:YAG laser, 519 informed consent (See informed
laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), consent)
18, 225–226, 484, 621, informed refusal, 965
622f lawsuits
laser irradiation methods, complications-related, 964
272–275 statute of limitations for, 966
Nd:YAG laser, 519, 914 locality rule, 410
neodymium-doped yttrium malpractice (See malpractice)
aluminum garnet lasers, microscopic endodontics, 420
273–274 misuse of technology, 964
for protection of dentin, 521 National Practitioner Data Bank,
pulpal reactions to, 519–521, 424
519f–520f negligence (See negligence)
new product use, 414, 420–421
pulpotomies in primary teeth ordinary care (prudent care),
using, 831 412
types of, 519 prescription drug
lateral canals, 139t–140t, 355f, 656 administration, 421–422
lateral compaction, 367–368 referrals to other specialists, 420
lateral luxation, 637 scientific research, 413
lateral periodontal cysts, 662 separated (broken) instruments,
lateral root resorption, 645 421 (See also separated/
latex allergies, 694 broken instruments)
laws (guidelines) of pulp chamber simple consent, 415–416
anatomy, 151–152 spoliation, 407
legal responsibilities/issues
(Continued)
standards of care, 408–412
surgical versus nonsurgical
endodontics, 420
treatment of patients with HIV,
444–445
use/care of equipment and
supplies, 421
using alternative technique
choices, 418–420
warranties, 964–965
webpages, 965
legislation
Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 424
Dietary Supplements Health and
Education (DSHE) Act,
404
Employee Retirement Income
Security Act (ERISA), 409,
425
Federal False Claims Act,
407–408
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 405–406
Managed care and Employment
Retirement Income Security
Act, 425
Prescription Drug User Fee Act
(PDUFA), 404
Third Millennium Electronic
Commerce Act, 405
Wiesgram v. Marley Company.,
424
length change, root, 613f,
792–793
length control, 432f, 919f–920f
lengthening of buccal crown,
792–793
length parameters, posts, 794
Lentulo spiral, 363f
LEOs (lesions of endodontic
origin), 1010–1011
lesions of endodontic origin
(LEOs), 1010–1011
leukemia, 5–6
leukotriene B4, 482–483
levobupivacaine, 699
levonordefrin, 698
liability
general/premises, 964
for staff acts or omissions, 423
lidocaine, 693t, 697, 699, 711
articaine compared to, 699
cardiovascular effects of,
710–711
and epinephrine, 702–703
duration of anesthesia, 703
lip numbness, 703
onset of anesthesia, 702
success rate of, 702
time course of pulpal
anesthesia, 703
mean plasma concentrations for,
711f
plasma levels after use of, 711
sodium channel resistance to,
673

ligaments. See intraligamentary
anesthesia; periodontal
ligament (PDL)
light-curing luting cements, 786
LightSpeed/LightSpeed LSX files,
296, 299f, 307, 325–326,
327f–328f, 334f
lingual shoulder, 159–160, 160f,
164
lip numbness, 703, 712
liquefaction necrosis, 812
liquid medical waste disposal, 133
listening skills, 957
liver injury/failure, acetaminophen
and, 680–682
local anesthesia, 98, 674–675
administration of, 694
adverse effects, 693–694
allergic reactions, 694
cardiovascular reactions,
693–694
to sulfite antioxidant
formulations, 694
systemic, 694
confirming, 695–696, 696f–704f,
708f
distribution of maxillary
division of trigeminal
nerve, 704f
enhancement of mandibular,
702, 713
mannitol use, 702
supplemental intraligamentary
injection, 702
supplemental intraosseous
injection, 702
ensuring profound, 738–741
extending duration of maxillary
infiltrations, 703–704
failure to achieve, 696, 700–701
accessory innervation, 700
accuracy of injection, 701
cross-innervation, 701
needle bevel and success, 701
needle deflection, 701
speed of injection, 701
future considerations for, 714
future directions for, 714
inferior alveolar nerve (IAN)
blocks, 697
plain solutions, 697–698
success of, 709
theory on failure of, 701
injection sites, 700f, 705f
Gow-Gates technique, 699
incisive nerve block at mental
foramen, 699
inferior alveolar nerve blocks,
699–700
increasing success of, 700
infiltration injections of, 699
mandibular first molar
infiltration injections,
699–700
Vazirani-Akinosi technique,
699
intraligamentary, 707f
intraosseous route, 707–711,
708f
cautious use of, 711
local anesthesia (Continued)
duration of, 710
onset of anesthesia, 709
perforator breakage, 709
plasma levels of lidocaine
after, 711
postoperative problems, 711
repeating, 710
site selection, 709
Stabident and X-Tip systems,
707–709, 708f
success of, 709–710
systemic effects of, 710–711
timing of, 710
intrapulpal route, 711–712
with irreversible pulpitis,
712–713
asymptomatic teeth, 713
mandibular teeth, 712
maxillary anterior teeth,
712–713
maxillary molars and
premolars, 712
symptomatic teeth, 713
mandibular, 697
duration, 697
noncontinuous, 697
slow onset, 697
success/failure of, 697
maxillary, 702–705
anterior middle superior
alveolar (AMSA) nerve
block, 705
duration of anesthesia, 703
infraorbital nerve block, 704
lip numbness, 703
onset of anesthesia, 702
palatal-anterior superior
alveolar (P-ASA) nerve
block, 704
posterior superior alveolar
(PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block,
704
success rate of, 702
time course of pulpal
anesthesia, 703
supplemental, 705–707
amount of solution delivered,
706
anesthetic solutions, 706
for apprehensive patients,
696
articaine after failed inferior
alveolar nerve block,
705
articaine infiltrations, 705
back-pressure using, 705
mechanism of action, 705
success of, 705
The Wand (Compudent),
707f
for surgical procedures,
728–729
vasoconstriction with, 693t
voltage-gated sodium channels
and pain, 692t
local circuit interneurons, 675
local control of blood flow, 486
locality rule, 410
localization of pain, 14
assessment interview questions
for, 6
determining, 63–64
difficulty of, 671–672
heat/cold sensitivity (See
thermal testing)
locating pain sources, 66f–67f
ontogenic, 62
periradicular pain, 55
to primary and secondary pain
sources, 674–675
pulpal, 31
pulpal pain, 55
pulp testing methods, 19–20
localized hemostasis, 745–747
locus ceruleus (LC), 52
long-acting local anesthesia, 676,
699, 738
long-cone technique, 99
loose connective tissue,
regeneration of, 603
low-speed rotary instruments,
233
lubricants, 152–153, 311–316,
935–936
luting cements, 786–787
glass ionomer, 786
resin-based, 786–787
self-adhesive, 787–793
traditional cements, 786
luxation injuries, 496–497, 497f,
621, 637–647
biologic consequences of
injuries, 639–647
infections after, 641f
pulpal calcifications after, 497f,
641, 641f
radiographic examples, 622f
treatment methods for, 637
types of, 637
lymphadenopathy, 10
lymphatic capillaries, 486–487, 487f
lymphatic system, 487f
lymph nodes, palpation of, 9
lymphocytes, 469, 471f, 542.
See also B lymphocytes
(B-cells); T lymphocytes
(T-cells)
lymphomas, 5–6
M canines
macrophages, 469, 469f, 533,
537–538, 542, 725
MacSpadden factor (torsional
load), 310b
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), indications for, 61
magnification devices,
226–227
with illumination, 153
loupes, 125f, 226
microscopes, 125f, 226–228,
226f (See also dental
operating microscopes
(DOMs))
major apical diameter, 146f
malignancies. See cancer
malingering, 61
malocclusion, 82
INDEX I-17
malpractice, 964. See also legal
responsibilities/issues;
prophylactic endodontic
practice
current use of silver points, 431
defective restorations, 432
defenses against, 964
disclosure errors, 433
electrosurgical problems, 427
errors in judgment, 427–432
incidents of, 425–426
incorrect tooth, 427
leakage of seals, 427
negligence (See negligence)
N2 (Sargenti paste) overfills,
431–432
overfills/overfills, 429–431
paresthesia prevention, 425–426
post retrieval, 427
prophylaxis-related, 408–425,
432–445
screw posts, 425
slips of the drill, 427
statue of limitations for lawsuits,
966
swallowing/aspirating an
instrument, 428–429
treatment failure, 426
unretrieved broken files,
427–428
management. See pain
management strategies;
practice management;
treatment methods; pain
entries; specific tooth,
problem, or treatment method
mandibular anesthesia, 697
duration, 697
enhancement of, 702
mannitol use, 702
supplemental intraligamentary
injection, 702
supplemental intraosseous
injection, 702
noncontinuous, 697
slow onset, 697
success/failure of, 697
mandibular buccal vestibule, 590
mandibular implant surgery, 59
mandibular pain, 61
mandibular teeth
access cavity preparation,
202b
apical canal configurations,
202t
eruption and calcification
ages, 202f
root canals of, 816
central and lateral incisors
access cavity preparation,
199b
eruption and calcification
ages, 201f
classification and percentage of
root canals in, 143t
cuspid/bicuspid cysts, 662
first molars, 355f, 369f–370f
access cavity preparation,
208b–210b
I-18 INDEX
mandibular teeth (Continued)
apical canal configurations,
209t–210t
calcification of pulp chamber,
172f
class 1 restorations, 172f
eruption and calcification
ages, 211f
with furcation canal, 138f
furcation radiolucencies, 141f
lateral canal lesions, 355f
primary endodontic lesions
of, 659f
pulp chamber floor of, 140f
trifurcating roots, 141f
first premolars
access cavity preparation,
204b
access cavity starting location,
163f
apical canal configurations,
204t
eruption and calcification
ages, 205f
first primary molars, 817
foramina in, 138–139
incisors
apical canal configurations,
200t
root canals of, 815–816
local anesthesia with, 712
median canal diameters, 148t
molars
clinical views of, 322f
infections of, 12–13
permanent, morphology of, 140t
posterior teeth, referred pain
from, 32
premolars, Vertucci type V
configuration, 145f
second molars
access cavity preparation,
213b–214b
apical canal configurations,
213t
eruption and calcification
ages, 214f
with two canals, 145f
second premolars
access cavity preparation,
206b
access cavity starting location,
163f
apical canal configurations,
206t
eruption and calcification
ages, 207f
second primary molars, 817
third molars
access cavity preparation,
215b
apical canal configurations,
216t
eruption and calcification
ages, 216f
mannitol, 702
mantle bundle, 701f
mantle dentin, 458
manually operated instruments,
230–233
marginal periodontitis, 656–657
margins, restorative, 162
marketing, 963, 1024
masticatory muscle pain, 55–56,
65
Masserann kit, 926f, 931–932
mast cells, 469, 537
mastication, 83f, 458, 862
material disclosure, 390
Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs), 133b
matrix development. See scaffolds
matrix material, 942
maturation phase of healing, 726
maturogenesis, 608
maxillary anesthesia
injection techniques for,
704–705
anterior middle superior
alveolar (AMSA) nerve
block, 705
extending duration of
infiltrations, 703–704
increasing solution volume,
703–704
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior
alveolar (P-ASA) nerve
block, 704
posterior superior alveolar
(PSA) nerve block,
704
second division nerve block,
704
with lidocaine and epinephrine,
702–703
duration of anesthesia, 703
lip numbness, 703
onset of anesthesia, 702
success rate of, 702
time course of pulpal
anesthesia, 703
maxillary injection techniques,
704–705
infraorbital nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar
(PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block,
704
maxillary sinus, 731
maxillary teeth
anatomic preparations of, 293f
anterior, 146
anterior teeth, local anesthesia
with, 712–713
canines
access cavity preparation,
182b, 182f
apical canal configurations,
182t
eruption and calcification
ages, 181f
primary, 816f
root canals of, 816
root curvatures, 182f
central incisors
access cavity preparation,
177b, 179f
apical canal configurations,
178t
maxillary teeth (Continued)
eruption and calcification
ages, 178f
first molars
access cavity preparation,
188b–191b
apical canal configurations,
188t–190t
eruption and calcification
ages, 187f, 191f
time course of pulpal
anesthesia for, 703
first premolars
access cavity preparation,
182f, 184b
apical canal configurations,
184t
eruption and calcification
ages, 185f
first primary molars, 817
foramina in, 138–139
incisors, root canals of, 815
infections of, 12–13
lateral incisors
access cavity preparation,
180b, 181f
apical canal configurations,
180t
eruption and calcification
ages, 181f
palatogingival groove, 663f
root curvatures, 181f
local anesthesia for, 712
median canal diameters, 148t
molars, infections of, 12–13
permanent teeth, morphology
of, 139t
premolars
access cavity preparation, 186b
apical canal configurations,
186t
eruption and calcification
ages, 185f, 187f
root curvatures, 187f
root canal detection in molars,
159
second molars
access cavity preparation,
194b–195b
apical canal configurations,
189t, 195t
eruption and calcification
ages, 196f
second primary molars, 817
third molars
access cavity preparation,
198b
apical canal configurations,
195t
eruption and calcification
ages, 198f
MB (mesiobuccal) canal, 148
MDH (medullary dorsal horn),
674–675, 675f
measurement systems, 992–993
measuring point standards (ANSI),
240f
mechanical allodynia, 674–679
mechanical irritants, and pulpal
reaction, 523
mechanical loading, 782
mechanical phases of access cavity
preparation, 153–157
mechanical properties of root
dentin, 462–463
mechanisms of action
of intraligamentary injection,
692–693, 705
of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 672–674
of prostaglandins (PGs),
672–673
mechanisms of pathogenicity,
563f–564f
mechanoreceptors, 55
medial pterygoids, 65
medical considerations, 72–77,
130–132, 694–695, 728–730
behavioral and psychiatric, 77
bisphosphonate therapy, 75–76
cardiovascular (See
cardiovascular conditions/
events)
diabetes, 73–74
end-stage renal disease/dialysis,
76
of geriatric patients, 882
HIV and AIDS, 76
malignancies, 74–75
medically compromised patients,
71
pregnancy, 74
prosthetic implants, 76–77
psychosocial evaluation, 77
medical history, 5–6, 390–393,
398–402, 438
cardiac status, 73
conditions needing dental care
modification with, 5, 5b
for determination of vertical
root fractures, 27
for geriatric patients, 882
heart disease, 405–408
Medical History form, 392f
oral manifestations of medical
conditions, 5
systemic diseases/conditions,
effects of local anesthesia
on, 694–695
medical waste disposal, 133
medicated sealers, 362
medication errors, 442
medication logs, 398f
medications
adverse effects of, COX-2
inhibitors, 680
antimicrobials/antibacterials, 17
intracanal, 253–255
ceiling effect, 734–737
combining
dexamethasone with
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3, 604
nonnarcotic analgesics, 680
NSAIDs, 685–687
drug history, 402
drug interactions, 402
analgesics, 682t
local anesthetics with patients’
medications, 695

medications (Continued)
nonnarcotic analgesics, 680
NSAIDs, 680
potential for, 729
triazolam with grapefruit
juice, 676
with vasoconstrictors, 695t
drug reactions, 402
drug-seeking behavior, 687
intracanal, 253–255
new drug patents, 403
newly marketed, 402
nonprescription, 730
PMA trials, 402–403
potential side effects of, 860
systemic medications for wound
healing, 727–728
bisphosphonates, 727
cyclooxyngenase-2 (COX-2)
inhibitors, 728
glucocorticoids, 727–728
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 728
medullary dorsal horn (MDH),
674–675, 675f
MedWatch, 404–405
membrane materials, 760–761,
764t
mental foramen, 730, 730f
incisive nerve block at, 699
neuroma formation in, 58–59
overestimating distances, 429
mental nerve avoidance, 442
meperidine, 700
mepivacaine, 693t, 697–698, 703
mepivacaine/prilocaine solutions,
703
Merck Manual, 5
mercury separators, 133
mesenchymal (ectomesenchymal)
stem cells, 603
pulpal, 603
sources of, 609
types of, 603–604
mesenchymal stem cells of the
apical papilla (SCAP), 611f
mesenchyme development, 455f
mesial root, formation of, 814f
mesial root, 23, 209t, 327f, 665f
mesial tooth surface, perforation
of, 176f
mesiobuccal (MB) canal, 148
mesiobuccal root amputations,
67f
mesiodistal diameter, 146
mesiodistal plane, 814
messing gun-type syringes,
727–728
metabolism
of local anesthetics, 694
of pulp, 469–471
metal alloy instruments, 233
metal restorations, 155
metal veneer crowns, 168–169
methemoglobinemia, 694
methylchloroform, 911–912
methylene blue dye, 725f
methylprednisolone, 683
MHC class II molecule-expressing
cells, 471f
microbial composition and
diversity, 572–573, 572f,
574f–576f, 577–579
microbial ecology, 577–579, 581f
microbial flora of infections,
559–560, 560f
diversity of, 571, 572f
microbial identification methods,
568–569, 568b, 570f–571f,
571b
microbial pathogenicity and
virulence mechanisms,
562–565, 563f–564f, 566f
microbiota. See microorganisms
microcondensers, 739f
microhardness values (dentin),
778
microinstruments, 229
Micro-Openers, 152
microorganisms, 559–560, 560f.
See also infections
airborne transmission of, 131
of apical periodontitis, 532–534,
532t, 535f
canal disinfection regimes for,
939
cariogenic, 822
definition, 571
dentin dust as source of
irritation, 315f
diagnosis of, 50
diversity of, 571, 572f
efficacy of irrigants in
deactivating, 313t
eradication of, 312–314,
334–337
intraradicular/extraradicular,
892f
of lesions, 77
mechanisms of, 562–565
normal inhabitants of, 563
persistent or reintroduced, 891
presence in root canal and
dentinal tubules, 291f
in root canal-treated teeth,
582–584, 583f–585f
sealing off escape routes of, 721
spatial distribution of, 574–577,
577f–580f
microscopes, 929f
dental operating microscopes
(DOMs), 28, 137f,
226–228
widening of access with, 145f
EndoRez environmental
scanning electron
microscope (ESM), 264f
instrument removal with,
932–933
magnification, 125f, 226–228
magnification of, 226f
sterilization of, 131f
microscopic endodontics, 420
middle superior alveolar (MSA)
nerve, 704f
midface swelling, 593
mid-root perforations, 944f–946f
migraine headaches, 57
Miller, Willoughby Dayton, 560
mineral density, 777–778
mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA),
382f, 611–614, 613f,
631–635, 632f, 755, 907–909
apexification with, 611–614,
631–635, 632f
barrier technique, 850–851
clinical studies on, 830–831
delivery systems for, 728, 756f
direct pulp capping with, pulpal
reaction to, 518
hard-tissue formation promotion
by, 492
for perforation repairs, 941
perforation repairs with,
940f–943f
placement of, 382, 740f
properties of, 382
pulpal response to, 813f
as pulp-capping agent, 843
pulp capping with, 626–627
pulpotomies in primary teeth
using, 830–831
pulp responses to, 812–813
radiographic examples of, 842f,
850f
success with, 841–842, 844
minor apical diameter, 146f
- sign (inhibitory action), 675f
mirrors/micromirrors, 739f
misdiagnoses, 893f
of resorptive defects, 647
missing teeth, 861–862, 862f
mission statements, 1021
mixture of tetracycline, acid, and
detergent (MTAD), 249,
251–252, 251f, 314
mobility, normal/abnormal, 14
mobility testing, 14, 14f
with children, 818
recording results of, 15b
Modified Dental Anxiety Scale,
436
moisture content of teeth, 777
molars
mandibular second and third,
9–10, 12–13
maxillary, 12–13
molecular biology methods, 569,
571b
molecular mechanisms, in central
sensitization, 676
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
inhibitors, 695t
monomers, 784
morphine, intraligamentary
injections, 682
morphology. See also anatomy/
anatomic considerations
apical, 146f, 1012–1013
morphologic zones of pulp, 86,
463–466, 464f
of permanent teeth, 139t–140t
of primary versus permanent
teeth, 813–817
of root canals, 136, 142–144,
814
variations of, 816–817
Morrell Crown Remover, 901f
motor-evoked potential (MEP),
700
INDEX I-19
Mounce instrument, 932–933,
933f
mouse hole effect, 163–164, 166f
MP (myofascial pain), 55–56
MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging), indications for, 61
MSA (middle superior alveolar)
nerve, 704f
MTA. See mineral trioxide
aggregate (MTA)
MTAD (mixture of tetracycline,
acid, and detergent), 249,
251–252, 251f, 314
mucobuccal fold, swelling of, 10f,
12–13
multilineage differentiation
capacity of human dental
pulp cells, 604f
multiple canals, 86f
multiple foramina, 218f
multiple sclerosis, 58
multipotent stem cells, 603
muscular pain, 56, 64t, 65
musculoskeletal pain, 55–56
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(tuberculosis), 124, 130
myelinated nerve fibers, 474–475,
475f–476f
mylohyoid muscle, 12–13
myocardial infarction (MI), 61
myofascial pain (MP), 55–56
myofascial trigger points, 55–56
myofibroblasts, 725
N
NaOCI. See sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCI)
naproxen, 680
narrow apical preparations, 319t
nasolabial fold, swelling of, 9
National Council of Radiation
Protection and Measurements
(NCRP), 989f
National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements
(NCRP), 96
National Health Survey, 858
National Institute on Aging, 859
National Institutes of Health
(NIH), 990–991
National Practitioner Data Bank,
424
natural killer (NK) cells, 538
natural scaffolds, 605
NCRP (National Council on
Radiation Protection and
Measurements), 96
Nd:YAG laser, 519, 914
NE (norepinephrine), 52, 675f
neck pain, 55
neck structures, 61–62
necrosis
of adjacent tissues, 812
of bone, 97
resistance to, 477–478
necrotic pulp. See pulpal necrosis
(nonvital pulp)
needle bevel and success of
anesthesia, 701
needle breakage, 440–441
I-20 INDEX
needle deflection during injection,
701
negative rack angles, 229–245
negligence, 414
concealing, 431–432
customary practice versus,
412–413
dental (definition), 410
examples of, 412b
incidence of, 424–425, 438
neodymium-doped yttrium
aluminum garnet lasers,
273–274
nerve blocks. See also local
anesthesia
anterior middle superior alveolar
(AMSA) nerve block, 705
articaine after failed inferior
alveolar nerve block, 705
incisive nerve block at mental
foramen, 699
inferior alveolar nerve blocks,
699–700
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior alveolar
(P-ASA) nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar
(PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block,
704
nerve bundles, 475
nerve degeneration, 58–59
nerve fibers
development of, 455f
distribution of, 477f
plasticity of intradental,
481–482
substance P-positive, 484f
sympathetic, 474f
nerve growth factor, 455–456
nerve sensitization, 60
nerve supply development, 455
NETs (neutrophil extracellular
traps), 533
networks, office (WAN, LAN),
971, 994
neuralgias, 57–58
neuritic pain, 57–60
neuroanatomy, 40. See also pulp
innervation
autonomic nervous system
(ANS), 42–45
central nervous system (CNS),
42
neural structures, 41–42
somatic structures, 40–45
neurogenic inflammation,
508–509, 508f, 534, 535f
neurogenic pain, 64t
neuroimmune interactions,
481–482
neurokinin A (NKA), 508
neurologic conditions, 5–6, 5b
neuromas, 57–59
neuronal phenotypes, 673
neurons
pain-sensing, 671–672
second-order, 51
sensory, 672–673
neuropathic pain, 53, 55, 57–61
neuropeptides, 480–481
in innate immunoinflammatory
response, 540
neuropeptide Y (NPY), 474f
in pulpal response to irritants,
508
neurophysiology, 45
neurovascular pain, 56–57, 61
neutrophil extracellular traps
(NETs), 533
new product use, 414
NGF-mRNA, 482f
nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy
instruments, 306f, 783–784
chemical properties of,
305–307
debris left by, 319
deformation of, 309f
files, 783–784
motors used with, 309f
physical and chemical properties
of, 305–307
removal of separated, 311f
NIT (noninstrumentation
technique), 292f, 339
nitric oxide (NO), 675f, 676
nitric oxide synthase (NOS),
675f
nitrous oxide (N2O), 676
nitrous oxide scavengers, 133–134
NKA (neurokinin A), 508
NK (natural killer) cells , in
response to apical
periodontitis, 538
NK-1 receptors, 675f
NMDA receptors, 675f
NO (nitric oxide), 675f, 676
N2O (nitrous oxide), 676
nociceptive afferent fibers, 672f
nociceptive pain, 53
drugs for relieving, 58
modulation of, 52
perception of, 675f
nociceptors, 53
depolarization of, 672
firing characteristics of, 673
inhibitors of transmission by,
675
innervators of inflamed tissue,
673
processing by, 51–52
nomenclature, 995
nonaxial forces on teeth, 788
nonbacterial microorganisms,
579–580
noncontinuous anesthesia, 697
noncutting tips, 232f
nonendodontic apical
periodontitis, 551
nonendodontic lesions, 662
noneugenol sealers, 360
noninstrumentation technique
(NIT), 292f, 339
nonnarcotic analgesia
acetaminophen, 679–682, 686f
ibuprofen compared to, 686f
and liver injury/failure,
680–682
limitations and drug
interactions, 680
nonodontogenic toothaches, 38,
893f
case studies, 65–68
examination for, 64–68
musculoskeletal and somatic
pain, 55–56
neuroanatomy of, 50–52
neurophysiology of, 52
pain-related terminology, 52
patient history of, 62–64
sources of, 55–62
tests for, 65
nonresorbable membrane
materials, 764t
nonselective alpha-adrenergic
blockers, 695t
nonselective beta-blockers, 695t
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 45–46, 60,
766
acetaminophen, 679–682, 686f
aspirin, 45, 680, 729
drug interactions with, 682t
efficacy and safety of, 679–680
limitations of, 680
mechanisms of action of,
672–674
nonselective, 680
for postoperative pain control,
684
pretreatment administration of,
98, 734–737
pretreatment with, 685
site of action of, 672–673
nonsurgical retreatment
access for, 900f, 909–924
gutta-percha removal,
910–914
paste retreatment, 919–921
silver point removal, 921–924
solid core obturators,
914–919
for apical periodontitis, 896f
broken posts, 903f–905f
canal impediments, 935–937
clinical presentations of
posttreatment disease, 891f
coronal access cavity
preparation, 899–901
etiology of, 890–892, 892f
finishing, 939
heat generation during, 934–935
perforation repairs, 939–944
persistent lesions, 893f
prognosis with, 944–945
removal of separated
instruments, 924–934
unintentional replantation, 901f
unsuccessful, 948f
untreated canal, 895f, 899f
vertical fracture, 894f
nonsurgical treatment, 37, 67f, 84f
versus apical surgery, 898
assessment for, 358
evaluating for, 78
failures of, 77, 80
goal of, 95
outcomes for, 614–615
of perforations, 939–942
periradicular, 723f
nonsurgical treatment (Continued)
radicular cyst regression after,
554
surgical versus, 420
wound healing after, 552–554,
553t
nonverbal communication
strategies, 958–959
nonvital pulp. See pulpal necrosis
(nonvital pulp)
norepinephrine (NE), 52, 675f
normal teeth, 41
NOS (nitric oxide synthase), 675f
Notice of Privacy Practices, 91
noxious stimuli, 50–51
N2 (Sargenti) paste treatment,
358f, 362f, 431–432, 432f
NRM (nucleus raphe magnus),
52
NSAIDS. See nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
NSRCT. See nonsurgical
retreatment
Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
96
nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), 52
O
objective signs, 861–870
obliteration of pulp canal, 641
obstructions, 326, 930f. See also
separated/broken instruments
debris
left by NiTi instruments, 319
in maxillary sinus, 731
in pulp remnants/wall debris,
149f
in tooth orifices, 175f, 316,
331–332, 935
removal of
instruments for, 245
ultrasonic equipment for,
929–930, 930f
Obtura II and III systems,
375f–376f, 376–378
Obtura S Kondensers, 372f
obturation, 270f
of accessory canals, 380f
adequate, 358f
carrier-based systems for,
270–271, 378–381,
915–916
carrier removal, 916
cement trails, 34f
challenges of canal shapes for,
139–141
compaction techniques,
367–376, 373f–374f
delivery systems for, 269–271,
376f–377f, 378
heating systems for, 271
historical perspectives on, 352
immediate obturation, 381–382,
383f
importance of, 349–352
inadequate/incomplete, 351f,
1017f
injection techniques, 271
instruments for, 243–245

obturation (Continued)
length of, 354–356
materials for, 916f (See also
sealers/sealants; specific
material)custom cones,
366–367
gutta-percha (See
gutta-percha)
injectable, 271f
pastes, 381
properties of, 363b
methods of, 367–382
for older patients, 881–882
preparation for, 354–356
of primary teeth, 835–838
resin-bonded systems, 914
solid core obturators, 914–919
with split teeth, 35f
systems for, 915f
thermoplastic techniques, 376f
three-dimensional, 350
timing of, 352–353
twist-off obturation technique,
925f
voids in obturation, 351f
occlusal adjustment, 763–765
occlusal anatomy, 151–152
occlusal prematurities, 433
occlusal reduction, 41
occlusal schemes, 788
occlusal stress, 462–463
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA),
88–91
Ochsenbein-Luebke flaps,
741–742, 742f
ODBC (open database
connectivity), 995
odontoblastic process, 36f, 459,
809f
odontoblast layer, 464f, 467f–468f,
477f, 482f, 516
odontoblast-like cells, 603–607,
605t
odontoblast process, 466–467
odontoblasts, 476f, 483–484,
603–604, 810f
apoptosis of, 463
destruction of primary, 491–492
differentiation of, 456–457,
456f, 467f, 604–605
displacement of, 481f
disruption of, 467
membrane properties of, 477
relationship of odontoblast
structure to secretory
function, 467–468
replacement, 627f
in response to caries, 504–508,
506f–507f
odontogenesis, 606
odontogenic infections, 593
odontogenic toothaches
central excitatory effects with, 55
form for evaluating, 62f–63f
localizing, 62
sources of, 54–55
office policies. See practice
management
off-the-cuff diagnoses, 437
Ohio State University, 702
older patients. See geriatric patients
ONJ. See osteonecrosis of jaw
(ONJ)
onlays/overlays, 781, 798f
onset of anesthesia, 702, 714
OOE (outer enamel epithelium),
454f
open apex avulsions, 648–651
open database connectivity
(ODBC), 995
operatory preparation, 88–91, 737,
738f
covering instrumentation, 131
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 91
infection control, 88–91
in-operatory sterilizers, 129
for periradicular surgery,
727–728, 737, 738f–739f,
741
handpieces, 744f
opioid interneurons, blockade of,
52
opioid peptides, 675f
opioid release, 674
opioids (narcotic analgesics),
45–46, 682, 682t–683t
adverse side effects of, 682
combined, 682t
doses, 683t
opportunistic pathogens, 562–563
ORAD (Oral Radiographic
Differential Diagnosis), 74
oral cavity bacteria, 130, 132,
594–595
oral conscious sedation, 714
oral hygiene, 411
oral infections, 75
Oral Radiographic Differential
Diagnosis (ORAD), 74
oral sepsis, 587
orascopy, 109
instruments for/view examples,
110f
OraVerse, 697
ordinary care (prudent care), 412
organic sources of toothache,
referred from distant source,
61–62
orifice enlargement instruments,
323f
orifice location, laws of, 151–152
orifices
enlargement of, 323f, 327f
laws of location, 151f
relationship of location of,
144–145
removal of, 164
orofacial pain, 54f
orofacial region
pain in, 55, 675f
sympathetic innervation of, 52
orthodontic extrusion, 667,
792–793
orthodontic movement, and pulpal
reaction, 523
orthodontic procedures, 120–122,
523, 524f
orthograde endodontic therapy,
possibilities/limitations of,
288f
orthograde root canal therapy,
283–285
osseous lesion formation, 657–661,
664f–665f, 668f
osseous regeneration, 362f.
See also bone-related entries
osseous replacement, 640,
640f–641f, 647
osseus formation, 551, 726–727,
882
ossix membrane (collagen), 668f
osteitis, 74, 551
osteoblasts/osteogenesis, 726–727
osteoclasts (dentinoclasts), 543,
544f, 642f
osteoconductive material, 760–761
osteogenesis, distraction, 602
osteolytic lesions, 103
osteolytic responses, 362f
osteomyelitis, 551
osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ), 336f
bisphosphonate-related, 75–76,
76b, 97, 555
radiotherapy and, 555
osteotomies, 757f–758f
outcomes
apical periodontitis, 540–542,
541f, 545, 551
of endodontic treatment, 80
and enhanced visualization,
737
full coronal pulpotomies, 844
with geriatric patients, 882
healing, 78, 621, 727
influence of infections on, 82
nonsurgical treatment, 614–615
optimal endodontic, 136
probabilities for successful,
722–723
pulpectomies in mature teeth,
624–625
pulpotomies in primary teeth,
829–830
pulp therapy, 823b
rates of favorable, 283
of retreatment, 944
success/failure of retreatment
therapy, 80
outer enamel epithelium (OOE),
454f
oval-shaped canals, 148–149
overextentions/overfills, 426f,
429–431, 430f–432f,
837f–839f
cementosis, 871f
gutta-percha, 429
treatment failures due to, 721
overheating posts, 414f
overinsertion of files, 416f
overlay approaches, composite/
ceramics, 790f–791f
Oxford League Table of Analgesic
Efficacy, 681t
oxidative potential water, 316
Oxpara paste, 833
oxygen supply to root canal,
577–578
INDEX I-21
ozone (triatomic oxygen/
trioxygen), 257–258, 259f
P
PAD (photo-activated
disinfection), 838–840
pain
absence of, 818
aggravating factors in, 64
alleviating factors of, 64
associated factors of, 64
cardiac/thoracic, 61
causes of, 40
classification of, 55
craniofacial, 62
definition, 53
diffuse, of vague origin,
869
duration of, 6
effects of, 49–50
elicitation with bite or
percussion tests, 19
emergencies, 40
emotional variables affecting
response to, 955–956
(See also anxiety/fear)
endogenous abatement of, 52
food-impaction related, 818f
history and characteristics of
(children), 817–818
inflammation-associated,
483
intensity of, 6
intracranial lesions, 61
localization of, 6
locating pulpal, 31
musculoskeletal, 55–56
neuropathic, 57–61
neurovascular, 56–57
nonodontogenic (See
nonodontogenic
toothaches)
odontogenic (See odontogenic
toothaches)
onset of, 6, 58, 64
in orofacial region, 55
patient descriptors, 673
aching pain, 54–55, 64t
burning pain, 58, 64t
constant pain, 60
crushing pain, 61
deep pain, 63–64
diffuse pain, 63–64
dull aches, 47, 58
dull pain, 54–55, 64t
electric pain, 58–59
myofascial area, 55–56
pulsatile pain, 56–57, 64t
radiating pain, 52
sharp pain, 58–59
shocking pain, 64t
shooting pain, 58
throbbing pain, 54–55, 64t
transient pain, 52
to percussion, 14
periradicular, 55
postendodontic, 686f
posttreatment, 80–81
provoked, 817
psychogenic, 61
I-22 INDEX
pain (Continued)
pulpal
difficulty of localizing, 55
nature of, 54
referred (See referred pain)
salivary gland, 56
sinus/nasal mucosal, 56
somatic, 55–56
spontaneous, 817–818
trephination for, 42
trigeminal neuralgia, 5–6
trigeminal pain system, 671–676
types of, 53b
with vital pulps, 861
voltage-gated sodium channels
and, 692t
with/without tissue injury, 52
pain management strategies, 98.
See also analgesia
flexible plan for prescribing,
685–687, 686f
future directions for, 687
local anesthesia
long-acting, 685
when endodontic treatment is
impossible, 714
postendodontic, 676–679, 686f
pretreatment, 676, 685
prophylactic antibiotics for,
684–685
three-D pain control, 685, 685b
in vital teeth, 80–81
when endodontic treatment is
impossible, 714
pain perception
diagram of perception and
modulation of orofacial
pain, 675f
gender differences in, 695
higher-order perceptual
processes in, 676
mechanisms contributing to,
673b
nociceptive information
transmission, 672f
predictors of postoperative,
676–679
prepain sensations, 671–672
trigeminal pain system
detection, 671–674
perception of stimulus, 676
processing, 674–676
palatal-anterior superior alveolar
(P-ASA) nerve blocks, 704
palatal roots, 731–732, 817
palate
sloughing of, 422f
swelling of, 11
palatogingival grooves, 656,
661–662, 663f
palpation, 14, 65, 818
PAMPs (pathogen-associated
molecular patterns), 506–507,
532
papillary-based incisions, 742
paracrine effects, 675f
parafunctional habits, and pulpal
reaction, 523–524
paralleling (right-angle) technique,
100f–101f
parapharyngeal space, 593
paresthesia, 425–426, 694,
698–699, 768
paresthesia, 430f
partial abutments, 872f
partial pulpotomies, 842, 844
partial restorations, 793t, 794,
872f, 896–897
parulis, 11f
P-ASA (palatal-anterior superior
alveolar) nerve blocks, 704
passive posts, 783–784
passive ultrasonic activation,
255–256
paste delivery systems, 608–609,
615f–616f
paste retreatment, 919–921
pastes, 350
filling materials, 919f–920f
length control with paste root
fillings, 432f
obturation, 381
Sargenti (N2) paste treatment,
358f, 362f, 431–432
toxic ingredients of, 919
triple antibiotic paste, 255, 494f,
608–609, 612f–613f
patency establishment, 880–881
patency files, 318, 336
pathfinding and gauging files, 322f
pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), 506–507,
532
pathogenicity, 562–565, 567
pathogens, 588–589. See also
infections; microorganisms
pathophysiology of endodontic
disease, 283–285
pathosis
acute endodontic, 78f
interradicular, 285f
periapical, 819
pulpal
periodontal disease and,
522–523, 656–657
signs of, 818
Patient Account Information for,
391f
patient age
aging populations and dental
care, 858–860
canal shapes of elderly patients,
148
cementum apposition with, 146
dentin changes related to, 497
diagnosis and treatment
planning, 870–873
longevity of dentition, 858
normal processes of aging, 863
pulpal reaction to restorative
procedures and, 516
success and failure according to,
882
tissue changes and, 778
tooth retention in elderly,
864–865
patient data, 397
patient loop tracking, 973–994
patient preparation
premedication options, 734–737
patient preparation/education, 967
antianxiety regimens, 97–98
case presentation, 92–95
digital displays for, 989f
explanations of treatments,
92–95
alternatives to root canal
therapy, 92
causes of pulpal death/disease,
92
endodontic (root canal)
treatment, 92
need for crown (cap) after
treatment, 92
process of root canal
treatment, 92–95
risk of tooth discoloration, 92
success rates of root canal
therapy, 92
symptoms of pulpal death/
disease, 92
information forms for, 390
informed consent (See informed
consent)
pamphlets for, 406
for periradicular surgery,
734–737
publications for, 92–95
stress and understanding of, 85
systems for, 967
for treatment planning, 91–98
patient records. See
documentation/records
pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs)
in host defense, 506–507
in innate immune response,
531–532
Payr, Erwin, 258
PD (predentin), 457, 459, 477f,
492f
PDGF (platelet-derived growth
factor), 603
PDL. See periodontal ligament
(PDL)
PDUFA (Prescription Drug User
Fee Act), 404
Pearson silver impregnation
method, 471f
pediatric endodontic treatment
apexification, 847–851
artificial apical barrier
techniques, 850–851
restoration after, 851
apexogenesis, 845–847
diagnostic process in children,
817–821
morphology of primary and
permanent teeth, 813–817
nonvital pulp therapy on
primary teeth, 831–838
outcomes studies, 833
permanent teeth, 838–842
preservation of arch space in,
809
principles of, 821
pulpal necrosis of, 382
pulp-dentin complex
dentinogenic response to
injury, 809–810
pediatric endodontic treatment
(Continued)
histology of, 809
reactions to dental caries,
810–811
pulp-dentin complex in young
teeth, 809–813
pulp therapy for primary teeth
direct pulp capping, 822
indirect, 821–822
peer reviews, 444
Peeso drills, 834
penetration instruments, 163,
168–169, 173f
penicillin, 684–685, 714
perceived pain. See localization of
pain; pain entries
percussion testing, 14, 14f, 19, 65,
818
perforations, 170f
apical, 943–944
avoiding, 834, 835f
examples of, 879f
furcal, 170f
furcation, 176f
indications of, 876, 878f
internal nonsurgical repairs,
939–941
labial, 176f
of mandibular canal, 416f
mid-root, 944f–945f
multiple, 298f
nonsurgical repairs, 939–942
pain with, 708–709
post, 438, 439f, 908f
during post removal, 907–909
by posts, 909f–910f, 940f
during preparation, 318f
prevention of, 118–120, 438
repair of, 116–118, 169f, 174f,
382f, 939–944, 941f
root, 85f, 656
sinus, 429–430
treatment referrals after, 879f
perforin, in adaptive immune
response, 533
periapex, anatomy of, 529
periapical bone loss, 1012
periapical cemental dysplasia
(cementoma), 20f, 106f
periapical debridement, 241–242
periapical infections/diseases,
833
with associated sinus tracts, 13
clinical classification of,
36–38
response to treatment, 85f
periapical lesions, 20f, 84f
pericytes, 492f
periimplantitis, 896f
periodontal cysts, 662, 664f–665f
periodontal disease, 655
of pulpal origin, 657
pulpal pathology and, 522–523,
656–657
in senior patients, 864–865
terminal, 897–898
periodontal evaluation, 30, 227
periodontal inflammation,
influence on pulp of, 657

periodontal lesions
around longstanding defects,
939–941
concomitant with pulpal, 661f
primary, 659, 660f
with secondary endodontic
involvement, 660
secondary to primary
endodontic, 660f
periodontal ligament (PDL), 55
damage to, 934
described, 529–530
in geriatric patients, 875
injections to, 699
sensitivity after root canal
treatment, 58–59
periodontal probing, 15
periodontal tissue, 656
periodontal treatment
complications of, 865–866
methods of, 662–667
pulpal reaction to, 522–523,
522f
for rubber dam placement
problems, 120–122
periodontitis
apical (See apical periodontitis)
marginal, 656–657
prognosis with, 659
retrograde, 656–657
periodontium
influence of pulpal disease on
condition of, 656–657
regeneration of attachment
apparatus by, 657
safety of ligamental anesthesia
to, 706
periorbital space, 594
peripheral nerve endings, 674
peripheral nerve paresthesia, 694
peripheral nervous system (PNS),
41
peripheral neuropathies, 60
peripheral nociceptors, analgesia
for, 674
peripheral sensitization, 53, 60,
672, 675–676
periradicular curettage, 898
periradicular destruction, 287f
periradicular diseases, 12f, 736f
abscesses, 9f, 42–45
development of, 290f
etiology of, 721–722
lesions, 320f, 736f, 744–745,
866f
osteitis, 74
periradicular pain, 42, 55
periradicular radiolucencies, 172f,
713
periradicular surgery, 666f
anatomic considerations,
730–732, 730f, 732f
anterior maxilla and
mandible, 732
posterior mandible, 730–731
posterior maxilla, 731–732
bone graft materials, 764t
clinical decision making for,
722–723
closure of surgical site, 756–757
periradicular surgery (Continued)
complications, 766–768
curettage and biopsies, 744–745
exploratory, 725f
hemostatic materials, 746f
indications for, 721–723,
722f–724f
instruments and operatory
setup, 727–728, 737,
738f–739f, 741, 744f
intentional replantation,
762–765
local anesthesia for, 713,
737–741
localized hemostasis during,
745–747
membrane materials, 764t
patient preparation for, 734–737
postoperative care, 761f, 766
pre- and postoperative
examples, 757f–760f,
762f–763f, 765f–766f
preoperative evaluation,
728–730, 730f, 745
radiography for, 732–734
rationale for, 722
root-end cavity preparation,
750–752
root-end filling materials,
752–756
root end management, 747–750
angle of resection, 748
determining need for
resection/filling, 747
resected root-end surface
topography, 749
root-end conditioning,
749–750
root-end resection, 747–748
surface preparation, 748–749
surgical access, 741–744
wound healing
biologic principles of, 723
hard tissue, 726–727
soft tissue, 723–726
systemic medications for,
727–728
periradicular tissue, 529–530
periradicular tissues, 530
peritubular dentin, 459, 460f
permanent restorations, 162,
651–652
permanent teeth, 809–813
morphology of, 813–817
pediatric endodontic treatment
in, indirect pulp therapy,
838–840
primary teeth compared to, 813f
permanent tooth buds, 832
permeability of dentin, 461–462,
516, 517f
persistent infections, 569–571,
580–584, 893f
persistent microorganisms, 891
personal protective gear, 89
personnel. See staff issues
PGs. See prostaglandins (PGs)
Pharmaceutical Research and
Manufacturers Association,
402
pharmacogenomics, 687
phenolic preparations, 253
phenotypes, changes in neuronal,
673
phentolamine mesylate, 697
PHI (protected health
information), 91
phobias. See anxiety/fear
phosphoric acid methacrylates,
787
phot-activated disinfection (PAD),
838–840
photoactivation disinfection, 259
photography, digital, 966–967
physical properties of sealers, 269
physical status classification
system, 72b
physiologic root development, 608
PI (povidone iodine), 248, 251
PIDs (position-indicating devices),
95
pilot holes, 909f–910f
pink spot, 647f
pins, removal of, 170f
placement of sealers, 362, 363f
plaques, 662
plastic carriers, 916–918
plastic deformation, 230b
plasticity of intradental nerve
fibers, 481–482
plastic limit, 230b
platelet aggregation, 672–673
platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF), 603
platelets, in response to apical
periodontitis, 538
plexus of Raschkow, 475
PLGA (resorbable polylactic-
coglycolic acid), 606f
pliers, 901f, 938f
pluggers, 372f–373f, 375f, 919f
+ sign (excitatory action), 675f
PMNs (polymorphonuclear
neutrophilic leukocytes), 533,
537
PMNs (polymorphonuclear
neutrophils), 724–725
pneumomediastinum (air
embolus), 440
pocket cysts, 261–262, 892
pockets
probing, 15, 203f, 413, 657,
866f (See also probes/
probing)
prurulent, 658–659
points, silver. See silver points/
cones
polyglactic acid, 764t
polyglycolic acid, 764t
polymers, 266
polymorphonuclear neutrophilic
leukocytes (PMNs), 533,
537
polymorphonuclear neutrophils
(PMNs), 724–725
polytetrafluoroethylene, 764t
poorly fitting restorations, 26f
populations, microbial, 565
porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns,
15–16, 899–900
INDEX I-23
porcelain jacket crowns, 15–16,
899–900
porcelain restorations, 168–169
POs (preodontoblasts), 456f, 492f
position-indicating devices (PIDs),
95
positive rack angles, 229–245
postcapillary venules, 486f
post cementation, 804f
posterior access cavity preparation,
162–165
identification of canal orifices,
163–164
individual teeth, 165
initial external outline form,
162–163
inspection of pulp chamber
floor, 164
primary teeth, 833
pulp chamber
inspection of, 164
penetration of, 163
roof removal, 163
refinement of restorative
margins, 164
removal of caries and permanent
restorations, 162
removal of cervical dentin
bulges, orifice, and coronal
flaring, 164
straight-line access
determination, 164
posterior superior alveolar (PSA)
nerve blocks, 704, 704f
postexposure actions, 133b
post fractures, 887f
postnatal (adult) stem cells, 603
postoperative care, 406, 406f, 761f,
763–766
postoperative complications,
766–768
Post Puller, 905
post space formation, 794
posts/post materials
avoiding, with permanent
restorations, 651
broken, 887f, 903f–905f
cast post/core system, 785
clinical features of, 781–782
color of, 789
custom cap, 947f
design/shape of posts, 901–902
dislodging, 934
fiber, 784
fractured, 906f, 909f–910f
gold post material, 790f–791f
length parameters, 794
light-transmitting, 851
materials for, 783–784
overheating of posts, 414f
perforations by, 439f, 908f–910f,
940f
prefabricated metallic, 783–785
preparation of, 804f
radiopacities of, 902f
removal/retrieval of, 427,
901–909, 904f, 906f–908f,
911f, 946f
broken, 905f
complications of, 907–909
I-24 INDEX
posts/post materials (Continued)
inability to remove, 909
retention of, 783–786
role of, 781
screw, 425
separation of, 909
stress distribution within, 783f
techniques for, 903–905
threaded, 783–784
titanium, 783
zirconia, 784
posttrauma therapy, 442
posttreatment diseases/infections,
124, 317, 684. See also
retreatment
clinical presentations of, 891f
diagnosis of, 892–894
etiology of, 890–892
persistent symptoms versus, 895
treatment planning for, 895–898
potassium iodide, 253
potency (differentiation) of stem
cells, 603
povidone iodine (PI), 248, 251
practice management. See also staff
issues
central information store (CIS),
971
customer service, 1023–1024
emergencies, 1023
fees/payment procedures,
437–438
front desk, 976–977
front-desklessness, 972
goal setting, 1021–1022
hardware for, 977–978
imaging equipment, 978–993
IT infrastructure, 971
key performance indicators,
1021
keys to successful, 1020f, 1024
leadership, 1024–1026
management systems,
1019–1020
marketing, 972, 1024
mission statements, 1021
office design, 874f
office insurance, 972
office policies, 967, 972
online forms, 976
operatory design, 977–993
organization and quality control,
130
patient loop, 973–994
principles of, 1026f
referrals, 1024, 1025f
safety (See safety issues)
software for, 976–977
therapeutic index (TI)ers of,
970–971
tiers of, 970
time management, 1022, 1024
ideal day, 1022–1023
procedural time studies, 1022
scheduling, 1022–1023
unhurried visits, 437
use of technology, 963–964
vision statement, 1020–1021
precipitate, 250
precurved stiff files, 935–936
predentin (PD), 457, 459, 477f,
492f
prefabricated metallic posts,
783–785
pregnancy, 74, 74b, 695
premedication with antibiotics,
96–97
premises liability, 964. See also
malpractice; negligence
premolars, anesthetizing, 699
preodontoblasts (POs), 456f, 492f
preoperative evaluation, 728–730,
730f, 745
preoperative pain, 676–679
Prescription Drug User Fee Act
(PDUFA), 404
pressure impulses, 484f
pretracheal space, 593
pretreatment evaluations, for
restorative procedures,
787–789
biomechanical status, 779f, 788
endodontic, 787
esthetic requirements, 788–789
periodontal, 787–788
tooth position, occlusal forces,
parafunctions, 788
pretreatment of posts, 784
pretrigeminal neuralgia, 58
prevention of infections, 643
prevertebral space, 593
Prevotella species, 594–595
prilocaine, 693t, 697–698, 703
prilocaine/epinephrine solutions,
703
primary afferent fibers, 50, 674
primary afferent neurons, 41–42
primary dentin, 458, 489
primary infections, 569–571
geographic influence on,
573–574
intraradicular, 572–580
microbial composition and
diversity, 572–573, 572f,
574f–576f
microbial ecology and, 577–579,
581f
nonbacterial microorganisms,
579–580
spatial distribution of microbiota,
574–577, 577f–580f
symptomatic infections, 573,
577f
primary pathogens, 562–563
primary teeth, 82. See also
pediatric endodontic
treatment
anterior, 814–816
molars, 816–817
morphology of, 813–817
nonvital pulp therapy on,
831–838
permanent teeth compared to,
813f
preservation of, 809
pulp-dentin complex in,
809–813
root canal anatomy, 814
safety of ligamental anesthesia
to, 707
prions, 134
privacy
communication protocols for,
966
computer use protocols, 966
database security, 972
with electronic communication
systems, 1004
Privacy Rule. See Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPAA)
probes/probing, 227f
flexible, 227f
locating/evaluating cracks/
fractures, 27
periodontal, 15, 227, 866f
pocket depth, 15
pulpal floor, 173f
routine probing, 413
procollagen, 473
product labeling, 680
ProFile, 295–297, 326, 328f–329f
Profile GT obturators, 378–380
ProFile instruments, 296–297,
299f–300f, 328f–329f
Profile thermoplasticizing, 914f
progenitor cells, 810
prognosis. See also specific injury
or process
for apical periodontitis, 286–287
for cracks/fractures, 29
crown fractures, 620
for extractions, 897f
factors in determining, 77
healing after replantation,
763–765
indications for extraction, 79f
with MTA for perforation
repairs, 941
for perforation repairs, 941
with periodontitis, 659
pulpotomies, 628–629
revascularization with open
apex, 651
with separated instruments,
926–928
single-tooth implants, 722
vertical root fractures, 30–31
progression of pain, 64
progress notes, 393, 400f–401f
proinflammatory mediators, 673
projection neurons, 675f
projection (second-order) neurons,
42–45, 51–52, 674
proliferative phase of healing,
725–726
endothelial cells/angiogenesis,
725–726
epithelium, 726
fibroblasts/fibroplasia, 725
properties of sealers, 359b
prophylactic endodontic practice.
See also legal responsibilities/
issues; malpractice
absorbable hemostatic agents,
440
alcohol use/abuse by patients,
438
bleach injuries, 438–439
broken needles, 440–441
prophylactic endodontic practice
(Continued)
continuing education, 442–443
core choice, 439–440
dental fear, 435–436
digital radiography, 433–435
disclosure errors, 433
documentation (See
documentation/records)
errors (See errors)
examination process, 433
fees/payment procedures,
437–438
infective endocarditis, 445
inferior alveolar nerve canal
avoidance, 441–442
malpractice related to
prophylaxis, 408–425,
432–445
medication errors, 442
mental nerve avoidance, 442
off-the-cuff diagnoses, 437
other clinicians’ substandard
treatment, 444
patients with HIV, 444–445
peer reviews, 444
perforations (See perforations)
pneumomediastinum (air
embolus), 440
posttrauma therapy, 442
preoperative/postoperative
radiography, 433
professional communication,
437
rapport/relationship with
patients, 436–437
statistical research, 443–444
sterilization guidelines, 441
technologic advances, 443
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 433
treatment for infections,
684–685
prophylactic treatment
antibiotics before procedures,
96–97, 684–685, 737
for patient infections, 685
for staff exposure to infection,
89
proprioceptors, in dental pulp, 14
ProRoot MTA, 382f, 941f
prostaglandins (PGs), 692
decreasing production of, 676
mechanism of, 672–673
release of, 675f
prosthetic foundations, failure of,
788f
prosthetic implants, 76–77
prosthodontic treatment, and
pulpal pathology, 523
ProTaper, 299–302, 301f,
326–327, 327f, 329f,
331f–333f, 378–380, 914,
915f
protected health information
(PHI), 91
protection of dentin, 521
protective clothing for staff, 89
proteoglycans, 472
prothrombic adverse effects, 680

protocols
clinician and staff initials log,
406f
communication (office)
e-mail protocols, 967b
interoffice, 967
protocols for privacy during,
966
computer use, 966, 982b
disinfection, 609
documentation entries, 406
endocrown, 790f–791f
interview, 957–958
restorations for nonvital teeth,
793t
revascularization, 608, 614,
615f–616f
PRRs (pattern recognition
receptors)
in host defense, 506–507
in innate immune response,
531–532
prudent care (ordinary care), 412
PSA (posterior superior alveolar)
nerve blocks, 704, 704f
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 567
psychogenic pain, 57–58, 61
psychologic stress, 954–955
psychosocial evaluations, 77
pterygomandibular space, 593
pulmonary conditions, 5b
pulp
anatomy, A-delta fibers, 50–51
apical, 473f
connective tissue fibers of,
472–473
environment of aged, 867
fibrosis of, 494f
inflamed, 488–489
influence of periodontal
inflammation on, 657
metabolism of, 469–471
morphologic zones of, 463–466,
464f
safety of ligamental anesthesia
to, 706–707
structure of, 453
vascular supply to, 483–489
blood vessels in pulp horn,
485f
configuration of, 484f
lymphatic capillaries, 487f
lymphatic system, 487f
postcapillary venules, 486f
regulation of pulpal blood
flow, 484–488
subodontoblastic terminal
capillary network (TCN),
485f
transcapillary fluid transport,
488f
pulpal anesthesia, determining,
695–696
pulpal blood flow, 477, 488f
anesthesia and, 510–512,
511f–512f
clinical aspects of, 489
humoral control of, 486
in inflamed pulp, 488–489
local control of, 486
pulpal blood flow (Continued)
lymphatic vasculature, 486–487
regulation of, 484–488
transcapillary fluid exchange,
487–488
vascular permeability, 489
pulpal calcifications, 171–172,
494–497, 868f
after traumatic luxation, 497f
diffuse, 495f
dystrophic, 639f
pulp stones, 495f–496f
pulpal cells, 466–469
dendritic, 469, 469f–471f,
507–508, 507f
fibroblasts, 468–469
HLA-DR+ matured macrophage
in, 469f
lymphocytes, 469
macrophages, 469
mast cells, 469
MHC class II molecule-
expressing cells, 471f
odontoblast layer of, 464f,
467f–468f
odontoblasts, 465f, 466–467
relationship of odontoblast
structure to secretory
function, 467–468
pulpal collagen fibers, 471f
pulpal dendritic cells, 469,
469f–471f, 507–508, 507f
pulpal diseases/infections, 28f,
36–37
apical/periapical disease, 37–38
clinical classification of, 36–38
concomitant with periodontal
lesions, 661, 661f
inflammatory, 673
influence on condition of
periodontium of, 656–657
irreversible pulpitis
(See irreversible pulpitis;
reversible pulpitis)
locating pain, 31
normal pulp, 36
periodontal diseases and, 655
prevention of, 602
progression of, 290f
pulpalgia, 673–674
pulpal necrosis (See pulpal
necrosis (nonvital pulp))
restorative procedures with
infections, 28f
reversible pulpitis, 36, 41
pulpal exposure, 820, 862f
pulpal innervation, 473–483
calcitonin gene-related
peptide(CGRP), 476f, 482f
A and C fibers, 475f
characteristics of sensory fibers,
475t
convergence of sensory
information, 473f
dentin sensitivity, 478–480
distribution of nerve fibers, 477f
hydrostatic stimulation pulses,
483f
hyperalgesia (See hyperalgesia)
myelinated nerve axons, 476f
pulpal innervation (Continued)
neuropeptides, 480–481
plasticity of intradental nerve
fibers, 481–482
pressure impulses, 484f
substance P-positive nerve
fibers, 484f
testing, 478
tissue injury/deafferentiation,
478
pulpal interstitium and ground
substance, 471–472
elastic fibers, 472
hyaluronan, 472
inflamed interstitium, 472
pulpal necrosis (nonvital pulp),
37, 355f, 607f, 611f. See also
pulp testing methods; pulp/
pulpal entries
with acute periradicular abscess,
37, 40, 42–45
with no swelling, 42
single-visit treatment, 42
with swelling, 42–45
after traumatic injuries, 641
anesthesia for teeth with, 713
and apical periodontitis, 536
bacterial colonization of, 563
caries-related, 508, 508f, 612f
diagnosis of, 509, 847
factors in development of, 641
fatigue failure of, 782–783
immature teeth with, 852f
infected, 46f
infections with, 37, 46f, 562
necrotic pulp space
revascularization, 608
with pain, 45
pre-op/post-op, 494f
in primary teeth, 840–841
prophylactic penicillin for, 684
protocols for nonvital teeth with
full prosthetic restorations,
793t
recommended treatment for,
790f–791f
regenerative treatment for, 851
(See also regenerative
dentistry/endodontics)
and resorption, 355f
restorative procedures on, 804f
structure/properties in,
777–778
symptomatic, 81
timing of obturation with, 353
trauma-related, 613f, 625f, 821
pulpal pathosis
etiology of primary, 350
periodontal disease and,
522–523, 656–657
signs of, 818
pulpal reactions
to air abrasion for cavity
preparation, 521
to biomechanical irritation,
523–524
to calcium hydroxide, 517–518
to caries, 504–508, 810–811
chemokine production, 507,
507f
INDEX I-25
pulpal reactions (Continued)
clinical symptoms, correlation
of, 509–510
dentin sclerosis, 505
and dentin sclerosis, 505f
fibrodentin, 505–506
inflammatory response,
506–507, 506f
neurogenic mediators,
508–509
prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment, 519–521,
520f–521f
pulpal dendritic cells
aggregation with,
507–508, 507f
reactionary dentin, 505–506
and reactionary dentin, 506f
reparative dentin, 505–506
and reparative dentin, 506f
tertiary dentinogenesis, 505
and tertiary dentinogenesis,
504–505
conditions for favorable, 822
correlation of clinical symptoms,
509f
to crown preparations, 516,
516f
to cuspal flexure, 523–524
to dental materials, 811–813
dentin hypersensitivity and, 510,
511f
to direct pulp capping, 519
with mineral trioxide
aggregate, 518
to hemostatic agents and
disinfectants on direct pulp
exposures, 519
to implant placement and
function, 524
to intrapulpal anesthesia, 512
to laser procedures, 519–521,
519f
dentin hypersensitivity
treatment, 521
dentin protective measures,
521
local anesthetics and, 510–512,
511f–512f
to mechanical irritants, 523
to MTA capping, 813f
neurogenic mediators of, 508f
to orthodontic surgery, 523,
524f
to periodontal procedures,
522–523, 522f
permeability of dentin and, 516
to restorations/restorative
procedures, 512–518, 518f
materials, 516–518, 518f
patient age and, 516
permeability of dentin/
odontoblastic layer and,
517f
physical irritation from
procedure and, 513–515,
513f–514f
pretreatment pulp
inflammation and,
512–513
I-26 INDEX
pulpal reactions (Continued)
pulp proximity and surface
area of exposed dentin
and, 515–516, 515f
to restorative procedures, 811
to vital bleaching, 521–522
to zinc oxide and eugenol
(ZOE), 518
pulpal repair, 489–494
pulpal tissue
apical versus coronal,
603–604
intercommunication with
periodontal tissue, 656
pulp canal obliteration
(calcification), 641, 641f
pulp capping, 382f, 812
agents for, 811
with calcium hydroxide,
517–518, 518f
direct, 841f
follow-up care for, 844
hemostatic agents and
disinfectants, pulpal
reaction to, 519
with mineral trioxide aggregate,
pulpal reaction to, 518
pulp chamber, 875
depth, 870
floor, 140f, 144–145
calcific deposits on, 159
inspection of, 164
probing, 173f
types of, 217f
laws (guidelines) of anatomy of,
151–152
receded, 155
roof
failure to remove, 175f
penetration of, 158–159,
163
removal of, 159, 165f, 825f,
835f
pulp degeneration, 655
pulp-dentin complex, 453–458,
463, 603. See also dentin
entries
cell-poor zone, 464
cell-rich zone, 464–466
clinical relevance of, 809b
development of, 453–458
accessory canals in roots,
457–458
bell stage, 454f, 456f
diagrammatic representation
of, 454f
epithelial rest cells, 457f
molecular control of
trigeminal axon
navigation, 455–456
odontoblast differentiation,
456–457, 456f
root development, 457,
457f
sensory trigeminal axons,
455f
stages, 454–455
tooth nerve supply, 455
odontoblast layer, 463–464
pulp proper, 466
pulp dressing materials, 626
pulpectomies, 629, 629f
in mature teeth, 624–625
in primary teeth
access openings for, 833–836
contraindications for, 833,
833b
controversies over, 832–833
follow-up care, 838
stages of, 835f
pulp exposure, 561
avoiding, 838–840
direct bonding of, 812
managing, 840–842
traumatic, 845f
pulp horn removal, 165f
pulp innervation
calcitonin gene-related
peptide(CGRP), 476f, 482f
A and C fibers, 475f
characteristics of sensory fibers,
475t
convergence of sensory
information, 473f
dentin sensitivity, 478–480
distribution of nerve fibers,
477f
hydrostatic stimulation pulses,
483f
hyperalgesia (See hyperalgesia)
myelinated nerve axons, 476f
neuropeptides, 480–481
plasticity of intradental nerve
fibers, 481–482
pressure impulses, 484f
substance P-positive nerve
fibers, 484f
testing, 478
tissue injury/deafferentiation,
478
pulpitis
and apical periodontitis, 536,
536f
diagnosis of, 509–510
hyperplastic/proliferative,
508–509, 508f
painful, 483, 509
painless, 509
pulpotomies
definition, 842
failures, 819f
with glutaraldehyde, 827
lasers for, 520–521
local anesthesia for, 714
partial, 627f–629f
on primary teeth, 822–824
contraindications for, 823b
electrosurgical, 831
with ferric sulfate, 827–830
with formocresol, 824–827
with glutaraldehyde, 827
indications/contraindications
for, 823
with mineral trioxide
aggregate (MTA),
830–831
outcomes, 829–830
prospective studies on,
828–829
retrospective studies on, 829
pulpotomies (Continued)
radiographic examples, 630f
stages of vital, 825f
on young permanent teeth,
842–845
follow-up care, 844
with formocresol, 845
partial, 844
pulp polyps, 508–509, 508f
pulp proper, 466
pulp provocation tests, 817
pulp recession, 870
pulp regeneration, 603, 606f,
851–852, 852f
pulp revascularization, 493–494
pulp space
disinfecting the, 245–260
infections of, 641–642
pulp stones (denticles), 494,
1015f
pulp testing methods, 15–20, 31,
650–651, 869f. See also
testing/assessment methods
bite test, 19
with children, 818
electric pulp test (EPT), 17,
225
electronic, 18f, 225f
for geriatric patients, 866–869
infections, 28f
for pulpal anesthesia, 696f
pulpal innervation, 478
pulp degeneration, 658
pulp provocation tests, 817
pulp vitality, 650–651
pulse oximetry, 19
responsiveness of pulpal sensory
neurons, 15
retreatment after, 83f
selective anesthesia, 19–20
staining and transillumination,
19
test cavity method, 19
thermal, 15–17, 36–37
cold tests, 15–16, 223–224
pulp therapy, evidence of
successful, 823b
pulp tissue
cellularity of older, 868f
congealed, 152–153
pulp vitality, 20f. See also pulp
testing methods
blood supply and, 17
with cold and sweet sensitivity,
172f
confirmation with retreatment,
81f
in geriatric patients, 874
indications of, 14
nonvital pulp (See pulpal
necrosis (nonvital pulp))
reestablishment of, 642–643
symptomatic, 30f
testing for (See testing/
assessment methods)
tissue modification following
loss of, 795f
vital pulp (See vital pulp)
pulp volume, 865f
pulse oximetry, 18–19, 18f, 226
Q
quality control, 130
quality of pain, 64, 64t
quorum sensing, 567–568
R
RaCe/Bio Race, 303, 304f
Racellets, 746
racemic epinephrine, 746f
racial groups, canal morphology
among, 142–144
rack angles, positive and negative,
229–245
radiation absorbed dose, 733–734
radiation-induced valvular disease,
73
radiation safety, 95, 132
ALARA principles, 95–96, 987
National Council of Radiation
Protection and
Measurements (NCRP),
989f
pregnant workers, 96
reduction claims, 433
terminology used in, 987–988
radiation sources, 988f
radiation therapy, patients
undergoing, 74–75
radicular cysts, 288f, 545–551, 554
radicular flaring, 147–148
radicular pulp, 484f
radiographic sensors, 90
radiography, 21f. See also
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT); imaging
instruments/systems
ALARA principles, 95–96, 987
angled radiographs, 136, 166,
939–941
of apical periodontitis, 534–535
assessment of images, 228–229
bite-wings, 82–83
bone density and exposure time,
870f
buccal object rule (cone shift),
103–106
with children, 818–820
cleaning and shaping
(examples), 340f
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (See cone-
beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT))
decontamination of radiographs,
132
in diagnostic process, 819–820
digital, 106–109, 433–435,
966–967, 984–985
documentation of, 393
exposure and film qualities, 102
factors influencing quality of, 21
film holders and aiming devices,
100–102, 101f–102f
film placement and cone
angulation, 99–100
film processing, 102–103, 103f
functions/requirements/
limitations of, 98–99
halo effect, 656
internal root resorption, 644

radiography (Continued)
interpretation of, 103, 870
lamina dura (presence/absence
of), 103
limitations of, 99
misleading results, 83f, 395f,
411f, 434f
paralleling (right-angle)
technique, 100f–101f
patient refusal of, 416
for periradicular surgery,
732–734
pre- and postoperative
examples, 757f–760f,
762f–763f, 765f–766f
preoperative/postoperative, 433
preparation of radiographs for
treatment, 98–109
pretreatment films, 116f,
166f–167f
for pulp vitality testing, 894
radiation safety, 95, 987b
radiographic examinations and
interpretations, 20–23
cone-beam volumetric
tomography, 22–23
digital radiography, 21–22
intraoral radiographs, 20–21
root canal examples/
illustrations, 93f–94f,
104f–105f
three-dimensional, 20
two-dimensional, 20, 24f
universal collimator, 96f
vertical angulations, 731
vertical root fractures, 28–30
view choices/techniques,
106f–107f
bite-wing views, 107f
radiopacity of sealers, 359
radiotherapy, osteonecrosis of
jawbone and, 555
rapport/relationship with patients,
436–437, 956–957
communication skills, 437
eye contact, 958
trust-building, 959
rasps, barbed, 231, 232f
ratio measurement method, 243
rationale for, 722
RC-Prep, 835
RDT (remaining dentin thickness),
811
reactionary dentin, 505–506
reactive bone formation, 551
reactive (tertiary) dentinogenesis,
285, 504–506, 506f, 810f, 811
reamers, 234f
recall cards, 965–966
receded pulp chambers, 155
racemic epinephrine, 746
receptor-blocking agents, 60
reciprocating files, 242–243
recommendations, physician
forms, 445f
records. See documentation/
records
rectified turpentine, 912f
reductionism, 565
referral marketing, 1024, 1025f
referrals/consults, 58
consultation letters (sample),
72f
documentation of, 406–407
expertise, 1024
legal aspects of, 420
to mental health professionals,
960
for periodontal disease, 411
for psychogenic pain, 61
referred pain
and convergence, 674
definition/description, 53
diagnostic process for, 31–32
and differential diagnosis, 32
from distant sources, 61–62
heterotopic, 55–56
mandibular, from chest lesions,
61
from mandibular posterior teeth,
32
muscles that refer pain to teeth,
56
from neck structures, 61–62
perception of, 53f–54f
phenomenon of, 56–57
refrigerant spray, 16, 17f
regenerative dentin, 603, 606f
regenerative dentistry/endodontics
bioroot engineering, 838
bone regeneration, 666f, 668f
clinical studies on, 607–615
collagen bundles in pulp
space, 607f
historical development of,
607–608
nonsurgical treatment
outcomes, 614–615
pulp tissue regeneration, 606f
related clinical procedures,
608–609
revascularization cases,
609–614, 610t,
611f–613f, 615f–616f
summary of, 615–616
dentinal wall thickness change,
613f
growth factor effects on
differentiation of
odontoblast-like cells, 605t
guided tissue regeneration,
758–762
historical perspectives on, 602
multilineage differentiation
capacity of human dental
pulp cells, 604f
overview of, 602–603
preclinical studies on, 603–607
delivery systems, 606
growth factors/morphogens,
604–605
scaffolds, 605–606
stem cells, 603–604
summary of, 606–607
pulp regeneration, 851–852,
852f
regeneration of attachment
apparatus by periodontium,
657
versus repair, 723
regenerative dentistry/endodontics
(Continued)
root length change, 613f
tooth regeneration, approaches
to, 603
reinforcement of fragile teeth,
789–792
reintroduced microorganisms, 891
relaxation techniques, 959
hypnosis/guided imagery,
959–960
massage, 56
releasing incisions, 728–730
remaining dentin thickness (RDT),
811
removal of dentin, 325f, 330–331,
335f
removal of restorations, 78–79,
152, 157–158, 162
removal/retrieval of posts, 427,
901–909, 904f–908f, 911f,
946f
complications of, 907–909
techniques for, 903–905
removing/locating calcified canals,
173f
renal disease, 5b, 76
repair material, placement of,
942–943
repairs
immediate versus delayed, 941
objectives and principles of, 943
reparative dentin, 285–286, 490,
490f–491f, 493, 493f,
505–506, 812, 864f
pulpal reaction to caries and,
505–506, 506f
replacement resorption, 647
replantation. See also avulsed
teeth
intentional, 762–765, 767f, 945
on-site, 647
outcomes, 647
treatment before, 651f
unintentional, 901f
repositioning of luxated teeth,
637–639
resection methods, 662–664
residual bacteria, 582
Resilon, 261, 364–366, 366f, 909,
914
Resilon/Epiphany cone, 262f–263f
Resilon obturation system, 632f
resin-based luting cements,
786–787, 811
resin composites, 780
resin-ionomer hybrids, 754–755,
941f
resin-ionomer suspension
(Geristore), 754–755
resin-modified glass ionomer
cements, 786
resins, chemical irritants in, pulpal
response to, 515
resin sealers, 361, 361f
resorbable membrane materials,
764t
resorbable polylactic-coglycolic
acid (PLGA), 606f
resorbable suture materials, 757
INDEX I-27
resorption
apical periodontitis-related, 870
with chronic apical
periodontitis, 871f
effects on canal anatomy and
apical foramina of, 832
external root, 639–643, 886f
furcal radiolucencies with, 819f
internal, 646, 819
pathologic, 838
in primary molars, 817
repair of, 880f
root, 354, 814, 814f, 832b, 832f
early detection of, 622
resorptive defects, 85f, 104f–105f,
355f, 376f, 1017f
external root resorption,
639–643, 646f, 1016
healed, 640f, 643f
inflammatory stimuli causing,
641, 642f
internal root, histopathology of,
644
internal root resorption, 639f,
643–645, 644f–645f, 1016
misdiagnosis of, 647
radiographic examples, 623f
restorability of teeth, 887
restorations
avulsed teeth and, 651–652
class 1, 172f
class V, 170f
composite, 613f, 790f–791f
direct, 795f–796f
crowns (See crown restorations
(caps))
defective, 432
direct composite, 780
excavation of restoration and
base material, 172f
ferrule for, 778
foundation, 781–782
intracoronal, 824f
justifying, 788
metal, 155
multiple, 861f, 864
partial coronal, 794
poorly fitting, 26f
to posterior teeth, 794
protocols for nonvital teeth,
793t
removal of, 78–79, 152,
157–158, 162, 168
versus replacements, 899–900
teeth without proper, 350
restorative diagnoses in children,
820–821
restorative materials and options
access restoration, 887f
core materials, 784–785
amalgam, 785
composite resin core,
784–785
glass ionomer and modified
glass ionomer core, 785
direct composite, 780–781
direct foundation, 783–785
with endodontically treated
teeth, 780–787
full crowns, 781–786
I-28 INDEX
restorative materials and options
(Continued)
indirect composite or ceramic
onlays/overlays, 781
indirect foundation restorations,
785–786
for posterior teeth with root
canal therapy, 164
posts, 783–784
fiber, 784
prefabricated metallic,
783–784
zirconia, 784
reasons for root fractures,
782–783
restorative procedures, 777–780,
793–805. See also crown
restorations (caps)
adhesive procedures, 794
amalgam core, 800f
composite core, 801f–803f
compositional changes in
nonvital teeth, 777
conservative and protective
approaches, 790f–791f
crown preparation and
temporary restorations,
801–805
dentin structure/properties
in nonvital teeth,
777–778
devitalization due to, 27–28
endocrown procedure, 799f
esthetic changes in nonvital
teeth, 780
failure of prosthetic foundations,
788f
foundation restorations under
full crowns, 794–801
fracture resistance/tooth stiffness
of nonvital teeth, 778
indirect foundation restorations,
785–786
large-scale, 289f
luting cements, 786–793
glass ionomer, 786
traditional cements, 786
nonvital teeth, 804f
onlays/overlays, 798f
partial restorations, 794
permanent, 651–652
post placement, 794
pretreatment evaluations, 779f,
787–789
biomechanical status, 788
esthetic requirements,
788–789
protocols for, 793t
pulpal reaction to, 512–516
materials, 516–518, 518f
patient age and, 516
permeability of dentin/
odontoblastic layer and,
516, 517f
physical irritation from
procedure and, 513–515,
513f–514f
pretreatment pulp
inflammation and,
512–513
restorative procedures (Continued)
pulp proximity and surface
area of exposed dentin
and, 515–516, 515f–516f
pulp infections and, 28f
for rubber dam placement
problems, 115
stress distribution studies, 783f
stress of poorly fitting
restorations, 26f
temporary, 271–272, 651
tooth preparation, 794
on treated teeth
crown lengthening, 792–793
nonvital posterior teeth, 789
principles and guidelines for,
789
structurally compromised
teeth, 789–792
structurally sound anterior
teeth, 789
treatment strategies, 789–793
principles and guidelines for,
789
for vertical root fractures, 27–28
restored teeth, access cavity
preparation with, 166–169
retention of tooth, 945
reticulin fibers, 468–469
retractors, 739f
retreatment, 684, 886f
considerations for, 82, 83f
files for, 915f
mechanical challenges of, 82–83
metal carrier, 917f
misdiagnosis and, 81f
nonsurgical
access for, 900f
apical area access, 909–924
apical periodontitis, 896f
broken posts, 903f–905f
canal impediments, 935–937
clinical presentations of
posttreatment disease,
891f
coronal access cavity
preparation, 899–901
etiology of, 890–892,
892f
finishing, 939
heat generation during,
934–935
instruments, 891f
perforation repairs, 939–944
persistent lesions, 893f
prognosis of, 944–945
removal of separated
instruments, 924–934
separated instruments,
926–928
unintentional replantation,
901f
unsuccessful, 948f
untreated canal, 899f
untreated mesiobuccal canal,
895f
vertical fracture, 894f
periapical lesions, 84f
response to, 85f
successful, 83f
retreatment (Continued)
surgical
crown-lengthening, 897f
versus nonsurgical, 77, 897f
vertical root fractures, 899f
unsuccessful, 927f
retrocavity preparation, 886f
retrofilling, 886f
retrograde fillings, 882
retrograde periodontitis, 656–657
retrograde seals, 417f
retropharyngeal space, 593
Retroplast, 754
retrovisceral space, 593
return visits, unscheduled, 133b
revascularization, 650
advantages/limitations, 609
case studies, 609–614, 610t,
611f–613f, 615f–616f
control cases, 611–614
of immature roots, 642f
of necrotic pulp, 633–635
protocol example, 614
protocols for, 608, 615f–616f
of pulp after injuries, 648
pulpal, 493–494
reverse filling, prevention of
leakage with, 150f
reversible pulpitis, 36, 41
ribbon-shaped canals, 142f
Richwil Crown and Bridge
Remover, 901, 902f
ridge preservation, 762
right-angle technique, 99
right-angle (paralleling) technique,
100f–101f
risk assessment, 727–728
ability to foresee unreasonable
risk, 414–415
development of bisphosphonate-
associated osteonecrosis,
76b
high blood pressure, 728–729
high-risk patients, 76–77
informed consent and, 415
for prescribing antibiotics, 595
radiation risk, 413
RNA, 569
rod-lens endoscopes, 983
root amputation, 67f, 867f, 898
root angulation, determining,
169f
root apex. See also apex/apical
entries
mean perpendicular distance to
apical constriction, 146t
morphology of, 146f
root canal ecosystem, 577–579
root canal space. See canal space
root canal therapy
indications for, symptomatic
irreversible pulpitis,
41–42
nonsurgical, 37, 67f, 552–554
radicular cyst regression after,
554
wound healing after, 553t
as part of treatment plan,
289f
previously initiated, 37
root canal therapy (Continued)
radiography examples/
illustrations, 93f–94f,
104f–105f
surgical, 554
root canal-treated teeth,
microorganisms in, 582–584,
585f
root caries, 862f–863f, 887f–888f
root concavity, 660f
root curvatures, 86f, 197f
root dentin, mechanical properties
of, 462–463
root development, 457, 457f, 629f,
814
root-end cavity preparation,
750–752
root-end closure. See apexification
root-end fillings, 382f, 740f, 752f,
884f
amalgam, 748f
materials for, 752–756
overview of materials, 755–756
root-end regeneration, 608
root-end resections, 747–750,
749f
angle of resection, 748
conditioning, 749–750
determining need for resection/
filling, 747
preparation of, 750f–751f
surface preparation, 748–749
surface topography after, 749
root-end surgery, 883
root filling, soft technique, 633f
root formation, 813–814, 852f
in primary teeth, 816
root fractures/cracks, 24–31,
635–637, 635f
apical root, 637
complications of, 636–637
crack types, 24–25
diagnosis of, 24–31, 635, 636f,
661, 725f, 733f
healing patterns, 635–636
horizontal, 638f, 1013–1016
midroot, 637
during post removal, 907
prevention of, 95
of primary teeth, 637
reasons for, 782–783
repositioning of, 637f, 639f
treatment of, 621
vertical, 25–31
causative stresses, 31f
diagnostic methods, 29f,
32f–33f
etiology of, 25–26, 26f
signs/symptoms of, 27
visualizing, 34f
root hemisection, 898
root length, 814
root length change, 613f, 792–793
root nerve fibers, 482f
root perforations, 85f, 656
root preparation, for avulsed teeth,
648–649
dry time, 649
root resorption, 354, 814, 814f,
832b, 832f

root/root end resections, 149,
663–664, 665f, 667, 748f,
757f–758f
roots, primary versus permanent,
813f
root-to-crown ratio, 814
root wall thickness, 95, 634f
ropivacaine, 699
rotary instruments, 234f, 324–330
cleaning/shaping, 324–330
deformation of, 309f
design characteristics of, 298f
EndoSequence, 303–304
fracture mechanisms of,
307–308
Group III, 229, 234f–235f
group III, 233–236, 235f
gutta-percha removal, 915f
hybrid techniques for using,
327–330, 333f–334f, 340f
LightSpeed instruments,
325–326
motors and devices, 308–311
nickel-titanium (NiTi),
294–296, 305–307
for plastic carrier removal,
916–918
ProFile, 326
ProTaper, 326–327, 331f
RaCe/Bio Race, 303
Sequence, 305f
testing of, 307f
rotated teeth, access cavity
preparation with, 174–175
Roto-Pro Kit, 905f
round carbide burs, 153
round diamond burs, 154
routes of infections, 560–562,
561f–562f
routes/sites for anesthesia
injections, 695, 700f, 705f
Gow-Gates technique, 699
incisive nerve block at mental
foramen, 699
inferior alveolar nerve (IAN)
blocks, 697, 699–700
inferior alveolar nerve blocks,
increasing success of, 700
infiltration injections of, 699
intraligamentary, 705–707
amount of solution delivered,
706
anesthetic solutions, 706
avulsion following, 706
back-pressure using, 705
duration of anesthesia, 706
ligamental syringes for, 706
mechanism of action, 705
needle gauges for, 706
onset of anesthesia, 706
precautions for, 707
safety of, 706–707
selective anesthesia with, 706
success of, 705
systemic effects of, 706
The Wand (Compudent),
707, 707f
intraosseous, 707–711, 708f
cautious use of, 711
duration of, 710
routes/sites for anesthesia
injections (Continued)
onset of anesthesia, 709
perforator breakage, 709
plasma levels of lidocaine
after, 711
postoperative problems, 711
repeating, 710
site selection, 709
Stabident and X-Tip systems,
707–709, 708f
success of, 709–710
systemic effects of, 710–711
timing of, 710
intrapulpal, 711–712
mandibular, 697
duration, 697
noncontinuous, 697
slow onset, 697
success/failure of, 697
mandibular first molars,
699–700
maxillary, 702–705
anterior middle superior
alveolar (AMSA) nerve
block, 705
duration of anesthesia, 703
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior
alveolar (P-ASA) nerve
block, 704
posterior superior alveolar
(PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block,
704
plain solutions, 697–698
success of, 709
theory on failure of, 701
Vazirani-Akinosi technique,
699
Roydent Bridge Remover, 901f
Roydent Extractor System, 926f,
932, 933f
rubber dams, 109–122, 900f
for aerosol reduction, 131
clamp types/placement,
112f–113f
for cold testing, 15–16
difficult placements of, 152
frames for, 111f
for geriatric patients, 875
importance of using, 429f
measuring films without, 416f
multiple tooth isolation, 875f
necessity of, 109
nonlatex, 111f
orientation of dam/bunching,
114
placement methods, 112–114,
152
problem solving, 114–122, 115f
canal projection technique,
118f–120f
gingival hypertrophy, 121f
leakage, 114
loss of tooth structure,
114–115
temporary restorations, 117f
unusual tooth shapes/
positions, 114
rubber dams (Continued)
punching and positioning of
holes, 113–114
split-dam technique, 114f
types of, 110–112, 111f–112f
Ruddle Post Removal Kit, 905,
908f, 946f
S calcium hydroxide-based,
S. I. R. (Separated Instrument
Retrieval) System, 934
safety drills, 320
Safety-Irrigator, 256, 257f
safety issues
for employees, 973b
exposure plans, 133b
future considerations for, 134
medical waste disposal, 133
personal safety clothing and
protection, 131
radiation safety, 95, 132, 987b
National Council of Radiation
Protection and
Measurements (NCRP),
989f
safety of ligamental anesthesia
to pulp, 706–707
sharps hygiene, 133, 133b
universal precautions, 17
use of sodium hypochlorite,
875f
safety needles, 246f
SAFs (self-adjusting files),
236–238, 237f, 257, 257f
sagittal slice images, 1015f–1016f
salivary gland pain, 56
same lingual, opposite buccal
(SLOB) rule, 103, 106f
sample forms. See forms
(samples)
Sargenti Opposition Society (SOS),
429
Sargenti (N2) paste treatment,
358f, 362f, 431–432, 432f
scaffolds, 602, 604–606
classification of, 605
development of, 608–609
generation of, 95
resorbable polylactic-coglycolic
acid (PLGA), 606f
scalpel blades, 738f
scanning methods, 229. See also
cone-beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT);
radiography
SCAP (mesenchymal stem cells of
the apical papilla), 611f
SCAP (stem cells of the apical
papilla), 603–604
scars, sinus tract stoma area, 10
scheduling considerations, 86,
1022–1023
schools of thought, disclosure of,
417–418
Schwann cells, 477f
sclerotic dentin, 459–460
screw posts, 425
SCT (spiral computerized
tomography), 193f
Sealapex, 266b
INDEX I-29
sealers/sealants, 615f–616f.
See also adhesives/cements;
obturation
AH26, 266–267
AH Plus sealer, 361f
bioceramic (BC), 361
biologic properties of, 269
calcium hydroxide, 359–360
264–266
chloropercha, 264
composition of, 266b
coronal orifice, 381–382
coronal seals, 153, 369f–370f
EndoRez, 268, 268f
Epiphany, 267
extrusion of, 360f
filling materials, 263–269
formaldehyde additives,
268–269
glass ionomer, 360, 913
for gutta-percha, 260
leakage of, 150f, 364f, 427
luting cements, 786–787
glass ionomer, 786
resin-based, 786–787
self-adhesive, 787–793
traditional cements, 786
medicated, 362
noneugenol, 360
physical properties of, 269
placement of, 362, 363f
polymers, 266
properties of ideal, 359b
radiopacity of, 359
resin, 361, 361f
retrograde seals, 417f
Sargenti (N2) paste treatment,
358f, 362f, 431–432, 432f
sealing putty, 900f
silicone-based, 268, 361
soft, 633f
standards and properties, 269
temporary, 81
types of, 359–362
zinc-oxide-Eugenol formula,
269, 359–362, 359b–360b
sealing putty, 900f
seals, bacteria-tight, 626
secondary dentin, 285, 458,
489–490
secondary hyperalgesia, 52
secondary infections, 569–571,
580–584. See also infections;
retreatment
bacteria at the root canal-filling
stage, 581–582
microbiota in root canal-treated
teeth, 582–584, 583f–585f
treatment failure and, 581, 582f
second division nerve blocks, 704
second-order (projection) neurons,
42–45, 51–52, 674
secretory function, 467–468
sectioned teeth, 664
security
of digital images, 991
of documentation, 965–966
hardware/software, 972
passwords, 975
I-30 INDEX
sedation
conscious, 734–737
for patients with psychiatric
disorders, 77
seizure-induced injuries, 27f
selective anesthesia, 19–20
selective inhibitors, 680
selective sensitivity evaluation, 27
self-adjusting files (SAFs),
236–238, 237f, 257, 257f
self-curing luting cements, 786
self-etch adhesive systems, 794
sensitivity assessment, 14,
650–651. See also thermal
testing
bite sticks, 19f
cold, 15–16, 172f
of dentin, 478–480
electric pulp test (EPT), 225
heat, 15–17
innervation of pulp, 478–480
with pulpitis, 41
selective sensitivity evaluation,
27
sweet, 172f
sensitization
central, 53, 675–676
of nerves, 60
peripheral, 53, 672
sensory fibers, 50–51, 475t
sensory information, 473–474, 473f
sensory neurons, responsiveness of
pulpal, 15
sensory trigeminal axons, 455f
separated/broken instruments,
177f, 421f, 927f–928f
avoiding, 310, 330f
causes of, 924–926
files, 428f, 929, 931f–932f, 945f
legal issues of, 421
needle tips, 441f
nickel-titanium rotary
instruments, 310b
prevention of, 926
prognosis with, 926–928
removal of, 311f, 709, 924, 924f,
927–928, 928f–934f
removal techniques, 924–934
with separated canals, 145
Separated Instrument Retrieval
System, 926f
with torsional load, 310b
unretrieved broken files,
427–428
with/without perforations, 440f
sepsis, oral, 587
Septocaine, 698–699
serotonin, 52, 675f
sex steroid deficiency, 728
shape memory, 230b
shapers. See also cleaning and
shaping of canal system
access cavity preparation, 162f,
166f
finishing files, 327f
HERO 642/Hero Shaper,
298–299
nickel-titanium (NiTi) files,
783–784
orifice, 323f
shaping waves, 328f
sharps hygiene, 89–90, 133, 133b
SHED (stem cells of human
exfoliated deciduous teeth),
603–604
shortfilled canals, 435f
silent nerve fibers, 483
silicon-base sealers, 268
silicone-based sealers, 361
Silker-Glickman clamp, 900f
silver-glass-ionomer cores,
784–785
silver points/cones, 431, 922f
application of indirect ultrasonic
energy to, 923f
corrosion of, 364f, 921
elevating, 923f
history of treatment with, 363,
861
removal of, 921–924, 923f–924f,
927f
twist-off obturation technique,
925f
simple consent, 415–416
SimpliFill system, 328f, 380–381,
381f
single-use instruments, 132, 441
single-visit treatment, 42, 81–82,
679, 870
sinus exposure, 767–768
sinus/nasal mucosal pain, 56
sinus perforation, 429–430
sinus tracts, 13–14, 868f
chronic apical abscess causing,
295f
differentiation of, 13–14
drainage from, 12f, 13
examination of, 866
extraoral, 11f
lining of, 13
multiple, 28
odontogenic, 10
radiographic example of, 634f
revascularization protocols with,
615f–616f
stoma area scars, 10
tracing, 13
site selection for injections.
See injection sites/techniques
for local anesthesia
skin refrigerant, 15–16
SL (successional laminal), 454f
SLOB (same lingual, opposite
buccal) rule, 103, 106f
slow onset of anesthesia, 697
smear layer, 356f, 750
definition, 461–462
formation of, 480
generation of, 609
management of, 337–339,
338f–339f
as physical barrier to bacteria,
356–357
removal of, 251, 315f,
356–358
SMP (sympathetically maintained
pain), 60
SNODED (systematized
nomenclature of medicine),
995
SNODENT (systematized
nomenclature of dentistry),
995
S.O.A.P. (Subjective Objective
Appraisal Plan) format, 6
sodium channels, 673, 692t
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI),
132, 159, 246–247, 250f,
312–313, 325f–326f, 336f,
494f, 777
abscesses related to, 336f
activation of, 256
delivery and evacuation systems,
256f
overextension of, 941–942
safe use of, 875f
toxic effects of, 336f
soft sealers, 633f
soft tissue
examination of, 10–11
injuries to, 649–650
laceration of, 622
loss of, 659
removal of, 745
surgical access, 741
flap design, 742
horizontal incisions, 741–742
tissue reflection and elevation,
742–744
tissue retraction, 744
vertical incisions, 741
traumatic injuries to, 623f
wound healing patterns,
723–726
inflammatory, 723–725
maturation phase, 726
proliferative, 725–726
soft-tissue anesthesia, 697
software packages, 8f
solid core obturators, 914–919
solutions for infiltration injections
articaine/epinephrine, 703
bupivacaine/epinephrine, 703
effectiveness of vasoconstrictor,
706
mepivacaine/prilocaine, 703
prilocaine/epinephrine, 703
solvents, 911–912
for carrier removal, 916
gutta-percha, 266t
introduction of, 912–913
resin, 914
solvent techniques, 350
somatic pain, 55–58
somatosensory system, 53
sonic cleaning devices, 239, 834
SOS (Sargenti Opposition Society),
429
SP (substance P), 508, 672, 675,
675f
space maintainers, 832–833
space of the body of the mandible,
590
spatial distribution of
microorganisms, 574–577,
577f–580f
specific immune response. See
adaptive immune response
specimen collection, drainage from
extraoral sinus tract, 12f
spiral computerized tomography
(SCT), 193f
splints/splinting
avulsed teeth, 649
composite, 639f
titanium trauma splint (TTS),
649f
split-dam technique, 112–113,
114f
split/divided canals, 187f
split/divided teeth, 29, 35f, 866f
split roots, 24–25, 34f, 921f
spoliation, 407
spoons, 156, 157f, 230f
sports-related injuries, 27f
spray and stretch muscle
relaxation, 56
spreaders, 243–244, 372f
sprouting process, 673
squamous shape (apical) cells,
603–604
SR (stellate reticulum), 454f,
458–459
S-shaped canal curvature, 138
Stabident System, 708f, 709
stabilization during tissue
reflection, 743
staff issues. See also practice
management
assisting geriatric patients, 874f
clinician liability for staff’s acts/
omissions, 423
Employee Retirement Income
Security Act (ERISA), 409,
425
eye protection and masks for,
131
implant training, 80
infection control, 88
leadership, 1024–1026
decision making, 1025–1026
by example, 1026
interpersonal communication,
1025
pregnant workers, 96
privacy of e-mails, 967
protective clothing for, 131
protocols
clinician and staff initials log,
406f
documentation entries, 406
radiation monitoring, 989
staff meetings, 132
training/development, 1021–
1022 (See also patient
preparation/education)
computer training, 972
continuing education
requirements, 413,
442–443
education for barrier
placement, 133b (See also
rubber dams)
health and safety factors,
973b
motivation of staff, 1026
pursuit of knowledge, 1026
teamwork, 1026
technology policies, 963–964
waste disposal, 133b

staff issues (Continued)
tuberculosis skin tests, 133b
vaccinations for staff, 133–134,
133b
Stafne defect, 25f
staging platforms, 929f
staining and transillumination, 19
staining dyes, 227, 272f
delivery methods/penetration of,
267f
evaluation of cracks with, 28
stainless steel, 306f, 825f
standards and properties, 240t,
269
standards of care, 408–412, 963,
965
changes in, 966–967
cleaning and shaping
techniques, 321
failure to meet, 964–965
general clinicians’ versus
endodontists’, 411f
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act
(HIPAA), 964
rubber dam placement, 109
Staphylococcus aureus, 567
statins, 604–605
statistical research, 443–444
Steiglitz forceps, 916, 917f, 921
stellate reticulum (SR), 454f,
458–459
stem cells, 468–469, 602–604
stem cells of human exfoliated
deciduous teeth (SHED),
603–604
stem cells of the apical papilla
(SCAP), 603–604
step-back technique, 293–294,
320–322
step-down technique, 293–294,
322
sterilization, 124, 132
autoclave preparation, 126f
autoclaves/sterilizers, 128f
computers in sterilization area,
993
considerations and guidelines
for, 132–134
dry heat sterilizers, 127–129
elements of sterilization plan,
126b
flash sterilization, 127
guidelines for, 124–125, 441
independent water sources,
130f
in-operatory sterilizers, 129
log of monitoring sterilizers,
133b
microscope covers, 131f
of microscopes, 131f
operatory film barriers, 129f
pretreatment, 124–130
prion decontamination before,
134
of root canal system, 275
sterile technique, 132
sterilizer monitoring service,
128f
technology for, 993
sterilization (Continued)
treatment planning and,
130–132
waterline monitoring service,
131f
steroids, 727–728
sticky spots, 935–937
stiffness, tooth, 778, 782
stimuli
firing thresholds to, 672
graded response to, 55
noxious, responses to, 50–51
perception of, 54
responsiveness to, 673–674
stomata, 13–14
storage phosphor plate technology,
984–985
straight-line canal access, 161–162,
324f
strain behavior (mechanical),
230b, 306f
stress behavior (mechanical), 230b
causative stresses, vertical root
fractures/cracks, 31f
nickel-titanium alloys, 306f
of poorly fitting restorative
procedures, 26f
stress concentration point, 230b
stress distribution studies, 783f
stress distribution studies, 783f
stress response (behavioral),
953–955. See also anxiety/fear
Stropko syringes, 756f
structure of dentin, 604–605
structure of teeth. See tooth
structure
Subjective Objective Appraisal
Plan (S.O.A.P.) format, 6
subjective symptoms, 861
sublingual space, 12–13, 590
subluxation, 637
submandibular space, 590–593
submarginal flaps, 741–742, 742f
submasseteric space, 593
submental space, 10f, 590
subnuclei interpolaris, 674–675
subnuclei oralis, 674–675
subnucleus caudalis neurons,
674–675
subodontoblastic nerve plexus,
455f
subodontoblastic terminal capillary
network (TCN), 485f
subondontoblast region of pulpal
cells, 464f
substance P (SP), 508, 672, 675,
675f
substance P inhibitor, 486f
substance P-positive nerve fibers,
484f
substandard treatment, other
clinicians’, 444
substantivity, 132
Successfil system, 380, 380f
successful anesthesia, 697
successional laminal (SL), 454f
success of local anesthesia,
increasing, 700
success rate of local anesthesia,
702
sulcal bacteria, 645–646, 666–667,
894
sulfite antioxidant formulations,
694
sulfite-induced reactions, 694
SuperEBA, 753
superoxidized water, 258
supplemental anesthesia. See under
local anesthesia
surface modifiers, 311–316
surface textures of unprepared
root canal, 314f
surgery, periradicular. See
periradicular surgery
surgical access, 741–744
with chronic apical
periodontitis, 876–877
for deep root caries, 863f
hard-tissue access, 744
soft-tissue access, 741
flap design, 742
horizontal incisions, 741–742
tissue reflection and elevation,
742–744
tissue retraction, 744
vertical incisions, 741
for visualizing root fractures, 28,
32f, 35f
surgical versus nonsurgical
endodontics, 420
Surgicel, 745–746
suture removal, 766
suturing/closure of surgical site,
756–757
swallowed instruments, 429f
swellings
drainage of fluctuant, 81f
intraoral, 11–13
of lateral face and cheek,
593
midface, 593
switch recombination, 533–534
symmetry, laws of, 151, 151f
sympathetically maintained pain
(SMP), 60
sympathetic innervation of teeth,
474
sympathetic nervous system (SNS),
52, 474f
symptomatic infections, 573, 577f
apical periodontitis, 37,
536–542, 536f
cell biology of, 536–538
clinical features of, 540
histopathology of, 540
inflammatory mediators of,
538–540, 539t
outcomes, 540–542, 541f
irreversible pulpitis, 36–37
symptomatic teeth
local anesthesia with, 713
partial pulpotomies on, 844
with previous treatment, 45
symptoms. See clinical
presentations; diagnostic
processes; pain entries
syndromes, 25
Synergistes clone BA121, 573, 584
synthetic grafts, 764t
synthetic scaffolds, 605–606
INDEX I-31
syringe delivery systems, 331–333,
727–728
syringes
heating, 337f
ligamental, 706
messing gun-type, 727–728
Stropko, 756f
systematized nomenclature of
dentistry (SNODENT), 995
systematized nomenclature of
medicine (SNODED), 995
System B unit, 366, 374f–375f,
919f
systemic accumulation of
formaldehyde, 826
systemic administration of
medication, antibiotics,
594–595
systemic administration of
medications, corticosteroids,
683–684
systemic disease
apical periodontitis and, 552
and periapical wound healing,
554–555
periradicular disease associated
with, 588, 745
and periradicular healing, 722
systemic effects, of local
anesthesia, 694
systemic medications for wound
healing, 727–728
bisphosphonates, 727
cyclooxyngenase-2 (COX-2)
inhibitors, 728
glucocorticoids, 727–728
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 728
systemic steroid administration,
684
T
tachycardia, 694
TACs (trigeminal autonomic
cephalgias), 57
taxonomy
bacteria, 571
International Headache
Society classification
system, 56–57
nonodontogenic toothache, 55
orofacial pain, 55
T-cells (T lymphocytes), 533–534
helper, 471f
TCRs (T-cell antigen receptors),
533
TCN (subodontoblastic terminal
capillary network), 485f
techniques, treatment. See
treatment methods
technology
future considerations for,
967–968
technology/digital technology
in administrative area, 993
advances in, 443
barriers to adoption of, 964
in clinician’s office, 994
computer industry standards,
994–995
I-32 INDEX
technology/digital technology
(Continued)
computers/computer systems
(See computer hardware
and software)
digital dentistry, 963–964
digital imaging and
communications in
medicine (DICOM), 995
e-mail and Internet access, 967
ergonomics, 973
financial software security, 997
front desk workstations,
976–977
future of, 967–968
graphics and imaging, 994–995
health and safety factors for
employees, 1004
imaging (See imaging
instruments/systems)
insurance submissions, 967
Internet/Web, 995–997
misuse of, 964
office policies, 967
open database connectivity, 995
operatory equipment, 977–993,
981f
patient education systems, 967
patient loop, 973–994
plans for implementing,
970–973
preregistration of patients, 998
radiation protection, 987b
reception area kiosk, 976
referral form/report, 972f
referral tracking software,
997–998
scope of dental, 963–964
in sterilization area, 993
systematized nomenclature of
dentistry (SNODENT),
995
Tell Us About Your Health form,
4f
Tell Us About Your Symptoms
form, 3f
telopeptide of the procollagen
molecule, 473
temporal artery biopsies, 62
temporal aspects of pain, 64
temporal space, 593
temporary restorations, 117f,
271–272, 651
temporary sealers, 81
temporomandibular disorders
(TMDs), 57, 433
tensile strength of dentin, 778
tension-type headaches, 57
terminal arbor, 482f
terminal capillary network (TCN),
484f
terminal periodontal disease,
897–898
termination point for root canal
therapy, 147
terminology
attempts to standardize, 36
neuralgia, 58
orofacial pain, 55
pain-related, 52
terminology (Continued)
physical properties of
instruments, 230b
standard abbreviations, 405,
405b
tertiary (reactive) dentin, 285,
458, 489, 504–506, 506f,
810f, 811
test cavity method, 19, 869
testing/assessment methods,
36–37. See also sensitivity
assessment
bite tests, 19, 27, 227
cold sensitivity, 172f, 223–224,
478
ethyl chloride, 224f
hygienic Endo-Ice, 224f
with refrigerant spray, 16
documentation of, 395
effectiveness of local anesthesia,
696f–704f, 708f
electric pulp test, 15–16, 31
heat sensitivity, 15–17, 224–225
hyperalgesia with, 674
locating pain sources (See
localization of pain)
mobility testing, 14, 14f, 15b
for nonodontogenic toothaches,
65
percussion testing, 14, 14f, 19,
65
pulp (See pulp testing methods)
sweet sensitivity, 172f
Tetraclean, 251–252
tetracycline, 749–750
tetrodotoxins (TTXs), 673, 692
TF (Twisted File), 304–305, 305f
TGFs (transforming growth
factors), 810, 810f, 838–840
thalamus, 676
theoretic pathways of osseous
lesion formation, 657–661
theories
central core theory, 701f
on failure to achieve anesthesia,
701
focal infection theory, 587–589
therapeutic modalities, 56
Thermafil system, 378–380, 379f,
916, 916f, 919f
thermal allodynia, 674
thermal testing, 15–17, 36–37,
223–224, 478, 621. See also
sensitivity assessment; testing/
assessment methods
ThermaPrep Plus oven, 270f
thermomechanical pluggers, 381
thermoplastic techniques, 376f,
914
thickened dentin, 641f
Third Millennium Electronic
Commerce Act, 405
Thomas Screw Post Removal Kit,
904–905
Thomas screw post removal
technique, 907f
thoracic/cardiac pain, 52
threaded posts, 783–784
three-canal access cavity
preparation, 185f
three-dimensional obturation, 136
three-dimensional radiography.
See cone-beam volumetric
tomography (CBVT)
throat/neck structures, 61–62
thyroid hormones, 695t
time course of pulpal anesthesia,
703
time management, 1022, 1024
ideal day, 1022–1023
procedural time studies, 1022
scheduling, 1022–1023
Tinel’s sign, 58–59
tissue
damage/injuries to, 478
excisional dentoalveolar
wounds, 726–727
failure of prosthetic
foundations and, 788f
destruction of adjacent, 812
hard (See hard tissue)
histopathologic assessment of
removed, 745
ingrowth of, 120
soft (See soft tissue)
successful repair of, 882
tissue fibers, connective, 472–473,
603
tissue preservation, 788
tissue reflection, 742–743
tissue regeneration, 602, 606
collagen GTR (guided tissue
regeneration), 666f
connective, 603
guided tissue regeneration
(GTR), 602, 608, 758–762
titanium carriers, 915–916
TLP (transmitted light
photoplethysmography), 225
T lymphocytes (T-cells)
helper, 471f
T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs),
533
TMDs (temporomandibular
disorders), 57, 433
toll-like receptors (TLRs). See
pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs)
Tomes granular layer, 460
tomography. See also cone-beam
volumetric tomography
(CBVT)
micro-computed (microCT),
238f
tongue swelling, bilateral, 12–13
toothaches. See also pain
from distant organic source,
61–62
nonodontogenic (See
nonodontogenic
toothaches)
odontogenic (See odontogenic
toothaches)
psychogenic, 61
as symptom of other disorders,
50
tooth development, 454–455,
602–603
tooth isolation. See rubber dams
tooth mobility, 15b
tooth nerve supply, 455
tooth retention, 945
tooth structure
dentin, 777–778
effects of chemicals on, 778
excessive thinning of dental
structure, 319f
loss of, 114–115
removal of unsupported, 152
sacrifice of coronal, 151f
structurally compromised teeth,
789–792
structurally sound anterior
teeth, 789
substitutions for, 778
tooth vitality/nonvitality. See
pulpal necrosis (nonvital
pulp); pulp vitality; vital pulp
topical anesthesia, 696
Toronto group study, 352, 354
torque control, 309f
torque testing, 308f
torsional load (MacSpadden
factor), 310b
totipotent stem cells, 603
Touch ‘n Heat unit, 374f, 912f,
917f
training of staff. See under staff
issues
transcapillary fluid transport,
487–488, 488f
transformational elasticity, 306f
transforming growth factors
(TGFs), 810, 810f, 838–840
transient receptor potential
subtype V1 (TRPV1), 673
transillumination, 28, 168f,
227–228, 228f
detecting cracks with, 867
translucency changes, 780
transmetal burs, 155
transmitted light
photoplethysmography (TLP),
225
transportation errors, 231
transported canals, 411f, 435f
traumatic injuries, 442
adjunctive therapy for, 650
amputation neuroma, 58–59
to anterior teeth, 789
avulsions (See avulsed teeth)
biologic consequences of
crown fractures, 622–624
luxation injuries, 639–647
nonvital immature teeth, 630
calcific metamorphosis
following, 286
concomitant attachment
damage, 625
cracks (See cracks/fractures)
crown fractures (See cracks/
fractures)
crown-root fractures, 621
deafferentiation with tissue
injuries, 478
to dentin, 810f
dentinogenic response to,
809–810
diffuse, 640
follow-up after, 621–622

traumatic injuries (Continued)
fractures (See cracks/fractures)
heat-related (See heat-related
injuries)
history of, 27
infections with, 561
irrigation-related, 336
limiting the effects of, 640–641
luxation (See luxation injuries)
most common, 620–621
nerve sensitization due to, 60
neuritis induced by, 59
pediatric
diagnosis following, 821
mild/severe, 809–810
pulp diagnosis and treatment
planning after, 821
permanent restorations,
651–652
posttrauma therapy, 442
pulpal necrosis secondary to,
613f
pulp exposure, 625f
radiographic examinations for,
622
radiographic examples,
104f–105f
revascularization case for pulpal
necrosis, 612f
root fractures (See root
fractures/cracks)
seizure-induced, 27f
to soft tissue, 623f, 649–650
sports-related, 27f
subclinical, 861
temporary restorations, 651
time between trauma and
treatment, 625
treatment (See treatment
methods)
during treatment, 42
unique aspects of dental, 620
in young teeth, 166
treatment failures
secondary infections, 581, 582f
with silver cones, 363
studies of, 349
treatment methods, 60, 662–667
abscesses, 594
attachment damage, 641–642
avulsed teeth (See under avulsed
teeth)
cellulitis, 594
cluster headaches, 57
crown fractures (See cracks/
fractures)
crown-root fractures, 635
decision making for, 939–941
documentation of (See
documentation/records)
failure of, 426
for geriatric patients, 873–882
herpetic outbreaks, 59
infections (See infections)
internal root resorption,
644–645
for limiting effects of injuries,
640–641
luxation injuries (See luxation
injuries)
treatment methods (Continued)
migraine headaches, 57
neuropathies, 60
nonsurgical (See nonsurgical
retreatment; nonsurgical
treatment)
nonvital pulp, 630–635
partial pulpotomy, 627–629
periodontal (See periodontal
treatment)
for posttreatment/persistent
disease, 895–898
pulpal reactions (See pulpal
reactions)
pulp capping, 627
pulpectomy, 629
rationales for, 589–590
restorative procedures (See
restorations; restorative
procedures)
systemic antibiotics for, 594–595
treatment planning
antianxiety regimens, 97–98
case presentation, 92–95
dental evaluation, 77–86
documentation of, 395–397
diagnosis, 395
examination, 395
patient consultation, 395
treatment provided, 397
endodontic therapy versus
dental implants, 80
factors influencing case
selection, 82–86
foundations for, 288
immature teeth, 82
informed consent, 95
medical findings influencing,
72–77, 130–132, 694–695,
728–730
behavioral and psychiatric, 77
bisphosphonate therapy,
75–76
cardiovascular (See
cardiovascular
conditions/events)
cardiovascular disease, 72–73
diabetes, 73–74
end-stage renal disease/
dialysis, 76
HIV and AIDS, 76
malignancies, 74–75
medically compromised
patients, 71
pregnancy, 74
prosthetic implants, 76–77
psychosocial evaluation, 77
nonvital cases, 81
pain control, 98
patient preparation, 91–98
pediatric, after trauma, 821
periodontal considerations, 77
premedication with antibiotics,
96–97
radiation safety, 95
radiograph preparation
(See radiography)
restorative considerations,
78–79
retreatment cases, 82
treatment planning (Continued)
single-visit versus multiple-visit
treatment, 81–82
surgical options, 77–78, 898
vital cases, 80–81
trend analysis, 972–973
trephination, 42, 906f–907f
triatomic oxygen/trioxygen
(ozone), 257–258
HealOzone, 259f
tricyclic antidepressants, 695t
trifurcating roots, 141f
trigeminal autonomic cephalgias
(TACs), 57
trigeminal axon navigation,
455–456
trigeminal ganglia, 50
trigeminal nerve, 51f, 54f
injuries to, 55
maxillary division of, 704f
sensitization of, 56–57
trigeminal neuralgia, 5–6, 58
trigeminal pain system, action
potentials, 674
trigger points
injections, 56
myofascial, 55–56
persistence of, 56
trigger zones, 58
trimethylene carbonate, 764t
tropocollagen, 472
TRPV1 (transient receptor
potential subtype V1), 673
Tru-Align system, 989f
true combined lesions, 661f
endo-perio, 658f
periodontal/endodontic,
660–661, 661f
TTXs (tetrodotoxins), 673, 692
tuberculosis, 5–6, 91, 124, 130
tube shift technique, 106f–107f
tube-shift technique, 103
Twisted File (TF), 304–305, 305f
two-dimensional radiography, 20,
23, 24f, 734
U lymphatic capillaries, 487f
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of
dentin, 778
Ultrafil 3D system, 377f, 378
ultrasonic cleaning devices, 239,
834
ultrasonic energy, 339
ultrasonic equipment, 156–157,
330–331, 750f
configurations of, 751f
for dislodging posts, 934
endodontic units, 157f
EndoRez environmental
scanning electron
microscope (ESM), 264f
for obstruction removal,
929–930, 930f
for paste removal, 920
piezoelectric, 238f–239f
for post removal, 229, 903–904,
909
temperature changes induced
by, 752
tip design, 751–752, 752f
INDEX I-33
ultrasonic equipment (Continued)
tissue damage from, 911f
units and tips, 156–157, 157f
ultrasonic root-end preparation,
751
ultrasound imaging, 229
ultraviolet (UV) light, 259–260
underextension errors, 161f, 175f
unintentional replantation, 901f
uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
systems, 1002t
unipotent stem cells, 603
universal collimator, 96f
universal precautions, 17, 88
University of California drug
study, 403
unmyelinated nerve fibers,
474–475, 475f, 477f
unrestorable teeth, 897–898
unretrieved broken files, 427–428
unsuccessful retreatment, 948f
untreatable teeth, 779f
untreated canals, 895f, 899f
untreated endodontic lesions,
658–659
unusual tooth shapes/positions,
114
UPS (uninterrupted power supply)
systems, 1002t
U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), 98t
UTS (ultimate tensile strength) of
dentin, 778
V
vaccinations for staff, 89
venules, 484f
van Leeuwenhoek, Antony, 560
vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF), 603
vascular pain, 64t
vascular permeability, 489
vascular supply to pulp, 483–489
blood vessels in pulp horn,
485f
configuration of, 484f
lymphatic system, 487f
postcapillary venules, 486f
regulation of pulpal blood flow,
484–488
subodontoblastic terminal
capillary network (TCN),
485f
transcapillary fluid transport,
488f
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 508
vasoconstriction, 510–512,
511f–512f, 693t
vasoconstrictor use, 72–73
Vazirani-Akinosi technique, 699
VEGF (vascular endothelial
growth factor), 603
veneer crowns, 779f, 790f–791f,
797f. See also crown
restorations (caps)
access cavity preparation with,
166–169
full veneer, 170f
penetration through, 168–169
I-34 INDEX
venules, 485f
vertical incisions, 730–731, 741
vertical root fractures, 25–31,
721–722, 760f, 894f, 899f
bone loss with, 34f
causative stresses, 31f
confirmation of, 663f
diagnosis of, 27, 29f, 32f–33f,
661
etiology of, 25–26, 26f
with excessive compaction,
371f
halo effect (radiography), 656
radiography, 28–30
signs/symptoms of, 27
Vertucci’s canal configurations,
142f, 145f
vestibular fornix, 730
vicarious liability, 423
vices, 906f
video cameras, 982b
video-informed consent, 418
VIGOR study, 680
viral infections, 579–580
virucides, 124
virulence mechanisms (infections),
563f–564f, 564–565, 582
visceral pain, 63–64
vision statements, 1020–1021
visualization equipment,
983f–984f
vital bleaching, 521–522, 789
vitality loss in immature teeth,
624–625
vital pulp, 41–42, 80–81. See also
pulp testing methods; pulp/
pulpal entries
emergencies, 41–42
loss in immature teeth of,
841–842
premature loss of, 840f
presentations of, 41
preservation of, 846
vital pulp (Continued)
root canal treatment with,
870–872
timing of obturation for,
352–353
vital pulp therapy, 625–627
vital root resection, 664–666
vital signs, 5
voids in obturation, 351f
voltage-gated sodium channels
(VGSCs), 672–673, 692, 692t
von Korff fibers, 456
W work flow, 972
wall thickness, tomographic
measurement of, 218f
The Wand (Compudent), 707,
707f
wand (AMSA) injections, 422f
warfarin, 73
warm lateral compaction
technique, 374–376
warm vertical compaction
technique, 368–371, 373f
warranties, 964–965
waste disposal, education about,
133b
water lines, microbes in, 130
WBCs (white blood cells), 75
Web sites
ADA color coding of anesthetics,
693
American Academy of Oral
Medicine, 71
American Association of
Endodontists (AAE), 73
American Dental Association
(ADA), 963
CDC, 124–125
FDA, 680–682
federal drug registry, 403
Kodak Dental Systems, 108
legal issues of having/using, 965
Web sites (Continued)
MedWatch, 404
Merck Manual, 5
National Council on Radiation
Protection and
Measurements (NCRP), 96
Oral Radiographic Differential
Diagnosis (ORAD), 74
for patients and staff, 996f
white blood cells (WBCs), 75
wide apical preparations,
319t
with pulse oximetry, 18–19
work multipliers, 970
workplace safety, 973
World Health Organization
(WHO), 134
wound healing
with apical periodontitis,
552–555, 553t
biologic principles of, 723
excisional dentoalveolar
wounds, 726–727
hard tissue, 726–727
hard versus soft tissue, 726
horizontal root fractures,
638f
matrix formation, 726
maturation phase, 726
pain with/without, 52
in patients on chemotherapy/
radiation therapy, 74–75
sealer leakage, 364f
soft tissue, 723–726
clot formation, 724
endothelial cells/angiogenesis,
725–726
epithelium, 726
fibroblasts/fibroplasia, 725
inflammatory phase,
723–725
macrophage organization, 725
wound healing (Continued)
polymorphonuclear
neutrophil organization,
724–725
proliferative phase,
725–726
systemic medications for,
727–728
bisphosphonates, 727
cyclooxyngenase-2 (COX-2)
inhibitors, 728
glucocorticoids, 727–728
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), 728
from ultrasound, 911f
woven bone formation, 726
wrong tooth errors, 177f
X
xenografts, 764t
xenon-133 radioisotopes, 226
x-ray exposure, 988
x-ray generators, 992
x-rays. See radiography
X-Tip system, 708f–709f,
709–710
xylene, 911–912, 912f
Y
Yamikoglu’s and Kartal’s canal
configurations, 144f
Young modulus, 777
Z
zinc-oxide-Eugenol (ZOE)
formula, 263–264, 269,
359–362, 359b–360b, 518,
753, 811, 825f, 834f–835f,
835–836, 837f–839f, 838
zinc phosphate cements, 786
zirconia-based crowns/inlays, 155
zirconium posts, 784, 905
zone of H_hl, 809