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 Fourth Edition

Plastic
Surgery
Hand and Upper Extremity
Volume Six
Content Strategist: Belinda Kuhn
Content Development Specialists: Louise Cook, Sam Crowe, Alexandra Mortimer
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 Fourth Edition

Plastic
Surgery
Hand and Upper Extremity
Volume Six
Volume Editor

James Chang
MD
Johnson & Johnson Distinguished
Professor and Chief
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Stanford University Medical Center
Stanford, CA, USA

Editor-in-Chief Multimedia Editor

Peter C. Neligan Daniel Z. Liu

MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS MD
Professor of Surgery Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery Cancer Treatment Centers of America at
University of Washington Midwestern Regional Medical Center
Seattle, WA, USA Zion, IL, USA

For additional online figures, videos and video lectures visit Expertconsult.com

London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney 2018

© 2018, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

First edition 1990

Second edition 2006
Third edition 2013
Fourth edition 2018

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permis-
sion in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
All photographs in Volume 6, Chapter 6 The fingertip, nail plate, and nail bed: Anatomy, repair, and reconstruc-
tion ©Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.
James Chang and Anais LeGrande retain copyright for their original photographs.

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
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Video Contents

Chapter 11: Asian facial cosmetic surgery

Volume One: 1.1: Medial epicanthoplasty
Chapter 15: Skin graft 11.2: Eyelidplasty: Non-incisional method
11.3: Rhinoplasty
15.1: Harvesting a split-thickness skin graft 11.4: Subclinical ptosis correction (total)
Dennis P. Orgill 11.5: Secondary rhinoplasty: Septal extension graft and costal
Chapter 34: Robotics in plastic surgery cartilage strut fixed with K-wire
Kyung S. Koh, Jong Woo Choi, and Clyde H. Ishii
34.1: Robotic microsurgery
34.2: Robotic rectus abdominis muscle flap harvest Chapter 12: Neck rejuvenation
34.3: Trans-oral robotic surgery 12.1: Anterior lipectomy
34.4: Robotic latissimus dorsi muscle harvest James E. Zins, Colin M. Morrison, and C. J. Langevin
34.5: Robotic lymphovenous bypass
Jesse C. Selber Chapter 13: Structural fat grafting
13.1: Structural fat grafting of the face
Sydney R. Coleman and Alesia P. Saboeiro
Volume Two: Chapter 14: Skeletal augmentation
Chapter 6.2: Facelift: Principles of and surgical 14.1: Chin implant
approaches to facelift Michael J. Yarumchuk
© Mesa J, Havlik R, Mackay D, Buchman S, Losee J, eds. Atlas of
6.2.1: Parotid masseteric fascia Operative Craniofacial Surgery, CRC Press, 2019.
6.2.2: Anterior incision 14.2: Mandibular angle implant
6.2.3: Posterior incision 14.3: Midface skeletal augmentation and rejuvenation
6.2.4: Facelift skin flap Michael J. Yarumchuk
6.2.5: Facial fat injection © Michael J. Yaremchuk
Richard J. Warren
Chapter 16: Open technique rhinoplasty
6.2.6: Anthropometry, cephalometry, and orthognathic surgery
Jonathon S. Jacobs, Jordan M. S. Jacobs, and Daniel I. Taub 16.1: Open technique rhinoplasty
Allen L. Van Beek
Chapter 6.3: Facelift: Platysma-SMAS plication
Chapter 20: Otoplasty and ear reduction
6.3.1: Platysma-SMAS plication
Dai M. Davies and Miles G. Berry 20.1: Setback otoplasty
Leila Kasrai
Chapter 6.4: Facelift: Facial rejuvenation with loop
sutures – the MACS lift and its derivatives Chapter 23: Abdominoplasty procedures
6.4.1: Loop sutures MACS facelift 23.1: Abdominoplasty
Patrick L. Tonnard Dirk F. Richter and Alexander Stoff
From Aston SJ, Steinbrech DS, Walden JL, eds. Aesthetic Plastic
Surgery, Saunders Elsevier; 2009; with permission from Elsevier
Chapter 24: Lipoabdominoplasty

Chapter 6.7: Facelift: SMAS with skin attached – the 24.1: Lipoabdominoplasty (including secondary lipo)
Osvaldo Saldanha, Sérgio Fernando Dantas de Azevedo,
“high SMAS” technique Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha Filho, Cristianna Bonnetto Saldanha, and
6.7.1: The high SMAS technique with septal reset Luis Humberto Uribe Morelli
Fritz E. Barton Jr. Chapter 26.2: Buttock augmentation: Buttock
© Fritz E. Barton Jr.
augmentation with implants
Chapter 6.8: Facelift: Subperiosteal midface lift
26.2.1: Buttock augmentation
6.8.1: Subperiosteal midface lift: Endoscopic temporo-midface Terrence W. Bruner, Jose Abel De la Peña Salcedo,
Oscar M. Ramirez Constantino G. Mendieta, and Thomas L. Roberts III
Chapter 9: Blepharoplasty Chapter 27: Upper limb contouring
9.1: Periorbital rejuvenation 27.1: Brachioplasty
Julius Few Jr. and Marco Ellis 27.2: Upper limb contouring
© Julius Few Jr. Joseph F. Capella, Matthew J. Trovato, and Scott Woehrle

Chapter 28: Post-bariatric reconstruction
28.1: Post-bariatric reconstruction – bodylift procedure
J. Peter Rubin and Jonathan W. Toy
© J. Peter Rubin
Volume Three:
Chapter 6: Aesthetic nasal reconstruction
6.1: The three-stage folded forehead flap for cover and lining
6.2: First-stage transfer and intermediate operation
Frederick J. Menick
Chapter 7: Auricular construction
7.1: Total auricular construction
Akira Yamada
Chapter 8: Acquired cranial and facial bone
deformities
8.1: Removal of venous malformation enveloping intraconal
optic nerve
Renee M. Burke, Robert J. Morin, and S. Anthony Wolfe
Chapter 13: Facial paralysis
13.1: Facial paralysis
Eyal Gur
13.2: Facial paralysis
13.3: Cross facial nerve graft
13.4: Gracilis harvest
Peter C. Neligan
Chapter 14: Pharyngeal and esophageal
reconstruction
14.1: Reconstruction of pharyngoesophageal defects with the
anterolateral thigh flap
Peirong Yu
Chapter 15: Tumors of the facial skeleton: Fibrous
dysplasia
15.1: Surgical approaches to the facial skeleton
Yu-Ray Chen, You-Wei Cheong, and Alberto Córdova-Aguilar
Chapter 17: Local flaps for facial coverage
17.1: Facial artery perforator flap
17.2: Local flaps for facial coverage
Peter C. Neligan
Chapter 21.2: Rotation advancement cheiloplasty
21.2.1: Repair of unilateral cleft lip
Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, M. Samuel Noordhoff, Frank Chun-Shin,
Chang, and Fuan Chiang Chan
21.2.2: Unilateral cleft lip repair – anatomic subunit
approximation technique
David M. Fisher
Chapter 24: Alveolar clefts
24.1: Unilateral cleft alveolar bone graft
24.2: Mobilized premaxilla after vomer osteotomy prior to
setback and splint application
Richard A. Hopper and Gerhard S. Mundinger
Video Contents xiii
Chapter 26: Velopharyngeal dysfunction
26.1: Velopharyngeal incompetence – 1
26.2: Velopharyngeal incompetence – 2
26.3: Velopharyngeal incompetence – 3
Richard E. Kirschner and Adriane L. Baylis
Chapter 27: Secondary deformities of the cleft lip,
nose, and palate
27.1: Abbé flap
27.2: Alveolar bone grafting
27.3: Complete takedown
27.4: Definitive rhinoplasty
Evan M. Feldman, John C. Koshy, Larry H. Hollier Jr., and
Samuel Stal
27.5: Thick lip and buccal sulcus deformities
Evan M. Feldman and John C. Koshy
Chapter 36: Pierre Robin Sequence
36.1: Mandibular distraction
Arun K. Gosain and Chad A. Purnell
Chapter 39: Vascular anomalies
39.1: Lip hemangioma
Arin K. Greene
Chapter 43: Reconstruction of urogenital defects:
Congenital
43.1: First-stage hypospadias repair with free inner preputial
graft
43.2: Second-stage hypospadias repair with tunica vaginalis
flap
Mohan S. Gundeti and Michael C. Large
Volume Four:
Chapter 2: Management of lower extremity trauma
2.1: Anterolateral thigh flap harvest
Michel Saint-Cyr
Chapter 3: Lymphatic reconstruction of the
extremities
3.1: End-to-side lymphovenous bypass technique
© Cheng M-H, Chang D, Patel K. Principles and Practice of
Lymphedema Surgery, Elsevier; 2015.
3.2: Recipient site preparation for vascularized lymph node
transfer – axilla
© Cheng M-H, Chang D, Patel K. Principles and Practice of
Lymphedema Surgery, Elsevier; 2015.
3.3: Indocyanine green lymphography
David W. Chang
3.4: Charles procedure
Peter C. Neligan
Chapter 6: Diagnosis and treatment of painful
neuroma and nerve compression in the lower
extremity
6.1: Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and of nerve
compression in the lower extremity 1
6.2: Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and of nerve
compression in the lower extremity 2
xiv Video Contents
6.3: Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and of nerve
compression in the lower extremity 3
A. Lee Dellon
Chapter 7: Skeletal reconstruction
7.1: Medial femoral condyle/medial geniculate artery
osteocutaneous free flap dissection for scaphoid nonunion
Stephen J. Kovach III and L. Scott Levin
Chapter 10: Reconstruction of the chest
10.1: Sternal rigid fixation
David H. Song and Michelle C. Roughton
Chapter 12: Abdominal wall reconstruction
12.1: Component separation innovation
Peter C. Neligan
Chapter 13: Reconstruction of male genital defects
13.1: Complete and partial penile reconstruction
Stan Monstrey, Peter Ceulemans, Nathalie Roche,
Philippe Houtmeyers, Nicolas Lumen, and Piet Hoebeke
Volume Five:
Chapter 6: Mastopexy options and techniques
6.1: Circumareolar mastopexy
Kenneth C. Shestak
Chapter 7: One- and two-stage considerations for
augmentation mastopexy
7.1: Preoperative markings for a single-stage augmentation
mastopexy
W. Grant Stevens
Chapter 10: Reduction mammaplasty with short scar
techniques
10.1: SPAIR technique
Dennis C. Hammond
Chapter 11: Gynecomastia surgery
11.1: Ultrasound-assisted liposuction
Charles M. Malata
Chapter 15: One- and two-stage prosthetic
reconstruction in nipple-sparing mastectomy
15.1: Pectoralis muscle elevation
15.2: Acellular dermal matrix
15.3: Sizer
Amy S. Colwell
Chapter 16: Skin-sparing mastectomy: Planned
two-stage and direct-to-implant breast
reconstruction
16.1: Mastectomy and expander insertion: First stage
16.2: Mastectomy and expander insertion: Second stage
Maurizio B. Nava, Giuseppe Catanuto, Angela Pennati,
Valentina Visintini Cividin, and Andrea Spano
Chapter 19: Latissimus dorsi flap breast
reconstruction
19.1: Latissimus dorsi flap technique
Scott L. Spear†
19.2: Markings
19.3: Intraoperative skin paddles
19.4: Tendon division
19.5: Transposition and skin paddles
19.6: Inset and better skin paddle explanation
Neil A. Fine and Michael S. Gart
Chapter 20.2: The deep inferior epigastric artery
perforator (DIEAP) flap
20.2.1: The Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator (DIEAP)
flap breast reconstruction
Phillip N. Blondeel and Robert J. Allen, Sr
Chapter 21.2: Gluteal free flaps for breast
reconstruction
21.2.1: Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator (SGAP) flap
21.2.2: Inferior Gluteal Artery Perforator (IGAP) flap
Peter C. Neligan
Chapter 21.3: Medial thigh flaps for breast
reconstruction
21.3.1: Transverse Upper Gracilis (TUG) flap 1
Peter C. Neligan
21.3.2: Transverse Upper Gracilis (TUG) flap 2
Venkat V. Ramakrishnan
Chapter 23.2: Partial breast reconstruction using
reduction and mastopexy techniques
23.2.1: Partial breast reconstruction using reduction
mammoplasty
Maurice Y. Nahabedian
23.2.2: Partial breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap
Neil A. Fine
23.2.3: Partial breast reconstruction with a pedicle TRAM
Maurice Y. Nahabedian
Volume Six:
Chapter 1: Anatomy and biomechanics of the hand
1.1: The extensor tendon compartments
1.2: The contribution of the interosseous and lumbrical
muscles to the lateral bands
1.3: Extrinsic flexors and surrounding vasculonervous
elements, from superficial to deep
1.4: The lumbrical plus deformity
1.5: The sensory and motor branches of the median nerve in
the hand
James Chang, Vincent R. Hentz, Robert A. Chase, and
Anais Legrand
Chapter 2: Examination of the upper extremity
2.1: Flexor profundus test in a normal long finger
2.2: Flexor sublimis test in a normal long finger
2.3: Extensor pollicis longus test in a normal person
2.4: Test for the Extensor Digitorum Communis (EDC) muscle
in a normal hand
2.5: Test for assessing thenar muscle function
2.6: The “cross fingers” sign
2.7: Static Two-Point Discrimination Test (s-2PD Test)
2.8: Moving 2PD Test (m-2PD Test) performed on the radial or
ulnar aspect of the finger
 Video Contents xv

2.9: Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test: The patient should Chapter 14: Thumb reconstruction: Microsurgical
sense the pressure produced by bending the filament techniques
2.10: Allen’s test in a normal person
2.11: Digital Allen’s test 14.1: Trimmed great toe
2.12: Scaphoid shift test 14.2: Second toe for index finger
2.13: Dynamic tenodesis effect in a normal hand 14.3: Combined second and third toe for metacarpal hand
2.14: The milking test of the fingers and thumb in a normal Nidal F. Al Deek
hand Chapter 19: Rheumatologic conditions of the hand
2.15: Eichhoff test
and wrist
2.16: Adson test
2.17: Roos test 19.1: Extensor tendon rupture and end–side tendon transfer
Ryosuke Kakinoki James Chang
Chapter 3: Diagnostic imaging of the hand and 19.2: Silicone metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty
wrist Kevin C. Chung and Evan Kowalski

3.1: Scaphoid lunate dislocation
Alphonsus K. Chong and David M. K. Tan
3.2: Right wrist positive midcarpal catch up clunk
Alphonsus K. Chong
Chapter 4: Anesthesia for upper extremity surgery
4.1: Supraclavicular block
Subhro K. Sen
Chapter 5: Principles of internal fixation as applied
to the hand and wrist
Chapter 20: Osteoarthritis in the hand and wrist
20.1: Ligament reconstruction tendon interposition arthroplasty
of the thumb carpometacarpal joint
James W. Fletcher
Chapter 21: The stiff hand and the spastic hand
21.1: Flexor pronator slide
David T. Netscher
Chapter 22: Ischemia of the hand

5.1: Dynamic compression plating and lag screw technique 22.1: Radial artery sympathectomy
Christopher Cox Hee Chang Ahn and Neil F. Jones
5.2: Headless compression screw 22.2: Interposition arterial graft and sympathectomy
5.3: Locking vs. non-locking plates Hee Chang Ahn
Jeffrey Yao and Jason R. Kang Chapter 24: Nerve entrapment syndromes
Chapter 7: Hand fractures and joint injuries 24.1: The manual muscle testing algorithm
7.1: Bennett reduction 24.2: Scratch collapse test – carpal tunnel
7.2: Hemi-Hamate arthroplasty Elisabet Hagert
Warren C. Hammert 24.3: Injection technique for carpal tunnel surgery
Chapter 9: Flexor tendon injury and reconstruction 24.4: Wide awake carpal tunnel surgery
Donald Lalonde
9.1: Zone II flexor tendon repair 24.5: Clinical exam and surgical technique – lacertus
9.2: Incision and feed tendon forward syndrome
9.3: Distal tendon exposure Elisabet Hagert
9.4: Six-strand M-tang repair
24.6: Injection technique for cubital tunnel surgery
9.5: Extension–flexion test – wide awake
24.7: Wide awake cubital tunnel surgery
Jin Bo Tang
Donald Lalonde
Chapter 10: Extensor tendon injuries 24.8: Clinical exam and surgical technique – radial tunnel
10.1: Sagittal band reconstruction syndrome
10.2: Setting the tension in extensor indicis transfer 24.9: Clinical exam and surgical technique – lateral
Kai Megerle intermuscular syndrome
24.10: Clinical exam and surgical technique – axillary nerve
Chapter 11: Replantation and revascularization entrapment
11.1: Hand replantation Elisabet Hagert
James Chang 24.11: Carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel releases in the same
patient in one procedure with field sterility: Part 1 – local
Chapter 12: Reconstructive surgery of the mutilated anesthetic injection for carpal tunnel
hand 24.12: Carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel releases in the same
12.1: Debridement technique patient in one procedure with field sterility: Part 2 – local
James Chang anesthetic injection for cubital tunnel
Donald Lalonde and Michael Bezuhly
Chapter 13: Thumb reconstruction: Non-
microsurgical techniques Chapter 25: Congenital hand I: Embryology,
classification, and principles
13.1: Osteoplastic thumb reconstruction
13.2: First Dorsal Metacarpal Artery (FDMA) flap 25.1: Pediatric trigger thumb release
Jeffrey B. Friedrich James Chang
xvi Video Contents

Chapter 27: Congenital hand III: Thumb hypoplasia 36.2: Adult: results of one-stage surgery for C5 rupture, C6–T1
root avulsion 10 years after
27.1: Thumb hypoplasia 36.3: Nerve transfer results 1
Joseph Upton III and Amir Taghinia
36.4: Nerve transfer results 2
Chapter 30: Growth considerations in pediatric 36.5: Nerve transfer results 3
upper extremity trauma and reconstruction 36.6: Nerve transfer results 4
36.7: Nerve transfer results 5
30.1: Epiphyseal transplant harvesting technique David Chwei-Chin Chuang
Marco Innocenti and Carla Baldrighi
Chapter 37: Restoration of upper extremity function
Chapter 31: Vascular anomalies of the upper in tetraplegia
extremity
37.1: The single-stage grip and release procedure
31.1: Excision of venous malformation 37.2: Postoperative results after single-stage grip release
Joseph Upton III and Amir Taghinia procedure in OCu3–5 patients
Chapter 32: Peripheral nerve injuries of the upper Carina Reinholdt and Catherine Curtin
extremity Chapter 38: Upper extremity vascularized composite
32.1: Suture repair of the cut digital nerve allotransplantation
32.2: Suture repair of the median nerve 38.1: Upper extremity composite tissue allotransplantation
Simon Farnebo and Johan Thorfinn W. P. Andrew Lee and Vijay S. Gorantla
Chapter 35: Free-functioning muscle transfer in the Chapter 39: Hand therapy
upper extremity
39.1: Goniometric measurement
35.1: Gracilis functional muscle harvest 39.2: Threshold testing
Gregory H. Borschel Christine B. Novak and Rebecca L. Neiduski
Chapter 36: Brachial plexus injuries: Adult and
pediatric
36.1: Pediatric: shoulder correct and biceps-to-triceps transfer
with preserving intact brachialis
 Lecture Video Contents

Chapter 28: Benign and malignant nonmelanocytic

Volume One: tumors of the skin and soft tissue

Chapter 1: Plastic surgery and innovation in medicine Benign and malignant nonmelanocytic tumors of the skin and soft
tissue
Plastic surgery and innovation in medicine Rei Ogawa
Peter C. Neligan
Chapter 31: Facial prosthetics in plastic surgery
Chapter 7: Digital imaging in plastic surgery Facial prosthetics in plastic surgery
Digital imaging in plastic surgery Gordon H. Wilkes
Daniel Z. Liu
Chapter 15: Skin graft Volume Two:
Skin graft
Chapter 4: Skincare and nonsurgical skin
Peter C. Neligan rejuvenation
Chapter 19: Repair and grafting of peripheral nerve Skincare and nonsurgical skin rejuvenation
Nerve injury and repair Leslie Baumann and Edmund Weisberg
Kirsty Usher Boyd, Andrew Yee, and Susan E. Mackinnon Chapter 5.2: Injectables and resurfacing techniques:
Chapter 20: Reconstructive fat grafting Soft-tissue fillers
Reconstructive fat grafting Soft-tissue fillers
J. Peter Rubin Trevor M. Born, Lisa E. Airan, and Daniel Suissa

Chapter 21: Vascular territories Chapter 5.3: Injectables and resurfacing techniques:
Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A)
Vascular territories
Botulinum toxin
Steven F. Morris
Michael A. C. Kane
Chapter 22: Flap classification and applications
Chapter 5.4: Injectables and resurfacing techniques:
Flap classification and applications Laser resurfacing
Joon Pio Hong
Laser resurfacing
Chapter 23: Flap pathophysiology and pharmacology Steven R. Cohen, Ahmad N. Saad, Tracy Leong,
and E. Victor Ross
Flap pathophysiology and pharmacology
Cho Y. Pang and Peter C. Neligan Chapter 5.5: Injectables and resurfacing techniques:
Chemical peels
Chapter 24: Principles and techniques of
microvascular surgery Chemical peels
Suzan Obagi
Principles and techniques of microvascular surgery
Fu-Chan Wei, Nidal F. Al Deek, and Chapter 6.1: Facelift: Facial anatomy and aging
Sherilyn Keng Lin Tay Anatomy of the aging face
Chapter 25: Principles and applications of tissue Bryan Mendelson and Chin-Ho Wong
expansion Chapter 6.2: Facelift: Principles of and surgical
Principles and applications of tissue expansion approaches to facelift
Ivo Alexander Pestana, Louis C. Argenta, and Principles of and surgical approaches to facelift
Malcolm W. Marks Richard J. Warren
Chapter 26: Principles of radiation Chapter 6.3: Facelift: Platysma-SMAS plication
Therapeutic radiation: principles, effects, and complications Platysma-SMAS plication
Gabrielle M. Kane Miles G. Berry
xviii Lecture Video Contents

Chapter 6.4: Facelift: Facial rejuvenation with loop Chapter 19: Secondary rhinoplasty
sutures – the MACS lift and its derivatives Secondary rhinoplasty
Facial rejuvenation with loop sutures – the MACS lift and its Ronald P. Gruber, Simeon H. Wall Jr., David L. Kaufman,
derivatives and David M. Kahn
Mark Laurence Jewell Chapter 21: Hair restoration
Chapter 6.5: Facelift: Lateral SMASectomy facelift Hair restoration
Lateral SMASectomy facelift Jack Fisher
Daniel C. Baker and Steven M. Levine Chapter 22.1: Liposuction: A comprehensive review
Chapter 6.6: Facelift: The extended SMAS technique of techniques and safety
in facial rejuvenation Liposuction
The extended SMAS technique in facelift Phillip J. Stephan, Phillip Dauwe, and Jeffrey Kenkel
James M. Stuzin Chapter 22.2: Correction of liposuction deformities
Chapter 6.7: Facelift: SMAS with skin attached – the with the SAFE liposuction technique
“high SMAS” technique SAFE liposuction technique
SMAS with skin attached – the high SMAS technique Simeon H. Wall Jr. and Paul N. Afrooz
Fritz E. Barton Jr. Chapter 23: Abdominoplasty procedures
Chapter 6.8: Facelift: Subperiosteal midface lift Abdominoplasty
Subperiosteal midface lift Dirk F. Richter and Nina Schwaiger
Alan Yan and Michael J. Yaremchuk Chapter 25.2: Circumferential approaches to truncal
Chapter 6.9: Facelift: Male facelift contouring: Belt lipectomy
Male facelift Belt lipectomy
Timothy J. Marten and Dino Elyassnia Al S. Aly, Khalid Al-Zahrani, and Albert Cram
Chapter 6.10: Facelift: Secondary deformities and Chapter 25.3: Circumferential approaches to truncal
the secondary facelift contouring: The lower lipo-bodylift
Secondary deformities and the secondary facelift Circumferential lower bodylift
Timothy J. Marten and Dino Elyassnia Dirk F. Richter and Nina Schwaiger
Chapter 7: Forehead rejuvenation Chapter 25.4: Circumferential approaches to truncal
Forehead rejuvenation contouring: Autologous buttocks augmentation with
purse string gluteoplasty
Richard J. Warren
Purse string gluteoplasty
Chapter 8: Endoscopic brow lifting
Joseph P. Hunstad and Nicholas A. Flugstad
Endoscopic brow lift
Renato Saltz and Alyssa Lolofie Chapter 25.5: Circumferential approaches to truncal
contouring: Lower bodylift with autologous gluteal
Chapter 9: Blepharoplasty flaps for augmentation and preservation of gluteal
Blepharoplasty contour
Julius Few Jr. and Marco Ellis Lower bodylift with gluteal flaps
Chapter 11: Asian facial cosmetic surgery Robert F. Centeno and Jazmina M. Gonzalez
Asian facial cosmetic surgery Chapter 26.3: Buttock augmentation: Buttock
Clyde H. Ishii shaping with fat grafting and liposuction
Chapter 12: Neck rejuvenation Buttock shaping with fat grafting and liposuction
Neck rejuvenation Constantino G. Mendieta, Thomas L. Roberts III,
and Terrence W. Bruner
James E. Zins, Joshua T. Waltzman, and Rafael A. Couto
Chapter 13: Structural fat grafting Chapter 27: Upper limb contouring
Structural fat grafting Upper limb contouring
Sydney R. Coleman and Alesia P. Saboeiro Joseph F. Capella, Matthew J. Trovato, and Scott Woehrle
Chapter 15: Nasal analysis and anatomy Chapter 30: Aesthetic genital surgery
Nasal analysis and anatomy Aesthetic genital surgery
Rod J. Rohrich Gary J. Alter

Volume Three:
Chapter 10.3: Midface reconstruction: The M. D.
Anderson approach
Midfacial reconstruction: The M. D. Anderson approach
Matthew M. Hanasono and Roman Skoracki
Chapter 12: Lip reconstruction
Lip reconstruction
Peter C. Neligan and Lawrence J. Gottlieb
Chapter 14: Pharyngeal and esophageal
reconstruction
Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction
Peirong Yu
Chapter 15: Tumors of the facial skeleton: Fibrous
dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia
Alberto Córdova-Aguilar and Yu-Ray Chen
Chapter 17: Local flaps for facial coverage
Local flaps for facial coverage
David W. Mathes
Chapter 19: Facial transplant
Facial transplant
Michael Sosin and Eduardo D. Rodriguez
Chapter 32: Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis
Patrick A. Gerety, Jesse A. Taylor, and Scott P. Bartlett
Chapter 36: Pierre Robin Sequence
Pierre Robin sequence
Chad A. Purnell and Arun K. Gosain
Chapter 39: Vascular anomalies
Vascular anomalies
Arin K. Greene and John B. Mulliken
Volume Four:
Chapter 2: Management of lower extremity trauma
Management of lower extremity trauma
Yoo Joon Sur, Shannon M. Colohan, and Michel Saint-Cyr
Chapter 15: Surgery for gender identity disorder
Surgery for gender identity disorder
Loren S. Schechter
Chapter 16: Pressure sores
Pressure sores
Robert Kwon, Juan L. Rendon, and Jeffrey E. Janis
Chapter 17: Perineal reconstruction
Perineal reconstruction
Hakim K. Said and Otway Louie
Lecture Video Contents xix
Volume Five:
Chapter 5: Breast augmentation with autologous fat
grafting
Breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting
E. Delay
Chapter 6: Mastopexy options and techniques
Mastopexy
Robert Cohen
Chapter 9: Reduction mammaplasty with inverted-T
techniques
Reduction mammaplasty with inverted-T techniques
Maurice Y. Nahabedian
Chapter 15: One- and two-stage prosthetic
reconstruction in nipple-sparing mastectomy
Prosthetic reconstruction in nipple-sparing mastectomy
Amy S. Colwell
Chapter 20.1: Abdominally based free flaps:
Introduction
Abdominally-based autologous breast reconstruction
Maurice Y. Nahabedian, Phillip N. Blondeel, and David H. Song
Chapter 20.2: The deep inferior epigastric artery
perforator (DIEAP) flap
Abdominally-based autologous breast reconstruction
Maurice Y. Nahabedian, Phillip N. Blondeel, and David H. Song
Chapter 20.3: The superficial inferior epigastric
artery (SIEA) flap
Abdominally-based autologous breast reconstruction
Maurice Y. Nahabedian, Phillip N. Blondeel, and David H. Song
Chapter 20.4: The free TRAM flap
Abdominally-based autologous breast reconstruction
Maurice Y. Nahabedian, Phillip N. Blondeel, and David H. Song
Chapter 25: Radiation therapy considerations in the
setting of breast reconstruction
Radiation therapy in breast reconstruction
Steven Kronowitz
Volume Six:
Chapter 7: Hand fractures and joint injuries
Hand fractures and joint injuries
Joseph S. Khouri and Warren C. Hammert
Chapter 13: Thumb reconstruction: Non-
microsurgical techniques
Thumb reconstruction
Nicholas B. Vedder and Jeffrey B. Friedrich
Chapter 21: The stiff hand and the spastic hand
The stiff hand
David T. Netscher, Kenneth W. Donohue, and Dang T. Pham
xx Lecture Video Contents
Chapter 24: Nerve entrapment syndromes
Tips and pearls on common nerve compressions
Elisabet Hagert and Donald Lalonde
Chapter 30: Growth considerations in pediatric
upper extremity trauma and reconstruction
Growth considerations in pediatric upper extremity trauma and
reconstruction
Marco Innocenti and Carla Baldrighi
Chapter 33: Nerve transfers
Nerve injury and repair
Kirsty Usher Boyd, Andrew Yee, and Susan E. Mackinnon
Chapter 37: Restoration of upper extremity function
in tetraplegia
Restoration of upper extremity function in tetraplegia
Carina Reinholdt and Catherine Curtin

When I wrote the preface to the 3rd edition of this book, I
remarked how honored and unexpectedly surprised I was to
be the Editor of this great series. This time ‘round, I’m equally
grateful to carry this series forward. When Elsevier called me
and suggested it was time to prepare the 4th edition, my
initial reaction was that this was way too soon. What could
possibly have changed in Plastic Surgery since the 3rd edition
was launched in 2012? As it transpires, there have been many
developments and I hope we have captured them in this
edition.
We have an extraordinary specialty. A recent article by
Chadra, Agarwal and Agarwal entitled “Redefining Plastic
Surgery” appeared in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery—Global
Open. In it they gave the following definition: “Plastic surgery
is a specialized branch of surgery, which deals with deformi-
ties, defects and abnormalities of the organs of perception,
organs of action and the organs guarding the external pas-
sages, besides innovation, implantation, replantation and
transplantation of tissues, and aims at restoring and improv-
ing their form, function and the esthetic appearances.” This is
an all-encompassing but very apt definition and captures the
enormous scope of the specialty.1
In the 3rd edition, I introduced volume editors for each of
the areas of the specialty because the truth is that one person
can no longer be an expert in all areas of this diverse specialty,
and I’m certainly not. I think this worked well because the
volume editors not only had the expertise to present their area
of subspecialty in the best light, but they were tuned in to
what was new and who was doing it. We have continued this
model in this new edition. Four of the seven volume editors
from the previous edition have again helped to bring the latest
and the best to this edition: Drs Gurtner, Song, Rodriguez,
Losee, and Chang have revised and updated their respective
volumes with some chapters remaining, some extensively
revised, some added, and some deleted. Dr. Peter Rubin has
replaced Dr. Rick Warren to compile the Aesthetic volume
(Vol. 2). Dr. Warren did a wonderful job in corralling this
somewhat disparate, yet vitally important, part of our spe-
cialty into the Aesthetic volume in the 3rd edition but felt that
the task of doing it again, though a labor of love, was more
than he wanted to take on. Similarly, Dr. Jim Grotting who did
a masterful job in the last edition on the Breast volume,
decided that doing a major revision should be undertaken by
someone with a fresh perspective and Dr. Maurice Nahabe-
dian stepped into that breach. I hope you will like the changes
you see in both of these volumes.
Dr. Allen Van Beek was the video editor for the last edition
and he compiled an impressive array of movies to comple-
ment the text. This time around, we wanted to go a step
further and though we’ve considerably expanded the list of
1
Chandra R, Agarwal R, Agarwal D. Redefining Plastic Surgery. Plast
Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(5):e706.
Preface to the Fourth Edition
videos accompanying the text (there are over 170), we also
added the idea of lectures accompanying selected chapters.
What we’ve done here is to take selected key chapters and
include the images from that chapter, photos and artwork,
and create a narrated presentation that is available online;
there are annotations in the text to alert the reader that this is
available. Dr. Daniel Liu, who has taken over from Dr. Van
Beek as multimedia editor (rather than video editor) has done
an amazing job in making all of this happen. There are over
70 presentations of various key chapters online, making it as
easy as possible for you, the reader, to get as much knowledge
as you can, in the easiest way possible from this edition. Many
of these presentations have been done by the authors of the
chapters; the rest have been compiled by Dr. Liu and myself
from the content of the individual chapters. I hope you find
them useful.
The reader may wonder how this all works. To plan this
edition, the Elsevier team, headed by Belinda Kuhn, and I,
convened a face-to-face meeting in San Francisco. The volume
editors, as well as the London based editorial team, were
present. We went through the 3rd edition, volume by volume,
chapter by chapter, over an entire weekend. We decided what
needed to stay, what needed to be added, what needed to be
revised, and what needed to be changed. We also decided
who should write the various chapters, keeping many exist-
ing authors, replacing others, and adding some new ones; we
did this so as to really reflect the changes occurring within the
specialty. We also decided on practical changes that needed to
be made. As an example, you will notice that we have omitted
the complete index for the 6 Volume set from Volumes 2-6
and highlighted only the table of contents for that particular
volume. The complete index is of course available in Volume
1 and fully searchable online. This allowed us to save several
hundred pages per volume, reducing production costs and
diverting those dollars to the production of the enhanced online
content.
In my travels around the world since the 3rd edition was
published, I’ve been struck by what an impact this publication
has had on the specialty and, more particularly, on training.
Everywhere I go, I’m told how the text is an important part
of didactic teaching and a font of knowledge. It is gratifying
to see that the 3rd edition has been translated into Portuguese,
Spanish, and Chinese. This is enormously encouraging. I
hope this 4th edition continues to contribute to the specialty,
remains a resource for practicing surgeons, and continues to
prepare our trainees for their future careers in Plastic Surgery.
Peter C. Neligan
Seattle, WA
September, 2017
List of Editors
Editor-in-Chief Volume 4: Lower Extremity, Trunk, and Burns
Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS David H. Song, MD, MBA, FACS
Professor of Surgery Regional Chief, MedStar Health
Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University of Washington Professor and Chairman
Seattle, WA, USA Department of Plastic Surgery
Georgetown University School of Medicine
Washington, DC, USA

Volume 1: Principles Volume 5: Breast

Geoffrey C. Gurtner, MD, FACS Maurice Y. Nahabedian, MD, FACS
Johnson and Johnson Distinguished Professor of Professor and Chief
Surgery and Vice Chairman, Section of Plastic Surgery
Department of Surgery (Plastic Surgery) MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Stanford University Washington, DC, USA;
Stanford, CA, USA Vice Chairman
Department of Plastic Surgery
MedStar Georgetown University Hospital
Washington, DC, USA

Volume 2: Aesthetic Volume 6: Hand and Upper Extremity

J. Peter Rubin, MD, FACS James Chang, MD
UPMC Professor of Plastic Surgery Johnson & Johnson Distinguished
Chair, Department of Plastic Surgery Professor and Chief
Professor of Bioengineering Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University of Pittsburgh Stanford University Medical Center
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Stanford, CA, USA

Volume 3: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery Multimedia editor

Eduardo D. Rodriguez, MD, DDS Daniel Z. Liu, MD
Helen L. Kimmel Professor of Reconstructive Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Plastic Surgery Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwest-
Chair, Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic ern Regional Medical Center
Surgery Zion, IL, USA
NYU School of Medicine
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Volume 3: Pediatric Plastic Surgery

Joseph E. Losee, MD
Ross H. Musgrave Professor of Pediatric Plastic
Surgery
Department of Plastic Surgery
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center;
Chief Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
 List of Contributors
The editors would like to acknowledge and offer grateful thanks for the input of all previous editions’ contributors, without whom this new edition would
not have been possible.

VOLUME ONE Kirsty Usher Boyd, MD, FRCSC Geoffrey C. Gurtner, MD, FACS
Assistant Professor Surgery (Plastics) Johnson and Johnson Distinguished Professor
Hatem Abou-Sayed, MD, MBA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of Surgery and Vice Chairman,
Vice President University of Ottawa Department of Surgery (Plastic Surgery)
Physician Engagement Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Stanford University
Interpreta, Inc. Stanford, CA, USA
San Diego, CA, USA Charles E. Butler, MD, FACS
Professor and Chairman Phillip C. Haeck, MD
Paul N. Afrooz, MD Department of Plastic Surgery Surgeon
Resident Charles B. Barker Endowed Chair in Surgery Plastic Surgery
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer The Polyclinic
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Center Seattle, WA, USA
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Houston, TX, USA
The late Bruce Halperin†, MD
Claudia R. Albornoz, MD, MSc Peter E. M. Butler, MD, FRCSI, FRCS, Formerly Adjunct Associate Professor of
Research Fellow FRCS(Plast) Anesthesia
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Professor Department of Anesthesia
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Stanford University
New York, NY, USA University College and Royal Free London Stanford, CA, USA
London, UK
Nidal F. Al Deek, MD Daniel E. Heath
Doctor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Yilin Cao, MD, PhD Lecturer
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Professor School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
Taipei, Taiwan Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital University of Melbourne
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Amy K. Alderman, MD, MPH Medicine
Private Practice Shanghai, China Joon Pio Hong, MD, PhD, MMM
Atlanta, GA, USA Professor
Franklyn P. Cladis, MD, FAAP Plastic Surgery
Louis C. Argenta, MD Associate Professor of Anesthesiology Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan
Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Anesthesiology Seoul, South Korea
Department of Plastic Surgery The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Wake Forest Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA Michael S. Hu, MD, MPH, MS
Winston Salem, NC, USA Postdoctoral Fellow
Mark B. Constantian, MD Division of Plastic Surgery
Stephan Ariyan, MD, MBA Private Practice Department of Surgery
Emeritus Frank F. Kanthak Professor of Surgery, Surgery (Plastic Surgery) Stanford University School of Medicine
Plastic Surgery, Surgical Oncology, St. Joseph Hospital Stanford, CA, USA
Otolaryngology Nashua, NH, USA
Yale University School of Medicine; C. Scott Hultman, MD, MBA
Associate Chief Daniel A. Cuzzone, MD Professor and Chief
Department of Surgery; Plastic Surgery Fellow Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Founding Director, Melanoma Program Hanjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery University of North Carolina
Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale Cancer Center New York University Medical Center Chapel Hill, NC, USA
New Haven, CT, USA New York, NY, USA
Amir E. Ibrahim
Tomer Avraham, MD Gurleen Dhami, MD Division of Plastic Surgery
Attending Plastic Surgeon Chief Resident Department of Surgery
Mount Sinai Health System Department of Radiation Oncology American University of Beirut Medical Center
Tufts University School of Medicine University of Washington Beirut, Lebanon
New York, NY, USA Seattle, WA, USA
Leila Jazayeri, MD
Aaron Berger, MD, PhD Gayle Gordillo, MD Microsurgery Fellow
Clinical Assistant Professor Associate Professor Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Division of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Florida International University School of The Ohio State University New York, NY, USA
Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
Miami, FL, USA
xxiv List of Contributors

Brian Jeffers Daniel Z. Liu, MD Riccardo F. Mazzola, MD

Student Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Plastic Surgeon
Bioengineering Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences
University of California Berkeley Midwestern Regional Medical Center Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Ca’
Berkeley, CA USA Zion, IL, USA Granda IRCCS
Milano, Italy
Lynn Jeffers, MD, FACS Wei Liu, MD, PhD
Private Practice Professor Lindsay D. McHutchion, MS, BSc
Oxnard, CA, USA Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Anaplastologist
Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine
Mohammed M. Al Kahtani, MD, FRCSC Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Clinical Fellow Medicine
Division of Plastic Surgery Shanghai, China Babak J. Mehrara, MD, FACS
Department of Surgery Associate Member, Associate Professor of
University of Alberta Michael T. Longaker, MD, MBA, FACS Surgery (Plastic)
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Deane P. and Louise Mitchell Professor and Vice Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Chair Weil Cornell University Medical Center
Gabrielle M. Kane, MB, BCh, EdD, FRCPC Department of Surgery New York, NY, USA
Associate Professor Stanford University
Radiation Oncology Stanford, CA, USA Steven F. Morris, MD, MSc, FRCSC
University of Washington Professor of Surgery
Seattle, WA, USA H. Peter Lorenz, MD Department of Surgery
Service Chief and Professor, Plastic Surgery Dalhousie University
Raghu P. Kataru, PhD Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Senior Research Scientist Stanford University School of Medicine
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Stanford, CA, USA Wayne A. Morrison, MBBS, MD, FRACS
New York, NY, USA Professorial Fellow
Susan E. Mackinnon, MD O’Brien Institute
Carolyn L. Kerrigan, MD, MSc, MHCDS Sydney M. Shoenberg Jr. and Robert H. Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne
Professor of Surgery Shoenberg Professor Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital
Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center Reconstructive Surgery Melbourne, Australia
Lebanon, NH, USA Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO, USA Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC,
Timothy W. King, MD, PhD, FAAP, FACS FACS
Associate Professor with Tenure Malcolm W. Marks, MD Professor of Surgery
Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Professor and Chairman Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic
Engineering; Department of Plastic Surgery Surgery
Director of Research, Division of Plastic Surgery Wake Forest University School of Medicine University of Washington
University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Winston-Salem, NC, USA Seattle, WA, USA
Craniofacial and Pediatric Plastic Surgery
Children’s of Alabama – Plastic Surgery; Diego Marre, MD Andrea J. O’Connor, BE(Hons), PhD
Chief, Plastic Surgery Section Fellow Associate Professor
Birmingham VA Hospital O’Brien Institute Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Birmingham, AL, USA Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Engineering
Surgery University of Melbourne
Brian M. Kinney, MD, FACS, MSME St. Vincent’s Hospital Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Clinical Assistant Professor of Plastic Surgery Melbourne, Australia
University of Southern California Rei Ogawa, MD, PhD, FACS
School of Medicine David W. Mathes, MD Professor and Chief
Los Angeles, CA, USA Professor and Chief of the Division of Plastic Department of Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
W. P. Andrew Lee, MD University of Colorado Nippon Medical School
The Milton T. Edgerton MD, Professor and Aurora, CO, USA Tokyo, Japan
Chairman
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Evan Matros MD, MMSc Dennis P. Orgill, MD, PhD
Surgery Plastic Surgeon Professor of Surgery
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Harvard Medical School
Baltimore, MD, USA New York, NY, USA Medical Director, Wound Care Center;
Vice Chairman for Quality Improvement
Sherilyn Keng Lin Tay, MBChB, MSc, Isabella C. Mazzola, MD Department of Surgery
FRCS(Plast) Attending Plastic Surgeon Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Consultant Plastic Surgeon Klinik für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie Boston, MA, USA
Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit Klinikum Landkreis Erding
Glasgow Royal Infirmary Erding, Germany
Glasgow, UK
 List of Contributors xxv

Cho Y. Pang, PhD Saja S. Scherer-Pietramaggiori, MD E. Dale Collins Vidal, MD, MS

Senior Scientist Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Chief
Research Institute Plastic Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery
The Hospital for Sick Children; University Hospital Lausanne Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center
Professor Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland Lebanon, NH, USA
Departments of Surgery/Physiology
University of Toronto Iris A. Seitz, MD, PhD Derrick C. Wan, MD
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Director of Research and International Associate Professor
Collaboration Division of Plastic Surgery
Ivo Alexander Pestana, MD, FACS University Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery
Associate Professor Rosalind Franklin University; Director of Maxillofacial Surgery
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinical Instructor of Surgery Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
Wake Forest University Chicago Medical School Stanford University School of Medicine
Winston Salem, NC, USA Chicago, IL, USA Stanford, CA, USA

Giorgio Pietramaggior, MD, PhD Jesse C. Selber, MD, MPH, FACS Renata V. Weber, MD
Swiss Nerve Institute Associate Professor, Director of Clinical Assistant Professor Surgery (Plastics)
Clinique de La Source Research Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Plastic Surgery Albert Einstein College of Medicine
MD Anderson Cancer Center Bronx, NY, USA
Andrea L. Pusic, MD, MHS, FACS Houston, TX, USA
Associate Professor Fu-Chan Wei, MD
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Chandan K. Sen, PhD Professor
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Professor and Director Department of Plastic Surgery
New York, NY, USA Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Based Therapies Taoyuan, Taiwan
Russell R. Reid, MD, PhD The Ohio State University Wexner Medical
Associate Professor Center Gordon H. Wilkes, BScMed, MD
Surgery/Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Columbus, OH, USA Clinical Professor of Surgery
Surgery Department of Surgery University of Alberta
University of Chicago Medicine Wesley N. Sivak, MD, PhD Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA Resident in Plastic Surgery Misericordia Hospital
Department of Plastic Surgery Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Neal R. Reisman, MD, JD University of Pittsburgh
Chief Pittsburgh, PA, USA Johan F. Wolfaardt, BDS,
Plastic Surgery MDent(Prosthodontics), PhD
Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center M. Lucy Sudekum Professor
Houston, TX, USA Research Assistant Division of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck
Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth Surgery
Joseph M. Rosen, MD College Department of Surgery
Professor of Surgery Hanover, NH, USA Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry;
Plastic Surgery Director of Clinics and International Relations
Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center G. Ian Taylor, AO, MBBS, MD, MD(Hon Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine
Lebanon, NH, USA Bordeaux), FRACS, FRCS(Eng), FRCS(Hon University of Alberta
Edinburgh), FRCSI(Hon), FRSC(Hon Covenant Health Group
Sashwati Roy, MS, PhD Canada), FACS(Hon) Alberta Health Services
Associate Professor Professor Alberta, Canada
Surgery, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Plastic Surgery
Cell based Therapies Royal Melbourne Hospital; Kiryu K. Yap, MBBS, BMedSc
The Ohio State University Professor Junior Surgical Trainee & PhD Candidate
Columbus, OH, USA Department of Anatomy O’Brien Institute
University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne
J. Peter Rubin, MD, FACS Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
UPMC Professor of Plastic Surgery Surgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital
Chair, Department of Plastic Surgery Chad M. Teven, MD Melbourne, Australia
Professor of Bioengineering Resident
University of Pittsburgh Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Andrew Yee
Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Chicago Research Assistant
Chicago, IL, USA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Karim A. Sarhane, MD Washington University School of Medicine
Department of Surgery Ruth Tevlin, MB BAO BCh, MRCSI, MD St. Louis, MO, USA
University of Toledo Medical Center Resident in Surgery
Toledo, OH, USA Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Elizabeth R. Zielins, MD
Surgery Postdoctoral Research Fellow
David B. Sarwer, PhD Stanford University School of Medicine Surgery
Associate Professor of Psychology Stanford, CA, USA Stanford University School of Medicine
Departments of Psychiatry and Surgery Stanford, CA, USA
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
xxvi List of Contributors

VOLUME TWO Leslie Baumann, MD Sydney R. Coleman, MD

CEO Assistant Clinical Professor
Paul N. Afrooz, MD Baumann Cosmetic and Research Institute Plastic Surgery
Resident Miami, FL, USA New York University Medical Center
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery New York;
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Miles G. Berry, MS, FRCS(Plast) Assistant Clinical Professor
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Consultant Plastic and Aesthetic Surgeon Plastic Surgery
Institute of Cosmetic and Reconstructive University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Jamil Ahmad, MD, FRCSC Surgery Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Director of Research and Education London, UK
The Plastic Surgery Clinic Mark B. Constantian, MD
Mississauga; Trevor M. Born, MD Private Practice
Assistant Professor Division of Plastic Surgery Surgery (Plastic Surgery)
Surgery Lenox Hill/Manhattan Eye Ear and Throat St. Joseph Hospital
University of Toronto Hospital North Shore-LIJ Hospital Nashua, NH, USA;
Toronto, Ontario, Canada New York, NY, USA; Adjunct Clinical Professor
Clinical Lecturer Surgery (Plastic Surgery)
Lisa E. Airan, MD Division of Plastic Surgery University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
Aesthetic Dermatologist NYC University of Toronto Western Division Madison, WI, USA;
Private Practice; Toronto, Ontario, Canada Visiting Professor
Associate Clinical Professor Department of Plastic Surgery
Dermatology Terrence W. Bruner, MD, MBA University of Virginia Health System
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Private Practice Charlottesville, VA, USA
New York, NY, USA Greenville, SC, USA
Rafael A. Couto, MD
Gary J. Alter, MD Andrés F. Cánchica, MD Plastic Surgery Resident
Assistant Clinical Professor Chief Resident of Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
Division of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Service Dr. Osvaldo Saldanha Cleveland Clinic
University of California São Paulo, Brazil Cleveland, OH, USA
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Joseph F. Capella, MD Albert Cram, MD
Al S. Aly, MD Chief Post-bariatric Body Contouring Professor Emeritus
Professor of Plastic Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery University of Iowa
Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Institute University Hackensack University Medical Center Iowa City Plastic Surgery
of California Irvine Hackensack, NJ, USA Coralville, IO, USA
Orange, CA, USA
Robert F. Centeno, MD, MBA Phillip Dauwe, MD
Khalid Al-Zahrani, MD, SSC-PLAST Medical Director Department of Plastic Surgery
Assistant Professor St. Croix Plastic Surgery and MediSpa; University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Consultant Plastic Surgeon Chief Medical Quality Officer School
King Khalid University Hospital Governor Juan F. Luis Hospital and Medical Dallas, TX, USA
King Saud University Center
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Christiansted, Saint Croix, United States Virgin Dai M. Davies, FRCS
Islands Consultant and Institute Director
Bryan Armijo, MD Institute of Cosmetic and Reconstructive
Plastic Surgery Chief Resident Ernest S. Chiu, MD, FACS Surgery
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery London, UK
Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
Case Western Reserve/University Hospitals New York University Jose Abel De la Peña Salcedo, MD, FACS
Cleveland, OH, USA New York, NY, USA Plastic Surgeon
Director
Daniel C. Baker, MD Jong Woo Choi, MD, PhD, MMM Instituto de Cirugia Plastica S.C.
Professor of Surgery Associate Professor Huixquilucan
Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Estado de Mexico, Mexico
New York University Medical Center Surgery
Department of Plastic Surgery Seoul Asan Medical Center Barry DiBernardo, MD, FACS
New York, NY, USA Seoul, South Korea Clinical Associate Professor, Plastic Surgery
Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School
Fritz E. Barton Jr., MD Steven R. Cohen, MD Director New Jersey Plastic Surgery
Clinical Professor Senior Clinical Research Fellow, Clinical Montclair, NJ, USA
Department of Plastic Surgery Professor
UT Southwestern Medical Center Plastic Surgery Felmont F. Eaves III, MD, FACS
Dallas, TX, USA University of California Professor of Surgery, Emory University
San Diego, CA; Medical Director, Emory Aesthetic Center
Director Medical Director, EAC Ambulatory Surgery
Craniofacial Surgery Center
Rady Children’s Hospital, Private Practice, Atlanta, GA, USA
FACES+ Plastic Surgery, Skin and Laser Center
La Jolla, CA, USA
 List of Contributors xxvii

Marco Ellis, MD Joseph P. Hunstad, MD, FACS Tracy Leong, MD

Director of Craniofacial Surgery Associate Consulting Professor Dermatology
Northwestern Specialists in Plastic Surgery; Division of Plastic Surgery Rady Children’s Hospital - San Diego;
Adjunct Assistant Professor The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Sharp Memorial Hospital;
University of Illinois Chicago Medical Center Private Practice University California San Diego Medical Center
Chicago, IL, USA Huntersville/Charlotte, NC, USA San Diego;
Private Practice, FACES+ Plastic Surgery, Skin
Dino Elyassnia, MD Clyde H. Ishii, MD, FACS and Laser Center
Associate Plastic Surgeon Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery La Jolla, CA, USA
Marten Clinic of Plastic Surgery John A. Burns School of Medicine;
San Francisco, CA, USA Chief, Department of Plastic Surgery Steven M. Levine, MD
Shriners Hospital Assistant Professor of Surgery (Plastic)
Julius Few Jr., MD Honolulu Unit Hofstra Medical School, Northwell Health,
Director Honolulu, HI, USA New York, NY, USA
The Few Institute for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery;
Clinical Professor Nicole J. Jarrett, MD Michelle B. Locke, MBChB, MD
Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery Senior Lecturer in Surgery
University of Chicago Pritzker School of University of Pittsburgh Department of Surgery
Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Auckland Faculty of Medicine and
Chicago, IL, USA Health Sciences;
Elizabeth B. Jelks, MD South Auckland Clinical Campus
Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha Filho, MD Private Practice Middlemore Hospital
Professor of Plastic Surgery Jelks Medical Auckland, New Zealand
Plastic Surgery Service Dr. Osvaldo Saldanha New York, NY, USA
São Paulo, Brazil Alyssa Lolofie
Glenn W. Jelks, MD University of Utah
Jack Fisher, MD Associate Professor Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Associate Clinical Professor Department of Ophthalmology
Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery Timothy J. Marten, MD, FACS
Vanderbilt University New York University School of Medicine Founder and Director
Nashville, TN, USA New York, NY, USA Marten Clinic of Plastic Surgery
San Francisco, CA, USA
Nicholas A. Flugstad, MD Mark Laurence Jewell, MD
Flugstad Plastic Surgery Assistant Clinical Professor Plastic Surgery Bryan Mendelson, FRCSE, FRACS, FACS
Bellevue, WA, USA Oregon Health Science University The Centre for Facial Plastic Surgery
Portland, OR, USA Toorak, Victoria, Australia
James D. Frame, MBBS, FRCS, FRCSEd,
FRCS(Plast) David M. Kahn, MD Constantino G. Mendieta, MD, FACS
Professor of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Clinical Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery Private Practice
Anglia Ruskin University Department of Surgery Miami, FL, USA
Chelmsford, UK Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA Drew B. Metcalfe, MD
Jazmina M. Gonzalez, MD Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Bitar Cosmetic Surgery Institute Michael A. C. Kane, BS, MD Emory University
Fairfax, VA, USA Attending Surgeon Atlanta, GA, USA
Plastic Surgery
Richard J. Greco, MD Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital Gabriele C. Miotto, MD
CEO New York, NY, USA Emory School of Medicine
The Georgia Institute For Plastic Surgery Atlanta, GA, USA
Savannah, GA, USA David L. Kaufman, MD, FACS
Private Practice Plastic Surgery Foad Nahai, MD
Ronald P. Gruber, MD Aesthetic Artistry Surgical and Medical Center Professor of Surgery
Adjunct Associate Clinical Professor Folsom, CA, USA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Surgery
Stanford University Jeffrey Kenkel, MD Emory University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA Professor and Chairman Emory Aesthetic Center at Paces
Clinical Association Professor Department of Plastic Surgery Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery UT Southwestern Medical Center
University of California San Francisco Dallas, TX, USA Suzan Obagi, MD
San Francisco, CA, USA Associate Professor of Dermatology
Kyung S. Koh, MD, PhD Dermatology
Bahman Guyuron, MD, FCVS Professor of Plastic Surgery University of Pittsburgh;
Editor in Chief, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Journal Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan School Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery
Emeritus Professor of Plastic Surgery of Medicine Plastic Surgery
Case School of Medicine Seoul, South Korea University of Pittsburgh
Cleveland, OH, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA
xxviii List of Contributors

Sabina Aparecida Alvarez de Paiva, MD Osvaldo Saldanha, MD, PhD Ali Totonchi, MD
Resident of Plastic Surgery Director of Plastic Surgery Service Dr. Osvaldo Assistant Professor
Plastic Surgery Service Dr. Ewaldo Bolivar de Saldanha; Plastic Surgery
Souza Pinto Professor of Plastic Surgery Department Case Western Reserve University;
São Paulo, Brazil Universidade Metropolitana de Santos Medical Director Craniofacial Deformity Clinic
- UNIMES Plastic Surgery
Galen Perdikis, MD São Paulo, Brazil MetroHealth Medical center
Assistant Professor of Surgery Cleveland, OH, USA
Division of Plastic Surgery Renato Saltz, MD, FACS
Emory University School of Medicine Saltz Plastic Surgery Jonathan W. Toy, MD, FRCSC
Atlanta, GA, USA President Program Director, Plastic Surgery Residency
International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Program Assistant Clinical Professor
Jason Posner, MD, FACS Adjunct Professor of Surgery University of Alberta
Private Practice University of Utah Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Boca Raton, FL, USA Past-President, American Society for Aesthetic
Plastic Surgery Matthew J. Trovato, MD
Dirk F. Richter, MD, PhD Salt Lake City and Park City, UT, USA Dallas Plastic Surgery Institute
Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery Dallas, TX, USA
University of Bonn Paulo Rodamilans Sanjuan MD
Director and Chief Chief Resident of Plastic Surgery Simeon H. Wall Jr., MD, FACS
Dreifaltigkeits-Hospital Plastic Surgery Service Dr. Ewaldo Boliar de Director
Wesseling, Germany Souza Pinto The Wall Center for Plastic Surgery;
São Paulo, Brazil Assistant Clinical Professor
Thomas L. Roberts III, FACS Plastic Surgery
Plastic Surgery Center of the Carolinas Nina Schwaiger, MD LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport
Spartanburg, SC, USA Senior Specialist in Plastic and Aesthetic Shreveport, LA, USA
Surgery
Jocelyn Celeste Ledezma Rodriguez, MD Department of Plastic Surgery Joshua T. Waltzman, MD, MBA
Private Practice Dreifaltigkeits-Hospital Wesseling Private Practice
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Wesseling, Germany Waltzman Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Long Beach, CA, USA
Rod J. Rohrich, MD Douglas S. Steinbrech, MD, FACS
Clinical Professor and Founding Chair Gotham Plastic Surgery Richard J. Warren, MD, FRCSC
Department of Plastic Surgery New York, NY, USA Clinical Professor
Distinguished Teaching Professor Division of Plastic Surgery
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Phillip J. Stephan, MD University of British Columbia
Founding Partner Clinical Faculty Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Dallas Plastic Surgery Institute Plastic Surgery
Dallas, TX, USA UT Southwestern Medical School; Edmund Weisberg, MS, MBE
Plastic Surgeon University of Pennsylvania
E. Victor Ross, MD Texoma Plastic Surgery Philadelphia, PA, USA
Director of Laser and Cosmetic Dermatology Wichita Falls, TX, USA
Scripps Clinic Scott Woehrle, MS BS
San Diego, CA, USA David Gonzalez Sosa, MD Physician Assistant
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
J. Peter Rubin, MD, FACS Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja Jospeh Capella Plastic Surgery
Chief Alicante, Spain Ramsey, NJ, USA
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; James M. Stuzin, MD Chin-Ho Wong, MBBS, MRCS, MMed(Surg),
Associate Professor Associate Professor of Surgery FAMS(Plast Surg)
Department of Surgery (Plastic) Voluntary W Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
University of Pittsburgh University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Mt Elizabeth Novena Specialist Center
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Medicine Singapore
Miami, FL, USA
Ahmad N. Saad, MD Alan Yan, MD
Private Practice Daniel Suissa, MD, MSc Former Fellow
FACES+ Plastic Surgery Clinical Instructor Adult Reconstructive and Aesthetic
Skin and Laser Center Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
La Jolla, CA, USA Yale University Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
New Haven, CT, USA Massachusetts General Hospital
Alesia P. Saboeiro, MD Boston, MA, USA
Attending Physician Charles H. Thorne, MD
Private Practice Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery
New York, NY, USA Department of Plastic Surgery
NYU School of Medicine
Cristianna Bonnetto Saldanha, MD New York, NY, USA
Plastic Surgery Service Dr. Osvaldo Saldanha
São Paulo, Brazil

Michael J. Yaremchuk, MD
Chief of Craniofacial Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital;
Clinical Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School;
Program Director
Harvard Plastic Surgery Residency Program
Boston, MA, USA
James E. Zins, MD
Chairman
Department of Plastic Surgery
Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA
VOLUME THREE
Neta Adler, MD
Senior Surgeon
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery
Hadassah University Hospital
Jerusalem, Israel
Ahmed M. Afifi, MD
Assistant Professor of Plastic Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI, USA;
Associate Professor
Department of Plastic Surgery
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Marta Alvarado, DDS, MS
Department of Orthodontics
Facultad de Odontología
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
Guatemala
Eric Arnaud, MD
Pediatric Neurosurgeon and Co-Director
Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale
Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades
Paris, France
Stephen B. Baker, MD, DDS
Associate Professor and Program Director
Co-Director Inova Hospital for Children
Craniofacial Clinic
Department of Plastic Surgery
Georgetown University Hospital
Georgetown, WA, USA
Scott P. Bartlett, MD
Professor of Surgery
Surgery
University of Pennsylvania;
Chief Division of Plastic Surgery
Surgery
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, PA, USA
List of Contributors xxix
Bruce S. Bauer, MD Edward I. Chang, MD
Chief Assistant Professor
Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
NorthShore University HealthSystem The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer
Highland Park; Center
Clinical Professor of Surgery Houston, TX, USA
Department of Surgery
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Constance M. Chen, MD, MPH
Medicine Director of Microsurgery
Chicago, IL, USA Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mt Sinai;
Adriane L. Baylis, PhD Clinical Assistant Professor
Speech Scientist Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Weil Medical College of Cornell University;
Nationwide Children’s Hospital Clinical Assistant Professor
Columbus, OH, USA Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Tulane University School of Medicine
Mike Bentz, MD, FAAP, FACS New York, NY, USA
Interim Chairman
Department of Surgery Yu-Ray Chen, MD
University of Wisconsin; Professor of Surgery
Chairman Division of Plastic Surgery Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
University of Wisconsin Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Madison, WI, USA
Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, MD
Craig Birgfeld, MD, FACS Professor
Associate Professor, Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Center
Craniofacial Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Seattle Children’s Hospital Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Seattle, WA, USA
Ming-Huei Cheng, MD, MBA
William R. Boysen, MD Professor
Resident Physician, Urology Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery
University of Chicago Medicine Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
Chicago, IL, USA Surgery
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
James P. Bradley, MD Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Professor and Chief
Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Gerson R. Chinchilla, DDS MS
Temple University Director
Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Orthodontics
Facultad de Odontología
Edward P. Buchanan, MD Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
Division of Plastic Surgery Guatemala
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA Peter G. Cordeiro, MD
Chief
Michael R. Bykowski, MD, MS Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Plastic Surgery Resident Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;
Plastic Surgery Professor of Surgery
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Surgery
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Weil Medical College of Cornell University
New York, NY, USA
Edward J. Caterson, MD, PhD
Director of Craniofacial Surgery Alberto Córdova-Aguilar, MD, MPH
Division of Plastic Surgery Attending Plastic Surgeon
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Surgery
Boston, MA, USA Faculty of Medicine Ricardo Palma University
Lima, Peru
Rodney K. Chan, MD
Chief Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Edward H. Davidson, MA(Cantab), MBBS
Clinical Division and Burn Center Resident Plastic Surgeon
United States Army Institute of Surgical Department of Plastic Surgery
Research University of Pittsburgh
Joint Base San Antonio, TX, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA
xxx List of Contributors

Sara R. Dickie, MD Patrick A. Gerety, MD Matthew M. Hanasono, MD

Clinician Educator Assistant Professor of Surgery Associate Professor
Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Plastic Surgery
University of Chicago Hospital Pritzker School of Indiana University and Riley Hospital for The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Medicine; Children Center
Attending Surgeon Philadelphia, PA, USA Houston, TX, USA
Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
NorthShore University HealthSystem Jesse A. Goldstein, MD Toshinobu Harada, PhD
Northbrook, IL, USA Chief Resident Professor in Engineering
Department of Plastic Surgery Department of Systems Engineering
Risal S. Djohan, MD Georgetown University Hospital Faculty of Systems Engineering
Microsurgery Fellowship Program Director Washington, DC, USA Wakayama University
Plastic Surgery Wakayama, Japan
Cleveland Clinic; Arun K. Gosain, MD
Surgery ASC Quality Improvement Officer Chief Jill A. Helms, DDS, PhD
Plastic Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery Professor
Cleveland Clinic Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Surgery
Cleveland, OH, USA Chicago Stanford University
Chicago, IL, USA Stanford, CA, USA
Amir H. Dorafshar, MBChB, FACS, FAAP
Associate Professor Lawrence J. Gottlieb, MD David L. Hirsch, MD, DDS
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Professor of Surgery Director of Oral Oncology and Reconstruction
Johns Hopkins Medical Institute; Department of Surgery Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health
Assistant Professor Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery New York, NY, USA
Plastic Surgery University of Chicago
R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Chicago, IL, USA Jung-Ju Huang, MD
Baltimore, MD, USA Associate Professor
Arin K. Greene, MD, MMSc Division of Microsurgery
Jeffrey A. Fearon, MD Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Director Boston Children’s Hospital; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
The Craniofacial Center Associate Professor of Surgery Taoyuan, Taiwan
Dallas, TX, USA Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA William Y. Hoffman, MD
Alexander L. Figueroa, DMD Professor and Chief
Craniofacial Orthodontist Patrick J. Gullane, MD, FRCS Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Rush Craniofacial Center Wharton Chair in Head and Neck Surgery UCSF
Rush University Medical Center Professor of Surgery, Department of San Francisco, CA, USA
Chicago, IL, USA Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
University of Toronto Larry H. Hollier Jr., MD
Alvaro A. Figueroa, DDS, MS Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Plastic Surgery
Co-Director Baylor College of Medicine
Rush Craniofacial Center Mohan S. Gundeti, MB, MCh, FEBU, Houston, TX, USA
Rush University Medical Center FRCS(Urol), FEAPU
Chicago, IL, USA Associate Professor of Urology in Surgery and Richard A. Hopper, MD, MS
Pediatrics, Director Pediatric Urology, Director Chief
David M. Fisher, MB, BCh, FRCSC, FACS Centre for Pediatric Robotics and Minimal Division of Craniofacial Plastic Surgery
Medical Director Cleft Lip and Palate Program Invasive Surgery Seattle Children’s Hospital;
Plastic Surgery University of Chicago and Pritzker Medical Surgical Director
Hospital for Sick Children; School Comer Children’s Hospital Craniofacial Center
Associate Professor Chicago, IL, USA Seattle Children’s Hospital;
Surgery Associate Professor
University of Toronto Eyal Gur, MD Department of Surgery
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Professor of Surgery, Chief University of Washington
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Seattle, WA, USA
Roberto L. Flores, MD Surgery
Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Gazi Hussain, MBBS, FRACS
Director of Cleft Lip and Palate Tel Aviv, Israel Clinical Senior Lecturer
Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery Macquarie University
NYU Langone Medical Center Bahman Guyuron, MD, FCVS Sydney, Australia
New York, NY, USA Editor in Chief, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
Journal; Oksana Jackson, MD
Andrew Foreman, B. Physio, BMBS(Hons), Emeritus Professor of Plastic Surgery Assistant Professor
PhD, FRACS Case School of Medicine Plastic Surgery
Consultant Surgeon, Department of Cleveland, OH, USA Perelman School of Medicine at the University
Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery of Pennsylvania;
University of Adelaide, Assistant Professor
Royal Adelaide Hospital, Plastic Surgery
Adelaide, SA, Australia The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, PA, USA
 List of Contributors xxxi

Syril James, MD Joseph E. Losee, MD Gerhard S. Mundinger, MD

Clinic Marcel Sembat Ross H. Musgrave Professor of Pediatric Plastic Assistant Professor
Boulogne-Billancourt Surgery Craniofacial, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery
Paris, France Department of Plastic Surgery Louisiana State University Health Sciences
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Center
Leila Jazayeri, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery Children’s Hospital of New Orleans
Microsurgery Fellow Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh New Orleans, LA, USA
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Blake D. Murphy, BSc, PhD, MD
New York, NY, USA David W. Low, MD Craniofacial Fellow
Professor of Surgery Plastic Surgery
Sahil Kapur, MD Division of Plastic Surgery Nicklaus Children’s Hospital
Assistant Professor Perelman School of Medicine at the University Miami, FL, USA
Department of Plastic Surgery of Pennsylvania;
University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Clinical Associate Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC,
Center Department of Surgery FACS
Houston, TX, USA Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Professor of Surgery
Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic
Henry K. Kawamoto Jr., MD, DDS Surgery
Clinical Professor Ralph T. Manktelow, MD, FRCSC University of Washington
Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery Professor of Surgery, Seattle, WA, USA
UCLA The University of Toronto,
Los Angeles, CA, USA Toronto, Ontario, Canada M. Samuel Noordhoff, MD, FACS
Emeritus Professor in Surgery
David Y. Khechoyan, MD Paul N. Manson, MD Chang Gung University
Division of Plastic Surgery Distinguished Service Professor Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Baylor College of Medicine Plastic Surgery
Houston, TX, USA Johns Hopkins University Giovanna Paternoster, MD
Baltimore, MD, USA Unité de chirurgie crânio-faciale du departement
Richard E. Kirschner, MD de neurochirurgie
Section Chief David W. Mathes, MD Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Professor and Chief of the Division of Plastic Paris, France
Nationwide Children’s Hospital; and Reconstructive Surgery
Senior Vice Chair Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Jason Pomerantz, MD
Plastic Surgery Surgery Assistant Professor
The Ohio State University Medical College University of Colorado Surgery
Columbus, OH, USA Aurora, CO, USA University of California San Francisco;
Surgical Director
John C. Koshy, MD Frederick J. Menick, MD Craniofacial Center
Division of Plastic Surgery Private Practitioner University of California San Francisco
Baylor College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, USA San Francisco, CA, USA
Houston, TX, USA
Fernando Molina, MD Julian J. Pribaz, MD
Michael C. Large, MD Director Professor of Surgery
Urologic Oncologist Craniofacial Anomalies Foundation A.C. University of South Florida, Morsani College of
Urology of Indiana Mexico City; Medicine
Greenwood, IN, USA Professor of Plastic Reconstructive and Tampa General Hospital
Aesthetic Surgery Tampa, FL, USA
Edward I. Lee, MD Medical School
Division of Plastic Surgery Universidad La Salle Chad A. Purnell, MD
Baylor College of Medicine Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico Division of Plastic Surgery
Houston, TX, USA Lurie Children’s Hospital of Northwestern
Laura A. Monson, MD Feinberg School of Medicine
Jamie P. Levine, MD Division of Plastic Surgery Chicago, IL, USA
Chief of Microsurgery Baylor College of Medicine
Associate Professor Houston, TX, USA Russell R. Reid, MD, PhD
Plastic Surgery Associate Professor
NYU Langone Medical Center Reid V. Mueller, MD Surgery/Section of Plastic and Reconstructive
New York, NY, USA Associate Professor Surgery
Plastic Surgery University of Chicago Medicine
Jingtao Li, DDS, PhD Oregon Health and Science University Chicago, IL, USA
Consultant Surgeon Portland, OR, USA
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Eduardo D. Rodriguez, MD, DDS
West China Hospital of Stomatology John B. Mulliken, MD Helen L. Kimmel Professor of Reconstructive
Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China Professor Plastic Surgery
Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery Chair, Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic
Lawrence Lin, MD Boston Children’s Hospital Surgery
Division of Plastic Surgery Harvard Medical School NYU School of Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine Boston, MA, USA NYU Langone Medical Center
Houston, TX, USA New York, NY, USA
xxxii List of Contributors

Craig Rowin, MD Peter J. Taub, MD Ronald M. Zuker, MD, FRCSC, FACS,

Craniofacial Fellow Professor FRCSEd(Hon)
Plastic Surgery Surgery Pediatrics Dentistry and Medical Professor of Surgery
Nicklaus Children’s Hospital Education Department of Surgery
Miami, FL, USA Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive University of Toronto;
Surgery Staff Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Ruston J. Sanchez, MD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Surgery
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Resident New York, NY, USA SickKids Hospital
University of Wisconsin Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Madison, WI, USA Jesse A. Taylor, MD
Mary Downs Endowed Chair of Pediatric
Lindsay A. Schuster, DMD, MS Craniofacial Treatment and Research; VOLUME FOUR
Director Cleft-Craniofacial Orthodontics Director, Penn Craniofacial Fellowship;
Pediatric Plastic Surgery Co-Director, CHOP Cleft Team Christopher E. Attinger, MD
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UMPC; Plastic, Reconstructive, and Craniofacial Surgery Professor, Interim Chairman
Clinical Assistant Professor of Plastic Surgery The University of Pennsylvania and Department of Plastic Surgery
Department of Plastic Surgery Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Wound Healing
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA Medstar Georgetown University Hospital
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Washington, DC, USA
Kathryn S. Torok, MD
Jeremiah Un Chang See, MD Assistant Professor Lorenzo Borghese, MD
Plastic Surgeon Pediatric Rheumatology Plastic Surgeon
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive University of Pittsburgh Chief of International Missions
Surgery Pittsburgh, PA, USA Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù
Penang General Hospital Rome, Italy
Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia Ali Totonchi, MD
Assistant Professor Charles E. Butler, MD, FACS
Pradip R. Shetye, DDS, BDS, MDS Plastic Surgery Professor and Chairman
Assistant Professor (Orthodontics) Case Western Reserve University; Department of Plastic Surgery
Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery Medical Director Craniofacial Deformity Clinic Charles B. Barker Endowed Chair in Surgery
NYU Langone Medical Center Plastic Surgery The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer
New York, NY, USA MetroHealth Medical Center Center
Cleveland, OH, USA Houston, TX, USA
Roman Skoracki, MD
Plastic Surgery Kris Wilson, MD David W. Chang, MD
The Ohio State University Division of Plastic Surgery Professor of Surgery
Columbus, OH, USA Baylor College of Medicine University of Chicago
Houston, TX, USA Chicago, IL, USA
Mark B. Slidell, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor of Surgery S. Anthony Wolfe, MD Karel Claes, MD
Department of Surgery Plastic Surgery Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
Section of Pediatric Surgery Miami Children’s Hospital Surgery
University of Chicago Medicine Biological Miami, FL, USA Ghent University Hospital
Sciences Ghent, Belgium
Chicago, IL, USA Akira Yamada, MD, PhD
Professor of Plastic Surgery Mark W. Clemens II, MD, FACS
Michael Sosin, MD World Craniofacial Foundation Associate Professor
Research Fellow Dallas, TX, USA; Plastic Surgery
Department of Plastic Surgery Institute of Clinical Assistant Professor MD Anderson Cancer Center,
Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Houston, TX, USA
NYU Langone Medical Center Case Western Reserve University
New York, NY, USA; Cleveland, OH, USA Shannon M. Colohan, MD, MSc
Research Fellow Assistant Professor of Surgery
Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Peirong Yu, MD University of Washington
Maxillofacial Surgery Professor Seattle, WA, USA
R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center Plastic Surgery
University of Maryland Medical Center M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Peter G. Cordeiro, MD
Baltimore, MD, USA; Adjunct Professor Chief
Resident Plastic Surgery Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Medstar Georgetown University Hospital Houston, TX, USA New York, NY, USA
Washington, DC, USA
Salvatore D’Arpa, MD, PhD
Youssef Tahiri, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FAAP, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
FACS Surgery
Associate Professor Ghent University Hospital
Pediatric Plastic & Craniofacial Surgery Ghent, Belgium
Cedars Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
 List of Contributors xxxiii

Michael V. DeFazio, MD Jeffrey E. Janis, MD, FACS Michele Masellis, MD

Department Plastic Surgery Professor of Plastic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Former Chief of Department of Plastic and
MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Neurology, and Surgery; Reconstructive Surgery and Burn Therapy
Washington, DC, USA Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Plastic Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery; Surgery and Burn Therapy - ARNAS Ospedale
A. Lee Dellon, MD, PhD Chief of Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals Civico e Benfratelli
Professor of Plastic Surgery Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Palermo, Italy
Professor of Neurosurgery Columbus, OH, USA
Johns Hopkins University Stephen M. Milner, MB BS, BDS
Baltimore, MD, USA Leila Jazayeri, MD Professor of Plastic Surgery
Microsurgery Fellow Surgery
Sara R. Dickie, MD Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Clinical Associate of Surgery Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Baltimore, MD, USA
University of Chicago Hospitals New York, NY, USA
Pritzker School of Medicine Arash Momeni, MD
Chicago, IL, USA Grant M. Kleiber, MD Fellow, Reconstructive Microsurgery
Assistant Professor of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery
Ivica Ducic, MD, PhD Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health System
Clinical Professor of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
GWU Washington Nerve Institute St. Louis, MO, USA
McLean, VA, USA Stan Monstrey, MD, PhD
Stephen J. Kovach III, MD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive
Gregory A. Dumanian, MD Assistant Professor Surgery
Stuteville Professor of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery Ghent University Hospital
Division of Plastic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Ghent, Belgium
Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
Chicago, IL, USA Venkateshwaran N, MBBS, MS, DNB, MCh,
Robert Kwon, MD MRCS(Intercollegiate)
John M. Felder III, MD Southwest Hand and Microsurgery Consultant Plastic Surgeon
Fellow in Hand Surgery 3108 Midway Road, Suite 103 Jupiter Hospital
Plastic Surgery Plano, TX, USA Thane, India
Washington University in Saint Louis
St. Louis, MO, USA Raphael C. Lee, MS, MD, ScD, FACS, Rajiv P. Parikh, MD, MPHS
FAIMBE Resident Physician
Goetz A. Giessler, MD, PhD Paul and Allene Russell Professor Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and
Professor Director Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, Anatomy and Reconstructive Surgery
Plastic-Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Organismal Biology, Molecular Medicine Washington University School of Medicine
Surgery University of Chicago St. Louis, MO, USA
Gesundheit Nordhessen Chicago, IL, USA
Kassel, Germany Mônica Sarto Piccolo, MD, MSc, PhD
L. Scott Levin, MD, FACS Director
Kevin D. Han, MD Chairman of Orthopedic Surgery Pronto Socorro para Queimaduras
Department of Plastic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
MedStar Georgetown University Hospital University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Washington, DC, USA Philadelphia, PA, USA Nelson Sarto Piccolo, MD
Chief
Piet Hoebeke Otway Louie, MD Division of Plastic Surgery
Department of Urology Associate Professor Pronto Socorro para Queimaduras
Ghent University Hospital Surgery Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Ghent, Belgium University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle, WA, USA Maria Thereza Sarto Piccolo, MD, PhD
Joon Pio Hong, MD, PhD, MMM Scientific Director
Professor of Plastic Surgery Nicolas Lumen, MD, PhD Pronto Socorro para Queimaduras
Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan Head of Clinic Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Seoul, South Korea Urology
Ghent University Hospital Vinita Puri, MS, MCh
Michael A. Howard, MD Ghent, Belgium Professor and Head
Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery
Plastic Surgery Alessandro Masellis, MD and Burns
NorthShore University HealthSystem/University Plastic Surgeon Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital
of Chicago Euro-Mediterranean Council for Burns and Fire Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Chicago, IL, USA Disasters
Palermo, Italy Andrea L. Pusic, MD, MHS, FACS
Associate Professor
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, NY, USA
xxxiv List of Contributors

Vinay Rawlani, MD VOLUME FIVE Robert Cohen MD, FACS

Division of Plastic Surgery Medical Director
Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine Jamil Ahmad, MD, FRCSC Plastic Surgery
Chicago, IL, USA Director of Research and Education Scottsdale Center for Plastic Surgery
The Plastic Surgery Clinic Paradise Valley, AZ and;
Juan L. Rendon, MD, PhD Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Santa Monica, CA, USA
Clinical Instructor Housestaff Assistant Professor of Surgery
Department of Plastic Surgery University of Toronto Amy S. Colwell, MD
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Toronto, Ontario, Canada Associate Professor
Center Harvard Medical School
Columbus, OH, USA Robert J. Allen Sr., MD Massachusetts General Hospital
Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery Boston, MA, USA
Michelle C. Roughton, MD Department of Plastic Surgery
Assistant Professor New York University Medical Center Edward H. Davidson, MA(Cantab), MB, BS
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Charleston, NC, USA Resident Plastic Surgeon
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Plastic Surgery
Chapel Hill, NC, USA Ryan E. Austin, MD, FRCSC University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Plastic Surgeon Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Hakim K. Said, MD, FACS The Plastic Surgery Clinic
Associate Professor Mississauga, ON, Canada Emmanuel Delay, MD, PhD
Division of Plastic surgery Unité de Chirurgie Plastique et Reconstructrice
University of Washington Brett Beber, BA, MD, FRCSC Centre Léon Bérard
Seattle, WA, USA Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Lyon, France
Lecturer, Department of Surgery
Michel Saint-Cyr, MD, FRSC(C) University of Toronto Francesco M. Egro, MB ChB, MSc, MRCS
Professor Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Plastic Surgery
Plastic Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Mayo Clinic Philip N. Blondeel, MD Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Rochester, MN, USA Professor of Plastic Surgery
Department of Plastic Surgery Neil A. Fine, MD
Michael Sauerbier, MD, PhD University Hospital Ghent President
Professor, Chair Ghent, Belgium Northwestern Specialists in Plastic Surgery;
Department for Plastic, Hand, and Associate Professor (Clinical) Surgery/Plastics
Reconstructive Surgery Benjamin J. Brown, MD Northwestern University Fienberg School of
Academic Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt Gulf Coast Plastic Surgery Medicine
am Main Pensacola, FL, USA Chicago, IL, USA
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Mitchell H. Brown, MD, MEd, FRCSC Jaime Flores, MD
Loren S. Schechter, MD Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Plastic and Reconstructive Microvascular
Associate Professor and Chief Associate Professor, Department of Surgery Surgeon
Division of Plastic Surgery University of Toronto Miami, FL, USA
Chicago Medical School Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Morton Grove, IL, USA Joshua Fosnot, MD
M. Bradley Calobrace, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery
David H. Song, MD, MBA, FACS Plastic Surgeon Division of Plastic Surgery
Regional Chief, MedStar Health Calobrace and Mizuguchi Plastic Surgery Center The Perelman School of Medicine
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Departments of Surgery, Divisions of Plastic University of Pennsylvania Health System
Professor and Chairman Surgery Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Plastic Surgery Clinical Faculty, University of Louisville and
Georgetown University School of Medicine University of Kentucky Allen Gabriel, MD
Washington, DC, USA Louisville, KY, USA Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Plastic Surgery
Yoo Joon Sur, MD, PhD Grant W. Carlson, MD Loma Linda University Medical Center
Associate Professor Wadley R. Glenn Professor of Surgery Loma Linda, CA, USA
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Emory University
The Catholic University of Korea, College of Atlanta, GA, USA Michael S. Gart, MD
Medicine Resident Physician
Seoul, Korea Bernard W. Chang, MD Division of Plastic Surgery
Chief of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Chad M. Teven, MD Mercy Medical Center Medicine
Resident Baltimore, MD, USA Chicago, IL, USA
Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University of Chicago Mark W. Clemens II, MD, FACS Matthew D. Goodwin, MD
Chicago, IL, USA Assistant Professor Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgeon
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Plastic Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery
Houston, TX, USA Boca Raton Regional Hospital
Boca Raton, FL, USA
 List of Contributors xxxv

Samia Guerid, MD Albert Losken, MD, FACS Maria E. Nelson, MD

Cabinet Professor of plastic surgery and Program Assistant Professor of Clinical Surgery
50 rue de la République Director Department of Surgery, Division of Upper GI/
Lyon, France Emory Division of Plastic and Reconstructive General Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology
Surgery Keck School of Medicine
Moustapha Hamdi, MD, PhD Emory University School of Medicine University of Southern California
Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Atlanta, GA, USA Los Angeles, CA, USA
Brussels University Hospital
Vrij Universitaire Brussels Charles M. Malata, BSc(HB), MB ChB, Julie Park, MD
Brussels, Belgium LRCP, MRCS, FRCS(Glasg), FRCS(Plast) Associate Professor of Surgery
Professor of Academic Plastic Surgery Section of Plastic Surgery
Alexandra M. Hart, MD Postgraduate Medical Institute University of Chicago
Emory Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Faculty of Health Sciences Chicago, IL, USA
Surgery Anglia Ruskin University
Emory University School of Medicine Cambridge and Chelmsford, UK; Ketan M. Patel, MD
Atlanta, GA, USA Consultant Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon Assistant Professor of Surgery
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Emily C. Hartmann, MD, MS Surgery Keck Medical Center of USC
Aesthetic Surgery Fellow Cambridge Breast Unit at Addenbrooke’s University of Southern California
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA
University of Southern California Cambridge University Hospitals NHS
Los Angeles, CA, USA Foundation Trust Nakul Gamanlal Patel, BSc(Hons),
Cambridge, UK MBBS(Lond), FRCS(Plast)
Nima Khavanin, MD Senior Microsurgery Fellow
Resident Physician Jaume Masià, MD, PhD St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Chief and Professor of Plastic Surgery Broomfield Hospital
Surgery Sant Pau University Hospital Chelmsford, UK
Johns Hopkins Hospital Barcelona, Spain
Baltimore, MD, USA Gemma Pons, MD, PhD
G. Patrick Maxwell, MD, FACS Head
John Y. S. Kim, MD Clinical Professor of Surgery Microsurgery Unit
Professor and Clinical Director Department of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery
Department of Surgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Hospital de Sant Pau
Division of Plastic Surgery Loma Linda, CA, USA Barcelona, Spain
Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine James L. Mayo, MD Julian J. Pribaz, MD
Chicago, IL, USA Microsurgery Fellow Professor of Surgery
Plastic Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Steven Kronowitz, MD New York University Harvard Medical School
Owner, Kronowitz Plastics New York, NY, USA Boston, MA, USA
PLLC;
University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Medical Roberto N. Miranda, MD Venkat V. Ramakrishnan, MS, FRCS,
Center Professor FRACS(Plast Surg)
Houston, TX, USA Department of Hematopathology Consultant Plastic Surgeon
Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine St. Andrew’s Centre for Plastic Surgery
John V. Larson, MD MD Anderson Cancer Center Broomfield Hospital
Resident Physician Houston, TX, USA Chelmsford, UK
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Keck School of Medicine of USC Colin M. Morrison, MSc (Hons) FRCSI Elena Rodríguez-Bauzà, MD
University of Southern California (Plast) Plastic Surgery Department
Los Angeles, CA, USA Consultant Plastic Surgeon Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau
St. Vincent’s University Hospital Barcelona, Spain
Z-Hye Lee, MD Dublin, Ireland
Resident Michael R. Schwartz, MD
Department of Plastic Surgery Maurice Y. Nahabedian, MD, FACS Board Certified Plastic Surgeon
New York University Medical Center Professor and Chief Private Practice
New York, NY, USA Section of Plastic Surgery Westlake Village, CA, USA
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Frank Lista, MD, FRCSC Washington DC, USA; Stephen F. Sener, MD
Medical Director Vice Chairman Professor of Surgery, Clinical Scholar
The Plastic Surgery Clinic Department of Plastic Surgery Chief of Breast, Endocrine, and Soft Tissue
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Surgery
Assistant Professor Surgery Washington DC, USA Department of Surgery, Keck School of
University of Toronto Medicine of USC
Toronto, Ontario, Canada James D. Namnoum, MD Chief of Surgery and Associate Medical Director
Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery Perioperative Services
Atlanta Plastic Surgery LAC+USC (LA County) Hospital
Emory University School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA
Atlanta, GA, USA
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
gestemd en zeide „mi góedoe pikíen mass’ra, san’ doe joe agen”. 183 „Mi
de síki, néne” 184 was dan het antwoord. Op verzoek van mijn moeder
zou néne mij wat afleiding bezorgen, door mij een anansi-tori te
vertellen. Eerst maakte zij eenige gebaren, haalde diep adem en toen
begon zij:

Vroeger waren al onze vaders hanen.….

Nu, een moeder had drie dochters; en de vader van die meisjes was
een haan, die in de struiken nabij het huis woonde. Wanneer Moeder
voeder had voor Vader, zong ze driemaal:

Kakkadoedel, kakkadoedel! 185

Iffi joe biérti, kom mi da. 186

Vader kwam dan te voorschijn en na den inwendigen mensch versterkt

te hebben, verdween hij weder in het struikgewas.

Op zekeren dag zou Mama inkoopen gaan doen in de stad. Het oudste
der meisjes, Mina geheeten, zou dien [324]dag voor Vader zorgen. Het
jongste kind werd naar school gezonden, en de twee anderen gingen
lekkernijen koopen met het geld, dat de moeder had gegeven, om eten
voor Vader te koopen.

Toen nu Vader vroeg, waar zijn middageten gebleven was, antwoordde

Jet, de tweede dochter, dat Mina bezig was met koken. Vader verdween
toen weêr in zijn struik.

De beide meisjes gingen nu beraadslagen, wat ze zouden doen.

Eindelijk kwamen ze overeen, Vader te slachten en hem Moeder als
spijs voor te zetten.

Zoo gezegd, zoo gedaan.

Mina zong driemaal:

Kakkadoedel, kakkadoedel!
 Iffi joe biérti, kom mi da!

Vader verscheen als gewoonlijk. Hij werd gevangen genomen en

geslacht. Inmiddels kwam het jongste kind uit school en vond hare
zusters druk bezig, in een kuil achter de keuken veêren te begraven. Zij
mocht Moeder niets vertellen van hetgeen zij gezien had. Vader werd in
de soep gekookt en de kinderen smulden naar hartelust.

Toen Moeder thuis kwam en naar Vader vroeg, antwoordde Mina:

„Eenige makkers zijn Vader komen halen, om te gaan kaarten”.

Toen was Moeder gerust. Ze kreeg haar aandeel van de soep, maar
kon toch niet eten. Het was alsof ze een voorgevoel had, dat het Vaders
vleesch was.

Het jongste dochtertje had evenwel verklaard, dat toen ze thuis kwam,
Mina en Jet bezig waren veêren te begraven in een kuil achter de
keuken.

Moeder vatte toen argwaan. Ze vroeg Mina of hetgeen ze haar als maal
had voorgezet Vaders vleesch niet was. Mina antwoordde natuurlijk
ontkennend. [325]

Doch toen Vader weken wegbleef en maar niet terugkwam, werd

Moeder boos op Mina.

Leisah, de jongste, ten einde raad, liep naar de rivier en zong:

Papà kári mi Leisah, 187

Mamà kári mi Leisah,
Mina kári mi Skoema! 188

Moeder liep haar na, maar zij kon haar kind nog slechts bij het haar
grijpen. Leisah verdronk en Moeder behield eenige strepen in de palm
harer hand.
Arme Leisah!

Sedert dien tijd hebben alle menschen strepen in de palm van de hand.

No. 27. Legende van Leisah. II.

Er wordt verhaald, dat in zeker dorp twee echtelieden woonden, die dol
waren op kinderen, maar er zelf geen hadden.

We moeten trachten, op welke wijze dan ook, aan een kind te komen,
zeiden zij.

Eens kwam een oude vrouw bij hen aan huis, vroeg de vrouw naar haar
welstand en naar dien van haren echtgenoot. De vrouw des huizes
antwoordde met droevige stem:

„Wij zijn, met Godswil, wel”.

„Wat scheelt U dan, Mevrouw?” vroeg de oude.

De vrouw des huizes deelde hare grieven mede, waarna de oude vrouw
haar een wees van acht dagen in handen gaf.

Het kind behoorde tot de vrouwelijke kunne en kreeg den naam van
Jacoba. Zij werd opgevoed als kind des huizes. [326]Toen zij twaalf jaar
was, moest ze voor huishoudelijke bezigheden beginnen te zorgen,
hetgeen zij met vlijt deed.

Eens wandelden de twee kinderliefhebbers langs het strand. Daar

zagen ze een meisje onbeheerd liggen en zij vroegen haar het een en
ander.
Daar zagen zij een meisje onbeheerd zitten …—Zie blz. 326.
Het kind werd naar huis medegenomen en kreeg den naam van Leisah.
Spoedig werd zij het troetelkindje, waarom Coba, hierover jaloersch,
haar begon uit te schelden.

De vondelinge begon te kwijnen van verdriet, omdat Coba haar

aanhoudend plaagde en treiterde.

Van dat alles vermoeid, zong zij het navolgende, waaruit haar
voornemen bleek:

Papà kári mi Leisah,

Mamà kári mi Leisah,
Coba kári mi Skóema.
Skoema mi na, Skóema mi sa tan! 189

De arme Coba werd weggejaagd, maar Leisah hield niet op met

treuren, en op zekeren dag keerde zij terug naar de plaats, waar zij
gevonden werd.

Haar pleegmoeder liep haar na als een pijl uit den boog, maar kon haar
niet inhalen.

Leisah was reeds in het water gesprongen, toen haar moeder

aankwam. Wel werd zij nog bij het lange haar gegrepen, maar door de
zwaarte zakte zij hoe langer hoe dieper en werd zij onder de golven
begraven. Zoo was Leisah weêr naar haar land teruggekeerd, omdat zij
uit schuim geboren was. De moeder, die haar troetelkind eindelijk had
moeten loslaten, hield de striemen van het haar in de hand. [327]

No. 28. Verhaal van het land van „Moeder Soemba”.

Er wordt verhaald, dat in een dorp een moeder met hare dochter
woonde en dat zij tot buren een moeder en dochter hadden, die zeer
wangunstig waren.
Het eerste meisje was allemansvriend; zij werd door iedereen bemind
en heette Akoeba 190 (Jacoba).

Akoeba nam haar buurmeisje Afi 191 tot vriendin aan, maar deze
benijdde haar in alles.

Eens kwam een oude vrouw bij Akoeba en gaf haar een kalebas ten
geschenke, zeggende:

„Ik ben een arm mensch; ik bezit niets op aarde, dat waarde heeft om
het U als geschenk aan te bieden; daarom hoop ik, dat ge deze
kleinigheid aan zult nemen, alsof het een kostbaar geschenk van een
rijk man was. Maar, mijn kind, deze kalebas moet gewasschen worden
in het land van ’Ma Soemba, opdat hij U gehoorzame.

Dat land is niet ver van hier, maar de wegen, die daarheen leiden, zijn
schier onbekend, daar er geen andere menschen wonen, dan ’Ma
Soemba zelve, die den sleutel aller tooverformulieren in handen heeft.

Het is niet gemakkelijk, ’Ma Soemba te naderen, als men niet vooraf is
ingelicht door betrouwbare personen.

Ge gaat van hieruit rechtdoor, tot daar, waar de weg zich in tweeën
splitst: de eene kant is schoon, de andere vuil.

Beloop den vuilen weg; aan het einde zult gij ’Ma Soemba vinden. Zij
zal U spreken en indien zij U iets vraagt, moet ge gehoorzamen, dan zal
ze Uwe kalebas wasschen, hoor, jonge dame!

Wanneer ge vreemde dingen ziet onderweg, spot er niet mede, maar

zing het lied, dat ik U zal leeren, nadat ge gevraagd zult hebben, om
voorbij te mogen gaan”.

Na verloop van een week ondernam Akoeba de reis, naar [328]de

aanwijzingen der oude vrouw. Toen zij een eind op weg was, zag zij
twee kankantries*, die aan het vechten waren.
Zij hielden op en het meisje ging voorbij, zingende:

Doegwèh a doegwèh, o! 192

Mi de bégi mi papà, mi passà 193
Doegwèh a doegwèh, o!

Zij liep door en zag twee voeten vechten. Ze verzocht en kreeg verlof,
door te gaan, onder het zingen van haar lied.

Iets verder trof Akoeba twee mátta’s* vechtende aan. Zij vroeg om door
te mogen gaan, hetgeen haar werd toegestaan, toen ze met haar lied
een aanvang maakte.

Eindelijk kwam zij aan het punt, waar de weg zich in tweeën splitste; de
eene zijweg was schoon, de andere vuil en onbegaanbaar.

Zij betrad den weg, die haar was aangewezen en zag vóór een huis een
vrouw, ’Ma Soemba, vol wonden en schurft zitten.

„Wat kom je hier doen!” vroeg zij aan het meisje. „Wees zoo goed en
wasch mij mijn rug af; er is water achter het huis”.

Akoeba waschte haar rug schoon, waardoor zij hare handen vol bloed
kreeg van de vele open wonden.

„Wasch je handen af en geef mij je kalebas, dan zal ik haar voor je

wasschen!” vervolgde de vrouw.

’Ma Soemba waschte de kalebas en gaf haar Akoeba terug.

„Keer nu naar huis terug en je zult je loon ontvangen. Bewaar je kalebas

goed en vrede zij verder met U”.

Het meisje vertrok en was na eenige uren weder thuis.

Of haar onderweg, bij het naar huis gaan, iets overkwam, wordt niet
verteld. [329]
Haar moeder wachtte haar met ongeduld en vroeg, of zij succes had
gehad.

„Ja!” antwoordde Akoeba.

Na eenige dagen kwam Afi haar vriendin bezoeken, terwijl deze juist
bezig was, haar kalebas te probeeren, waaruit zij tot hare groote
verbazing tal van gouden, zilveren en andere waardevolle voorwerpen
zag te voorschijn komen.
 … waaruit zij tot hare groote verbazing tal van gouden, zilveren
en andere waardevolle voorwerpen zag te voorschijn komen.—
Zie blz. 329.

Het wangunstige buurmeisje vroeg haar naar de herkomst, daar zij al

dat moois ook wel graag zou willen hebben.

Akoeba vertelde hare vriendin alles en leerde haar ook het lied.

Den volgenden dag, reeds vóór zonsopgang, ondernam Afi den tocht.

Toen zij de verschillende karikaturen tegenkwam, dreef zij den spot er

meê.

Deze vervloekten haar, zeggende:

„Loop en gij zult vinden!”

Zij bereikte de splitsing van den weg en daar begon zij hare vriendin op
de onbehoorlijkste wijze uit te schelden.

„Zij dacht mij wat op de mouw te spelden, maar ik ben wijzer, dan ze
denkt. Het is uit wangunst, dat ze mij heeft gezegd, dien vuilen weg te
loopen. Zij wil niet, dat ik in haar geluk zal deelen. Ja! Zoo zijn de
menschen!—Maar ik neem dien schoonen weg.”

Op het einde gekomen, trof zij ’Ma Soemba aan, bezig obia 194 te koken.

’Ma Soemba verzocht haar, haar te willen wasschen, maar de juffer

begon haar uit te schelden.

„Geef me Uwe kalebas, dan zal ik haar uitwasschen; vrees niets”, zei de
vrouw. [330]

Doch juffer Afi bedankte haar niet eens, doch zei slechts: „Geef mij mijn
kalebas terug, want je maakt haar weêr vuil met jou handen”.
Vol blijdschap kwam zij weêr thuis bij moeder, die haar dadelijk vroeg, of
alles in orde was.

„Zeker, Mama, onze buurvrouw wilde mij misleiden, maar ik ben wijzer
dan ze denkt.

Ik ben klaar gekomen en zal haar bewijzen, dat niet alleen zij in ’t bezit
is van een wonderkalebas”.

Toen zij nog denzelfden dag het voorwerp raadpleegde, weigerde het;
het gaf geen resultaat. Haar vriendin ried haar toen aan, de kalebas
slechts in geval van nood te gebruiken. Doch Afi antwoordde, dat ze
geld noodig had en begon andermaal haar kalebas te raadplegen. Toen
kwam er allerlei ongedierte uit te voorschijn, dat haar doodde.

Zoo wordt het spreekwoord weêr bewaard:

Ba’ sóekoe, ba’ fínni, ba’ tjári. 195

No. 29. Boen no habi tangi.

Ondank is ’s werelds loon! Dat wil zeggen: boen no hábi tangì.

Er was eens een koning, die een zoon had, dien hij naar Holland had
gezonden, om te gaan leeren.

Doch toen de jongen terugkeerde, zei hij op zekeren dag:

„Vader, ik wil gaan wandelen, maar liefst alleen”.

„Het is goed, mijn jongen, gij kunt gaan”.

Den volgenden dag vertrok de jongen, en toen hij achter in den tuin
kwam, zag hij daar een dorren vijgeboom, die hem vroeg:
„Mijnheer, is het waar, dat ondank ’s werelds loon is?”

„Ik weet het niet”.

„Ja, het is waar, dat ondank ’s werelds loon is, want zie, ik heb aan uw
vader vruchten gegeven; hij heeft [331]mijne vruchten op brandewijn
gezet en ze gestoofd. En nu ben ik oud geworden; ik kan niet meer
bloeien en nu wil hij mij tot brandhout maken”.

De jongen erkende de waarheid dier woorden en antwoordde:

„Gij hebt gelijk”.

Toen trok de jongen verder en ontmoette een druivenboom, die den

jongen dezelfde vraag deed, en toen hij zijn wandeling vervolgde, kwam
hij langs een groot vuur met een slang er in, die blijkbaar in angst
verkeerde. En ook de slang vroeg aan den jongen, of het waar is, dat
ondank ’s werelds loon is. De jongen antwoordde niet, maar greep een
stok en nam de slang uit het vuur; doch nauwelijks had hij het dier
gered of het kroop tegen hem op en slingerde zich om zijn hals. De
slang wilde hem dooden.

„Van daag”, riep de jongen uit, „zie ik toch, dat ondank ’s werelds loon
is, want, kijk, ik heb u uit het vuur genomen en nu wilt ge mij dooden”.

Doch daar kwam juist een awari* voorbij, die dezelfde vraag tot den
jongen richtte, waarop deze antwoordde:

„Ja, het is waar, ondank is ’s werelds loon, want zie, ik heb de slang uit
het vuur genomen en nu wil ze mij dooden”.

„Ga mij wijzen”, hervatte Awari, „hoe gij de slang uit het vuur hebt
weggenomen”.

De slang kronkelde zich weêr om den stok en Awari gooide hem in het
vuur.
Daarop vervolgde Awari tegen den jongen:

„Laten wij heengaan en laat de slang in het vuur blijven”.

„Goed, doch dan moet gij met mij meê naar huis gaan; want ik wil mijn
vader en moeder wijzen, wie mij van den dood gered heeft”.

„Neen, dat doe ik niet, ik ben geen mensch; ik ben maar een dier”. [332]

Doch de jongen drong aan en zei: „ga meê”, waarop Awari

medegegaan is.

Thuis gekomen bij zijn vader en moeder, sprak de jongen tot Awari:

„Wel, Awari, wat wilt gij nu tot belooning hebben?”

„Niets wil ik hebben, maar als gij mij elken morgen een kip wilt geven,
dan ben ik tevreden”.

De koning zeide:

„Het is goed; kijk, hier heb ik een hok vol kippen; elken morgen kunt ge
er een komen halen”.

Maar dat beviel de koningin in het geheel niet; zij riep haar kokkin en
sprak tot haar:

„Morgen moet ge de awari dooden, want zoodoende raak ik al mijn

kippen kwijt”.

Den volgenden morgen kwam Awari, om de beloofde kip te halen, toen

de kokkin met een emmer water aankwam, die zij over de awari
omkeerde. En natuurlijk was Awari dood.

Hevig ontsteld en met heftige gebaren kwam de jongen toesnellen en

toen hij daar zijn redder dood zag liggen, riep hij uit:

„Het is toch een waar spreekwoord: boen no hábi tangì”.

No. 30. Geschiedenis van Kopro Kanon*.

Er was eens in een dorp een vrouw, die drie zoons had, waarvan de
oudste Mininimi heette, de tweede Krimintaria en de jongste Kopro
Kanon.

Zij had Mininimi en Krimintaria lief, maar Kopro Kanon niet; daarom
werd hij verwaarloosd en zat hij vol schurft 196 en jaws*. Als het etenstijd
was, riep de moeder alleen de twee ouden, zingende: [333]

Mininimi kom njam!

Krimintaria kom njam!
Kopro Kanon tan de! 197

Arme Kopro Kanon was stokmager en stonk van vuil. Zijn moeder wilde
niets van hem weten. Ach! Arme Kopro Kanon!

De twee oudste knapen zagen er rond uit van dikte.

De duivel, die menschenvleesch lust, had zijn oogen op hen gericht en

wachtte met ongeduld een gunstig oogenblik af, om hen te vangen.

Hij was juist op wacht, toen hij hoorde, op welke wijze de knapen
geroepen werden. Den volgenden dag kwam hij ter plaatse terug en
zong het lied met een heel grove stem.

Kopro Kanon had zijn broeders lief en zei hun:

„Gaat niet, want dat is de stem uwer moeder niet. Het komt mij voor, de
duivel te zijn”.

Zij waren hem gehoorzaam.

De duivel, die begreep, dat zijn zware stem de oorzaak was, dat de
jongens niet tot hem kwamen, ging toen bij een smid, om zijn tong te
laten vijlen.
 De duivel … ging toen bij een smid om zijn tong te laten vijlen.—
Zie blz. 333.

De smid verbood zijn cliënt, bakoven* te eten, als zijn tong gevijld was,
daar zijn stem anders weêr grover zou worden.

„Ik zal aan Uw bevel voldoen”, antwoordde Joost hem.

Doch geen tien minuten van de smederij zijnde, ontmoette hij een
vrouw, die bakoven rondventte. De gulzigaard kon zijn lust niet
bedwingen en vroeg haar:

„Joe no séri mi toe sensi bakóeba?” 198

De bakove ging in één hap naar binnen.

Satan ging toen weêr de wacht houden en zong het lied met
donderende stem. [334]

De ongelukkige Kopro Kanon waarschuwde zijn broeders weêr om niet

te gaan, daar het slechts des duivels stem kon zijn, die zoo dreunend
en dof klonk.

De verdelger der wereld ging terug naar den smid, zonder eenig succes
te hebben gehad. Zijn stem was veranderd, daar zijn tong door bakove
vergiftigd was. De smid zei hem:

„Als iemand onder behandeling van een dokter is, moet hij diens
voorschriften opvolgen; anders loopt hij gevaar. Denk niet, dat een
patiënt den dokter kan foppen, neen, hij fopt zich zelf!”

„Maar, waarom zijt gij zoo hatelijk tegen mij?” vroeg Satan.

„Omdat ge vol leugens zit, vent. Ge spreekt tegen uw geweten.”

„Ben ik dan een leugenaar?”

„Een gevaarlijke ook. Denkt ge soms, dat ik niets anders te doen heb,
dan ieder oogenblik te zitten hameren en vijlen in uw bek?”

Na een flinke bestraffing begon de smid weêr te vijlen.

„Zing het lied nog eens, opdat ik U keure.”

De duivel zong.

„Hoe is het nu, goed niet waar?”

„Dank U vriendelijk, tot wederdienst”.

Satan ging naar zijn bestemming en begon met een altstem te zingen,
waardoor de twee knapen zijn slachtoffer werden. Toen de moeder hun
riep, antwoordde Kopro Kanon met droevige stem:

Mininimi no de,
Krimintaria no de,
Kopro Kanon wawán de. 199

[335]

De moeder ging toen naar Kopro Kanon, voedde hem van toen af en
verzorgde hem goed. Zij kwam te sterven en Kopro Kanon begroef
haar.

Wie kinderen heeft, mag het eene niet boven het andere voortrekken,
maar moet van allen evenveel houden.

No. 31. De Meermin of Watramama.

Er wordt verteld, dat het water beheerscht wordt door de

Watramama. 200
De Watramama is half mensch, half visch; zij heeft een zacht-gele tint
als een Indiaansche, een schoon gezicht, prachtige donkere oogen en
lang zwart haar.

De Watramama houdt verblijf in kreken. Zij komt nooit anders te

voorschijn dan om hare kleinen te zoogen of om zich het haar te
kammen met den wonderkam, en wel altijd met jongvloed 201. De
menschen, die het geluk hadden, haar te zien, vertellen dat het eene
Madonna is. Djokarto, van plantage „Pieterszorg”, zegt er een te
hebben gezien in een kreek van plantage „de Resolutie”. Zij zetelt onder
in de rivieren en vermag veel op de golven. Zij doet booten zinken en
eigent zich den inhoud toe. Nergens, bij niemand ter wereld, vindt men
zooveel rijkdommen als bij haar.

Men zegt, dat er menschen zijn, die de kunst verstaan, haar kam te
stelen, terwijl zij bezig is zich te kammen. Als de Watramama den dief
gevonden heeft, eischt zij haar kam terug en belooft in ruil een
aanzienlijke waarde aan geld. De dief echter paait haar met allerlei
beloften, en gebruikt haar om zoo te zeggen als een melkkoetje.
Telkens komt de Watramama terug en zij brengt steeds meer geld
mede, tot zij eindelijk het geluk heeft, haar kam terug te krijgen. Wil de
dief den kam niet teruggeven, [336]dan is hij verloren. Want de eerste
keer, dat hij over het water gaat, slaat zijn vaartuig om.

Er was eens iemand die, door een kreek varende, gekerm hoorde. Toen
hij voortparelde, bemerkte hij de Watramama, die in gevaar verkeerde
en hij verschafte haar hulp. De meermin zegende hem en beloofde hem
ten allen tijde haar bijstand. De man was visscher van beroep en deed
van toen af goede vangsten. Ook raadde zij hem aan, zijn pagala 202
open te laten, wanneer hij stadswaarts ging, en dagelijks vond hij er
geld in.

De Watramama had hem verboden met iemand hierover te spreken;

anders zou zij hem moeten straffen. 203 Maar ach! het zwakke geslacht,
dat de mannen zoo dikwijls in het verderf stort, bracht ook hem in het
ongeluk.

De man had vrouw en kinderen en toen de vrouw hem steeds met geld
thuis zag komen, vroeg zij naar de herkomst. Hij liet zich niet uit, doch
toen zij sterker aandrong en hij het, om de waarheid zeggen, niet meer
kon uithouden, vertelde hij haar alles en ook wat de gevolgen hiervan
zouden zijn.

Eens op een dag begaf de visscher zich naar een plantage, maar nog
eer hij op de plaats zijner bestemming was aangekomen, was hij
verdwenen.

Men zegt, dat het gevaarlijk is, de albino’s die nog al eens onder de
negers voorkomen, en Watramama-pikien 204 genoemd worden, veel
over het water te laten gaan, wanneer ze groot worden, daar de
Watramama ze dan wel eens tot zich neemt.

In den slaventijd was er een jonge neger-albino, Skroero-ki 205 genaamd,

die dikwijls op den rivierbodem [337]neêrdaalde, om allerlei voorwerpen
te halen. De Watramama was zijn vriendin. Hij ging bij haar eten en
bleef soms dagen onder water.

Zij had hem gewaarschuwd met niemand te spreken over hetgeen hij bij
haar hoorde of zag, maar Skroero-ki voldeed niet aan dat verzoek, en
toen hij weêr op den rivierbodem daalde, kwam hij niet meer aan de
oppervlakte terug.

Visschers, die hun bedrijf uitoefenen, vangen de Watramama wel eens

in hun netten.

Doch ze laten haar dan weêr gaan, daar ze anders gevaar zouden
loopen, om met boot en al in de diepte te verdwijnen!
No. 32. De Boa in de gedaante van een schoonen jongeling.

In zeer ouden tijd leefde een zeer mooi meisje. Haar schoonheid was
even beroemd, als haar trotschheid bekend was.

Van heinde en verre kwamen voorname jongelingen haar ten huwelijk

vragen, maar geen hunner keurde zij waardig genoeg, om haar
echtgenoot te worden.

Hare schatrijke ouders hadden daarover veel verdriet en zij spoorden

haar aanhoudend aan, om toch een dezer jongelingen te kiezen, daar
zij haar gaarne gehuwd wilden zien.

Maar het meisje hield staande, dat zij niet anders zou trouwen dan met
den man, dien zij lief had en dat zij er tot dusverre geen gezien had, die
hare liefde waardig was.

Op zekeren dag nam een reuzenslang, een boa*, een menschelijke

gedaante aan, kleedde zich als een schoone jongeling aan en begaf
zich naar de woning van het meisje.

Nauwelijks hief zij hare oogen op hem of zij werd zoodanig bekoord
door zijn schoonheid, dat zij bijna [338]flauw viel. Zij riep: „Vader, moeder,
hier is de man, dien ik bemin; en met hem wil ik trouwen”.

De ouders waren natuurlijk zeer verheugd, dat hun schoone dochter

eindelijk iemand naar haar zin gevonden had en alles werd zoo spoedig
mogelijk in gereedheid gebracht. Niets was kostbaar genoeg, om het
jonge paar te verschaffen.

De huwelijksfeesten duurden acht dagen lang. Zoo’n pracht was te

voren nooit gezien geweest.

Eindelijk moesten de jonggehuwden naar hunne nieuwe woning

trekken, die zoo prachtig mogelijk ingericht was.