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for -
SCIENTISTS & ENGINEERS
with Modern Physics
DOUGLAS C. GIANCOLI
• .
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Giancoli, Douglas C.
Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics / Douglas C.
Giancoli.-4th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-13-149508-9
- - -
1. Physics-Textbooks.
— I. Title.
QC21.3.GS39 2008
—
530---dc22
2006039431
President, Science: Paul Corey

Sponsoring Editor: Christian Botting
Executive Development Editor: Karen Karlin
Production Editor: Clare Romeo
Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno
Art Director and Interior & Cover Designer: John Christiana
Manager, Art Production: Sean Hogan
Copy Editor:Jocelyn Phillips
Proofreaders: Karen Bosch, Gina Cheselka, Traci Douglas, Nancy Stevenson,
and Susan Fisher
Senior Operations Specialist: Alan Fischer
Art Production Editor: Connie Long
Illustrators: Audrey Simonetti and Mark Landis
Photo Researchers: Mary Teresa Giancoli and Truitt & Marshall
Senior Administrative Coordinator:Trisha Tarricone
Composition: Emilcomp/Prepare Inc.;
Pearson Education/Lissette Quinones, Clara Bartunek
Photo credits appear on page A-72 which constitutes
a continuation of the copyright page.
© 2009, 2000, 1989, 1984 by Douglas C. Giancoli

Published by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
• Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, KJ 07458
A II rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means,
wi1hout permission in writing from the publisher.
Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978 - 0-13-149508 -1

ISBN-10: D-13-149508 - 9
Pearson Education LID., London

Pearson Education Australia PTY, T,imitcd, Sydney
Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.
Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong &mg
Pearson Education Canada, Ltd., Toronto
Pearson Educaci6n de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.
Pearson Education-Japan,
— Tokyo
Pearson Education Malayida, Ptc. I ,td.
KINEMATICS IN Two OR
Contents 3 THREE DIMENSIONS; VECTORS 51
3-1
- Vectors and Scalars 52
3-2
- Addition of Vectors-Graphical
- Methods 52
3-3
- Subtraction of Vectors, and
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 54
-
3--4 Adding Vectors by Components 55
3-5
- Unit Vectors 59
-
3-6 Vector Kinematics 59
3-7
- Projectile Motion 62
3-8
- Solving Problems: Projectile Motion 64
3-9
- Relative Velocity 71
SUMMARY 74 QUESTlOKS 75
PROBLEMS 75 GEJ\"ERAL PROBLEMS 80
DYNAMICS:
4 NEWTON'S LAws OF MOTION 83
4-1
- Force 84
4-2
- Newton's First Law of Motion 84
4-3
- Mass 86
APPLICATIONS IJST xii -
4--4 Newton's Second Law of Motion 86
PRl:EA.CI:: xiv 4-5
- Newton's '!bird Law of Motion 89
To SrnoE~rs xviii 4-6
- — JbrceofGravity;the Nonna! Force 92
Weight-the
USE.OFCoLOR xix 4-7
- Solving Problems with Ne\Vton's Laws:
Free-Body
- Diagrams 95
Volume 1 4-8
- Problem Solving-A General Approach l02
SUMMARY 102 OUESTrOKS 103
INTRODUCTION, PROBLEMS 104 GEJ\ERAL PROBLEMS 109
1 MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING 1 USING NEWroN's l.Aws: FruCTioN,

1-1
-
1-2
-
The Nature of Science
Models, Theories, and Laws
2
2
5 CIRCUIAR MOTION, DRAG FORCES 112
5-1 Applications of Newton's Laws
1-3
- Measurement and Uncertainty; Involving Friction 113
Significant Figures 3 5-2
- Uniform Circular Motion-Kinematici;
— 119
1-4
- Units, Standards, and the SI System 6 5-3
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 122
1-5
- Converting Units 8 -
5--4 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked 126
1-6
- Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating 9 «5-5 Nonuniform Circular Motion 128
*l-7 Dimensioni; and Dimensional Analyi;is 12 *5-6 Velocity-Dependent
- Forces:
SUMMARY 14 QUESTIONS 14 Drag and Terminal Velocity 129
PROBLEMS 14 GENERAL PROBLEMS 16 SUMMARY 130 QUESTlOKS 131
PROBLEMS 132 GEKilRAL PROBLEMS 136
DESCRIBING MOTION:
2 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION 18
2-1
- Reference Frames and Displacement 19
2-2
- Average Velocity 20
2-3
- Instantaneous Velocity 22
2-4
- Acceleration 24
2-5
- Motion at Constant Acceleration 28
2-6
- Solving Problems 30
2-7
- Freely Falling Objects 34
*2-8 Variable Acceleration; Integral Calcului; 39
*2-9 Graphical Analysis and
Numerical Integration 40
SUMMARY 43 QUESTIONS 43
PROBLEMS 44 GENERAL PROBLEMS 48
Ill
GRAVITATION AND
6 NEWTON'S' SYNTHESIS 139 9 LINEAR MOMENTUM 214
6-1
- Newton's Law of Univeri;al Gravitation 140 9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 215
-
6-2 Vector Form of Newton's Law of 9-2
- Conservation of Momentum 217
Universal Gravitation 143 9-3 Collisions and Impulse 220
6-3 Gravity Near the Earth's Surface; 9-4
- Conservation of Energy and
Geophysical Applications 143 Momentum in Collisions 222
6-4
- Satellites and "Weightlessness" 146 9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 222
6-5 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis 149 9-6
- Jnelastic Collisioni; 225
"'6-6
- Gravitational Field 154 9-7
- Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions 227
6-7
- Types of Forces in Nature 155 9-8
- Center of Mass (C:\-1) 230
*6-8
- Principle of Equivalence; 9-9
- Center of Mass and Translational Motion 234
Curvature of Space; Black Holes 155 *9-10 Systems of Variable~; Rocket Propulsion 236
SCMMARY 157 QUESTIONS 157
SUMMARY 239 Qt;RSTIONS 239
PROBLEMS 158 OE:>IERAL PROBLEMS HiO
~i!~ ot
10 ROTATIONAL MOTION 248
10-1 Angular Quantities 249
10-2 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities 254
10-3 Constant Angular Acceleration 255
10-4 Torque 256
10-5 Rotational Dynamics;
Torque and Rotational Inertia 258
1()-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics 26()
10-7 Determining Moments of Inertia 2(i3
10-8 Rotational Kinetic Energy 265
10-9 Rotational Plus Translational Motion; Rolling 267
7 WORK AND ENERGY 163 *10-10 Why Doel$ a Rolling Sphere Slow Down? 273
SUMMARY 274 Ql."ESTIONS 275
7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force 164 PROBLEMS 276 GilNERAL PROBLnMS 281
7-2
- Scalar ProdU(,1 of Two Vectors 167
ANGUlAR MOMENrnM;
7-3
-
-
7--4
Work Done by a Varying Force
Kinetic Energy and the
168
11 GENERAL ROTATION 284
Work-Energy
- Principle 172 11-1 Angular Momentum-Objects
—
SL"l,,.IMARY 176 QUESTIONS 177 Rotating About a Fixed Axis 285
PROBLEMS 177 GE:>IERAL PROBLEMS 180 11-2 Vector Cross Product;Torque as a Vector 289
11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle 291
8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 183 11-4 Angular Momentum and Torque for
a System of Particles; General Motion 292
8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 184 11-5 Angular Momentum and
-
8-2 Potential Energy 186 Torque for a Rigid Object 294
8-3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation 189 11-6 Conservation of Angular Momentum 297
-
8-4 Problem Solving Using *11-7 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope 299
Conservation of Mechanical Energy 190 *11-8 Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces 300
8-5 111e Law of Conservation of Energy 196 *11-9 The Coriolis Effect 301
8-6
- Energy Conservation with
SUMMARY 302
Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems 197
OUl:iSTIO:,jS 303
8-7
- Gravitational Potential Energy and
Escape Velocity 199 PRORI.RMS 303
8-8
- Power 201 GENERAL
PROHLl:i.MS 308
*8-9 Potential Energy Diagrams;
Stable and Unstable Equilibrium 204
SD1MARY 205 QUESTIONS 205
PROillEMS 207 GE~ERAL PROBLEMS 211
iv CONTENTS
14 0SCIU.ATIONS 369
14-1 Oscillations of a Spring 370
14-2 Simple Harmonic Motion 372
14-3 Energy in the Simple
Harmonic Oscillator 377
14-4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related
to Uniform Circular Motion 379
14-5 The Simple Pendulum 379
*14-6 The Physical Pendulum and
the Torsion Pendulum 381
14-7 Damped Harmonic Motion 382
14-8 Forced Oscillations; Resonance 385
SUMMARY 387 QUEST1O1'S 388
PROBLEMS 388 GEJ\"ERAL PROBLEMS 392
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM;
12 EIASTICfIY AND FRACTIJRE 311
15 WAVE MOTION 395
15-1 ChaTacteristic:, of Wave Motion 396
12-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium 312 15-2 Types of Waves:
12-2
- Solving Statics Problems 313 Ttansven;e and Longitudinal 398
12-3 Stability and Balance 317 15-3 Energy Transported by Waves 402
12-4
- Elasticity; Stress and Strain 318 15-4 Mathematical Representation of a
12-5 Fracture 322 Traveling Wave 404
*12-6 Trusses and Bridges 324 * 15-5 The Wave Equation 406
*12-7 Arches and Domes 327 15-6 The Principle of Superposition 408
SUMMARY 329 QUESTIONS 329 15-7 Reflection and Transmission 409
PROBI.RM$ 330 GENERAL PRORI.F.MS 334 15-8 Interference 410
15-9 Standing Waves; Resonance 412
~15-10 Refraction 415
13 FLums 339 * 15-11 Diffraction
SUMMARY 417 QUESTrOl\'S 417
416
13-1 Phases of Matter 340 PROBLEMS 418 GEI\ERJ\L PROBLEMS 422
13-2
- Density and Specific Gravity 340
13-3 Pressure in Fluids 341
13-4
- Atmospheric Pressure and
Gauge Pressure
13-5 Pascal's Principle
345
346
16 SOUND 424
- Measurement of Pressure;
l 3-6 16-1 Characteristics of Sound 425
Gauges and the Barometer 346 16-2 Mathematical Representation
13-7 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 348 of Longitudinal Waves 426
- Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate
13-8 16-3 Intensity of Sound: Decibels 427
and the Equation of Continuity 352 16-4 Sources of Sound:
13-9
- Bernoulli's Equation 354 Vibrating Strings and Air Columns 431
13-10 Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: *16-5 Quality of Sound, and Noise;
Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, TIA 356 Superposition 436
*13-11 Viscosity 358 16-6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats 437
*13-12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's 16-7 Doppler Effect 439
Equation, Blood Flow 358 "16-8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom 443
*13-13 Surface Tension and Capillarity 359 * 16-9 Applicati.oni;: Sonar, Ultrasound,
*13-14 Pumps, and the Heart 361 and Medical Imaging 444
SUMMARY 361 QUESTIONS 362 SUMMARY 446 QUESTlOKS 447
PROBIBMS 363 GENERAL PROBLEMS 367 PROBLEMS 448 GEJ\"ERAL PROBLEMS 451
CONTENTS v
H F ir s t L a w
19 of
eat a n d t h e
T herm od n a m ic s 496
19-1 Heat as Energy Transfer 497
19-2 Internal Energy 498
19-3 Specific Heat 499
19-4 alorimetry — Solving Problems 500
19-5 Latent Heat 502
19-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 505
19-7 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Applied; alculating the Work 507
19-8 Molar Specific Heats for Gases,
and the Equipartition of Energy 511
19-9 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas 514
19-10 Heat Transfer: onduction,
onvection, Radiation 515
20 S e c o n d La w o f
T h e r m o d n a m ic s 528
T e m p er tu r e, 20-1 The Second Law of
Thermodynamics— Introduction 529
't f j T h e r m l E x p n s io n ,
20 -2 Heat Engines 530
1 / a n d t h e I d e a l G as Law 454 20-3 Reversible and Irreversible
17-1 Atomic Theory of Matter 455 Processes; the arnot Engine 533
17-2 Temperature and Thermometers 456 20 -4 Refrigerators, Air onditioners, and
17-3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Heat Pumps 536
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 459 20-5 Entropy 539
17-4 Thermal Expansion 459 20 -6 Entropy and the Second Law of
*17-5 Thermal Stresses 463 Thermodynamics 541
17-6 The Gas Laws and 20-7 Order to Disorder 544
Absolute Temperature 463 20-8 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death 545
17-7 The Ideal Gas Law 465 *20-9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy
17-8 Problem Solving with the and the Second Law 546
Ideal Gas Law 466 *20-10 Thermodynamic Temperature;
17-9 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Third Law of Thermodynamics 548
Avogadro’s Number 468 *20-11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming,
*17-10 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale— and Energy Resources 549
a Standard 469 SUMMARY 551 QUESTIONS 552
18 K in e t ic T h e o r of G a se s 476
18-1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular
Interpretation of Temperature 476
18-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 480
18-3 Real Gases and hanges of Phase 482
18-4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity 484
*18-5 Van der Waals Equation of State 486
*18-6 Mean Free Path 487
*18-7 Diffusion 489
vi C NTENTS
Volume 2 23 E lec tr ic P o t e n t ia l 607
23 -1 Electric Potential Energy and
/■%«
- E lectr c C harge and Potential Difference 607
Z 1 E lectr c F eld 559 23 - 2 Relation between Electric Potential
and Electric Field 610
21-1 Static Electricity; Electric 23 - 3Electric Potential Due to Point harges 612
harge and Its onservation 560
23 - 4Potential Due to Any harge Distribution 614
21-2 Electric harge in the Atom 561
23 - 5Equipotential Surfaces 616
21-3 Insulators and onductors 561
23 - 6Electric Dipole Potential 617
21-4 Induced harge; the Electroscope 562
23 - 7E Determined from V 617
21-5 oulomb’s Law 563
23 - 8Electrostatic Potential Energy; the
21-6 The Electric Field 568 Electron Volt 619
21-7 Electric Field alculations for *23 -9 athode Ray Tube: TV and omputer
ontinuous harge Distributions 572 Monitors, Oscilloscope 620
21-8 Field Lines 575 SUMMARY 622 QUESTIONS 622
21-9 Electric Fields and onductors 577 PROBLEMS 623 GENERAL PROBLEMS 626
21-10 Motion of a harged Particle in
an Electric Field
21-11 Electric Dipoles
*21-12 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology;
578
579 24 C a p a c it a n c e , D ie le c t r ic s ,
E lec tr ic E n e r g S t o r a g e 628
24 -1 apacitors 628
DNA 581 24 - 2 Determination of apacitance 630
*21-13 Photocopy Machines and omputer 24 - 3 apacitors in Series and Parallel 633
Printers Use Electrostatics 582 24 - 4 Electric Energy Storage 636
SUMMARY 584 QUESTIONS 584 24 - 5 Dielectrics 638
*24 -6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics 640
E lec tr ic C u r r e n t s
25 and R e sist a n c e 651
25 -1 The Electric Battery 652
25 - 2 Electric urrent 654
25 - 3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors 655
25 - 4 Resistivity 658
25 - 5 Electric Power 660
25 - 6 Power in Household ircuits 662
25 - 7 Alternating urrent 664
25 - 8 Microscopic View of Electric urrent:
urrent Density and Drift Velocity 666
*25 -9 Superconductivity 668
*25 -10 Electrical onduction in the Nervous System 669
26 D C C ir c u it s 677
26 -1 EMF and Terminal Voltage 678
G auss ' s Law ___ 591 26 - 2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel 679
26 - 3 Kirchhoffs Rules 683
22-1 Electric Flux 592 26-4 Series and Parallel EMFs; Battery harging 686
22-2 Gauss’s Law 593 26 - 5 ircuits ontaining Resistor
22-3 Applications of Gauss’s Law 595 and apacitor (RC ircuits) 687
*22-4 Experimental Basis of Gauss’s and 26 - 6 Electric Hazards 692
oulomb’s Laws 600 *26-7 Ammeters and Voltmeters 695
SUMMARY 601 QUESTIONS 601 SUMMARY 698 QUESTIONS 698
PROBLEMS 601 GENERAL PROBLEMS 605 PROBLEMS 699 GENERAL PROBLEMS 704
C NTENTS vii
E lectromagnet c I n d u c t o n
and Faraday' s Law 758
29-1 Induced EMF 759
29-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law 760
29-3 EMF Induced in a Moving onductor 765
29-4 Electric Generators 766
*29-5 Back EMF and ounter Torque;
Eddy urrents 768
29-6 Transformers and Transmission of Power 770
29 -7 A hanging Magnetic Flux Produces an
Electric Field 773
*29-8 Applications of Induction:
Sound Systems, omputer Memory,
Seismograph, GF I 775
Inductance , E lectromagnet c
27 M a g n e t is m 707
30-1
O sc llat ons, and AC C rcu ts 7 8 5
Mutual Inductance 786
27-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 707 30-2 Self-Inductance 788
27-2 Electric urrents Produce Magnetic Fields 710 30-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 790
27-3 Force on an Electric urrent in a 30-4 LR ircuits 790
Magnetic Field; Definition of B 710
30-5 LC ircuits and Electromagnetic
27-4 Force on an Electric harge Moving Oscillations 793
in a Magnetic Field 714
30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance
27-5 Torque on a urrent Loop; Magnetic (.LRC ircuit) 795
Dipole Moment 718
30-7 A ircuits with A Source 796
*27-6 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers,
Galvanometers 720 30-8 LRC Series A ircuit 799
27-7 Discovery and Properties of the 30-9 Resonance in A ircuits 802
Electron 721 *30-10 Impedance Matching 802
27-8 The Hall Effect 723 *30-11 Three-Phase A 803
*27-9 Mass Spectrometer 724 SUMMARY 804 QUESTIONS 804
M axwell' s E quat ons and
E lectromagnet c W aves 812
S ources o f M agnet c F eld 733
31-1 hanging Electric Fields Produce
28-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire 734 Magnetic Fields; Ampere’s Law and
28-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires 735 Displacement urrent 813
28-3 Definitions of the Ampere and the 31-2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 816
oulomb 736 31-3 Maxwell’s Equations 817
28-4 Ampere’s Law 737 31-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 817
28-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and 31-5 Electromagnetic Waves, and
a Toroid 741 Their Speed, from Maxwell’s Equations 819
28-6 Biot-Savart Law 743 31-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
28-7 Magnetic Materials— Ferromagnetism 746 and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 823
*28-8 Electromagnets and 31-7 Measuring the Speed of Light 825
Solenoids— Applications 747 31-8 Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector 826
*28-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; 31-9 Radiation Pressure 828
Hysteresis 748 31-10 Radio and Television;
*28-10 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism 749 Wireless ommunication 829
viii C NTENTS
L g h t : R eflect on
32 and R efract on 837
32-1 The Ray Model of Light 838
32-2 Reflection; Image Formation by a
Plane Mirror 838
32-3 Formation of Images by Spherical
Mirrors 842
32-4 Index of Refraction 850
32-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law 850
32-6 Visible Spectrum and Dispersion 852
32-7 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics 854
*32-8 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 856
T he W ave N ature L ght ;
y j i i ' w n in H r . th e n h ( « l K- p l4 A ‘J .11 lltL> N irti

34 I nterference
of
900
rm I t u p r o d lM U a v ic tu a l im u jw . h W h 34-1 Waves Versus Particles; Huygens’
> ^ C L S m n i r i t o n n f rw irt
j f n ( . ^ m p j f j s o n u l p jT L { J J ^ ift
IMIw c j* « ictmed.
K K tly U I V f ^ a l p u ir L Principle and Diffraction 901
/viewed t ihe ne r point wirfiSL**vcn
' >™ ‘w the <*jw.i-_ 34-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of
object subtends t the eye is much / !k r rl(h>in Refraction 902
m gniricttliim or mttgnifying power, rr‘
ngle subtended by n object when u s i n X ^ S j f c ^ c r,JhlJ ,lf lHc 34-3 Interference — Young’s Double-Slit
un ided eye, with the object t the ne ^P^^u^itn^duMnicih.L: Experiment 903
norm l eye): »" ,h4: lN - fDr * *34-4 Intensity in the Double-Slit
Interference Pattern 906
M (»-£i 34-5 Interference in Thin Films 909
vritcjWin[LinnL»1lilt t«*l *34-6 Michelson Interferometer 914
w here 0 nd flr rs shown in Fig. 3 3 - 3 3 . ' “ /tl" (Hj(. 3? .l.lij,wliLii;
’
length by noting th t 0 = h / N (Fig, 3.1- lc*#tcwialtk>rtandflrcijiml *34-7 Luminous Intensity 915
* « .he heigh, of Ihe object and we J -3J SUMMARY 915 QUESTIONS 916
^buir suits and lungems, ff the eye is
j^t infinity and the ot>ji.>el will h> PROBLEMS 916 GENERAL PROBLEMS 918
^ / nd fl' = h / f .
D ffract on
35 and P olar zat on 921
35-1 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk 922
*35-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction
Pattern 924
*35-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment 927
Lenses a nd O pt cal 35-4 Limits of Resolution; ircular Apertures 929
33 I nstruments 866 35-5 Resolution of Telescopes and
Microscopes; the ALimit 931
33-1 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing 867 *35-6 Resolution of the Human Eye
33-2 The Thin Lens Equation; Magnification 870 and Useful Magnification 932
33-3 ombinations of Lenses 874 35-7 Diffraction Grating 933
*33-4 Lensmaker’s Equation 876 35-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy 935
33-5 ameras: Film and Digital 878 *35-9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a
33-6 The Human Eye; orrective Lenses 882 Diffraction Grating 937
33-7 Magnifying Glass 885 35-10 X-Rays and X -Ray Diffraction 938
33-8 Telescopes 887 35-11 Polarization 940
*33-9 ompound Microscope 890 *35-12 Liquid rystal Displays (L D) 943
*33-10 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors 891 *35-13 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere 945
SUMMARY 892 QUESTIONS 893 su m m a r 945 q u e s t io n s 946
C NTENTS ix
Volume 3
36 S pec al T heory of R elat v ty 951
36-1 Galilean - Newtonian Relativity 952
*36-2 The Michelson -Morley Experiment 954
36-3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 957
36-4 Simultaneity 958
36-5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox 960
36-6 Length ontraction 964
36-7 Four-Dimensional Space -Time 967
36-8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations 968
36-9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass 971
36-10 The Ultimate Speed 974
36-11 E = me2; Mass and Energy 974
*36-12 Doppler Shift for Light 978
36-13 The Impact of Special Relativity 980
E arly Q uantum T heory and

37 M odels o f the A tom 987
Q uantum M echan
37-1 Blackbody Radiation;
Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis 987
39 A toms
cs o f
1044
37-2 Photon Theory; Photoelectric Effect 989 39-1 Quantum -Mechanical View of Atoms 1045
37-3 Photon Energy, Mass, and Momentum 993 39-2 Hydrogen Atom: Schrodinger Equation
37-4 ompton Effect 994 and Quantum Numbers 1045
37-5 Photon Interactions; Pair Production 996 39-3 Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 1049
37-6 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of 39-4 omplex Atoms; the Exclusion Principle 1052
omplementarity 997 39-5 Periodic Table of Elements 1053
37-7 Wave Nature of Matter 997 39-6 X -Ray Spectra and Atomic Number 1054
*37-8 Electron Microscopes 1000 *39-7 Magnetic Dipole Moment;
37-9 Early Models of the Atom 1000 Total Angular Momentum 1057
37-10 Atomic Spectra: Key to Atomic Structure 1001 39-8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 1060
37-11 The Bohr Model 1003 39-9 Lasers 1061
37-12 deBroglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms 1009 *39-10 Holography 1064
38 Q uantum M echan cs 1017

40 M olecules and S ol ds 1071
38-1 Quantum Mechanics— A New Theory 1018
38-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; 40-1 Bonding in Molecules 1071
the Double-Slit Experiment 1018 40-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams
38-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 1020 for Molecules 1074
38-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability 40-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds 1077
Versus Determinism 1024 40-4 Molecular Spectra 1080
38-5 The Schrodinger Equation in One 40-5 Bonding in Solids 1085
Dimension — Time-Independent Form 1025 40-6 Free -Electron Theory of Metals;
*38-6 Time -Dependent Schrodinger Equation 1027 Fermi Energy 1086
38-7 Free Particles; PlaneWaves and Wave Packets 1028 40-7 Band Theory of Solids 1090
38-8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep 40-8 Semiconductors and Doping 1093
Square Well Potential (a Rigid Box) 1030
40-9 Semiconductor Diodes 1094
38-9 Finite Potential Well 1035
38-10 Tunneling through a Barrier 1036 40-10 Transistors and Integrated ircuits ( hips) 1097
X C NTENTS
N uclear P hys
41 R ad oact v ty
cs and
1104 43 E lementary Part cles 1164
41-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus 1105 43-1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators 1165
41-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces 1108 43-2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle
41-3 Radioactivity 1110 Physics—Particle Exchange 1171
41-4 Alpha Decay 1111 43-3 Particles and Antiparticles 1174
41-5 Beta Decay 1114 43-4 Particle Interactions and onservation Laws 1175
41-6 Gamma Decay 1116 43-5 Neutrinos—Recent Results 1177
41-7 onservation of Nucleon Number 43-6 Particle lassification 1178
and Other onservation Laws 1117 43-7 Particle Stability and Resonances 1180
41-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay 1117 43-8 Strangeness? harm? Towards a New Model 1181
41-9 Decay Series 1121 43-9 Quarks 1182
41-10 Radioactive Dating 1122 43-10 The Standard Model: Q D and
41-11 Detection of Radiation 1124 Electroweak Theory 1184
SUMMARY 1126 QUESTIONS 1126 43-11 Grand Unified Theories 1187
43-12 Strings and Supersymmetry 1189
N uclear E nergy; E ffects
42 and U ses o f R ad at on 1131
42-1 Nuclear Reactions and the

Transmutation of Elements 1132
42-2 ross Section 1135
42-3 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors 1136
42-4 Nuclear Fusion 1141
42-5 Passage of Radiation Through Matter;
Radiation Damage 1146 A strophys cs and C osmology 1193
42-6 Measurement of Radiation — Dosimetry 1147
*42-7 Radiation Therapy 1150 44-1 Stars and Galaxies 1194
*42-8 Tracers in Research and Medicine 1151 44-2 Stellar Evolution: Nucleosynthesis,
and the Birth and Death of Stars 1197
*42-9 Imaging by Tomography: AT Scans 44-3 Distance Measurements 1203
and Emission Tomography 1153
44-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the
*42-10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR); urvature of Space 1205
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1156
44-5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and
Hubble’s Law 1209
44-6 The Big Bang and the osmic
Microwave Background 1213
44-7 The Standard osmological Model:
Early History of the Universe 1216
44-8 Inflation 1219
44-9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy 1221
44-10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 1224
44-11 Finally ... 1224
A ppend ces
A M athem atical F o r m u l a s A -1
B D erivatives a n d I n te g r a ls A -6
C M o r e o n D im e n s io n a l A nal sis A -8
D G ravitational F o r c e d u e t o a
S p h e r ic a l M a ss D ist r ib u t io n A -9
E D ifferential Fo r m o f M axwell's E q uations A - 1 2
F S elected I s o t o p e s A -14
A n sw e r s t o O d d - N u m b e r e d P ro bl em s A - 18
In d e x A -4 7
P h o t o C r e d it s A -7 2
C NTENTS xi
A pplic tions (s e le c te d )
Ch pter 1 Escape velocity from Earth or Moon 201 Ch pter 15

The 8000-m peaks 8 Stair climbing power 202 Echolocation by animals 400
Estimating volume of a lake 10 Power needs of car 202-3 Earthquake waves 401,403,416
Height by triangulation 11 ardiac treadmill (Prl04) 213 Ch pter 16
Radius of the Earth 11 Ch pter 9 Distance from lightning 425
Heartbeats in a lifetime 12 Tennis serve 216 Autofocus camera 426
Particulate pollution (Pr30) 15 Rocket propulsion 219,236-8 Wide range of human hearing 427-8,431
Global positioning satellites (Pr39) 16 Rifle recoil 220 Loudspeaker response 428
Lung capacity (Pr65) 17 Karate blow 221 Stringed instruments 432-3
Ch pter 2 Billiards/bowling 223,228 Wind instruments 433-6
Airport runway design 29 Nuclear collisions 225,228 Tuning with beats 439
Automobile air bags 31 Ballistic pendulum 226 Doppler blood flow meter 442,453
Braking distances 32 onveyor belt 237 Sonar: sonic boom AAA
CD error correction (PrlO) 44 Gravitational slingshot (Prl05) 246 Ultrasound medical imaging 445-6
CD playing time (Prl3) 45 rashworthiness (Prl09) 247 Motion sensor (Pr5) 448
Golfing uphill or down (Pr79) 48 Asteroids, planets (PrllO, 112,113) 247
Rapid transit (Pr83) 49 Ch pter 10 Ch pter 17
Hard drive and bit speed 253 Hot air balloon 454
Ch pter 3 Expansion joints, highways 456,460,463
Kicked football 66,69 Wrench/tire iron 256
Flywheel energy 266,281 Gas tank overflow 462
Ball sports (Problems) 77,81,82 Life under ice 462
Extreme sports (Pr41) 77 Yo-yo 271
ar braking forces 272-3 old and hot tire pressure 468
Ch pter 4 Molecules in a breath 469
Rocket acceleration 90 Bicycle odometer calibration (Ql) 275
Tightrope walker (Q ll) 275 Thermostat (Q10) 471
What force accelerates a car? 90 Scuba/snorkeling (Pr38,47,82,85) 473,475
Triceps muscle and throwing
How we walk 90 Ch pter 18
(Pr38,39) 278
Elevator and counterweight 99 hemical reactions, temperature
D speed (Pr84) 281
Mechanical advantage of pulley 100 dependence 481
Bicycle gears (Pr89) 281
Bear sling (Q24) 104 Superfluidity 483
High-speed elevators (Prl9) 105 Ch pter 11
Rotating skaters, divers 284,286,309 Evaporation cools 484,505
Mountain climbing (Pr31,82,83) 106,110 Humidity, weather 485-6
ity planning, cars on hills (Pr71) 109 Neutron star collapse 287
Auto wheel balancing 296 hromatography 490
Bicyclists (Pr72,73) 109 Pressure cooker (Pr35) 493
“Doomsday” asteroid (Pr84) 110 Top and gyroscope 299-300
oriolis effect 301-2 Ch pter 19
Ch pter 5 Hurricanes 302 Working off the calories 498
Push or pull a sled? 116 SUV possible rollover (Pr67) 308 old floors 516
entrifugation 122 Triple axel jump (Pr79) 309 Heat loss through windows 516
Not skidding on a curve 126-7 Bat’s “sweet spot” (Pr82) 310 How clothes insulate 516-7
Banked highways 127 i?-values for thermal insulation 517
Simulated gravity (Q18, Pr48) 131,134 Ch pter 12
Tragic collapse 311,323 onvective house heating 517
“Rotor-ride” (Pr82) 136 Human radiative heat loss 518
Lever’s mechanical advantage 313
Ch pter 6 antilever 315 Room comfort and metabolism 519
Oil/mineral exploration 144,420 Biceps muscle force 315 Radiation from Sun 519
Artificial Earth satellites 146 Human balance with loads 318 Medical thermography 519
Geosynchronous satellites 147 Trusses and bridges 324-6,335 Astronomy—size of a star 520
Weightlessness 148 Architecture: arches and domes 327-8 Thermos bottle (Q30) 521
Free fall in athletics 149 Forces on vertebrae (Pr87) 337 Weather, air parcel, adiabatic lapse
Planet discovery, extrasolar planets 152 Ch pter 13 rate (Pr56) 525
Black holes 156 Lifting water 345,348 Ch pter 20
Asteroids (Pr44,78) 159,162 Hydraulic lift, brakes 346 Steam engine 530
Navstar GPS (Pr58) 160 Pressure gauges 346-7 Internal combustion engine 531,535-6
Black hole, galaxy center Hydrometer 351 ar efficiency 532
(Pr61,64) 160,161 Helium balloon lift 352,368 Refrigerators, air conditioners 537-8
Tides (Pr75) 162 Blood flow 353,357,361 Heat pump 538
Ch pter 7 Airplane wings, lift 356 Biological evolution, development 545
ar stopping distance of v2 174 Sailing against the wind 357 Thermal pollution, global warming 549-51
Lever(Pr6) 177 Baseball curve 357 Energy resources 550
Spiderman (Pr54) 179 Blood to the brain, TIA 357 Diesel engine (Pr7) 553
Bicycling on hills, gears (Pr85) 181 Blood flow and heart disease 359 Ch pter 21
hild safety in car (Pr87) 181 Surface tension, capillarity 359-60 Static electricity 560,589 (Pr78)
Rock climber’s rope (Pr90) 182 Walking on water 360 Photocopiers 569,582-3
Ch pter 8 Pumps and the heart 361 Electric shielding, safety 577
Downhill ski runs 183 Reynolds number (Pr69) 366 DNA structure and replication 581-2
Rollercoaster 191,198 Ch pter 14 Biological cells: electric forces
Pole vault 192-3 ar shock absorbers 383 and kinetic theory 581-2,617
Toy dart gun 193 Resonance damage 386 Laser & inkjet printers 583
x ii APPLICATI NS
Ch pter 23 Ground fault circuit interrupter Ch pter 36
Breakdown voltage 612 (GF I) 776 Space travel 963
Lightning rods, corona 612 Betatron (Pr55) 782 Global positioning system (GPS) 964
RT, oscilloscopes, Search coil (Pr68) 783 Ch pter 37
TV monitors 620-1,723 Inductive battery charger (Pr81) 784 Photocells 992
Photocell (Pr75) 626 Ch pter 30 Photodiodes 992
Geiger counter (Pr83) 627 Spark plug 785 Photosynthesis 993
Van de Graaff (Pr84) 627,607 Pacemaker 787 Measuring bone density 995
Ch pter 24 Surge protector 792 Electron microscopes 1000
apacitor uses 628,631 LC oscillators, resonance 794,802 Ch pter 38
Very high capacitance 631 apacitors as filters 799 Tunneling through a QM barrier 1038
omputer key 631 Loudspeaker cross-over 799 Scanning tunneling electron
amera flash 636 Impedance matching 802-3 microscope 1038-9
Heart defibrillator 638 Three-phase A 803
DRAM (PrlO, 57) 644,647 0 -value (Pr86,87) 810 Ch pter 39
Electrostatic air cleaner (Pr20) 645 Fluorescence analysis 1060
Ch pter 31 Fluorescent bulbs 1060
MOS circuits (Pr53) 647 Antennas 824,831
Ch pter 25 Phosphorescence, watch dials 1061
Phone call lag time 825 Lasers 1061-5
Light bulb 651,653,660 Solar sail 829
Battery construction 653 DVD and D players 1063
Optical tweezers 829
Loudspeaker wires 659 Barcodes 1063
Wireless: AM/FM, TV, tuning,
Resistance thermometer 660 cell phones, remotes 829-32 Laser surgery 1064
Heating elements, bulb filament 660 Holography 1064-5
Ch pter 32
Why bulbs burn out at turn on 661 Ch pter 40
Lightning bolt 662 How tall a mirror do you need 840-1 ell energy—activation energy,ATP 1075-7
lose up and wide-view
Household circuits, shorts 662-3 Weak bonds in cells, DNA 1077-8
mirrors 842,849,859
Fuses, circuit breakers 662-3,747,776 Protein synthesis 1079-80
Extension cord danger 663 Where you can see yourself in a
concave mirror 848 Transparency 1092
Nervous system, conduction 669-70 Semiconductor diodes, transistors 1094-8
Optical illusions 851,903
Strain gauge (Pr 24) 673 Rectifier circuits 1096
Apparent depth in water 852
Ch pter 26 Rainbows 853 LED displays; photodiodes 1096
ar battery charging, jump start 686,687 olors underwater 854 Integrated circuits ( hips) 1098
RC applications: flashers, wipers 691 Prism binoculars 855 Ch pter 41
Heart pacemaker 692,787 Fiber optics in Smoke detectors 1114
Electric hazards 692-4 telecommunications 855-6,865 arbon-14 dating 1122-3
Proper grounding 693-4 Medical endoscopes 856 Archeological, geological dating 1123-4
Heart fibrillation 692 Highway reflectors (Pr86) 865 Oldest Earth rocks and earliest life 1124
Meters, analog and digital 695-7
Ch pter 33 Ch pter 42
Potentiometers and bridges (Pr) 704,705
Where you can see a lens image 869 Nuclear reactors and power plants 1138^40
Ch pter 27 ameras, digital and film 878 Manhattan Project 1141
ompass and declination 709 amera adjustments 879-80 Stellar fusion 1142-3
Aurora borealis 717 Pixels and resolution 881 Fusion energy reactors 1131,1144-6
Motors, loudspeakers, galvonometers 720-1 Human eye 882-5,892 Biological radiation damage 1146-7
Mass spectrometer 724-5 orrective lenses 883-5 Radiation dosimetry 1147-9
Electromagnetic pumping (Q14) 726 ontact lenses 885 Radon 1148,1150
yclotron (Pr66) 731 Seeing under water 885 Human radiation exposure 1148-9
Beam steering (Pr67) 731 Magnifying glass 885-7 Radiation sickness 1149
Ch pter 28 Telescopes 887-9,931-2 Radiation therapy 1150-1
oaxial cable 740,789 Microscopes 890-1,931,933 Proton therapy 1151
Solenoid switches: car starters, Ch pter 34 Tracers in medicine and biology 1151-2
doorbell 747 Bubbles, reflected color 900,912-3 X-ray imaging 1153
ircuit breakers, magnetic 747,776 AT scans 1153-5
Mirages 903
Relay (Q16) 751 Emission tomography: PET
Atom trap (Pr73) 757 olors in thin soap film, details 912-3
Lens coatings 913-4 and SPET 1156
Ch pter 29 Multiple coating (Pr52) 919 NMR and MRI 1156-9
Induction stove 762 Ch pter 43
EM blood-flow meter 765 Ch pter 35
Lens and mirror resolution 929-30 Antimatter 1174-5,1188
Power plant generators 766-7
ar alternators 768 Hubble Space Telescope 930 Ch pter 44
Motor overload 769 Eye resolution, Stars and galaxies 1194-9
Airport metal detector 770 useful magnification 930,932-3 Star evolution 1200-2
Eddy current damping 770 Radiotelescopes 931 Supernovae 1201,1202,1203
Transformers and uses, power 770-3 Telescope resolution, Arule 931 Star distances 1194,1203^1
ar ignition, bulb ballast 772,773 Spectroscopy 935-6 Black holes 1202,1208-9
Microphone 775 X-ray diffraction in biology 939 urved space 1207-8
Read/write on disks and tape 775 Polarized sunglasses 942 Big Bang 1212,1213-6
Digital coding 775 L Ds—liquid crystal displays 943-4 Evolution of universe 1216-9
redit card swipe 776 Sky color 945 Dark matter and dark energy 1221-3
APPLICATI NS x iii
Preface
I was motivated from the beginning to write a textbook different from others that
present physics as a sequence of facts, like a Sears catalog: “here are the facts and
you better learn them.” Instead of that approach in which topics are begun
formally and dogmatically, I have sought to begin each topic with concrete
observations and experiences students can relate to: start with specifics and only then
go to the great generalizations and the more formal aspects of a topic, showing w y
we believe what we believe. This approach reflects how science is actually practiced.
Why Fourth Edition?

Two recent trends in physics texbooks are disturbing: (1) their revision cycles
have become short—they are being revised every 3 or 4 years; (2) the books are
getting larger, some over 1500 pages. I don’t see how either trend can be of
benefit to students. My response: (1) It has been 8 years since the previous
edition of this book. (2) This book makes use of physics education research,
although it avoids the detail a Professor may need to say in class but in a book shuts
down the reader. And this book still remains among the shortest.
This new edition introduces some important new pedagogic tools. It contains
new physics (such as in cosmology) and many new appealing applications (list on
previous page). Pages and page breaks have been carefully formatted to make the
physics easier to follow: no turning a page in the middle of a derivation or Example.
Great efforts were made to make the book attractive so students will want to read it.
Some of the new features are listed below.
Wh t's New
C apter-Opening Questions: Each hapter begins with a multiple-choice question,
whose responses include common misconceptions. Students are asked to answer
before starting the hapter, to get them involved in the material and to get any
preconceived notions out on the table. The issues reappear later in the hapter,
usually as Exercises, after the material has been covered. The hapter-Opening
Questions also show students the power and usefulness of Physics.
APPROACH paragrap in worked-out numerical Examples .A short introductory
paragraph before the Solution, outlining an approach and the steps we can take to
get started. Brief NOTES after the Solution may remark on the Solution, may give
an alternate approach, or mention an application.
Step -by -Step Examples: After many Problem Solving Strategies (more than 20 in
the book), the next Example is done step-by-step following precisely the steps just
seen.
Exercises within the text, after an Example or derivation, give students a chance to
see if they have understood enough to answer a simple question or do a simple
calculation. Many are multiple choice.
Greater clarity : No topic, no paragraph in this book was overlooked in the search
to improve the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. Phrases and sentences
that may slow down the principal argument have been eliminated: keep to the
essentials at first, give the elaborations later.
F, y, B Vector notation, arrows: The symbols for vector quantities in the text and Figures
now have a tiny arrow over them, so they are similar to what we write by hand.
Cosmological Revolution: With generous help from top experts in the field,
readers have the latest results.
xiv PREFACE
Page layout: more than in the previous edition, serious attention has been paid to
how each page is formatted. Examples and all important derivations and
arguments are on facing pages. Students then don’t have to turn back and forth.
Throughout, readers see, on two facing pages, an important slice of physics.
New Applications'. L Ds, digital cameras and electronic sensors ( D, MOS),
electric hazards, GF Is, photocopiers, inkjet and laser printers, metal detectors,
underwater vision, curve balls, airplane wings, DNA, how we actually see images.
(Turn back a page to see a longer list.)
Examples modified: more math steps are spelled out, and many new Examples
added. About 10% of all Examples are Estimation Examples.
T is Book is S orter than other complete full-service books at this level. Shorter
explanations are easier to understand and more likely to be read.
Content nd Org niz tion l Ch nges

• Rot tion l Motion: hapters 10 and 11 have been reorganized. All of angular
momentum is now in hapter 11.
• First l w of thermodyn mics, in hapter 19, has been rewritten and extended.
The full form is given: AK + AU + AEint = Q — W, where internal energy is
Ete, and U is potential energy; the form Q — W is kept so that dW = P dV.
• Kinematics and Dynamics of ircular Motion are now treated together in
hapter 5.
• Work and Energy, hapters 7 and 8, have been carefully revised.
• Work done by friction is discussed now with energy conservation (energy
terms due to friction).
• hapters on Inductance and A ircuits have been combined into one:
hapter 30.
• Graphical Analysis and Numerical Integration is a new optional Section 2 -9.
Problems requiring a computer or graphing calculator are found at the end
of most hapters.
• Length of an object is a script £ rather than normal /, which looks like 1 or I
Versions of this Book
(moment of inertia, current), as in F = IIB. apital L is for angular Complete version: 44 hapters
momentum, latent heat, inductance, dimensions of length [L\. including 9 hapters of modern
• Newton’s law of gravitation remains in hapter 6. Why? Because the 1/r2 physics.
law is too important to relegate to a late chapter that might not be covered
at all late in the semester; furthermore, it is one of the basic forces in nature. Cl ssic version: 37 hapters
including one each on relativity
In hapter 8 we can treat real gravitational potential energy and have a fine
and quantum theory.
instance of using U = - JF •di.
• New Appendices include the differential form of Maxwell’s equations and 3 Volume version: Available
more on dimensional analysis. separately or packaged together
• Problem Solving Strategies are found on pages 30, 58, 64, 96,102,125,166, (Vols. 1 & 2 or all 3 Volumes):
198,229,261,314,504,551,571, 685,716,740,763,849, 871, and 913. Volume 1: hapters 1 -20 on
mechanics, including fluids,
Org niz tion oscillations, waves, plus heat
and thermodynamics.
Some instructors may find that this book contains more material than can be
Volume 2: hapters 21-35 on
covered in their courses. The text offers great flexibility. Sections marked with a
electricity and magnetism, plus
star * are considered optional. These contain slightly more advanced physics
light and optics.
material, or material not usually covered in typical courses and/or interesting
applications; they contain no material needed in later hapters (except perhaps in Volume 3: hapters 36-44 on
later optional Sections). For a brief course, all optional material could be dropped modern physics: relativity,
as well as major parts of hapters 1, 13, 16, 26, 30, and 35, and selected parts of quantum theory, atomic physics,
hapters 9,12,19,20, 33, and the modern physics hapters. Topics not covered in condensed matter, nuclear
class can be a valuable resource for later study by students. Indeed, this text can physics, elementary particles,
serve as a useful reference for years because of its wide range of coverage. cosmology and astrophysics.
PREFACE XV
Th nks
Many physics professors provided input or direct feedback on every aspect of this
textbook. They are listed below, and I owe each a debt of gratitude.
Mario Affatigato, oe ollege Jim LaBelle, Dartmouth ollege

Lorraine Allen, United States oast Guard Academy M.A.K. Lodhi, Texas Tech
Zaven Altounian, McGill University Bruce Mason, University of Oklahoma
Bruce Barnett, Johns Hopkins University Dan Mazilu, Virginia Tech
Michael Barnett, Lawrence Berkeley Lab Linda McDonald, North Park ollege
Anand Batra, Howard University Bill McNairy, Duke University
ornelius Bennhold, George Washington University Raj Mohanty, Boston University
Bruce Birkett, University of alifornia Berkeley Giuseppe Molesini, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Florence
Dr. Robert Boivin, Auburn University Lisa K. Morris, Washington State University
Subir Bose, University of entral Florida Blaine Norum, University of Virginia
David Branning, Trinity ollege Alexandria Oakes, Eastern Michigan University
Meade Brooks, ollin ounty ommunity ollege Michael Ottinger, Missouri Western State University
Bruce Bunker, University of Notre Dame Lyman Page, Princeton and WMAP
Grant Bunker, Illinois Institute of Technology Bruce Partridge, Haverford ollege
Wayne arr, Stevens Institute of Technology R. Daryl Pedigo, University of Washington
harles hiu, University of Texas Austin Robert Pelcovitz, Brown University
Robert oakley, University of Southern Maine Vahe Peroomian, U LA
David urott, University of North Alabama James Rabchuk, Western Illinois University
Biman Das, SUNY Potsdam Michele Rallis, Ohio State University
Bob Davis, Taylor University Paul Richards, University of alifornia Berkeley
Kaushik De, University of Texas Arlington Peter Riley, University of Texas Austin
Michael Dennin, University of alifornia Irvine Larry Rowan, University of North arolina hapel Hill
Kathy Dimiduk, University of New Mexico indy Schwarz, Vassar ollege
John DiNardo, Drexel University Peter Sheldon, Randolph-Macon Woman’s ollege
Scott Dudley, United States Air Force Academy Natalia A. Sidorovskaia, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
John Essick, Reed ollege James Siegrist, U Berkeley, Director Physics Division LBNL
assandra Fesen, Dartmouth ollege George Smoot, University of alifornia Berkeley
Alex Filippenko, University of alifornia Berkeley Mark Sprague, East arolina University
Richard Firestone, Lawrence Berkeley Lab Michael Strauss, University of Oklahoma
Mike Fortner, Northern Illinois University Laszlo Takac, University of Maryland Baltimore o.
Tom Furtak, olorado School of Mines Franklin D.Trumpy, Des Moines Area ommunity ollege
Edward Gibson, alifornia State University Sacramento Ray Turner, lemson University
John Hardy, Texas A&M Som Tyagi, Drexel University
J. Erik Hendrickson, University of Wisconsin Eau laire John Vasut, Baylor University
Laurent Hodges, Iowa State University Robert Webb, Texas A&M
David Hogg, New York University Robert Weidman, Michigan Technological University
Mark Hollabaugh, Normandale ommunity ollege Edward A. Whittaker, Stevens Institute of Technology
Andy Hollerman, University of Louisiana at Lafayette John Wolbeck, Orange ounty ommunity ollege
William Holzapfel, University of alifornia Berkeley Stanley George Wojcicki, Stanford University
Bob Jacobsen, University of alifornia Berkeley Edward Wright, U LA
TerukiKamon, Texas A&M Todd Young, Wayne State ollege
Daryao Khatri, University of the District of olumbia William Younger, ollege of the Albemarle
Jay Kunze, Idaho State University Hsiao-Ling Zhou, Georgia State University
I owe special thanks to Prof. Bob Davis for much valuable input, and especially for
working out all the Problems and producing the Solutions Manual for all Problems, as
well as for providing the answers to odd -numbered Problems at the end of this book.
Many thanks also to J. Erik Hendrickson who collaborated with Bob Davis on the
solutions, and to the team they managed (Profs. Anand Batra, Meade Brooks, David
urrott, Blaine Norum, Michael Ottinger, Larry Rowan, Ray Turner, John Vasut,
William Younger). I am grateful to Profs. John Essick, Bruce Barnett, Robert oakley,
Biman Das, Michael Dennin, Kathy Dimiduk, John DiNardo, Scott Dudley,
David Hogg, indy Schwarz, Ray Turner, and Som Tyagi, who inspired many of
the Examples, Questions, Problems, and significant clarifications.
rucial for rooting out errors, as well as providing excellent suggestions, were
Profs. Kathy Dimiduk, Ray Turner, and Lorraine Allen. A huge thank you to them
and to Prof. Giuseppe Molesini for his suggestions and his exceptional photographs
for optics.
xvi PREFACE
For hapters 43 and 44 on Particle Physics and osmology and Astrophysics,
I was fortunate to receive generous input from some of the top experts in the field,
to whom I owe a debt of gratitude: George Smoot, Paul Richards, Alex Filippenko,
James Siegrist, and William Holzapfel (U Berkeley), Lyman Page (Princeton and
WMAP), Edward Wright (U LA and WMAP), and Michael Strauss (University
of Oklahoma).
I especially wish to thank Profs. Howard Shugart, hair Frances Heilman, and
many others at the University of alifornia, Berkeley, Physics Department for
helpful discussions, and for hospitality. Thanks also to Prof. Tito Arecchi and others
at the Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Florence, Italy.
Finally, I am grateful to the many people at Prentice Hall with whom I
worked on this project, especially Paul orey, Karen Karlin, hristian Botting,
John hristiana, and Sean Hogan.
The final responsibility for all errors lies with me. I welcome comments,
corrections, and suggestions as soon as possible to benefit students for the next reprint.
D. .G.
email: Paul. orey@Pearson.com
Post: Paul orey
One Lake Street
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
About the Author

Douglas . Giancoli obtained his BA in physics (summa cum laude) from the
University of alifornia, Berkeley, his MS in physics at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, and his PhD in elementary particle physics at the University of ali
fornia, Berkeley. He spent 2 years as a post-doctoral fellow at U Berkeley’s Virus
lab developing skills in molecular biology and biophysics. His mentors include
Nobel winners Emilio Segre and Donald Glaser.
He has taught a wide range of undergraduate courses, traditional as well as
innovative ones, and continues to update his texbooks meticulously, seeking ways to
better provide an understanding of physics for students.
Doug’s favorite spare-time activity is the outdoors, especially climbing peaks
(here on a dolomite summit, Italy). He says climbing peaks is like learning physics:
it takes effort and the rewards are great.
Online Supplements (p rti l list) Student Supplements (p rti l list)

M steringPhysics™ (www.m steringphysics.com) Student Study Guide & Selected Solutions M nu l (Volume I:
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PREFACE xvii
To Students
HOW TO STUDY
1. Read the hapter. Learn new vocabulary and notation. Try to respond to
questions and exercises as they occur.
2. Attend all class meetings. Listen. Take notes, especially about aspects you do
not remember seeing in the book. Ask questions (everyone else wants to, but
maybe you will have the courage). You will get more out of class if you read
the hapter first.
3. Read the hapter again, paying attention to details. Follow derivations and
worked-out Examples. Absorb their logic. Answer Exercises and as many of
the end of hapter Questions as you can.
4. Solve 10 to 20 end of hapter Problems (or more), especially those assigned.
In doing Problems you find out what you learned and what you didn’t. Discuss
them with other students. Problem solving is one of the great learning tools.
Don’t just look for a formula — it won’t cut it.
NOTES ON THE FORMAT AND PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Sections marked with a star (*) are considered option l. They can be omitted
without interrupting the main flow of topics. No later material depends on
them except possibly later starred Sections. They may be fun to read, though.
2. The customary conventions are used: symbols for quantities (such as m for
mass) are italicized, whereas units (such as m for meter) are not italicized.
Symbols for vectors are shown in boldface with a small arrow above: F.
3. Few equations are valid in all situations. Where practical, the limit tions of
important equations are stated in square brackets next to the equation. The
equations that represent the great laws of physics are displayed with a tan
background, as are a few other indispensable equations.
4. At the end of each hapter is a set of Problems which are ranked as Level I, II, or
III, according to estimated difficulty. Level I Problems are easiest, Level II are
standard Problems, and Level III are “challenge problems.” These ranked
Problems are arranged by Section, but Problems for a given Section may depend
on earlier material too. There follows a group of General Problems, which are not
arranged by Section nor ranked as to difficulty. Problems that relate to optional
Sections are starred (*). Most hapters have 1 or 2 omputer/Numerical
Problems at the end, requiring a computer or graphing calculator. Answers to
odd-numbered Problems are given at the end of the book.
5. Being able to solve Problems is a crucial part of learning physics, and provides
a powerful means for understanding the concepts and principles. This book
contains many aids to problem solving: (a) worked-out Ex mples and their
solutions in the text, which should be studied as an integral part of the text;
(b)some of the worked-out Examples are Estim tion Ex mples, which show
how rough or approximate results can be obtained even if the given data are
sparse (see Section 1 -6); (c) special Problem Solving Str tegies placed
throughout the text to suggest a step-by-step approach to problem solving
for a particular topic— but remember that the basics remain the same;
most of these “Strategies” are followed by an Example that is solved by
explicitly following the suggested steps; (d) special problem-solving Sections;
(e) “Problem Solving” marginal notes which refer to hints within the text for
solving Problems; (f) Exercises within the text that you should work out imme
diately, and then check your response against the answer given at the bottom of
the last page of that hapter; (g) the Problems themselves at the end of each
hapter (point 4 above).
6. Conceptu l Ex mples pose a question which hopefully starts you to think and
come up with a response. Give yourself a little time to come up with your own
response before reading the Response given.
7. M th review, plus some additional topics, are found in Appendices. Useful data,
conversion factors, and math formulas are found inside the front and back covers.
xviii PREFACE
USE OF OLOR
Vectors
A gener l vector
result nt vector (sum) is slightly thicker
components of ny vector re d shed
Displ cement (D, ?)
Velocity (v)
Acceler tion ( )
Force (F)
Force on second or
third object in s me figure
Momentum (p ormv)
Angul r momentum (L)
Angul r velocity (to)
Torque ( f )
Electric field (E)
M gnetic field (B)
Electricity nd m gnetism Electric circuit symbols

Electric field lines Wire, with switch S
S
Equipotenti l lines Resistor -v w v -
T T
1 l
M gnetic field lines C p citor
Electric ch rge (+) + ) or • + Inductor - /n n n p -

Electric ch rge ( - ) Q or • - B ttery
Ground x
Optics Other
Light r ys — *— Energy level
Object ( tom, etc.)
1 Me surement lines h—1.0 m —H
Re l im ge 4
■ P th of moving ------------
(d shed) ■
■ object
Virtu l im ge 4 Direction of motion ------- ►

(d shed nd p ler) ■
■ or current
■
PREFACE
Image of the Earth from a NASA satellite. The sky
appears blackfrom out in space because
there are so few molecules to
reflect light (Whythe sky
appears blue to us on
Earth has to do with
scattering of light by
molecules of the
atmosphere, as
• * 4 Chapter 35.)
Note the
storm off
the coast
of Mexico.
Introduction,
Measurement, Estimating
CHAPTER-OPENING QUESTION — Guess now!
Suppose you wanted to actually measure the radius of the Earth, at least roughly, CONTENTS
rather than taking other people’s word for what it is. Which response below 1 - 1 The N ture of Science
describes the best approach? 1 - 2 Models, Theories, nd L ws
( ) Give up; it is impossible using ordinary means. 1 - 3 Me surement nd Uncert inty;
(b) Use an extremely long measuring tape. Signific nt Figures
(c) It is only possible by flying high enough to see the actual curvature of the Earth. 1 - 4 Units, St nd rds, nd
(d) Use a standard measuring tape, a step ladder, and a large smooth lake. the SI System
(e) Use a laser and a mirror on the Moon or on a satellite. 1 - 5 Converting Units
\We start eac C apter wit a Question, like t e one above. Try to answer it rig t away. Don ’t worry 1 - 6 Order of M gnitude:
about getting t e rig t answer now — t e idea is to get your preconceived notions out on t e table. If t ey R pid Estim ting
are misconceptions, we expect t em to be cleared up as you read t e C apter. You will usually get anot er :1 - 7 Dimensions nd Dimension l
c ance at t e Question later in t e C apter w en t e appropriate material as been covered. T ese An lysis
C apter-Opening Questions will also elp you to see t e power and usefulness of p ysics. ]
1
hysics is the most basic of the sciences. It deals with the behavior and
P structure of matter. The field of physics is usually divided into classicalp ysics
which includes motion, fluids, heat, sound, light, electricity and magnetism;
and modem p ysics which includes the topics of relativity, atomic structure,
condensed matter, nuclear physics, elementary particles, and cosmology and astrophysics.
We will cover all these topics in this book, beginning with motion (or mechanics, as it
is often called) and ending with the most recent results in our study of the cosmos.
An understanding of physics is crucial for anyone making a career in science
or technology. Engineers, for example, must know how to calculate the forces within
a structure to design it so that it remains standing (Fig. 1 - la). Indeed, in hapter 12
we will see a worked-out Example of how a simple physics calculation— or even
intuition based on understanding the physics of forces—would have saved
hundreds of lives (Fig. 1 - lb). We will see many examples in this book of how
physics is useful in many fields, and in everyday life.
1—1 The N ture of Science

The principal aim of all sciences, including physics, is generally considered to be
the search for order in our observations of the world around us. Many people
think that science is a mechanical process of collecting facts and devising theories.
But it is not so simple. Science is a creative activity that in many respects resem
bles other creative activities of the human mind.
One important aspect of science is observ tion of events, which includes the
design and carrying out of experiments. But observation and experiment require
imagination, for scientists can never include everything in a description of what
they observe. Hence, scientists must make judgments about what is relevant in
their observations and experiments.
onsider, for example, how two great minds, Aristotle (384-322 b .c .) and
Galileo (1564-1642), interpreted motion along a horizontal surface. Aristotle
noted that objects given an initial push along the ground (or on a tabletop) always
slow down and stop. onsequently, Aristotle argued that the natural state of an
object is to be at rest. Galileo, in his reexamination of horizontal motion in the
1600s, imagined that if friction could be eliminated, an object given an initial
push along a horizontal surface would continue to move indefinitely without
stopping. He concluded that for an object to be in motion was just as natural as for
it to be at rest. By inventing a new approach, Galileo founded our modern view of
motion ( hapters 2,3, and 4), and he did so with a leap of the imagination. Galileo
made this leap conceptually, without actually eliminating friction.
(b)
Observation, with careful experimentation and measurement, is one side of the
FIGURE 1 - 1 ( ) This Rom n scientific process. The other side is the invention or creation of theories to explain
queduct w s built 2000 ye rs go and order the observations. Theories are never derived directly from observations.
nd still st nds, (b) The H rtford Observations may help inspire a theory, and theories are accepted or rejected based
Civic Center coll psed in 1978, just on the results of observation and experiment.
two ye rs fter it w s built.
The great theories of science may be compared, as creative achievements, with
great works of art or literature. But how does science differ from these other
creative activities? One important difference is that science requires testing of its
ideas or theories to see if their predictions are borne out by experiment.
Although the testing of theories distinguishes science from other creative
fields, it should not be assumed that a theory is “proved” by testing. First of all, no
measuring instrument is perfect, so exact confirmation is not possible. Further
more, it is not possible to test a theory in every single possible circumstance. Hence
a theory cannot be absolutely verified. Indeed, the history of science tells us that
long-held theories can be replaced by new ones.
1 -2 Models, Theories, nd L ws
When scientists are trying to understand a particular set of phenomena, they often
make use of a model. A model, in the scientist’s sense, is a kind of analogy or
2 CHAPTER 1 mental image of the phenomena in terms of something we are familiar with. One
example is the wave model of light. We cannot see waves of light as we can water
waves. But it is valuable to think of light as made up of waves because experiments
indicate that light behaves in many respects as water waves do.
The purpose of a model is to give us an approximate mental or visual picture—
something to hold on to —when we cannot see what actually is happening. Models
often give us a deeper understanding: the analogy to a known system (for instance,
water waves in the above example) can suggest new experiments to perform and can
provide ideas about what other related phenomena might occur.
You may wonder what the difference is between a theory and a model. Usually
a model is relatively simple and provides a structural similarity to the phenomena
being studied. A theory is broader, more detailed, and can give quantitatively testable
predictions, often with great precision.
It is important, however, not to confuse a model or a theory with the real
system or the phenomena themselves.
Scientists give the title l w to certain concise but general statements about
how nature behaves (that energy is conserved, for example). Sometimes the state
ment takes the form of a relationship or equation between quantities (such as
Newton’s second law, F = ma).
To be called a law, a statement must be found experimentally valid over a wide
range of observed phenomena. For less general statements, the term principle is
often used (such as Archimedes’ principle).
Scientific laws are different from political laws in that the latter are
prescriptive: they tell us how we ought to behave. Scientific laws are descriptive:
they do not say how nature s ould behave, but rather are meant to describe how
nature does behave. As with theories, laws cannot be tested in the infinite variety
of cases possible. So we cannot be sure that any law is absolutely true. We use the
term “law” when its validity has been tested over a wide range of cases, and when
any limitations and the range of validity are clearly understood.
Scientists normally do their research as if the accepted laws and theories were
true. But they are obliged to keep an open mind in case new information should
alter the validity of any given law or theory.
1 -3 Me surement nd Uncert inty;

Signific nt Figures
In the quest to understand the world around us, scientists seek to find relationships
among physical quantities that can be measured.
Uncert inty
Reliable measurements are an important part of physics. But no measurement is FIGURE 1-2 Measuring the width
absolutely precise. There is an uncertainty associated with every measurement. Among of a board with a centimeter ruler.
the most important sources of uncertainty, other than blunders, are the limited accuracy The uncertainty is about ± 1 mm.
of every measuring instrument and the inability to read an instrument beyond some
fraction of the smallest division shown. For example, if you were to use a centimeter
ruler to measure the width of a board (Fig. 1 -2), the result could be claimed to be
precise to about 0.1 cm (1 mm), the smallest division on the ruler, although half of this
value might be a valid claim as well. The reason is that it is difficult for the observer to
estimate (or interpolate) between the smallest divisions. Furthermore, the ruler itself
may not have been manufactured to an accuracy very much better than this.
When giving the result of a measurement, it is important to state the estim ted
uncert inty in the measurement. For example, the width of a board might be
written as 8.8 ± 0.1 cm. The ± 0.1 cm (“plus or minus 0.1 cm”) represents the
estimated uncertainty in the measurement, so that the actual width most likely lies
between 8.7 and 8.9 cm. The percent uncert inty is the ratio of the uncertainty
to the measured value, multiplied by 100. For example, if the measurement is 8.8
and the uncertainty about 0.1 cm, the percent uncertainty is
1%,
where ~ means “is approximately equal to.’ SECTI N 1- 3 3
Often the uncertainty in a measured value is not specified explicitly. In such cases,
the uncertainty is generally assumed to be one or a few units in the last digit specified.
For example, if a length is given as 8.8 cm, the uncertainty is assumed to be about
0.1 cm or 0.2 cm. It is important in this case that you do not write 8.80 cm, for this
implies an uncertainty on the order of 0.01 cm; it assumes that the length is probably
between 8.79 cm and 8.81 cm, when actually you believe it is between 8.7 and 8.9 cm.
Signific nt Figures
The number of reliably known digits in a number is called the number of
signific nt figures. Thus there are four significant figures in the number 23.21 cm
and two in the number 0.062 cm (the zeros in the latter are merely place holders
that show where the decimal point goes). The number of significant figures may
not always be clear. Take, for example, the number 80. Are there one or two signif
icant figures? We need words here: If we say it is roug ly 80 km between two
cities, there is only one significant figure (the 8) since the zero is merely a place
holder. If there is no suggestion that the 80 is a rough approximation, then we can
often assume (as we will in this book) that it is 80 km within an accuracy of about
(a) (b) 1 or 2 km, and then the 80 has two significant figures. If it is precisely 80 km, to
within + 0.1 km, then we write 80.0 km (three significant figures).
FIGURE 1 - 3 These two calculators When making measurements, or when doing calculations, you should avoid the
show the wrong number of significant temptation to keep more digits in the final answer than is justified. For example, to
figures. In (a), 2.0 was divided by 3.0.
The correct final result would be 0.67. calculate the area of a rectangle 11.3 cm by 6.8 cm, the result of multiplication would
In (b), 2.5 was multiplied by 3.2. The be 76.84 cm2. But this answer is clearly not accurate to 0.01 cm2, since (using the
correct result is 8.0. outer limits of the assumed uncertainty for each measurement) the result could be
between 11.2 cm X 6.7 cm = 75.04 cm2 and 11.4 cm X 6.9 cm = 78.66 cm2. At best,
we can quote the answer as 77 cm2, which implies an uncertainty of about 1 or 2 cm2.
The other two digits (in the number 76.84 cm2) must be dropped because they are not
significant. As a rough general rule (i.e., in the absence of a detailed consideration
p PR BLEM S LVING of uncertainties), we can say that t e final result o f a multiplication or division s ould
Significant figure rule: ave only as many digits as t e number wit t e least number o f significant figures
N um ber o f significant figures in final
result s ould be sam e as t e least
used in t e calculation. In our example, 6.8 cm has the least number of significant
significant input value figures, namely two. Thus the result 76.84 cm2 needs to be rounded off to 77 cm2.
EXERCISE A The area of a rectangle 4.5 cm by 3.25 cm is correctly given by (a) 14.625 cm2;
(b) 14.63 cm2; (c) 14.6 cm2; (d) 15 cm2.
When adding or subtracting numbers, the final result is no more precise than
the least precise number used. For example, the result of subtracting 0.57 from 3.6
is 3.0 (and not 3.03).
A AUT I ON Keep in mind when you use a calculator that all the digits it produces may not
Calculators err wit significant figures be significant. When you divide 2.0 by 3.0, the proper answer is 0.67, and not some
such thing as 0.666666666. Digits should not be quoted in a result, unless they are
I PR BLEI VI S LVING truly significant figures. However, to obtain the most accurate result, you should
R eport only t e p ro p er num ber o f normally keep one or more extra significant figures t roug out a calculation, and
significant figures in t e final result. round o ff only in t e final result. (With a calculator, you can keep all its digits in
Keep extra digits during intermediate results.) Note also that calculators sometimes give too few significant
t e calculation figures. For example, when you multiply 2.5 X 3.2, a calculator may give the
answer as simply 8. But the answer is accurate to two significant figures, so the proper
FIGURE 1 - 4 Example 1-1. answer is 8.0. See Fig. 1 -3.
A protractor used to measure an angle.
C NCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 1 - 1 | Significant figures. Using a protractor (Fig. 1-4),
you measure an angle to be 30°. (a) How many significant figures should you quote in
this measurement? (b) Use a calculator to find the cosine of the angle you measured.
RESP NSE (a) If you look at a protractor, you will see that the precision with
which you can measure an angle is about one degree (certainly not 0.1°). So you
can quote two significant figures, namely, 30° (not 30.0°). (b) If you enter cos 30°
in your calculator, you will get a number like 0.866025403. However, the angle
you entered is known only to two significant figures, so its cosine is correctly
given by 0.87; you must round your answer to two significant figures.
N TE osine and other trigonometric functions are reviewed in Appendix A.
4 CHAPTER 1
| EXERCISE B Do 0.00324 and 0.00056 have the same number of significant figures?
Be careful not to confuse significant figures with the number of decimal places.
EXERCISE C For each of the following numbers, state the number of significant figures
and the number of decimal places: {a) 1.23; (b) 0.123; (c) 0.0123.
Scientific_Not tion
We commonly write numbers in “powers of ten,” or “scientific” notation — for
instance 36,900 as 3.69 X 104, or 0.0021 as 2.1 X 10-3. One advantage of scientific
notation is that it allows the number of significant figures to be clearly expressed.
For example, it is not clear whether 36,900 has three, four, or five significant
figures. With powers of ten notation the ambiguity can be avoided: if the number is
known to three significant figures, we write 3.69 X 104, but if it is known to four,
we write 3.690 X 104.
I EXERCISE D Write each of the following in scientific notation and state the number of
| significant figures for each: (a) 0.0258, (b) 42,300, (c) 344.50.
Percent Uncert inty versus Signific nt Figures

The significant figures rule is only approximate, and in some cases may underestimate
the accuracy (or uncertainty) of the answer. Suppose for example we divide 97 by 92:
97
— = 1.05 « 1.1.
92
Both 97 and 92 have two significant figures, so the rule says to give the answer
as 1.1. Yet the numbers 97 and 92 both imply an uncertainty of + 1 if no other
uncertainty is stated. Now 92 + 1 and 97 + 1 both imply an uncertainty of
about 1% (1/92 « 0.01 = 1%). But the final result to two significant figures
is 1.1, with an implied uncertainty of + 0.1, which is an uncertainty of
0.1/1.1 « 0.1 ~ 10%. In this case it is better to give the answer as 1.05 (which is
three significant figures). Why? Because 1.05 implies an uncertainty of + 0.01
which is 0.01/1.05 « 0.01 ~ 1%, just like the uncertainty in the original
numbers 92 and 97.
SUGGESTION: Use the significant figures rule, but consider the % uncer
tainty too, and add an extra digit if it gives a more realistic estimate of uncertainty.
Approxim tions
Much of physics involves approximations, often because we do not have the
means to solve a problem precisely. For example, we may choose to ignore air
resistance or friction in doing a Problem even though they are present in the real
world, and then our calculation is only an approximation. In doing Problems, we
should be aware of what approximations we are making, and be aware that the
precision of our answer may not be nearly as good as the number of significant
figures given in the result.
Accur cy versus Precision

There is a technical difference between “precision” and “accuracy.” Predsion in a strict
sense refers to the repeatability of the measurement using a given instrument. For
example, if you measure the width of a board many times, getting results like 8.81 cm,
8.85 cm, 8.78 cm, 8.82 cm (interpolating between the 0.1 cm marks as best as possible
each time), you could say the measurements give a precision a bit better than 0.1 cm.
Accur cy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value. For example, if the
ruler shown in Fig. 1 - 2 was manufactured with a 2% error, the accuracy of its
measurement of the board’s width (about 8.8 cm) would be about 2% of 8.8 cm or
about + 0.2 cm. Estimated uncertainty is meant to take both accuracy and precision
into account.
SECTI N 1- 3 Measurement, Uncertainty; Significant Figures 5

1—4 Units, St nd rds, nd the SI System
TABLE 1-1 Some Typical The measurement of any quantity is made relative to a particular standard or unit,
Lengths or Distances and this unit must be specified along with the numerical value of the quantity. For
(order of magnitude) example, we can measure length in British units such as inches, feet, or miles, or in
the metric system in centimeters, meters, or kilometers. To specify that the length
Length Meters
(or D ist nce) ( pproxim te)
of a particular object is 18.6 is meaningless. The unit must be given; for clearly,
18.6 meters is very different from 18.6 inches or 18.6 millimeters.
Neutron or proton For any unit we use, such as the meter for distance or the second for time, we
(di m eter) 10- 15 need to define a st nd rd which defines exactly how long one meter or one second
A tom is. It is important that standards be chosen that are readily reproducible so that
(di m eter)
-7
anyone needing to make a very accurate measurement can refer to the standard in
Virus [see Fig. l - 5 ]
the laboratory.
Sheet o f p per
(thickness) 10 - 4 Length
Finger width 10“2 The first truly international standard was the meter (abbreviated m) established as
Footb ll field length 102 the standard of length by the French Academy of Sciences in the 1790s. The stan
H eight o f Mt. Everest dard meter was originally chosen to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the
[see Fig. l - 5 b ] 104 Earth’s equator to either pole,f and a platinum rod to represent this length was
E rth di meter 107 made. (One meter is, very roughly, the distance from the tip of your nose to the tip
E rth to Sun 1011 of your finger, with arm and hand stretched out to the side.) In 1889, the meter was
E rth to ne rest st r 1016 defined more precisely as the distance between two finely engraved marks on a
E rth to ne rest g l xy 1022 particular bar of platinum -iridium alloy. In 1960, to provide greater precision and
E rth to f rthest reproducibility, the meter was redefined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of a particular
g l xy visible 1026 orange light emitted by the gas krypton-86. In 1983 the meter was again redefined,
this time in terms of the speed of light (whose best measured value in terms of the
older definition of the meter was 299,792,458 m/s, with an uncertainty of lm /s).
The new definition reads: “The meter is the length of path traveled by light in
vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.”*
FIGURE 1 - 5 Som e lengths:
British units of length (inch, foot, mile) are now defined in terms of the
( ) viruses ( bout 10 - 7 m long) meter. The inch (in.) is defined as precisely 2.54 centimeters (cm; 1 cm = 0.01 m).
tt cking cell; (b) Mt. E verest ’s Other conversion factors are given in the Table on the inside of the front cover
height is on the order of 104 m of this book. Table 1 - 1 presents some typical lengths, from very small to very
(8850 m, to be precise). large, rounded off to the nearest power of ten. See also Fig. 1 - 5. [Note that the
abbreviation for inches (in.) is the only one with a period, to distinguish it from
the word “in”.]
Time
The standard unit of time is the second (s). For many years, the second was defined as
1/86,400 of a mean solar day (24h/day X 60min/h X 60s/min = 86,400 s/day).
The standard second is now defined more precisely in terms of the frequency of radi
ation emitted by cesium atoms when they pass between two particular states.
[Specifically, one second is defined as the time required for 9,192,631,770 periods of
this radiation.] There are, by definition, 60 s in one minute (min) and 60 minutes in
one hour (h). Table 1 - 2 presents a range of measured time intervals, rounded off to
(a) the nearest power of ten.
M ss
The standard unit of m ss is the kilogr m (kg). The standard mass is a particular
platinum -iridium cylinder, kept at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures near Paris, France, whose mass is defined as exactly 1 kg. A range of
masses is presented in Table 1 -3. [For practical purposes, 1 kg weighs about
2.2 pounds on Earth.]
tModern me surements of the E rth’s circumference reve l th t the intended length is off by bout
one-fiftieth of 1%. Not b d!
*The new definition of the meter h s the effect of giving the speed of light the ex ct v lue of
(b) 299,792,458 m/s.
6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

TABLE 1 - 2 Some Typical Time Intervals TABLE 1 -3 Some Masses
Time Interv l Seconds ( pproxim te) Object Kilogr ms ( pproxim te)
Lifetim e o f very unst ble sub tomic p rticle 1 0 - 23 s Electron 1(T30 kg

Lifetim e o f r dio ctive elem ents 10~22 s to 1028 s Proton, neutron 10 - 27 kg
Lifetim e o f muon 1(T6 s D N A m olecule 1(T17 kg
Time betw een hum n he rtbe ts 10° s ( = 1 s) B cterium 1(T15 kg
O ne d y 105 s M osquito 1(T5 kg
O ne ye r 3 X 107 Plum 10" 1 kg
Hum n life sp n 2 X 109 Hum n 102 kg
Length o f recorded history 1011 Ship 108 kg
Hum ns on E rth 1014 E rth 6 X 1024 kg
Life on E rth 1017 Sun 2 X 1030 kg
A g e of U niverse 1018 G l xy 1041 kg
When dealing with atoms and molecules, we usually use the unified tomic TABLE 1 -4 Metric (SI) Prefixes
m ss unit (u). In terms of the kilogram,
Prefix Abbrevi tion V lue
l u = 1.6605 X 10-27kg.
The definitions of other standard units for other quantities will be given as we yott Y 1024
encounter them in later hapters. (Precise values of this and other numbers are zett Z 1021
given inside the front cover.) ex E 1018
pet P 1015
Unit Prefixes
ter T 1012
In the metric system, the larger and smaller units are defined in multiples of 10 from 109
gig G
the standard unit, and this makes calculation particularly easy. Thus 1 kilometer (km)
m eg M 106
is 1000 m, 1 centimeter is ifem, 1 millimeter (mm) is or ^cm , and so on.
kilo k 103
The prefixes “centi-,” “kilo-,” and others are listed in Table 1 - 4 and can be applied
not only to units of length but to units of volume, mass, or any other metric unit. hecto h 102
For example, a centiliter (cL) is ^ liter (L)> and a kilogram (kg) is 1000 grams (g). dek d 101
deci d KT1
Systems of Units centi c 1(T2
When dealing with the laws and equations of physics it is very important to use a milli m 1(T3
consistent set of units. Several systems of units have been in use over the years. microf 1(T6
V
Today the most important is the Systeme Intern tion l (French for International n no n K T9
System), which is abbreviated SI. In SI units, the standard of length is the meter,
pico P 1(T12
the standard for time is the second, and the standard for mass is the kilogram. This
fem to f 1(T15
system used to be called the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system.
A second metric system is the cgs system, in which the centimeter, gram, and tto KT18
second are the standard units of length, mass, and time, as abbreviated in the title. zepto z 1(T21
The British engineering system has as its standards the foot for length, the pound yocto y KT24
for force, and the second for time. fju, is the Greek letter “mu.”
We use SI units almost exclusively in this book.
B se versus Derived Qu ntities TABLE 1 -5
SI Base Quantities and Units
Physical quantities can be divided into two categories: base quantities and derived
quantities. The corresponding units for these quantities are called base units and Unit
Qu ntity Unit Abbrevi tion
derived units. A b se qu ntity must be defined in terms of a standard. Scientists, in the
interest of simplicity, want the smallest number of base quantities possible consistent Length m eter m
with a full description of the physical world. This number turns out to be seven, and Time second s
those used in the SI are given in Table 1-5. All other quantities can be defined in terms M ss kilogr m kg
of these seven base quantities/ and hence are referred to as derived qu ntities. An Electric
example of a derived quantity is speed, which is defined as distance divided by the time current mpere A
it takes to travel that distance. A Table inside the front cover lists many derived Temper ture kelvin K
quantities and their units in terms of base units. To define any quantity, whether base or A m ount
derived, we can specify a rule or procedure, and this is called an oper tion l definition. of subst nce m ole m ol
Luminous
trThe only exceptions re for ngle (r di ns—see Ch pter 8) nd solid ngle (ster di n). No gener l intensity c ndel cd
greement h s been re ched s to whether these re b se or derived qu ntities.
SECTI N 1- 4 Units, Standards, and the SI System 7

1—5 Converting Units
Any quantity we measure, such as a length, a speed, or an electric current, consists
of a number and a unit. Often we are given a quantity in one set of units, but we
want it expressed in another set of units. For example, suppose we measure that a
table is 21.5 inches wide, and we want to express this in centimeters. We must use a
conversion f ctor, which in this case is (by definition) exactly
1 in. = 2.54 cm
or, written another way,
1 = 2.54 cm/in.
Since multiplying by one does not change anything, the width of our table, in cm, is
21.5 inches = (21.5 X ^ 2 .5 4 ^ ^ = 54.6 cm.
Note how the units (inches in this case) cancelled out. A Table containing many unit
conversions is found inside the front cover of this book. Let’s consider some Examples.
0 PHYSICS APPLIED EXAMPLE 1 - 2 The 8000 - m peaks. The fourteen tallest peaks in the world
T e world’s tallest peaks (Fig. 1 - 6 and Table 1 - 6) are referred to as “eight-thousanders,” meaning their
summits are over 8000 m above sea level. What is the elevation, in feet, of an
elevation of 8000 m?
APPR ACH We need simply to convert meters to feet, and we can start with the
conversion factor 1 in. = 2.54 cm, which is exact. That is, 1 in. = 2.5400 cm to
any number of significant figures, because it is defined to be.
S LUTI N One foot is 12 in., so we can write
cm
1 ft = (1 2 is.)(2 .5 4 — J = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m,
FIGURE 1 - 6 The w orld ’s second
highest pe k, K2, w h ose sum m it is
which is exact. Note how the units cancel (colored slashes). We can rewrite this
considered the m ost difficult o f the
equation to find the number of feet in 1 meter:
“8000 - ers. ” K2 is seen h ere from
the north (C hin ).
lm = a U s = 3'28084ft
TABLE 1 - 6
The 8000 - m Peaks We multiply this equation by 8000.0 (to have five significant figures):
Pe k H eigh t (m )
Mt. E verest 8850 8000.0m = (8000.0 l .) ^ 3 .2 8 0 8 4 ; ^ = 26,247ft.

K2 8611
K ngchenjung 8586 An elevation of 8000 m is 26,247 ft above sea level.
L hotse 8516 N TE We could have done the conversion all in one line:
M k lu 8462
C ho O yu 8201
annum - - 26O T «.
D h ul giri 8167
M n slu 8156
N ng P rb t 8125 The key is to multiply conversion factors, each equal to one ( = 1.0000), and to
A nn purn 8091
make sure the units cancel.
G sherbrum I 8068
B ro d Pe k 8047 EXERCISE E There re only 14 eight - thous nd - m eter pe ks in the world (see E x m ple 1 - 2 ),
G sherbrum II 8035 nd their n m es nd elev tion s re given in T ble 1 - 6 . They re ll in the H im l y m ou n
t in r nge in Indi , P kist n, Tibet, nd Chin . D eterm in e the elev tion o f the w orld ’s
Shish P ngm 8013
three highest pe ks in feet.

EXAMPLE 1 - 3 Apartment area. You have seen a nice apartment whose
floor area is 880 square feet (ft2). What is its area in square meters?
APPR ACH We use the same conversion factor, 1 in. = 2.54 cm, but this time
we have to use it twice.
S LUTI N Because lin. = 2.54cm = 0.0254m, then lft2 = (12 in.)2(0.0254 m/in.)2 =
0.0929 m2. So 880 ft2 = (880ft2)(0.0929 m2/ft2) « 82 m2.
N TE As a rule of thumb, an area given in ft2 is roughly 10 times the number of
square meters (more precisely, about 10.8 X) .
EXAMPLE 1 - 4 Speeds. Where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour
(mi/h or mph), what is this speed (a) in meters per second (m/s) and (b) in
kilometers per hour (km/h)?
APPR ACH We again use the conversion factor 1 in. = 2.54 cm, and we recall
that there are 5280 ft in a mile and 12 inches in a foot; also, one hour contains
(60min/h) X (60s/min) = 3600 s/h.
S LUTI N (a) We can write 1 mile as
jGirr 1m
1 mi = (5280ir)( 2.54 = 1609 m.
'TRv. / \ 100 jGfTf
We also know that 1 hour contains 3600 s, so
'mi. m 1 JT
55 — = 55 1609 = 25“ ,
h ir ~mL J V3600 s s
where we rounded off to two significant figures.
(b) Now we use 1 mi = 1609 m = 1.609 km; then
' m i. km _km
55 — = 55 1.609 - 88- .
h 'm i
N TE Each conversion factor is equal to one. You can look up most conversion j PR BLEM S LVING
factors in the Table inside the front cover. Conversion factors = 1
EXERCISE F Would driver tr veling t 15 m /s in 35 m i/h zone be exceeding the speed

limit?
When changing units, you can avoid making an error in the use of conversion \PR BLEM S LVING
factors by checking that units cancel out properly. For example, in our conversion Unit conversion is w ron g if units do
of 1 mi to 1609 m in Example 1 - 4(a), if we had incorrectly used the factor ( n ^ ) n ot cancel
instead of (ujoSn), the centimeter units would not have cancelled out; we would not
have ended up with meters.
1—6 Order of M gnitude: R pid Estim ting

We are sometimes interested only in an approximate value for a quantity. This
might be because an accurate calculation would take more time than it is worth
or would require additional data that are not available. In other cases, we may
want to make a rough estimate in order to check an accurate calculation made
on a calculator, to make sure that no blunders were made when the numbers
were entered. ^
A rough estimate is made by rounding off all numbers to one significant figure \ \ PR BLEM S LVING
and its power of 10, and after the calculation is made, again only one significant H o w to m ake a roug estimate
figure is kept. Such an estimate is called an order-of-m gnitude estim te and can
be accurate within a factor of 10, and often better. In fact, the phrase “order of
magnitude” is sometimes used to refer simply to the power of 10.
SECTI N 1- 6 rder of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating 9

r = 500 in
10 m
(b)
FIGURE 1 - 7 E x m ple 1 - 5 . ( ) H ow
m uch w ter is in this l ke? (P h oto is o f
on e o f the R e L kes in the Sierr
N ev d o f C liforni .) (b) M od el o f
the l ke s cylinder. [We could go on e
step further nd estim te the m ss or
w eight o f this l ke. W e w ill see l ter
th t w ter h s density o f 1000 k g /m 3,
so this l ke h s m ss o f bout
(I0 3 k g /m 3) ( l0 7 m 3) « 1010 kg, which is
bout 10 b illion kg or 10 m illion m etric
tons. (A m etric ton is 1000 kg, bout
2200 lbs, slightly l rger th n British
ton, 2000 lbs.)]
EXAMPLE 1 - 5 ESTIMATE I Volume of a lake. Estimate how much water

© - PHYSICS APPLIED
E stim atin g t e vo lu m e (or m ass) o f there is in a particular lake, Fig. l - 7 a , which is roughly circular, about 1 km
a lake; see also Fig. 1 - 7 across, and you guess it has an average depth of about 10 m.
APPR ACH No lake is a perfect circle, nor can lakes be expected to have a
perfectly flat bottom. We are only estimating here. To estimate the volume, we
can use a simple model of the lake as a cylinder: we multiply the average depth
of the lake times its roughly circular surface area, as if the lake were a cylinder
(Fig. l - 7 b ).
S LUTI N The volume V of a cylinder is the product of its height times the
area of its base: V = irr2, where r is the radius of the circular base.f The radius r
is \ km = 500 m, so the volume is approximately
V = irr2 M (10 m) X (3) X (5 X 102m)2 m 8 X 106m3 « 107m3,
where tt was rounded off to 3. So the volume is on the order of 107m3, ten
million cubic meters. Because of all the estimates that went into this calculation,
the order-of-magnitude estimate (l07m3) is probably better to quote than the
8 X 106m3 figure.
N TE To express our result in U.S. gallons, we see in the Table on the inside
front cover that 1 liter = 10-3 m3 « \ gallon. Hence, the lake contains
(8 X 106m3)(l gallon/4 X 10_3m3) « 2 X 109 gallons of water.
EXAMPLE 1 - 6 ESTIMATE I Thickness of a page. Estimate the thickness

of a page of this book.
APPR ACH At first you might think that a special measuring device, a micrometer
(Fig. 1 - 8), is needed to measure the thickness of one page since an ordinary
PR BLEM S LVING ruler clearly won’t do. But we can use a trick or, to put it in physics terms, make
Use sy m m e try w en p o ssib le use of a symmetry, we can make the reasonable assumption that all the pages of
this book are equal in thickness.
S LUTI N We can use a ruler to measure hundreds of pages at once. If you
measure the thickness of the first 500 pages of this book (page 1 to page 500),
you might get something like 1.5 cm. Note that 500 numbered pages,
fFormul s like this for volume, re , etc., re found inside the b ck cover of this book.

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roar as it plunged over the bluff and tore a way down to the rocks
below. The slide gathered momentum as it went.
Hollister peered down. The crouched figure was gone, had been
buried in the giant billow of white.
The engineer refastened his ski, took a few swinging strokes
forward, and came to a smooth incline. Down this he coasted rapidly.
The buried man was just struggling out of the white mass when a
hand closed on his coat collar. It dragged him from the pack and held
him firmly down. Not till Tug made sure that the revolver was missing
did he let the man rise.
“Wot’ell’s eatin’ youse?” the rescued man growled, snarling at him.
Tug Hollister stood face to face with the tramp he knew by the name
of Cig. Recognition was simultaneous.
“What were you doing at my camp?”
“Aw, go chase yoreself. I ain’t been near your camp.”
“All right, if that’s your story. We’ll go back there now. The sheriff
wants you.”
The evil face of the crook worked. Out of the corner of his twisted
mouth he spoke venomously. “Say, if I had my gun I’d croak youse.”
“But you haven’t it. Get busy. Dig out your skis.”
“Nothin’ doing. Dig ’em yoreself if youse want ’em.”
Hollister knew of only one argument that would be effective with this
product of New York’s underworld. He used it, filled with disgust
because circumstances forced his hand. When Cig could endure no
longer, he gave way sullenly.
“’Nuff. But some day I’ll get you right for this. I aimed to bump you
off, anyhow. Now I soitainly will. I ain’t forgot you rapped on me to
that guy Reed.”
“I’ve told you once I didn’t, and you wouldn’t believe me. We’ll let it
go at that. Now get those skis.”
The snowshoes were rescued and the broken one mended. Hollister
watched his prisoner every minute of the time. He did not intend to
run the risk of being hit in the head by a bit of broken rock.
The two moved down into the valley, Cig breaking trail. He made
excuses that he was dead tired and couldn’t go another step. They
did not serve him well. His captor would not let the crook get in his
rear for a single second. He knew that, if the fellow got a chance, he
would murder him without the least hesitation.
In a blinding snowstorm the two men reached camp. Twice Cig had
tried to bolt and twice had been caught and punished. This was a
degrading business, but the engineer had no choice. It was
necessary to bring the man in because he had been up to some
deviltry, and Hollister could not let him go without first finding out
what it was.
He took him into his own tent and put him through a searching quiz.
The result of it was precisely nothing. Cig jeered at him defiantly. If
he could prove anything against him, let him go to it. That was the
substance of the New Yorker’s answers.
“All right. I’ll turn you over to Clint Reed. He’s got something to say to
you for stealing his little girl. From the way he talked, I judge you’re
in for a bad time of it.”
Cig protested. He hadn’t stolen the girl. How did they know he had?
Who said so? What would he do a crazy thing like that for? To all of
which Hollister said calmly that he would have to explain that to
Reed. If he could satisfy the cattleman, it would be all right with him.
Reed could pass him on to Sheriff Daniels without further delay.
“You’re a heluva pardner, ain’t youse?” sneered the crook with an
ugly lift of his upper lip. “T’row me down foist chance youse get.”
“I’m not your partner. We hit different trails the day we left the
Diamond Bar K ranch. You needn’t play baby on me. That won’t buy
you anything.”
“Gonna turn me over to Reed, then, are youse?”
“I’ve no time to bother with you. He’ll know how to handle the case.
Better that way, I reckon.”
Cig said nothing. For half an hour there was silence in the tent.
Hollister knew that his threat was sinking in, that the kidnapper was
uneasily examining the situation to find the best way out.
Daylight came, and with it signs of activity around the camp. Smoke
poured out of the stovepipe projecting from the chuck tent. Men’s
voices sounded. At last the beating of an iron on the triangle
summoned them to breakfast.
“We’ll eat before we start,” Hollister said.
“Don’ want nothin’ to eat,” growled the prisoner.
“Different here. I do. You’ll come along, anyhow.”
The men at breakfast looked with surprise at the guest of the boss
when he appeared. Hollister explained what he was doing there.
“I want to go into the tunnel and have a look around before any of
you do any work,” he added. “This fellow was up to some mischief,
and I want to find out what it was.”
Cig’s palate went dry. He knew better than they did in what a
predicament he had put himself. If he let the thing go through as
originally intended, these men would never let him reach a sheriff. If
he confessed—what would they do to him?
He ate mechanically and yet voraciously, for the exercise of the night
had left him hungry. But every moment his mind was sifting the facts
of the case for an out.
Hollister rose to leave. “Take care of this fellow till I get back, Tom. I
don’t know what he was up to, but if anything happens to me, rush
him right down to Daniels.”
“We will—in a pig’s eye,” the foreman answered bluntly. “If anything
happens to you, we’ll give this bird his, muy pronto.”
The engineer was lifting the flap of the tent when Cig spoke huskily
from a parched throat. “I’ll go along wid youse.”
“All right.” Not the least change of expression in his face showed that
Hollister knew he had won, knew he had broken down the fellow’s
stiff and sullen resistance.
Cig shuffled beside Tug to the tunnel. The months had made a
difference in the bearing of the ex-service man. When the New
Yorker had met him first, Hollister’s mental attitude found expression
in the way he walked. He was a tramp, in clothes, in spirit, in habit of
life, and in the way he carried his body. The shoulders drooped, the
feet dragged, the expression of the face was cynical. Since then
there had been relit in him the spark of self-respect. He was a new
man.
He stepped aside, to let Cig pass first into the tunnel. At the entrance
he lit two candles and handed one to his prisoner.
“What did you want to come for?” he asked. “Have you something to
show me? Or something to tell me?”
Cig moved forward. He spoke over his shoulder, protecting the
candle with one hand. “Just a bit of a lark. Thought I’d throw a scare
into yore men.”
“How?”
The former convict continued through the tunnel to the face of the
rock wall. He set his candle down on a niche of jutting sandstone.
With his fingers he scraped away some sand from the ragged wall.
“What’s that?” Hollister’s voice was sharp. He held out his hand.
“Let’s have it.”
From beneath the sand Cig had taken a stick of dynamite. He dug up
five others.
The object of putting them there was plain enough. If a workman had
struck any one of them with a pick, there would have been an
explosion, and the sand beds round the rocks were precisely the
places into which the pick points would have gone. The thing had
been a deliberate attempt at cold-blooded wholesale murder.
“Sure you have them all?” Hollister asked.
“Yep. Had only six.” He added, with a whine: “Didn’t aim to hurt any
o’ the boys, but only to scare ’em some.”
The engineer made no comment. He drove his prisoner before him
back into the light. Tom met him at the entrance to the tunnel. The
foreman examined the sticks of dynamite, listened to what Hollister
had to say, and jerked his head toward Cig.
“The boys’ll fix him right so’s he’ll never pull another trick like this,”
he told his chief.
“No,” opposed Hollister. “Nothing of that sort, Tom. I’m going to take
him down to the sheriff. We’ll send him over the road.”
“Like blazes we will!” the foreman burst out. “If you hadn’t happened
to see him this morning, three or four of us might be dead by now.
Hanging’s too good for this guy.”
“Yes,” agreed Tug. “But we’re not going to put ourselves in the wrong
because he is. The law will deal with him.”
“The boys ain’t liable to feel that way,” Tom said significantly.
“They won’t know anything about it till we’ve gone. You’ll tell them
then.” His hand fell on the foreman’s shoulder with a grip that was
almost affectionate. “We can’t have a lynching here, Tom. We’d be
the ones in bad then.”
Tom had to feel his way through a few moments of sulkiness to
acceptance of this point of view. “All right. You’re the doctor. Hustle
this fellow outa camp an’ I’ll wait till you’re gone. Sure he’s picked up
every stick of this stuff?”
Cig was quite sure about that. He spoke humbly and with all the
braggadocio gone from his manner. He had been thoroughly
frightened and did not yet feel wholly out of the woods. Not till he
was behind the bars would he feel quite safe again.
CHAPTER XXIII
OUT OF THE BLIZZARD
Tom called a warning to Hollister as the engineer and his prisoner

struck out into the blinding storm. “Careful you don’t get lost. Looks
like she’s gettin’ her back up for a reg’lar snifter.”
The snow was still falling thickly, but it had behind it now a driving
wind that slapped it in the faces of the men at a slanting angle.
Presently under the lee of a hill they got their backs to the storm, but
this did not greatly improve conditions, for the whip of the wind
caught up the surface drifts and whirled them at the travelers.
Hollister had buckled on a belt with a revolver and had taken the
precaution to rope his prisoner to him with ten feet of slack between.
They ploughed through the new snow that had fallen above the
crust, making slow progress even with the wind to help.
From the shelter of the gulch they came into the full force of the
howling hurricane. It caught them as they crossed a mesa leading to
a cañon. Hollister realized that the snow was thinning, but the wind
was rising and the temperature falling. He did not like that. Even to
his lack of experience there was the feel of a blizzard in the air.
Moreover, before they were halfway across the mesa he had a
sense of having lost his direction.
Cig dropped back, whining. This was an adventure wholly out of his
line. He was game enough in his way, but bucking blizzards was not
one of the things he had known in his city-cramped experience.
“We gotta go back. It’ll get us sure if we don’t,” he pleaded.
Tug would have turned back gladly enough if he had known which
way to go, but in the swirl of white that enveloped them he did not
know east from west. The thing to do, he judged, was to strike as
straight a line as possible. This ought to take them off the mesa to
the shelter of some draw or wooded ravine.
“It’ll be better when we get where the wind can’t slam across the
open at us,” he said.
For the moment at least the former convict was innocuous. He was
wholly preoccupied with the battle against the storm. Tug took the
lead and broke trail.
The whirling snow stung his face like burning sand. His skis clogged
with the weight of the drifts. Each dragging step gave him the sense
of lifting a leaden ball chained to his feet.
Cig went down, whimpering. “I’m all in!” he shrieked through the
noise of the screaming blasts.
“Forget it, man!” Hollister dragged him to his feet. “If you quit now
you’re done for. Keep coming. We’ll get off this mesa soon. It can’t
be far now.”
He was none too confident himself. Stories came to his mind of men
who had wandered round and round in a circle till the blizzard had
taken toll of their vitality and claimed them for its own.
The prisoner sank down again and had to be dragged out of the drift
into which he had fallen. Five or six times the taut rope stopped
Tug’s progress. Somehow he cheered and bullied the worn-out man
to the edge of the mesa, down a sharp slope, and into the wind-
break of a young grove of pines.
Into the snow Cig dropped helplessly. The hinges of his knees
wouldn’t hold him any longer. His expression reminded Hollister of
the frightened face of a child.
“I’m goin’ west,” he said.
“Not this trip,” the engineer told him. “Buck up and we’ll make it fine.
Don’t know this country, do you? We’re at the mouth of a gulch.”
Cig looked around. In front of him was a twisted pine that looked like
an umbrella blown inside out. He recognized it.
“This gulch leads into another. There’s a cabin in it,” he said. “A
heluva long ways from here.”
“Then we’d better get started,” Tug suggested. “The cabin won’t
come to us.”
He gave the Bowery tough a hand to help him to his feet. Cig pulled
himself up.
“Never get there in the world,” he complained. “Tell you I’m done.”
He staggered into the drifts after his leader. The bitter wind and cold
searched through their clothing to freeze the life out of them. At the
end of a long slow two hundred yards, the weaker man quit.
Hollister came back to him. He lay huddled on the newly broken trail.
“Get up!” ordered Tug.
“Nothin’ doing. I’m through. Go on an’ leave me if youse want to, you
big stiff.”
It was the man’s last flare of defiance. He collapsed into himself,
helpless as a boxer counted out in the roped ring. Hollister tugged at
him, cuffed him, scolded, and encouraged. None of these seemed
even to reach his consciousness. He lay inert, even the will to live
beaten out of him.
In that moment, while Hollister stood there considering, buffeted by
the howling wind and the sting of the pelting sleet, he saw at his feet
a brother whose life must be saved and not an outlaw and potential
murderer. He could not leave Cig, even to save himself.
Tug’s teeth fastened to one end of a mitten. He dragged it from his
hand. Half-frozen fingers searched in his pocket for a knife and
found it. They could not open the blade, and he did this, too, with his
teeth. Then, dropping to one knee awkwardly, he sawed at the
thongs which fastened the other’s skis. They were coated with ice,
but he managed to sever them.
He picked up the supine body and ploughed forward up the gulch.
The hope he nursed was a cold and forlorn one. He did not know the
cañon or how far it was to the gulch in which the cabin was. By
mistake he might go wandering up a draw which led nowhere. Or he
might drop in his tracks from sheer exhaustion.
But he was a fighter. It was not in him to give up. He had to stagger
on, to crawl forward, to drag his burden after him when he could not
carry it. His teeth were set fast, clinched with the primal instinct to go
through with it as long as he could edge an inch toward his goal.
A gulch opened out of the cañon. Into it he turned, head down
against a wind that hit him like a wall. The air, thick with sifted ice,
intensely cold, sapped the warmth and vitality of his body. His
numbed legs doubled under the weight of him as though hinged. He
was down and up again and down, but the call of life still drove him.
Automatically he clung to his helpless load as though it were a part
of himself.
Out of the furious gray flurry a cabin detached itself. He weaved a
crooked path toward it, reached the wall, crept along the logs to a
door. Against this he plunged forward, reaching for the latch blindly.
The door gave, and he pitched to the floor.
He lay there, conscious, but with scarcely energy enough of mind or
body to register impressions. A fire roared up the chimney. He knew
that. Some one rose with an exclamation of amazement at his
intrusion. There was a hiatus of time. His companion of the
adventure, still tied to him, lay on the floor. A man was stooping over
Cig, busy with the removal of his ice-coated garments.
The man cut the rope. Hollister crawled closer to the fire. He
unfastened the slicker and flung it aside. If he had not lost his knife,
he would have cut the thongs of the skis. Instead, he thrust his feet
close to the red glow to thaw out the ice-knots that had gathered.
He was exhausted from the fight through the deep drifts, but he was
not physically in a bad way. A few hours’ sleep would be all he
needed to set him right.
“Take a nip of this,” a squeaky voice advised.
Hollister turned his head quickly. He looked into the leathery face
and skim-milk eyes of Jake Prowers. It would be hard to say which of
them was the more startled.
“By jiminy by jinks, if it ain’t the smart-aleck hobo engineer,” the
cattleman announced to himself.
“Is he alive?” asked Tug, nodding toward the man on the floor.
“Be all right in a li’l’ while. His eyes flickered when I gave him a drink.
How’d you come here, anyhow?”
“Got lost in the storm. He played out. Had to drag him.” Tug rubbed
his hands together to restore circulation.
“Mean you got lost an’ just happened in here?”
“Yes.”
“Hmp! Better be born lucky than with brains, I’ll say. What were you
doin’ out in the blizzard? Where you headed for?”
“I was taking him to Wild Horse—to the sheriff.”
A mask dropped over the eyes of the little cattleman. “What for?
What’s he been doin’?”
“He’s wanted for shooting Mr. Reed and firing his wheatfield.”
“You been appointed deputy sheriff since you took to playin’ good?”
“And for other things,” the engineer added, as though Prowers’s
sneer had not been uttered.
“Meanin’ which?”
“Kidnapping Reed’s little girl.”
“No proof of that a-tall. Anything more?”
The eyes of the two met and grew chill. Hollister knew that the
rancher was feeling out the ground. He wanted to find out what had
taken place to-day.
“What more could there be?” Tug asked quietly.
Neither relaxed the rigor of his gaze. In the light-blue orbs of the
older was an expression cold and cruel, almost unhuman,
indefinably menacing.
“Claims I was tryin’ to blow up his mine.” The voice came from
behind Prowers. It was faint and querulous. “Say, I’m froze up inside.
Gimme a drink, Jake.”
Prowers passed the bottle over. He continued to look at the uninvited
guest who knew too much. “Howcome you to get that notion about
him blowin’ up yore tunnel?” he asked.
“Caught him at it. Dragged him back and made him show where he
had put the sticks of powder,” Hollister answered grimly. “You
interested in this, Mr. Prowers?”
“Some. Why not? Got to be neighborly, haven’t I?” The high voice
had fallen to a soft purr. It came to Hollister, with a cold swift patter of
mice feet down his spine, that he was in deadly danger. Nobody
knew he was here, except these two men. Cig had only to give it out
that they had become separated in the blizzard. They could, unless
he was able to protect himself, murder him and dispose of the body
in entire safety. If reports were true, Prowers was an adept at that
kind of sinister business. Tug had, of course, a revolver, but he knew
that the cattleman could beat him to the draw whenever he chose.
The old man was a famous shot. He would take his time. He would
make sure before he struck. The blow would fall when his victim’s
wariness relaxed, at the moment when he was least expecting it.
Tug knew that neither of these two in the room with him had any
regard for the sanctity of human life. There are such people, a few
among many millions, essentially feral, untouched by any sense of
common kinship in the human race. Prowers would be moved by
one consideration only. Would it pay to obliterate him? The greatest
factor in the strength of the cattleman’s position was that men
regarded him with fear and awe. The disappearance of Hollister
would stir up whisperings and suspicions. Others would read the
obvious lesson. Daunted, they would sidestep the old man rather
than oppose him. Yet no proof could be found to establish definitely
a crime, or at any rate to connect him with it.
The issue of the Sweetwater Dam project meant more to Prowers
than dollars and cents. His power and influence in the neighborhood
were at stake, and it was for these that he lived. If the irrigation
project should be successful, it would bring about a change in the
character of the country. Settlers would pour in, farm the Flat Tops,
and gobble up the remnants of the open range. To the new phase of
cattle-raising that must develop, he was unalterably opposed. He
had no intention, if he could prevent it, of seeing Paradise Valley
dominated by other men and other ways. The development of the
land would make Clint Reed bulk larger in the county; it would
inevitably push Jake into the background and make of him a minor
figure.
To prevent this, Prowers would stick at nothing. Hollister was only a
subordinate, but his death would serve excellently to point a sinister
moral. If more important persons did not take warning, they, too,
might vanish from the paths of the living.
“You’re neighborly enough, even if you visited us by deputy this
morning,” Hollister answered, level gaze fixed on the cattleman.
“Did I visit you by deputy?” Jake asked, gently ironical.
“Didn’t you? One with six sticks of dynamite to help us on the job.”
“News to me. How about it, Cig? What’s yore smart-aleck friend
drivin’ at?”
Cig had crept forward to the fire and lay crouched on the hearth. His
twitching face registered the torture of a circulation beginning to
normalize itself again in frozen hands and feet.
“Said he’d turn me over to that guy Reed. Took advantage of me
while I was played out to beat me up,” snarled the city tough. He
finished with a string of vile epithets.
The splenetic laughter of the cattleman cackled out. “So you’re
aimin’ to take Cig here down to Daniels with that cock-an’-bull story
you cooked up. Is that the play?”
“Yes, I’m going to take him down—now or later.”
This appeared to amuse the little man. His cracked laughter sounded
again. “Now or later, by jimmy by jinks. My hobo friend, if you’d lived
in this country long as I have, you wouldn’t gamble heavy on that
‘later.’ If you’d read yore Bible proper, you’d know that man’s days
are as grass, which withers up considerable an’ sudden. Things
happen in this world of woe right onexpected.”
Tug did not dodge this covert threat. He dragged it into the open.
“What could happen to me now we’re safe out of the storm, Mr.
Prowers?”
The skim-milk eyes did not change expression, but there seemed to
lie back of them the jeer of mockery. “Why, ’most anything. We eat
canned tomatoes for supper, say—an’ you get lead poisonin’. I’ve
known real healthy-lookin’ folks fall asleep an’ never wake up.”
“Yes. That’s true,” Hollister agreed, an odd sinking in the pit of his
stomach. “And I’ve seen murderers who could have passed a first-
class life insurance examination quit living very suddenly. The other
day I read a piece about a scoundrel in Mexico who had killed two or
three people. He rather had the habit. When he shot another in the
back, his neighbors rode to his ranch one night and hanged him to
his own wagon tongue.”
“I always did say Mexico was no place for a white man to live,” the
old fellow piped amiably. “Well, I expect you boys are hungry, buckin’
this blizzard. What say to some dinner?”
“Good enough. No canned tomatoes, though, if you please.”
Once more Hollister and Prowers measured eyes before the
cattleman grinned evilly.
“Glad you mentioned it. I was aimin’ to have tomatoes,” he said.
CHAPTER XXIV
“COME ON, YOU DAMN BUSHWHACKER”
The fury of the storm rattled the window panes. Down the chimney
came the shrill whistle of the gale. The light of day broke dimly
through the heavy clouds that swept above the gulch from peak to
peak.
Two of the men sitting at dinner in the cabin watched each other
intently if covertly. The third, dog-tired, nodded over the food he
rushed voraciously to his mouth.
“Gonna pound my ear,” Cig announced as soon as he had finished
eating.
He threw himself on a bunk and inside of five minutes was snoring.
Tug, too, wanted to sleep. The desire of it grew on him with the
passing hours. Overtaxed nature demanded a chance to recuperate.
Instead, the young man drank strong coffee.
Jake Prowers’s shrill little voice asked mildly, with the hint of a cackle
in it, if he was not tired.
“In the middle of the day?” answered Tug, stifling a yawn.
“Glad you ain’t. You ’n’ me’ll be comp’ny for each other. Storm’s
peterin’ out, looks like.”
“Yes,” agreed the guest.
It was. Except for occasional gusts, the wind had died away. Tug
considered the possibility of leaving before night fell. But if he left,
where could he go in the gathering darkness? Would Prowers let him
walk safely away? Or would a declaration of his intention to go bring
an immediate showdown? Even so, better fight the thing out now,
while he was awake and Cig asleep, than wait until he slipped into
drowsiness that would give the little spider-man his chance to strike
and kill.
Tug had no longer any doubt of his host’s intention. Under a thin
disguise he saw the horrible purpose riding every word and look. It
would be soon now. Why not choose his own time and try to get the
break of the draw?
He could not do it. Neither will nor muscles would respond to the
logical conviction of his mind that he was entitled to any advantage
he could get. To whip out his gun and fire might be fair. He had no
trouble in deciding that it was. But if luck were with him—if he came
out alive from the duel—how could he explain why he had shot down
without warning the man who was sheltering him from the blizzard?
For that matter, how could he justify it to himself in the years to
come? A moral certainty was not enough. He must wait until he
knew, until the old killer made that lightning move which would give
him just the vantage-ground Tug was denying himself.
All that Tug could do was watch him, every nerve keyed and muscle
tensed, or bring the struggle to immediate issue. He came, suddenly,
clearly, to the end of doubt.
“Time I was going,” he said, and his voice rang clear.
“Going where?” Prowers’s hand stopped caressing his unshaven
chin and fell, almost too casually, to his side.
They glared at each other, tense, crouched, eyes narrowed and
unwinking. Duels are fought and lost in that preliminary battle of
locked eyes which precedes the short, sharp stabbings of the
cartridge explosions. Soul searches soul for the temper of the foe’s
courage.
Neither gaze wavered. Each found the other stark, indomitable. The
odds were heavily in favor of the old cattleman. He was a practiced
gunman. Quicker than the eye could follow would come the upsweep
of his arm. He could fire from the hip without taking aim. Nobody in
the county could empty a revolver faster than he. But the younger
man had one advantage. He had disarranged Prowers’s plans by
taking the initiative, by forcing the killer’s hand. This was
unexpected. It disturbed Jake the least in the world. His opponents
usually dodged a crisis that would lead to conflict.
A cold blast beat into the house. In the open doorway stood a man,
the range rider Black. Both men stared at him silently. Each knew
that his coming had changed the conditions of the equation.
Under the blue cheek of the newcomer a quid of tobacco stood out.
It was impossible to tell from his impassive face how much or how
little of the situation he guessed.
“Ran outa smokin’,” he said. “Thought I’d drap over an’ have you
loan me the makin’s.”
He had closed the door. Now he shuffled forward to the fire and with
a charred stick knocked the snow from his webs.
“A sure enough rip-snorter, if any one asks you,” he continued mildly
by way of comment on the weather. “Don’t know as I recall any storm
wuss while it lasted. I seen longer ones, unless this ’un ’s jest
gatherin’ second wind.”
Tug drew a deep breath of relief and eased down. Red tragedy had
been hovering in the gathering shadows of the room. It was there no
longer. The blessed homely commonplace of life had entered with
the lank homesteader and his need of “the makin’s.”
“Not fur from my place,” Black went on, ignoring the silence. “But I’ll
be dawg-goned if it wasn’t ’most all I could do to break through the
drifts. If I’d ’a’ known it was so bad I’m blamed if I wouldn’t ’a’ stayed
right by my own fireside an’ read that book my sister give me twenty-
odd years ago. Its a right good book, I been told, an’ I been waitin’ till
I broke my laig to read it. Funny about that, too. The only time I ever
bust my laig an’ got stove up proper was ’way down on Wild Cat
Creek. The doc kep’ me flat on a bunk three weeks, an’ that book
‘David Coppermine’ a whole day away from me up in the hills.”
“David Copperfield,” suggested Tug.
“Tha’s right, too. But it sure fooled me when I looked into it onct. It
ain’t got a thing to do with the Butte mines or the Arizona ones
neither. Say, Jake, what about that tobacco? Can you lend me the
loan of a sack?”
Prowers pointed to a shelf above the table. He was annoyed at
Black. It was like his shiftlessness not to keep enough tobacco on
hand. Of all the hours in the year, why should he butt in at precisely
this one? He was confoundedly in the way. The cattleman knew that
he could not go on with this thing now. Don was not thoroughgoing
enough. He would do a good many things outside the law, but they
had to conform to his own peculiar code. He had joined in the cattle
stampede only after being persuaded that nobody would be hurt by
it. Since then Jake had not felt that he was dependable. The
homesteader was suffering from an attack of conscience.
Cig had wakened when the rush of cold air from the open door had
swept across the room. He sat up now, yawning and stretching
himself awake.
“What a Gawd-forsaken country!” he jeered. “Me for de bright lights
of li’l’ ol’ New York. If Cig ever lands in de Grand Central, he’ll stick
right on de island, b’lieve me. I wisht I was at Mike’s Place right dis
minute. A skoit hangs out dere who’s stuck on yours truly. Some
dame, I’ll tell de world.” And he launched into a disreputable
reminiscence.
Nobody echoed his laughter. Hollister was disgusted. Black did not
like the tramp. The brain of Prowers was already spinning a cobweb
of plots.
Cig looked round. What was the matter with these boobs, anyhow?
Didn’t they know a good story when they heard one?
“Say, wot’ell is dis—a Salvation Army dump before de music opens
up?” he asked, with an insulting lift of the upper lip.
Tug strapped on his skis, always with an eye on Prowers.
Which reminded Cig. A triumphant venom surged up in him.
“Gonna take me down to de cop, are youse?” he sneered. “Say, will
youse ring for a taxi, Jake? I gotta go to jail wid dis bird.”
In two sentences Prowers gave his version of the story to Black. Tug
corrected him instantly.
“He came to blow us up in the tunnel. When I took him back, he dug
six sticks of dynamite out of the dirt in the rock wall.”
Black spat into the fire. His face reflected disgust, but he said
nothing. What was there to say, except that his soul was sick of the
evil into which he was being dragged by the man he accepted as
leader?
Tug put on his slicker.
“Where you going?” asked Black.
“To the camp.”
“’S a long way. Better stay at my shack to-night.”
“Much obliged. I will.”
They went out together. Tug was careful to walk with Black between
him and the cabin as long as it was in sight.
The wind had died completely, so that the air was no longer a white
smother. Travel was easy, for the cold had crusted the top of the
snow. They worked their way out of the gulch, crossed an edge of
the forest reserve, and passed the cabin of the homesteader
Howard. Not far from this, Black turned into his own place.
The range rider kicked off his webs and replenished the fire. While
he made supper, Hollister sat on the floor before the glowing piñon
knots and dried his skis. When they were thoroughly dry, he waxed
them well, rubbing in the wax with a cork.
“Come an’ get it,” Black called presently.
They sat down to a meal of ham, potatoes, biscuits, plenty of gravy,
and coffee. Tug did himself well. He had worked hard enough in the
drifts to justify a man-size hunger.
Their talk rambled in the casual fashion of haphazard conversation.
It touched on Jake Prowers and Cig, rather sketchily, for Black did
not care to discuss the men with whom he was still allied, no matter
what his private opinion of them might be. It included the tunnel and
the chances of success of the Sweetwater Dam project, this last a
matter upon which they differed. Don had spent his life in the saddle.
He stuck doggedly to the contention that, since water will not run
uphill, the whole enterprise was “dawg-goned foolishness.”
Hollister gave up, shrugging his shoulders. “All right with me. A man
convinced against his will, you know. Trouble with you is that you
don’t want the Flat Tops irrigated, so you won’t let yourself believe
they can be.”
“The Government engineers said they couldn’t be watered, didn’t
they? Well, their say-so goes with me all right.”
“They were wrong, but you needn’t believe it till you see water in the
ditches on Flat Top.”
“I won’t.”
Tug rose from the table and expanded his lungs in a deep, luxurious
yawn. “Think I’ll turn in and sleep round the clock if you don’t mind. I
can hardly keep my eyes open.”
Black waved his hand at the nearest bunk. “Go to it.”
While he was taking off his boots, the engineer came to a matter he
wanted to get off his mind. “Expect you know the hole I was in when
you showed up this afternoon. I’ll say I never was more glad to see
anybody in my life.”
“What d’you mean?” asked Black, blank wall eyes full on his guest.
“I mean that Prowers was watching for a chance to kill me. I’d called
for a showdown a moment before you opened the door.”
The range rider lied, loyally. “Nothin’ to that a-tall. What would Jake
want to do that for? Would it get him anything if he did? You sure
fooled yoreself if that’s what you were thinking.”
“Did I?” The eyes of the younger man were on Black, hard, keen,
and intent. “Well, that’s exactly what I was thinking. And still am.
Subject number two on which we’ll have to agree to disagree.”
“Jake’s no bad man runnin’ around gunnin’ men for to see ’em kick.
You been readin’ too much Billy the Kid stuff, I shouldn’t wonder.”
Tug dropped the second boot on the floor and rose to take off his
coat.
There came the sound of a shot, the crash of breaking glass.
Hollister swayed drunkenly on his feet, groped for the back of a
chair, half turned, and slid to the floor beside the bunk.
Usually Black’s movements were slow. Now no panther could have
leaped for the lamp more swiftly. He blew out the light, crept along
the log wall to the window, reached out a hand cautiously, and drew
a curtain across the pane through which a bullet had just come.
Then, crouching, he ran across the room and took a rifle from the
deer’s horns upon which it rested.
“Come on, you damn bushwhacker. I’m ready for you,” he muttered.

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Physics for Scientists and Engineers

with Modern Physics 4th Edition

Modern Physics with Modern Computational Methods: for

Student Workbook for Physics for Scientists and

Physics for Scientists and Engineers with modern

Physics for Scientists and Engineers A Strategic

Physics for scientists and engineers an interactive

Thermal Physics Thermodynamics and Statistical

Modern Physics 4th Edition Kenneth S. Krane

Fortran for Scientists and Engineers 4th Edition

President, Science: Paul Corey

© 2009, 2000, 1989, 1984 by Douglas C. Giancoli

• Pearson Education, Inc.

ISBN-13: 978 - 0-13-149508 -1

Pearson Education LID., London

1 MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING 1 USING NEWroN's l.Aws: FruCTioN,

T he W ave N ature L ght ;

y j i i ' w n in H r . th e n h ( « l K- p l4 A ‘J .11 lltL> N irti

E arly Q uantum T heory and

38 Q uantum M echan cs 1017

42-1 Nuclear Reactions and the

Ch pter 1 Escape velocity from Earth or Moon 201 Ch pter 15

Why Fourth Edition?

Content nd Org niz tion l Ch nges

Mario Affatigato, oe ollege Jim LaBelle, Dartmouth ollege

About the Author

Online Supplements (p rti l list) Student Supplements (p rti l list)

NOTES ON THE FORMAT AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Electricity nd m gnetism Electric circuit symbols

Electric ch rge (+) + ) or • + Inductor - /n n n p -

Virtu l im ge 4 Direction of motion ------- ►

1—1 The N ture of Science

1 -3 Me surement nd Uncert inty;

Percent Uncert inty versus Signific nt Figures

Accur cy versus Precision

SECTI N 1- 3 Measurement, Uncertainty; Significant Figures 5

6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

Lifetim e o f very unst ble sub tomic p rticle 1 0 - 23 s Electron 1(T30 kg

SECTI N 1- 4 Units, Standards, and the SI System 7

21.5 inches = (21.5 X ^ 2 .5 4 ^ ^ = 54.6 cm.

Mt. E verest 8850 8000.0m = (8000.0 l .) ^ 3 .2 8 0 8 4 ; ^ = 26,247ft.

8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

EXERCISE F Would driver tr veling t 15 m /s in 35 m i/h zone be exceeding the speed

1—6 Order of M gnitude: R pid Estim ting

SECTI N 1- 6 rder of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating 9

EXAMPLE 1 - 5 ESTIMATE I Volume of a lake. Estimate how much water

EXAMPLE 1 - 6 ESTIMATE I Thickness of a page. Estimate the thickness

10 CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

Tom called a warning to Hollister as the engineer and his prisoner

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