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Policing Bengali Terrorism' in India and The World: Imperial Intelligence and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1905-1939 Michael Silvestri
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BRITAIN AND THE WORLD
Michael Silvestri
Britain and the World
Series Editors
Martin Farr
School of Historical Studies
Newcastle University
Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
Michelle D. Brock
Department of History
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, VA, USA
Eric G. E. Zuelow
Department of History
University of New England
Biddeford, ME, USA
Britain and the World is a series of books on ‘British world’ history. The
editors invite book proposals from historians of all ranks on the ways in
which Britain has interacted with other societies since the seventeenth cen-
tury. The series is sponsored by the Britain and the World society.
Britain and the World is made up of people from around the world who
share a common interest in Britain, its history, and its impact on the wider
world. The society serves to link the various intellectual communities
around the world that study Britain and its international influence from
the seventeenth century to the present. It explores the impact of Britain
on the world through this book series, an annual conference, and the
Britain and the World journal with Edinburgh University Press.
Martin Farr (martin.farr@newcastle.ac.uk) is the Chair of the British
Scholar Society and General Editor for the Britain and the World book
series. Michelle D. Brock (brockm@wlu.edu) is Series Editor for titles
focusing on the pre-1800 period and Eric G. E. Zuelow (ezuelow@une.
edu) is Series Editor for titles covering the post-1800 period.
Policing ‘Bengali
Terrorism’ in India
and the World
Imperial Intelligence and Revolutionary
Nationalism, 1905–1939
Michael Silvestri
History Department
Clemson University
Clemson, SC, USA
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For my parents
Acknowledgments
This book has had a long and winding history, and in the process of
researching and writing it, I have piled up an extraordinary number of
debts. I first approached the topic of colonial policing in a PhD disserta-
tion at Columbia University, and although only traces of the original thesis
remain in the present study, the intellectual and financial support I received
at Columbia was critical to this book’s genesis. Sir David Cannadine was
an enthusiastic and supportive dissertation supervisor and I was fortunate
to benefit from the insights of a truly outstanding dissertation committee:
David Armitage, Sugata Bose, Leonard Gordon, and Ayesha Jalal. Ayesha’s
suggestion that I explore Sir John Anderson’s career in Bengal has led me
down many profitable avenues of historical research in subsequent years.
Needless to say, neither she nor any of the individuals mentioned in these
acknowledgments are responsible for any deficiencies of fact or interpreta-
tion in this book.
I owe an enormous debt as well to the archives and libraries in which I
have researched and written this book and in particular to the staff of the
Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collections of the British Library. Over the years,
they have been unfailingly helpful with my research questions and research
requests and have made the Asian and African Studies reading room quite
simply the best place in the world to think about, research, and write
about South Asian and British imperial history. At Clemson University, the
staff of the Resource Sharing Office of the Cooper Library have tolerated
my innumerable requests for books, articles, and other materials and have
done an outstanding job of providing them.
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xi
xii CONTENTS
Bibliography341
Index353
List of Tables
xiii
CHAPTER 1
and closely watched by the police and plain clothes men and the shutters of
houses on the streets had been closed under police directions. The opinion
of the local officers was that it would probably have been possible to carry
out this informal visit without such precautions … but that, knowing the
past history of Midnapore and what they consider to be the untrustworthy
nature of the people, and knowing also the present attitude of mind of the
group which has been responsible for much of the trouble in Midnapore in
the past, no responsible officer would have been prepared to take the risk of
waiving strict precautions.4
The book is divided into two parts, which together seek to explain how
intelligence-gathering in Bengal became a central part of the colonial state
apparatus in the twentieth century. Part I explores how colonial anxieties
about “Bengali terrorism” led to the development of an extensive intelli-
gence apparatus within Bengal. The Intelligence Branch of the Bengal
Police and the Special Branch of the Calcutta Police carried out surveil-
lance of revolutionary suspects and ran networks of agents and informers
who were the primary source of information about the revolutionaries.
The immense archive generated by police intelligence was utilized to arrest
and (more frequently) to detain without trial suspected revolutionaries
and neutralize their efforts at political assassination and armed insurgency.
While anxieties about Indian terrorism remained prominent until the end
of colonial rule, and the revolutionaries over time exposed the weaknesses
of police intelligence, intelligence officers in Bengal established a growing
conviction that they could understand and predict the actions of
revolutionaries.
Part II explores how this intelligence expertise was applied globally—
particularly in the interwar period—both to the policing of Bengali revo-
lutionaries and to other anticolonial threats. While the twentieth century
was a century of decolonization for the British Empire, imperial intelli-
gence in Bengal increased during the same decades that officials in London
and New Delhi were planning some form of political devolution for India.
Bengal Police and Indian Civil Service officers formed part of a cadre of
men with imperial police and intelligence experience upon whom British
authorities could draw upon for intelligence work. They contributed to
the construction of a British “intelligence culture” which after the Second
World War was disseminated throughout the empire in a new and more
intensified fashion.22 Bengal intelligence officers thus contributed not only
to imperial intelligence institutions but also to an enduring sense of British
expertise in intelligence matters in the latter half of the twentieth century.23
In seeking to understand the origins and working of imperial intelli-
gence in Bengal and its impact elsewhere in the British Empire, this book
links two separate historiographies: the history of colonial knowledge, spe-
cifically what C. A. Bayly called the information order of British India, and
the transnational history of anticolonial radicalism and imperial intelli-
gence.24 Colonial intelligence in the campaign against the Bengali revolu-
tionaries stands in a period of transition between the nineteenth-century
empire and the development of what might be considered “modern”
intelligence agencies. Colonial police officers who became the authorities
6 M. SILVESTRI
In a nutshell, the situation is that writers may say or invent what they like
about imaginary agents, but must not state that Britain deliberately places or
instructs agents on any foreign soil or secretly anywhere. If their story
requires the presence of agents in such circumstances, it must appear that
their actions are voluntary and entirely free from British direction or
support.37
At Bolpur our school is spied upon systematically, our teachers’ lives are
harassed, we have had guests coming to us who were CID men in disguise.
Sir Rabindranath Tagore is constantly troubled by the CID, his letters
opened, his movements watched as though he were a criminal. In Calcutta
things are so bad that students live in a state of fear bordering on panic. I can
only compare it to what I have read of the German Spy Mania at home.
Everyone knows that the CID had employed students as paid spies in the
hostels; and the most innocent students are in fear of some bogus case being
got up against them. They suspect all their fellow-students. They spend their
days now in a hot-house atmosphere of suspicion…. What is certain beyond
question is this, that the CID in Bengal, by the agents they have employed,
have created such terrible distrust and fear, even in the best men’s minds,
that nothing is regarded as too low or too mean for them to do; and so the
ball of distrust rolls on and on getting larger and larger.43
colonial police and intelligence work against the revolutionaries. For many
colonial officials, the new revolutionary groups—seen as murderous, reli-
giously inspired, conspiratorial secret societies—represented a new variant
on earlier manifestations of Indian criminality—thugs, dacoits (gang rob-
bers), and “criminal tribes”—rather than an entirely new phenomenon. In
similar fashion, the institutions that developed to police the revolutionar-
ies—the Bengal Police Intelligence Branch and the Department of
Criminal Intelligence of the Government of India—bore a similar debt to
earlier institutions—the Special Branch and the Thagi & Dakaiti
Department—devoted to the suppression of what were regarded as dis-
tinctively Indian forms of collective criminality.
The Bengal Police Intelligence Branch was a pioneering police institu-
tion not only within India but also the British Empire. Chapter 3 examines
the structures and practices of police intelligence in colonial Bengal, and
addresses the questions: How did colonial intelligence work in practice?
How was this intelligence gathered, ordered, and understood? The chap-
ter explores both the routine practices of police intelligence and the in-
depth analyses produced by intelligence officers which sought to
understand the history of the revolutionary movement and to predict the
future actions of the revolutionaries. The establishment of District
Intelligence Branches throughout the province attempted to enhance sig-
nificantly the intelligence-gathering capacity of the police regarding the
revolutionary movement, and to remedy the persistent information-
gathering deficiencies of the colonial state.
As in other parts of the British Empire, human intelligence in the form
of agents and informers provided the primary source of information about
and lens through which intelligence officers viewed the revolutionary
movement. This chapter will thus highlight the crucial role in the colonial
state’s counter-terrorism campaign played by Indian intelligence officers,
who were the primary mode of contact between informants and British
officers. It will also explore an issue which was rarely discussed by colonial
officials, but was sometimes a factor in revolutionaries’ decisions to give
confessions to the police or become informants: the use of torture and
coercion. Lastly, this chapter will address the ways in which intelligence
officials sought to convert the masses of information they collected to
histories of the Bengali revolutionaries which sought to predict their
future actions. While the hopes of police officials for an all-encompassing
intelligence structure failed to materialize, intelligence work nevertheless
played an important role in one of the major weapons deployed by the
12 M. SILVESTRI
* * *
Notes
1. Lord Brabourne to Lord Linlithgow, 22 February 1939, R/3/2/6, APAC
BL; and “Memorandum on the History of Terrorism in Bengal 1905–
1933,” (1933) in TIB I: 822.
2. Colonial authorities, seeking to delegitimize the actions of nationalists who
deployed violence as a strategy, typically labeled them as “terrorists,”
although the use of the terms “anarchists” and “revolutionaries” to
describe members of the revolutionary samitis (societies) persisted into the
1930s. While some of the Bengali revolutionaries’ actions conformed to
classical definitions of terrorism (such as political assassination), others did
not (such as plans for broad-based uprisings). Accordingly, the present
study uses the terms “revolutionaries” and “revolutionary terrorists” to
refer to the advocates and practitioners of anticolonial violence in Bengal.
“Bengali terrorism” refers to colonial assumptions about the revolutionar-
ies, which form the subject of this book. For further discussion of the issues
involved in defining terrorism, see Charles Townshend, Terrorism: A Very
1 INTRODUCTION: IMPERIAL INTELLIGENCE AND A FORGOTTEN… 17
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