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• Subject Name- Physical Chemistry

• Chapter Name- Atomic Structure

Lecture No.- 01 By- Faculty Name

1 Some Fundamental Particles

2 Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment

3 Electromagnetic Radiation or Electromagnetic

Wave or Maxwell Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation
4 Plank’s Quantum Theory
 Some Fundamental Particles

Mass of protons = 1.6726 × 10−24 g

Mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10−24 g
Mass of proton ≃ Mass of neutron
Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10−28 g
Charge On electron = 1.6 × 10−19 C → Millikan
Charge on electron = Charge on proton
 Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment

Observation:
Most of the 𝛼-particle passed through gold foil without any deflection.
• Few particles were deflected at small angles.
• Very few particles (1 in 20000) reversed/rebounded or deflected at approx 180∘
Conclusion:
• Almost whole space of atom is empty.
• positively charged core present in centre called nucleus.
 Rutherford’s atomic model
Positively charged nucleus present in centre of atom.
• electron revolve around nucleus with high velocity at different distances
• Overall atom is electrically neutral.
• Volume of nucleus is negligible with respect to volume of atom
Drawback of Rutherford's Atomic Model
• Unable to explain stability of nucleus, according to electro
dynamic when electrons (charged particles) revolve around
nucleus, it should emit radiation.
• In form of energy and should more closer to nucleus (spiral
path) and finally collide into the nucleus and the atom would
collapse.
• Unable to explain this continuous atomic spectrum.
Radius of Nucleus:
Radius of Nucleus 𝑟nucleus = 𝑟0 𝐴1/3
• Density of all nucleus of atom is almost same
or
• All nucleus of atom are almost equally same
 Total Energy of System or particle

1
K= = 9 × 109 Nm2 /C2 = 9 × 1018 dyne cm/C2 = 1 dyne cm2 /(esu)2
4𝜋𝜀0
 Calculation of Distance of closest Approach

TEi = TEf
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf
KEi + 0 = 0 + PEf
KEi = PEf
1 2
kq1 q2
mv = TE → Total Energy
2 rmin
2kq1 q2
rmin =
mv 2
∵ rmin ≃ rnucleus
 Question
Calculate the closest distance approach of an 𝛼-particle of energy 2.5MeV being scattered
by a gold nucleus. [atomic no. of gold, Z = 79 ] 1eV = 1.6 × 10−19 [1Nm = 1 J]
 Wave

Mode of energy from one place to another place without displacement of matter

1 1 𝜆
𝜆= 𝑇= =
𝜐ҧ 𝜐 𝑐

1
𝜐ҧ =
𝜆 1
𝑇=
𝑐 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝜐)
𝜐= Speed of light (C)  3 × 108 m/s
𝜆
E = Energy of radiation
ℎ𝑐
E = ℎ𝜐 =
𝑣
Planck Constant (h)  6.626 ×10–34 Js
 Electromagnetic Radiation or Electromagnetic Wave or
Maxwell Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electro magnetic radiation emission and transmission of energy is in form of wave
• Consist of two component i.e. electric field component and magnetic field component
• Both component have same wavelength, frequency and amplitude.
• E.M. Radiation propagates in mutually two ⊥ plane electric, magnetic field and
propagation of light all are ⊥ to each other.
• Speed of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum is same as speed of light is approx.
= 3 ×107 m/s
• Light is also a type of electromagnetic radiation
• Electromagnetic radiation generated due to perpendicular oscillation of electric
and magnetic field
 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

• On moving from cosmic rays to radio wave wavelength increases hc

• On moving cosmic ray to radio waves energy decreases ∴ E = h𝑣 =
𝜆
• On moving cosmic ray to radio wave frequency decreases
 Plank’s Quantum Theory

• Atoms or molecules of substance emit or absorb energy

• Thermally heated object emits energy in form of same packets of energy.
• These small packets of energy are called quanta. Smallest packet of energy are called quantum
Energy of Radiation  Frequency of Radiation
• Discontinuous emission of quanta takes place in form of hn, 2hn, 3hn
• Plank's theory supported particle nature of electromagnetic radiation
• In case of light radiation on are called photon.
 Home Work

Question
FM radio station broadcast electromagnetic radiation of frequency 1240 KHz. What is the
wavelength of radio waves expressed in metres?
1240 KHz = 1240 ×1000 Hz = 1240 ×103 s–1
 Question

What is the ratio between energy of two radiation of one with  of 6000Å and other with 2000Å
 Question

Calculate frequency of wave number 5m–1

 Question

Calculate the number of photons of light having  = 100 nm which can provide 1 kJ energy
 Question

Find the number of quanta radiation v = 1013 s–1 that must be absorbed in order to melt 6.626
gm ice (energy required to melt 2 gm of ice = 666 J)
 BATCH CODE – TYPE HERE

• Subject Name- Physical Chemistry

• Chapter Name- Atomic Structure

Lecture No.- 02 By- Faculty Name

1 Black Body Radiation

2 Photo Electric Effect

3 Bohr's Atomic model

 Black Body Radiation
A perfect body that can emit or absorb radiations of all frequency. When black body emit
radiation, These radiations are called black body radiation. When black Body is heated
colour of body change with change in temperature (R → O → Y →→)
 Photo Electric Effect

When Photon of suitable energy strike on metal surface photoelectrons are ejected. This
phenomenon is called photoelectric effect.
Threshold energy or work function ⇒ Minimum required energy for ejection of electrons
from metal surface is called threshold energy.
Corresponding frequency (of threshold energy) (n0) is called threshold
1
KE = mv 2 = E − E0
2
Energy supplied from light = Threshold energy or work function + KE of e–
E = E0 + KE
E − E0 = KEMax
hv − hv𝑣0 = KE
hc hc
− = KE
𝜆 𝜆0
Intensity (I) of Light
Energy per unit area per unit time
On increasing intensity of light on metal surface
number of ejected photoelectron increases, photo
current increases (KE of electron does not change
on change in intensity of light if source of light does
not change)
Stopping Potential
Stopping energy = Kinetic energy
SE = KE
qV = KE ( Energy = charge × potential )
=q×V
qV = h𝑣 − h𝑣o
ℎ𝑣 ℎ𝑣0
𝑣= −
𝑞 𝑞
 Home Work

Question

If KE of electron is 15 eV. Find stopping potential.

 Question

Incident energy of photon is 30 eV and work function is 5 eV. Find stopping potential.
 Question

Incident energy of photon = 30 J and work function 5 J. Find potential or stopping potential of
ejected electron
 Question

If the threshold wavelength for producing photoelectric is 200nm. What would be  of radiation
1
to produce photoelectron having the KE. of those produced by radiation of  = 120 nm
2
 Question

When light of  = 470 nm falls of the surface of K metal, electrons are emitted with velocity of
6.4 ×104 m/s. Calculate
(i) KE of emitted e–
(ii) Calculate energy of photon
(iii) Minimum energy required to remove an electron
 Question

Calculate the K E of a photoelectron emitted by Na metal when light of wavelength 400 nm

strike on it. Work function of Na = 2.3 eV. Calculate SE in eV. Also find SE.
 Question

Calculate no. of photon emitted by 100 W bulb in 1 sec and 1 hr, that emitted monochromatic
light of wavelength 620 nm and also calculate maximum photocurrent in ampere that can be
generated by the bulb.
 Question
A light source emitted radiation of 3 wavelength of 310 nm, 620 nm and 1000 nm 3W power
equally distributed among the 3 wavelength. If light beam strikes on a metal surface having work
function 1.75 eV. Then calculate total no. of photon emitted/sec and photo current/Ampere.
 Bohr's Atomic model
• Heavy positively charged nucleus present in centre of atom
• Electrons revolve outside the nucleus in definite circular path. Different circular path called
stationary orbit or orbit or energy level.
• Electron revolves in those circular orbit in which angular momentum of electron is
quantized.
ℎ ℎ
• Angular momentum of electron in an orbital is multiple of , 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛
2𝜋 2𝜋

where n = 1, 2, 3………
• When electron revolves in these orbit no transition of energy takes place
• If electron transfer from low energy level to high energy level it will gain energy. This energy
is called excitation energy.
• If electron transfer from high energy level to low energy level it will release energy in form of
photon or radiation This energy is called di deexcitation energy
 BATCH CODE – TYPE HERE

• Subject Name- Physical Chemistry

• Chapter Name- Atomic Structure

Lecture No.- 03 By- Faculty Name

1 Bohr’s atomic model for Hydrogen atom

2 Hydrogen Atomic Spectrum

3 Limitation of Bohr’s atomic model

 Bohr’s atomic model for Hydrogen atom

centrifugal force = electrostatic force between electron & nucleons

𝑛2 ℎ2
𝑟= 2
4𝜋 𝑚𝐾𝑍𝑒 2
 Home Work

Question
Find the radius of:
(i) First shell of H
(ii) Second shell of He+
(iii) Third shell of Li2+
(iv) Fourth shell of Be3+
 Question
Find the difference between:
(i) 1st and 2nd shell of H atom
(ii) 4th and 6th shell of He+ atom
 Question
Find the % change in radius when electron transfer from 2nd shell to 1st shell.
2𝜋 2 me4 K 2 Z 2
E=−
n2 h2
Energy change or Energy transition

2
1 1
ΔEn2→n1 = 13.6Z 2− 2
n1 n2
where n2 → high energy level
n1 → low energy level
 Hydrogen Atomic Spectrum

ΔE = En2 − En1
1 2
1 1
= RHZ 2 − 2
𝜆 n1 n2
This formula is known as Rydberg formula
R H or R → Rydberg constant
R H = 109677 cm−1 ≃ 109700 cm−1
𝜆 → wavelength of emitted photon or emitted radiation
n2 → high energy level (from) n1 → low energy level (to)
Z → atomic number
Only for Hydrogen atom

For min (n2 = ),

for maxmium (n2 = n1 + 1)
 Home Work

Question
Find min and max in all series
min and max
 Question
Calculate wavelength of radiation when electron transition takes place from third excited state
to ground state
 Question
Calculate 𝜐ҧ of radiation emitted for  line in case of Balmer series for H atom
 Question
Calculate total energy, PE, KE of e– for M shell of Li2+
 Question
Calculate radius ratio r1/r2 of M shell in He+ (r1) and K shell in Li2+
In multi electronic system or multi atomic system

Maximum number of spectral lines emitted

𝑛2 − 𝑛1 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 + 1
=
2
Single atomic system or single electronic system
• Maximum number of spectral line emitted in a series = n2– series number
• Maximum number of spectral line emitted if e– fall in ground state (n1 =1)
 Home Work

Question
Due to heating of sample of a substance e– of atoms are present in 8th excited state, then
(a) Calculate no. of radiation that can be observed when e– fall to ground state
 Question
Calculate max. no of radiation emitted for H atom for same transition
 Question
Calculate maximum number of radiation obtain for same transition of H atom
 Question
Find maximum number of Spectral line emitted when e– transfer from 6th excited state to 1st
excited state
 Question

Find maximum no of Spectral line emitted when e– transfer from 5th excited state to 2nd excited
state.
 Question

Find max no of Spectral line in Lyman, Balmer, Brackett series when e– transfer from 9th excited
state to 1st exited state
(A) Total max. Spectral line emitted in this transition
(B) Spectral line in Lyman, Balmer, Bracket series
(C) Sum of Lyman, Balmer, Bracket series
 Question
Find Spectral line in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen and in Humphrey series when e– transfer from
10th to ground state
 Limitation of Bohr’s atomic model

• Bohr Model is applicable for hydrogen atom and H like atom.

For eg. H, He+ , Li+2, Be+2 ……etc
uni-electron species or single electron species
• It could not explain fine like spectrum of H atom (further splitting of line spectrum)
• It was also unable to explain splitting of line under influence of magnetic field (Zeeman
effect) and under influence of electric field (Stark effect)
 Home Work
Question
Electron transfer from 1st excited shell to 1st stationary shell in H atom. Find wavelength of same
transition in He+ atom
 Question

Electron transfer from 5th excited state to ground state in Li+2. Find wavelength of same transition
in He+
 Question
Electron transfer from 6th excited state to 1st excited state in He+ atom. Find same transition in
Be3+.
 BATCH CODE – TYPE HERE

• Subject Name- Physical Chemistry

• Chapter Name- Atomic Structure

Lecture No.- 04 By- Faculty Name

1 De-Broglie equation

2 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

3 Quantum Numbers
 De-Broglie equation

• Related to dual nature of e– or metal

• According to De-Broglie e– has dual nature like electromagnetic radiation.
• De-Broglie concept is more useful in microscopic particle
• e– has more dominant wave nature due to its negligible mass

ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜆= = 𝜆=
𝑝 𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑞𝑣

ℎ 150
𝜆= 𝜆= Å
2𝑚𝐾𝐸 𝑣
 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
it is impossible to determine simultaneously and precisely uncertainty in position and uncertainty
in momentum of a moving particle,
experimentally

ℎ 𝜆2
𝛥𝑥 ⋅ 𝛥𝑝 ≥ 𝛥𝑥. 𝛥𝜆 ≥
4𝜋 4𝜋

ℎ
𝛥𝑥. 𝛥𝑉 ≥
4𝜋𝑚
 Home Work

Question
Calculate the wavelength of the particle in following two cases
(i) Calculate the wavelength associated with a 66.3 g tennis ball travel a velocity 50 m/s
(ii) Calculate the wavelength associated with an e– moving at 66.3 m/s.
 Question
1
If the uncertainty in position of an e– is pm. What is uncertainty in velocity?
3
 Question
Calculate uncertainty in position of e– moving with 6.62 × 106 + 1% m/s uncertain velocity.
 Question
The EM radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionize the Na atom. Calculate
ionization energy in KJ/mole
 Quantum Numbers

PRINCIPLE QUANTUM NUMBER (n) or SHELL NUMBER or ORBIT NUMBER

The value of n = 1,2,3…….; any + ve integer

AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER () or SUBSHELL

The value of  depend upon the value of n
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER:
 Home Work

Question
Find out possible values of n and  for n +  = 5
 Question
Find the possible value of n and  if n +  = 7
 Question
Find out possible existing values of n and  for element existing given n –  = 6
 BATCH CODE – TYPE HERE

• Subject Name- Physical Chemistry

• Chapter Name- Atomic Structure

Lecture No.- 05 By- Faculty Name

1 Schrodinger Wave Equation

2 Wave Function (y)

3 Graph

4 RADIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (RPDF)

 Schrodinger Wave Equation

Wave Mechanical Model

Wave Function (y)
 Radial wave function
Wave Function (y)
𝑅(𝑛𝑙)(𝑟)
Angular wave function 𝑍 3/2 𝜎/2
𝑅(1𝑠) = 2 𝑒
𝑎0
A(𝜃, 𝜙)
1 𝑍 3/2
for s-orbital: 𝑅(2𝑠) = (2𝜎)e𝜎/2
2 2 𝑎0
1 1/2
𝐴(𝑠) = 1 𝑍 3/2
4𝜋
for p - orbital: 𝑅(2𝑝) = 𝜎e−𝜎/2
2 6 𝑎0

3 1/2 1 𝑍 3/2
A px = sin𝜃cos𝜙 𝑅(3𝑠) = 6 − 6𝜎 + 𝜎 2 e−𝜎/2
4𝜋 9 3 𝑎0

3 1/2 1 𝑍 3/2
A py =
4𝜋
sin𝜃sin𝜙 𝑅(3𝑝) = (4 − 𝜎)𝜎e−𝜎/2
9 6 𝑎0
3 1/2 1 𝑍 3/2 2 −𝜎/2
A p𝑧 = cos𝜃 𝑅(3d) = 𝜎 e
4𝜋 9 30 a0
Graph
 RADIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (RPDF)
4 4 4 4
Volume of spherical shell = 𝜋(𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟)3 − 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋 𝑟 3 + 𝑑𝑟 3 + 3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 + 3𝑟𝑑𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3 3 3
Neglect dr these higher power.
4 4
= 𝜋 𝑟 3 + 3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 3 = 4 𝜋𝑟 3 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 − 4 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3 3 3

Volume of spherical shell = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟

e− finding probability in spherical shell = 4𝜋r 2 dr ⋅ Ψ 2 (r) [from r to

(r + dr) range]
e− finding probability at r distance = 4𝜋r 2 Ψ 2 (r) or 4𝜋r 2 R2
(from nucleus)
or
RPDF
At nucleus 𝑟 = 0 then e− finding probability = 0
All RPDF graph start from 0 value.
At nucleus 𝑟 = 0 then e− finding probability = 0
All RPDF graph start from 0 value.

R.N. = n − 𝓁 − 1 = 1 − 0 − 1 = 0
no. of peaks or maxima = n − 𝓁
where : 𝑟max is distance from nucleus where e− finding probability is maximum.
2s

2p
3s
RN = 3 – 0 – 1 = 2
No. of maxima = 3 – 0 = 3

3p
RN = 3 – 1 – 1 = 1
No. of maxima = 3 – 1 = 2

r
3d
RN = 3 – 2 – 1 = 0
No. of maxima = 3 – 2 = 1

r
ravg ⇒ 3 s < 3p < 3 d
𝑟max ⇒ 3 s > 3p > 3 d

ravg → Closeness of subshell with nucleus (distance of subshell from nucleus) is called ravg.
ravg ⇒ 1 s < 2 s < 2p < 3 s < 3p < 4 s < 3 d < 4p < 5 s < 4 d
In a particular shell if 𝓁 increase, 𝑟avg increases, closeness decreases.
For example:
𝓁↑
3 s < 3p < 3 d