2020 11th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE)
Dual Ring Complementary Split Ring Resonator
2020 11th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE) | 978-1-6654-2254-3/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICECE51571.2020.9393144
(DR-CSRR) Sensor For Non-invasive Glucose
Sensing Application.
Afia Ibnath1 , Razia Sultana Rimu1 , and Dr. Muhammad Ahsan Ullah1
1
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology
Chattogram-4349, Bangladesh
u1502019@student.cuet.ac.bd, ra.sultana100@gmail.com, ahsan@cuet.ac.bd
Abstract—Non-invasive way is a certain diagnostic method
that does not involve any kind of painful activity such as finger
pricking, removal of body tissue etc. With advancement of recent
technology and research, diagnostic system is shifting towards
new non-invasive ways to detect various disease and malfunction
in human body. But for real world application results of non-
invasive way must match to that of invasive one. This paper
focuses on detection of small changes in low level concentration
of aqueous glucose solution using highly sensitive CSRR (Comple-
mentary Split Ring Resonator) loaded micro-strip patch antenna.
In this study, vivid resonant frequency shift has been observed
with small changes in glucose concentration in aqueous glucose
solution. This sensor can detect glucose concentration level with
sensitivity of 1.38 MHz/(mg/ml). Hopefully, proposed sensor can
be effectively experimented with human saliva for detecting blood
glucose level of targeted person in future.
Index Terms—Micro-strip, Non-invasive, CSRR, Blood glucose,
CST, Resonance frequency, Sensitivity.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a very common disease that happens
when the pancreas in human body is no longer able to produce
insulin by itself or the insulin that body produces does not
leave enough impact on helping cells of the body to use
glucose (sugar) of food. Therefore, the sugar level in blood
stream increases at unacceptable level. There are mainly two
different forms of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes & Type 2 diabetes.
Type-1 diabetes is commonly seen among adolescents. This
happens when the body produces insufficient or no insulin.
Type-2 diabetes is commonly seen among adults. This happens
while the body is unable to make effective use of its own
produced insulin.
About 1.1 million individuals died as a direct result of
diabetes in 2005 [1]. Statistically, approximately 8.8% of the
global adult population was suffering from this disease in 2017
and by 2045, this will rise to 9.9% [1]. The World Health
Organization (WHO) indicates that currently there are over
220 million patients with diabetes worldwide [1].
According to recent study [2], among 164 million people in
Bangladesh 11 million people have diabetes. About 60 percent
978-1-6654-2254-3/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
407
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT) Mandi. Downloaded on May 02,2024 at 10:46:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
of them unaware themselves that they have diabetes. What is
more alarming is that, 22 percent diabetic patients who are
under medication are constantly failing to take control over
their glucose level in blood due to improper monitoring of
blood glucose level and unconsciousness [2].
People with type-2 diabetes are recommended and required
to take blood glucose test several times per day. Moreover,
for some critical patients, constant glucose monitoring is
advised [3]. But conventional ways of glucose monitoring
involve finger pricking. So, most of the patients do not opt
for frequent glucose level measurement. Uncontrolled glucose
level in patients with diabetes can cause multiple organ failure.
Therefore, lack of frequent checking of glucose level can
cause deadly consequences on patient’s health. So, researchers
are searching for suitable non-invasive techniques to establish
promising methods of measuring blood Glucose.
Human body is constituted of up-to 60% of water [4].
Maximum bio-molecules activates in aqueous sample only,
that’s why, to understand the property of bio-molecules, it
is important to examine electromagnetic property of aqueous
sample [5]. So, in this paper, aqueous glucose solution is
primarily used to evaluate performance of proposed sensor.
Recently, RF sensors are producing promising results in the
field of glucose sensing application. Metamaterial inspired RF
sensors show high sensitivity in glucose sensing [6] [7] [8].
Metamaterials exhibit unique properties such as, negative per-
mittivity, negative permeability and negative refractive index.
Two most popular artificially produced metamaterial structures
are Split Ring Resonator (SRR) shown in Fig. 1 (right) [9] and
Complimentary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) shown in Fig.
1 (left) [10].In the SRR, non-magnetic material like copper is
used to constitute the loop and a small gap exists in between
the loop that produce huge capacitance which eventually lower
the resonant frequency. The CSRR has a structure dual of SRR.
The loop in CSRR is etched on the ground plane [11]. The
loop’s magnetic flux will cause rotating currents in the ring
that create their own flux to boost or oppose the incident field
[12].

2πR = nλg f or n = 1, 2, 3... (1)

Where R is mean radius of ring and λg is harmonic order
of resonance. To calculate guided wavelength the following
equation has been used [17] :

300
λg (mm) = √ (2)
fGHz ef f

Here, the length of feed line =λg .

Fig. 1: CSRR unit cell (left) and SRR unit cell (right)
Here, resonance frequency is fGHz and ef f is effective
As, CSRR shows very good response in recent literature dielectric constant. Effective dielectric constant can be
[13] [14], in this study CSRR unit cell has been used measured using following equation [17] :
to simulate the bio-sensor. When biological samples are
examined to have better response the sensor must have If ( W
H < 1) :
minimum insertion loss. Here, two split on each ring has been
used to improve insertion loss. The ratio of incident power r + 1 r − 1 1 W
ef f = + [q + 0.04(1 − ( ))2 ]
to transmitted power is defined as insertion loss [15]. The 2 2 H
1 + 12( ) H
W
minimum insertion loss achieved with sample is -45 dB. The (3)
proposed sensor operates in the range of 1 GHz to 8 GHz. If ( W
H > 1) :
And the sensitivity obtained 1.38 MHz/(mg/ml). Sensitivity
of proposed sensor has been compared with other existing r + 1 r − 1
ef f = +[ q ] (4)
literature in “Performance Analysis” section. 2 H
2 1 + 12( W )

Here, W/H of proposed sensor is greater than 1. So, 4 no

II. SENSOR DESIGN
equation is used.
Proposed sensor has been designed using CST Microwave The dimensions of the designed sensor are as follows (Table
Studio Simulator given in Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b. I) :

TABLE I: Dimensions of Designed Sensor

No. Parameters Dimensions in mm
1 Substrate length 26.72
2 Substrate width 26.72
3 Microstrip length 26.72
4 Microstrip width 2.78
5 Outer radius of circular ring 10.69
6 Inner radius of circular ring 9.69
7 Width & length of outer square ring 6.68
8 Width & length of inner square ring 5.68
9 Split gap 0.8
(a) (b)
Fig. 2: Schematic of designed sensor (a)Bottom (b)Top.
III. SIMULATION PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
For substrate FR-4 (lossy) material has been used with The ring engraved on the ground plane is the key sensing
dielectric constant of 4.3 and substrate height H=1.5mm. The area in the proposed sensor. For simulation purpose various
dimension of the proposed sensor is 26.72mmX26.72mm. weight percent of glucose in water has been simulated. Cor-
To realize 50 ohm reference impedance, that is important responding dielectric constant at 25◦ C for weight percent of
to acquire the minimum reflection between the SMA (Sub- glucose in water in the limit of 0-50 shown in Table II has
Miniature version A) connector and the micro-strip line in been taken from literature [18].
practical implantation, width of the micro-strip line is chosen Changing dielectric constant accordingly various water sam-
W=2.799mm. This resonator sensor is designed to realize the ple has been simulated in CST. The CSRR sensor produces
resonance condition of [16] : vivid frequency shift for various concentration in Fig. 3.

408
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT) Mandi. Downloaded on May 02,2024 at 10:46:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
TABLE II: Dielectric Constant Corresponding to Glucose
Concentration.
Weight percent (wt%) of Glucose Dielectric
glucose in water concentration in constant at
mg/ml 25◦ C
0 0 78.54
5 50 77.37
10 100 76.14
15 150 74.80
20 200 73.43
30 300 70.46
40 400 67.11
50 500 63.39

Fig. 4: Graph of Regression Analysis from Given Data.

Here, fr is resonance frequency in GHz and ρ is glucose

concentration in weight percent (wt%). Therefore,

7.34 − 6.65
S=
50 − 0
= 0.0138 GHz/wt%
Fig. 3: Simulation results of proposed sensor Frequency (GHz) = 13.8 M Hz/wt%
vs Insertion loss (dB). = 1.38 M Hz/(mg/ml)
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
In Fig. 3, as multiple resonances occurred, resonance fre- The goal of this literature is to design a compact, miniature,
quency with lowest insertion loss has been considered for each low cost and easily reproducible sensor that also exhibit high
simulation. The result has been reported in Table III. sensitivity. Sensitivity of proposed sensor can be compared
with other existing literature [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24].
TABLE III: Resonant Frequency Corresponding to Glucose The SRR based sensor proposed in literature [19] operates
Concentration in frequency range of 2 GHz to 5 GHz and this sensor
shows 1.6 MHz shift in frequency with concentration variation
Concentration of glucose water solution Resonant Frequency in
in wt% GHz of 1 mg/ml to 150 mg/ml. This sensor’s sensitivity can be
0 6.65 measured as 10.7 kHz/(mg/ml) and similar sensor proposed
5 6.69 in [20] shows sensitivity of 0.05 MHz/(mg/ml). CSRR based
10 6.72
15 7.03
sensor given in literature [21] has shown the sensitivity of
20 7.06 0.29 MHz/(mg/ml). Sensor proposed in literature [22] operates
30 7.14 in frequency range of 4 GHz to 6 GHz and sensitivity of
40 7.23 this sensor is 1 MHz/(mg/ml). Sensor proposed in literature
50 7.34
[23] operates at 1.68 GHz and sensitivity of this sensor is 20
kHz/(mg/ml).
Regression analysis has been performed to evaluate linear Another literature [24] proposes cylindrical dielectric res-
dependency between resonance frequency and glucose con- onator sensor that has sensitivity of 0.281 MHz/(mg/ml).
centration using Table III and shown in Fig. 4. Considering above analysis proposed sensor’s sensitivity
Fig. 4 shows good linear dependency with R2 score of 0.95. shows better performance which is 1.38 MHz/(mg/ml).
Linear dependency equation (5) is given below : Design of proposed sensor is easily reproducible due to
it’s simplicity. And dimensions are kept compact to satisfy
Y = 0.01435X + 6.678 (5) miniature property. So, this sensor can be considered to have
high potential in glucose sensing application.
Sensitivity of above sensor can be measured using following V. APPLICATION
formula (equation 6) :
This sensor shows high sensitivity in glucose sensing. It
f rmax − f rmin has been simulated for aqueous glucose solution, considering
S= (6) above result this very sensor can also be experimented with
ρmax − ρmin

409
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT) Mandi. Downloaded on May 02,2024 at 10:46:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
liquid biological samples to measure glucose concentration. [16] V. V. Deshmukh and R. B. Ghongade, “Measurement of dielectric
As 90% of human blood is consisted of water and 99% of properties of aqueous glucose using planar ring resonator,” in 2016
International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Commu-
human saliva is consisted of water, this can be predicted that nications (MicroCom). IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–5.
with blood and saliva sample result will be pretty much similar [17] “Microstrip calculator,” https://www.pasternack.com/t-calculator-
to that of result obtained in this study. microstrip.aspx, (Accessed on 10/13/2020).
[18] C. G. Malmberg and A. A. Maryott, “Dielectric constants of aqueous
solutions of dextrose and sucrose,” Journal of Research of the National
VI. CONCLUSION Bureau of standards, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 299–303, 1950.
This paper gives design of highly sensitive dual ring com- [19] N. Sharafadinzadeh, M. Abdolrazzaghi, and M. Daneshmand, “Highly
sensitive microwave split ring resonator sensor using gap extension
plementary split ring resonator (CSRR) based sensor. The sen- for glucose sensing,” in 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave
sor shows very good insertion loss that occurs at -45 dB with Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz
sample. It also shows measurable resonance frequency shift Applications (IMWS-AMP), 2017, pp. 1–3.
[20] H. Choi, J. Naylon, S. Luzio, J. Beutler, J. Birchall, C. Martin, and
according to change in glucose concentration which is 1.38 A. Porch, “Design and in vitro interference test of microwave noninva-
MHz/(mg/ml). Therefore, it can be summarised that proposed sive blood glucose monitoring sensor,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave
sensor will be very impactful for non-invasive glucose sensing Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 3016–3025, 2015.
[21] A. Salim and S. Lim, “Complementary split-ring resonator-loaded
application in future. microfluidic ethanol chemical sensor,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 11, p. 1802,
2016.
R EFERENCES [22] Y. J. Zhang, H. Kwon, M.-A. Miri, E. Kallos, H. Cano-Garcia, M. S.
[1] W. H. Organization, Global report on diabetes. World Health Organi- Tong, and A. Alu, “Noninvasive glucose sensor based on parity-time
zation, 2016. symmetry,” Physical Review Applied, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 044049, 2019.
[2] “25pc bangladeshis suffer from high blood pressure, 10pc have dia- [23] J. Kim, A. Babajanyan, A. Hovsepyan, K. Lee, and B. Friedman,
betes — prothom alo,” https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/1-out-of- “Microwave dielectric resonator biosensor for aqueous glucose solution,”
10-suffers-from-diabetes-1-of-4-from, (Accessed on 10/15/2020). Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 79, no. 8, p. 086107, 2008.
[3] N. A. Shugrue, “Brocklehurst’s textbook of geriatric medicine and [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2968115
gerontology edited by howard m. fillit, kenneth rockwood, and kenneth [24] M. N. Hasan, S. Tamanna, P. Singh, M. D. Nadeem, and M. Rudramuni,
woodhouse: Philadelphia, pa: Saunders/elsevier, 2010 1,119 pages, $300 “Cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna sensor for non-invasive glucose
(hardcover with online access) isbn: 978-1-4160-6231-8,” 2014. sensing application,” in 2019 6th International Conference on Signal
[4] “The water in you: Water and the human body,” Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2019, pp. 961–964.
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-
you-water-and-human-body, (Accessed on 10/13/2020).
[5] T. Torii, H. Chiba, T. Tanabe, and Y. Oyama, “Measurements of
glucose concentration in aqueous solutions using reflected thz radiation
for applications to a novel sub-thz radiation non-invasive blood sugar
measurement method,” Digital health, vol. 3, p. 2055207617729534,
2017.
[6] M. P. Vargas, Planar Metamaterial Based Microwave Sensor Arrays
for Biomedical Analysis and Treatment. Springer Science & Business
Media, 2014.
[7] M. A. H. Ansari, A. K. Jha, and M. J. Akhtar, “Design and application of
the csrr-based planar sensor for noninvasive measurement of complex
permittivity,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 7181–7189,
2015.
[8] U. Schwerthoeffer, R. Weigel, and D. Kissinger, “A highly sensitive
glucose biosensor based on a microstrip ring resonator,” in 2013 IEEE
MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless
Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO).
IEEE, 2013, pp. 1–3.
[9] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, “Magnetism
from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,” IEEE Transac-
tions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2075–
2084, 1999.
[10] F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, M. Laso, J. Baena, J. Bonache, M. Beruete,
R. Marques, F. Martı́n, and M. Sorolla Ayza, “Babinet principle applied
to the design of metasurfaces and metamaterials,” Physical review letters,
vol. 93, p. 197401, 12 2004.
[11] V. Öznazı and V. Ertürk, “A comparative investigation of srr-and csrr-
based band-reject filters: Simulations, experiments, and discussions,”
Microwave and optical technology letters, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 519–523,
2008.
[12] “Split-ring resonator - wikipedia,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-
ring resonator#Various configurations, (Accessed on 10/13/2020).
[13] D. Mondal, N. K. Tiwari, and M. J. Akhtar, “Microwave assisted non-
invasive microfluidic biosensor for monitoring glucose concentration,”
in 2018 Ieee Sensors. IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–4.
[14] D. Zhang, Q. Wu, K. Zhang, X. Ding, and X. Sha, “High selective
metamaterial resonator based on complementary split ring resonator,” in
2016 IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC),
2016, pp. 1–1.
[15] “Insertion-loss/return-loss-techplayon,” http://www.techplayon.com/insertion-
loss-return-loss/, (Accessed on 11/29/2020).

410
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT) Mandi. Downloaded on May 02,2024 at 10:46:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.