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Nanosatellites
Nanosatellites
Edited by
Jaime Estela
Spectrum Aerospace Group
Germering
Germany
Martin Langer
Institute of Astronautics
Technical University of Munich
Garching
Germany
and
Orbital Oracle Technologies GmbH
Munich
Germany
This edition first published 2020
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available
at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Rogerio Atem de Carvalho, Jaime Estela, and Martin Langer to be identified as the authors of
the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that
appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Names: Carvalho, Rogério Atem de, author. | Estela, Jaime, 1972- author. |
Langer, Martin, 1986- author.
Title: Nanosatellites : space and ground technologies, operations and
economics / Professor Rogerio Atem de Carvalho, University of Fluminese,
Rio, Brazil, Jaime Estela, Spectrum Aerospace Group, Germering, Germany,
Martin Langer, Technical University of Munich & Orbital Oracle
Technologies GmbH, Bavaria, Germany.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2020] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019049523 (print) | LCCN 2019049524 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119042037 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119042068 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119042051 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Microspacecraft.
Classification: LCC TL795.4 .C37 2020 (print) | LCC TL795.4 (ebook) | DDC
629.46–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019049523
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019049524
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Index 663
xxiii
List of Contributors
Andrew Strain
Clyde Space Limited
Glasgow
United Kingdom
xxix
The use of small satellites in general initiated the space program in 1957 with the launching
of Russian Sputnik 1, and then by the United States with Vanguard 1 satellite, which was
the fourth artificial Earth orbital satellite to be successfully launched (following Sputnik 1,
Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1).
The concept of the CubeSat was developed by Professor Bob Twiggs at the Department of
Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA, in collaboration with
Professor Jordi Puig-Suari at the Aerospace Department at the California State Polytechnic
University in San Luis Obispo, CA, in late 1999. The CubeSat concept originated with the
spacecraft OPAL (Orbiting Picosat Automated Launcher), a 23 kg microsatellite developed
by students at Stanford University and the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, CA, to
demonstrate the validity and functionality of picosatellites and the concept of launching
picosatellites and other small satellites on-orbit from a larger satellite system. Picosatellites
are defined having a weight between 0.1 and 1 kg. OPAL is shown in Figure 1, with four
launcher tubes containing picosatellites. One of the picosatellites is shown being inserted
into the launcher tube in Figure 2.
The satellites developed by students within university programs in 1980s and 1990s were
all nanosatellites (1–10 kg size) and microsatellites (10–50 kg size). The feasibility of inde-
pendently funding launch opportunities for these nanosatellites and microsatellites was
limited, as the costs typically were up to $250 000—a price point well beyond the resources
available to most university programs. At that time, the only available option was to collabo-
rate with government organizations that would provide the launch. The OPAL satellite was
launched in early 2000 by the US Air Force Space Test Program (STP) with sponsorship from
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for the Aerospace Corporation
picosatellites.
The OPAL mission represented a significant milestone in the evolution of small satellites
by proving the viability of the concept of the picosatellite and an innovative orbital deploy-
ment system. The picosatellite launcher concept used for the OPAL mission represented a
major advancement that would enable the technological evolution of small satellites, set-
ting the stage for the development of the CubeSat form factor and the Poly Picosatellite
Orbital Deployer (P-POD) orbital deployer system. OPAL demonstrated a new capability
xxx Foreword: Nanosatellite Space Experiment
with the design of an orbital deployer that could launch numerous very small satellites
contained within the launcher tube that simplified the mechanical interface to the upper
stage of the launch vehicle and greatly simplified the satellite ejection system. While the
OPAL mission was extremely successful and established the validity of a picosatellite orbital
Foreword: Nanosatellite Space Experiment xxxi
deployer, Professor Twiggs and Professor Puig-Suari wanted to find a lower-cost means of
launching the satellites built by university students. The stage was set for the development
of the CubeSat form factor and its evolution toward an engineering standard.
1. Lib. VII c. 2.
5. Cap. XLIV.
9. Lib. V. c. 7.
10.
Lo che significa che sui scenarj fossero tessute le vittorie, tra cui quelle
singolarmente di Giulio Cesare nella Britannia, da cui i diversi schiavi o
mancipi venuti di colà erano stati applicati a’ teatrali uffici.
18. «Turbato dallo schiamazzo che nel mezzo della notte facevano coloro
che avevano ad occupare nel Circo i posti gratuiti.»
19.
21.