Mathematics

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Session

Set, Relation & Function

Session - 2

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Session Objectives

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal
Class Test

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 1
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 8}, then
( A B )  ( A B ) is
(a) {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 8)}
(b) {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (8, 3)}
(c) {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3), (8, 8)}
(d) {(8, 3), (8, 2), (8, 1), (8, 8)}

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution

(A B ) = 1, 2, 3, 8

A B = 3

(A B)  ( A B) = (1,3), ( 2, 3), (3, 3), (8, 3)

Hence, answer is (b).

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 2
Let A and B be two non-empty sets
such that O ( A B ) = n . Then prove
that A × B and B × A have n2
elements in common.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution
As ( A  B) (C  D) = ( A C )  (B D)

 ( A  B) (B  A ) = ( A B )  (B A)

= (A B)  ( A B)

 O ( ( A  B) (B  A )) = O (( A B)  ( A B))

= O(A B ) .O ( A B)

= (O ( A B ) ) = n2
2

 A  B and B  A have n2 elements is common.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 3
R be a relation on set of natural numbers N
defined as R = ( a, b ) | 3a + b = 12, a, b  N . Find
the following.
(i) R, R–1 as sets of ordered pairs
(ii) Domain of R and R–1
(iii) Range of R and R–1
(iv) R–1 oR (v) R–1 in set-builder form

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution
(i) R = (a, b)|3a + b = 12, a, b  N
= {(1, 9), (2, 6), (3, 3)}

R–1 = {(9, 1), (6, 2), (3, 3)}

(ii) Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3}

Domain (R–1) = {9, 6, 3}
(iii)Range (R) = {9, 6, 3}
Domain (R–1) = {1, 2, 3}
(iv){(9, 1), (6, 2), (3, 3)} o {(1, 9), (2, 6), (3, 3)}
= {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}

(v) R–1 = {(a, b) | a + 3b = 12, a, b  N}

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 4
Let R be a relation from A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
to B = {3, 6, 8, 9, 12} defined as
R = ( x, y ) | x  A, y  B, x | y. Express R as
set of ordered pairs, find the domain and
the range of R, and also find R–1 in
set-builder form (where x | y means x
divides y).

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution

R = ( x, y ) | x  A, y  B, x | y
= {(2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 12), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (3, 12),
(4, 8), (4, 12), (6, 6), (6, 12)}

Domain (R) = {2, 3, 4, 6}

Range (R) = {6, 8, 12, 3, 9}
R–1 = {(6, 2), (8, 2), (12, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3), (9, 3),
(12, 3), (8, 4), (12, 4), (6, 6), (12, 6)}

and R–1 = ( x, y )|x  B, y  A, x is divisible by y}

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 5
Let R be a relation on Z defined as
 
R = ( x, y ) | x, y  Z, x 2 + y 2 = 25 . Express
R and R–1 as set of ordered pairs.
Hence, find the domain of R and R–1.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution

R = {(0, 5), (0, –5), (3, 4), (3, –4), (4, 3), (4, –3),
(5, 0), (–3, 4), (–3, –4), (–4, 3), (–4, –3), (–5, 0)}

R–1 = {(5, 0), (–5, 0), (4, 3), (–4, 3), (3, 4), (–3, 4),
(0, 5), (4, –3), (–4, –3), (3, –4), (–3, –4), (0, –5)} = R

 Domain (R) = Domain (R–1) = {0, 3, 4, 5, –3, –4, –5}

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 6
Let S be the set of all the straight
lines on a plane, R be a relation on S
defined as R = ( l1, l2 ) |l1 ⊥ l2 , l1, l2  S .
Then check R for reflexivity,
symmetry and transitivity.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution
Reflexive: ( l1, l1 )  R for any l1  S
as a line cannot be perpendicular to
itself.

Symmetric: Let ( l1, l2 )  R i.e. l1 ⊥ l2

 l2 ⊥ l1

 ( l2 , l1 )  R

 R is symmetric

Transitive: Let ( l1, l2 ) , ( l2 , l3 )  R , i.e. l1 ⊥ l2 and l2 ⊥ l3

 ( l1, l3 )  R as l1 || l3 .

 Not transitive
Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal
Class Exercise - 7
Let f = ‘n/m’ means that n is factor
of m or n divides m, where n, m  N .
Then the relation ‘f’ is
(a) reflexive and symmetric
(b) transitive and symmetric
(c) reflexive, transitive and symmetric
(d) reflexive, transitive and not symmetric

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution
Reflexive: a/a  a  N
As a is factor of a ( a = 1.a )

 Reflexive

Symmetric: Let ( a, b )  f i.e. a/b or a

is a factor of b  b = ka for some k  N
1
 a= b
k
 b is not a factor of a until and unless a = b
 not symmetric (but antisymmetric)

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution contd..
Transitive: Let ( a, b ) , ( b, c )  f
 a / b and b / c
 b = k1a and c = k 2b for some k1, k 2  N

 c = k 2k1a  a / c , i.e. a is factor of c

 ( a, c )  f 

Hence, answer is (d).

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 8
Let S  R  R, where R is set of reals
defined as ( x, y )  S or xSy  x 2 + y 2 = 1.
Check S for reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution
Reflexive: Let ( a, a )  S , i.e.
1
a + a = 1  2a = 1  a = 
2 2 2
2
Hence, ( a, a )  S only for two values of R not  R
 Not reflexive

Symmetric: If ( a, b )  S , i.e. a2 + b2 = 1
 b2 + a2 = 1
 ( b, a )  S
 Symmetric

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution contd..
Transitive: If ( a, b ) , ( b, c )  S
i.e. a2 + b2 = 1 and b2 + c2 = 1

 a2 = c2

 a2 + c2 may not be 1
 Not transitive

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 9
Let A be a set of all the points in space.
Let R be a relation on A such that a1
Ra2 if distance between the points a1
and a2 is less than one unit. Then
which of the following is false?
(a) R is reflexive
(b) R is symmetric
(c) R is transitive
(d) R is not an equivalence relation

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution
Reflexive: Distance between a1 and a1
is 0 less than one unit.

Hence, a1 Ra1a1  A

 Reflexive

Symmetric: If a1Ra2  Distance between a1 and a 2 is

less than 1 unit.
 Distance between a2 and a1 is less than 1 unit.

 a2Ra1  Symmetric

Transitive: If a1 R a2 and a2 R a3

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution contd..
 Distance between a1 and a2 is less
than 1 unit and distance between a2 and
a3 is less than 1 unit


 Distance between a1 and a3 is less than 1 unit.
0.9 0.9
For example, a1 − a2 − a3
 Distance between a1 and a3 = 1.8 > 1
 Not transitive

Hence, R is not an equivalence relation.

Hence, answer is (c).

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Class Exercise - 10
Let N denote the set of all natural
numbers and R be the relation on
N × N defined by
( a, b ) R ( c, d)  ad (b + c ) = bc ( a + d) .
Show that R is an equivalence relation.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution

Reflexive: (a, b) R (a, b)

As ab(b + a) = ba(a + b)
 Reflexive

Symmetric: If (a, b) R (c, d)

 ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
 cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
 (c, d) R (a, b)

 R is symmetric

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Solution contd..
Transitive: If (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)

 ad(b + c) = bc(a + d) and cf(d + e) = de(c + f)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 + = + and + = +
b c a d d e c f

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 − = − and − = −  − = −  + = +
c d a b c d e f a b e f a f b e

 af(b + e) = be(a + f)  (a, b) R (e, f)

 Transitive
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal

Thank you

Prof. Rakesh K Jaiswal