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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 880

Kohei Arai
Rahul Bhatia
Supriya Kapoor Editors

Proceedings
of the Future
Technologies
Conference (FTC)
2018
Volume 1
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 880

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: nikhil@isical.ac.in
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: rbellop@uclv.edu.cu
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: escorchado@usal.es
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: hani@essex.ac.uk
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: koczy@sze.hu
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: vladik@utep.edu
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: epmelin@hafsamx.org
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: nadia@eng.uerj.br
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Kohei Arai Rahul Bhatia
•

Supriya Kapoor
Editors

Proceedings of the Future

Technologies Conference
(FTC) 2018
Volume 1

123
Editors
Kohei Arai Supriya Kapoor
Saga University The Science and Information
Saga, Japan (SAI) Organization
Bradford, UK
Rahul Bhatia
The Science and Information
(SAI) Organization
Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-02685-1 ISBN 978-3-030-02686-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02686-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957983

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Editor’s Preface

Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2018 was held on November 13–14, 2018,
in Vancouver at the Marriott Pinnacle Downtown Hotel, with sweeping views
of the coastal mountains, Coal Harbour, and Vancouver’s city skyline. The city of
Vancouver is considered as one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
With great privilege, we present the Proceedings of FTC 2018 in two volumes to
the readers. We hope that you will find it useful, exciting, and inspiring. FTC 2018
aims at producing a bright picture and charming landscape for future technologies
by providing a platform to present the best of current systems’ research and
practice, emphasizing innovation and quantified experience. The ever-changing
scope and rapid development of future technologies create new problems and
questions, resulting in the real need for sharing brilliant ideas and stimulating good
awareness of this important research field.
Researchers, academics, and technologists from leading universities, research
firms, government agencies, and companies from 50+ countries presented the latest
research at the forefront of technology and computing. After the double-blind
review process, we finally selected 173 full papers including six poster papers to
publish.
We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of the reviewers
who helped us maintain the high quality of manuscripts included in this conference
proceedings. We would also like to extend our thanks to the members of the
organizing team for their hard work. We are tremendously grateful for the contri-
butions and support received from authors, participants, keynote speakers, program
committee members, session chairs, organizing committee members, steering
committee members, and others in their various roles. Their valuable support,
suggestions, dedicated commitment, and hard work have made FTC 2018 a suc-
cess. Finally, we would like to thank the conference’s sponsors and partners:
Western Digital, IBM Research, and Nature Electronics.
We believe this event will help further disseminate new ideas and inspire more
international collaborations.

v
vi Editor’s Preface

We hope that all the participants of FTC 2018 had a wonderful and fruitful time
at the conference and that our overseas guests enjoyed their sojourn in Vancouver!
Kind Regards,
Kohei Arai
Contents

Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making . . . 1

Rodrigo Hübner, Linnyer Beatryz Ruiz Aylon, and Gilmar Barreto
Image-Based Wheel-Base Measurement in Vehicles: A Sensitivity
Analysis to Depth and Camera’s Intrinsic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
David Duron-Arellano, Daniel Soto-Lopez, and Mehran Mehrandezh
Generic Paper and Plastic Recognition by Fusion of NIR
and VIS Data and Redundancy-Aware Feature Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Alla Serebryanyk, Matthias Zisler, and Claudius Schnörr
Hand Gesture Recognition with Leap Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Lin Feng, Youchen Du, Shenglan Liu, Li Xu, Jie Wu, and Hong Qiao
A Fast and Simple Sample-Based T-Shirt Image Search Engine . . . . . . 55
Liliang Chan, Pai Peng, Xiangyu Liu, Xixi Cao, and Houwei Cao
Autonomous Robot KUKA YouBot Navigation Based on Path
Planning and Traffic Signals Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Carlos Gordón, Patricio Encalada, Henry Lema, Diego León,
and Cristian Peñaherrera
Towards Reduced Latency in Saccade Landing Position Prediction
Using Velocity Profile Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Henry Griffith, Subir Biswas, and Oleg Komogortsev
Wireless Power Transfer Solutions for ‘Things’ in the Internet
of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Tim Helgesen and Moutaz Haddara
Electronic Kintsugi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Vanessa Julia Carpenter, Amanda Willis, Nikolaj “Dzl” Møbius,
and Dan Overholt

vii
viii Contents

A Novel and Scalable Naming Strategy for IoT Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Alejandro Gómez-Cárdenas, Xavi Masip-Bruin, Eva Marín-Tordera,
and Sarang Kahvazadeh
The IoT and Unpacking the Heffalump’s Trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Joseph Lindley, Paul Coulton, and Rachel Cooper
Toys That Talk to Strangers: A Look at the Privacy Policies
of Connected Toys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Wahida Chowdhury
A Reinforcement Learning Multiagent Architecture Prototype
for Smart Homes (IoT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Mario Rivas and Fernando Giorno
Real-Time Air Pollution Monitoring Systems Using Wireless Sensor
Networks Connected in a Cloud-Computing, Wrapped
up Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Byron Guanochanga, Rolando Cachipuendo, Walter Fuertes,
Santiago Salvador, Diego S. Benítez, Theofilos Toulkeridis, Jenny Torres,
César Villacís, Freddy Tapia, and Fausto Meneses
A Multi-agent Model for Security Awareness Driven by Home
User’s Behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Farhad Foroughi and Peter Luksch
Light Weight Cryptography for Resource Constrained IoT Devices . . . 196
Hessa Mohammed Zaher Al Shebli and Babak D. Beheshti
A Framework for Ranking IoMT Solutions Based on Measuring
Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Faisal Alsubaei, Abdullah Abuhussein, and Sajjan Shiva
CUSTODY: An IoT Based Patient Surveillance Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Md. Sadad Mahamud, Md. Manirul Islam, Md. Saniat Rahman,
and Samiul Haque Suman
Personal Branding and Digital Citizenry: Harnessing the Power
of Data and IOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Fawzi BenMessaoud, Thomas Sewell III, and Sarah Ryan
Testing of Smart TV Applications: Key Ingredients, Challenges
and Proposed Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Bestoun S. Ahmed and Miroslav Bures
Dynamic Evolution of Simulated Autonomous Cars in the Open
World Through Tactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Joe R. Sylnice and Germán H. Alférez
Contents ix

Exploring the Quantified Experience: Finding Spaces for People

and Their Voices in Smarter, More Responsive Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
H. Patricia McKenna
Prediction of Traffic-Violation Using Data Mining Techniques . . . . . . . 283
Md Amiruzzaman
An Intelligent Traffic Management System Based on the Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth Sensing and Data Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Hamed H. Afshari, Shahrzad Jalali, Amir H. Ghods, and Bijan Raahemi
Economic and Performance Based Approach to the Distribution
System Expansion Planning Problem Under
Smart Grid Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Hatem Zaki, R. A. Swief, T. S. Abdel-Salam, and M. A. M. Mostafa
Connecting to Smart Cities: Analyzing Energy Times Series
to Visualize Monthly Electricity Peak Load in Residential Buildings . . . 333
Shamaila Iram, Terrence Fernando, and Richard Hill
Anomaly Detection in Q & A Based Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Neda Soltani, Elham Hormizi, and S. Alireza Hashemi Golpayegani
A Study of Measurement of Audience in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Mohammed Al-Maitah
Predicting Disease Outbreaks Using Social Media: Finding
Trustworthy Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Razieh Nokhbeh Zaeem, David Liau, and K. Suzanne Barber
Detecting Comments Showing Risk for Suicide in YouTube . . . . . . . . . 385
Jiahui Gao, Qijin Cheng, and Philip L. H. Yu
Twitter Analytics for Disaster Relevance and Disaster
Phase Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Abeer Abdel Khaleq and Ilkyeun Ra
Incorporating Code-Switching and Borrowing in Dutch-English
Automatic Language Detection on Twitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Samantha Kent and Daniel Claeser
A Systematic Review of Time Series Based Spam Identification
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Iqra Muhammad, Usman Qamar, and Rabia Noureen
CNN with Limit Order Book Data for Stock Price Prediction . . . . . . . . 444
Jaime Niño, German Hernandez, Andrés Arévalo, Diego Leon,
and Javier Sandoval
x Contents

Implementing Clustering and Classification Approaches for Big Data

with MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Katrin Pitz and Reiner Anderl
Visualization Tool for JADE Platform (JEX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Halim Djerroud and Arab Ali Cherif
Decision Tree-Based Approach for Defect Detection and Classification
in Oil and Gas Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Abduljalil Mohamed, Mohamed Salah Hamdi, and Sofiene Tahar
Impact of Context on Keyword Identification and Use in Biomedical
Literature Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Venu G. Dasigi, Orlando Karam, and Sailaja Pydimarri
A Cloud-Based Decision Support System Framework for Hydropower
Biological Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Hongfei Hou, Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Jayson J. Martinez, Tao Fu, Jun Lu,
Li Tan, John Miller, and David Bakken
An Attempt to Forecast All Different Rainfall Series by Dynamic
Programming Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Swe Swe Aung, Shin Ohsawa, Itaru Nagayama, and Shiro Tamaki
Non-subsampled Complex Wavelet Transform Based Medical
Image Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Sanjay N. Talbar, Satishkumar S. Chavan, and Abhijit Pawar
Predicting Concussion Symptoms Using Computer Simulations . . . . . . . 557
Milan Toma
Integrating Markov Model, Bivariate Gaussian Distribution
and GPU Based Parallelization for Accurate Real-Time Diagnosis
of Arrhythmia Subclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Purva R. Gawde, Arvind K. Bansal, and Jeffery A. Nielson
Identification of Glioma from MR Images Using Convolutional
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Nidhi Saxena, Rochan Sharma, Karishma Joshi, and Hukum Singh Rana
Array of Things for Smart Health Solutions Injury Prevention,
Performance Enhancement and Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
S. M. N. Arosha Senanayake, Siti Asmah @ Khairiyah Binti Haji Raub,
Abdul Ghani Naim, and David Chieng
Applying Waterjet Technology in Surgical Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
George Abdou and Nadi Atalla
Blockchain Revolution in the Healthcare Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Sergey Avdoshin and Elena Pesotskaya
Contents xi

Effective Reversible Data Hiding in Electrocardiogram Based

on Fast Discrete Cosine Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Ching-Yu Yang, Lian-Ta Cheng, and Wen-Fong Wang
Semantic-Based Resume Screening System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Yu Hou and Lixin Tao
The Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence: Synthesizable AI . . . . . . 659
Supratik Mukhopadhyay, S. S. Iyengar, Asad M. Madni,
and Robert Di Biano
Cognitive Natural Language Search Using Calibrated
Quantum Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Rucha Kulkarni, Harshad Kulkarni, Kalpesh Balar, and Praful Krishna
Taxonomy and Resource Modeling in Combined
Fog-to-Cloud Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Souvik Sengupta, Jordi Garcia, and Xavi Masip-Bruin
Predicting Head-to-Head Games with a Similarity Metric
and Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Arisoa S. Randrianasolo and Larry D. Pyeatt
Artificial Human Swarms Outperform Vegas Betting Markets . . . . . . . 721
Louis Rosenberg and Gregg Willcox
Genetic Algorithm Based on Enhanced Selection and Log-Scaled
Mutation Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Neeraj Gupta, Nilesh Patel, Bhupendra Nath Tiwari, and Mahdi Khosravy
Second-Generation Web Interface to Correcting ASR Output . . . . . . . . 749
Oldřich Krůza and Vladislav Kuboň
A Collaborative Multi-agent System for Oil Palm Pests
and Diseases Global Situation Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Salama A. Mostafa, Ahmed Abdulbasit Hazeem,
Shihab Hamad Khaleefahand, Aida Mustapha, and Rozanawati Darman
Using Mouse Dynamics for Continuous User Authentication . . . . . . . . . 776
Osama A. Salman and Sarab M. Hameed
Ten Guidelines for Intelligent Systems Futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Daria Loi
Towards Computing Technologies on Machine Parsing of English
and Chinese Garden Path Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
Jiali Du, Pingfang Yu, and Chengqing Zong
Music Recommender According to the User Current Mood . . . . . . . . . . 828
Murtadha Al-Maliki
xii Contents

Development of Extreme Learning Machine Radial Basis Function

Neural Network Models to Predict Residual Aluminum for Water
Treatment Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
C. D. Jayaweera and N. Aziz
Multi-layer Mangrove Species Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Fenddy Kong Mohd Aliff Kong, Mohd Azam Osman,
Wan Mohd Nazmee Wan Zainon, and Abdullah Zawawi Talib
Intelligent Seating System with Haptic Feedback
for Active Health Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
Peter Gust, Sebastian P. Kampa, Nico Feller, Max Vom Stein,
Ines Haase, and Valerio Virzi
Intelligence in Embedded Systems: Overview and Applications . . . . . . . 874
Paul D. Rosero-Montalvo, Vivian F. López Batista, Edwin A. Rosero,
Edgar D. Jaramillo, Jorge A. Caraguay, José Pijal-Rojas,
and D. H. Peluffo-Ordóñez
Biometric System Based on Kinect Skeletal, Facial and
Vocal Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Yaron Lavi, Dror Birnbaum, Or Shabaty, and Gaddi Blumrosen
Towards the Blockchain-Enabled Offshore Wind
Energy Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Samira Keivanpour, Amar Ramudhin, and Daoud Ait Kadi
Optimal Dimensionality Reduced Quantum Walk
and Noise Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Chen-Fu Chiang
Implementing Dual Marching Square Using Visualization
Tool Kit (VTK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Manu Garg and Sudhanshu Kumar Semwal
Procedural 3D Tile Generation for Level Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
Anthony Medendorp and Sudhanshu Kumar Semwal
Some Barriers Regarding the Sustainability of Digital Technology
for Long-Term Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Stefan Svetsky and Oliver Moravcik
Digital Collaboration with a Whiteboard in Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . 962
Markus Petrykowski, Philipp Berger, Patrick Hennig,
and Christoph Meinel
Teaching Practices with Mobile in Different Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Anna Helena Silveira Sonego, Leticia Rocha Machado,
Cristina Alba Wildt Torrezzan, and Patricia Alejandra Behar
Contents xiii

Accessibility and New Technology MOOC- Disability and Active

Aging: Technological Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Samuel A. Navarro Ortega and M. Pilar Munuera Gómez
Lecturing to Your Students: Is Their Heart In It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Aidan McGowan, Philip Hanna, Des Greer, and John Busch
Development of Collaborative Virtual Learning Environments
for Enhancing Deaf People’s Learning in Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Ahmad A. Al-Jarrah
Game Framework to Improve English Language Learners’
Motivation and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Monther M. Elaish, Norjihan Abdul Ghani, Liyana Shuib,
and Abdulmonem I. Shennat
Insights into Design of Educational Games: Comparative Analysis
of Design Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Rabail Tahir and Alf Inge Wang
Immersive and Collaborative Classroom Experiences
in Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Derek Jacoby, Rachel Ralph, Nicholas Preston, and Yvonne Coady
The Internet of Toys, Connectedness and Character-Based Play
in Early Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Pirita Ihamäki and Katriina Heljakka
Learning Analytics Research: Using Meta-Review to Inform
Meta-Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Xu Du, Juan Yang, Mingyan Zhang, Jui-Long Hung, and Brett E. Shelton
Students’ Evidential Increase in Learning Using Gamified
Learning Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
V. Z. Vanduhe, H. F. Hassan, Dokun Oluwajana, M. Nat, A. Idowu,
J. J. Agbo, and L. Okunlola
Improving the Use of Virtual Worlds in Education Through Learning
Analytics: A State of Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
Fredy Gavilanes-Sagnay, Edison Loza-Aguirre, Diego Riofrío-Luzcando,
and Marco Segura-Morales
Design and Evaluation of an Online Digital Storytelling Course
for Seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
David Kaufman, Diogo Silva, Robyn Schell, and Simone Hausknecht
The Role of Self-efficacy in Technology Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
Saleh Alharbi and Steve Drew
xiv Contents

An Affective Sensitive Tutoring System for Improving Student’s

Engagement in CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Ruth Agada, Jie Yan, and Weifeng Xu
Multimedia Interactive Boards as a Teaching and Learning Tool
in Environmental Education: A Case-Study with
Portuguese Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164
Cecília M. Antão
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems
for Assistance in Decision-Making

Rodrigo Hübner1,3(B) , Linnyer Beatryz Ruiz Aylon2 , and Gilmar Barreto3

1
Computer Department, Computer Interfaces Research Group,
Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Campo Mourão, Paraná 87301–899, Brazil
rodrigohubner@utfpr.edu.br
2
Manna Research Group, State University of Maringá,
Maringá, Paraná 87020–900, Brazil
3
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Intelligent Systems and Control
Laboratory, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083–970, Brazil

Abstract. In recent years, Brain Computer-Interfaces (BCI) has a

major focus on systems out of clinical scope. These systems have been
used to control electrical and electronic equipment, control of digital
games and other kinds of “control”. Such control can be accomplished
through decision-making by a BCI system. A paradigm known for this
purpose is SSVEP (system based on steady-state visually evoked poten-
tial paradigm), in which it is possible to distinguish targets with dif-
ferent frequency flicker through visual evocations. This paper proposes
a human-computer interaction system using SSVEP for assistance in
decision-making. In particular, the work describes a prototype of traffic
lights proposed as a case study. The experiments with this prototype,
have created decision-making situations, allowing the SSVEP-BCI sys-
tem assists the individual to decide correctly.

Keywords: BCI · SSVEP · Decision-making

1 Introduction
Brain Computer-Interfaces (BCI) [3,7,19] is commonly used for the development
of systems that can improve the quality of life of people who have some physical
constraint which limits the capacity of that person (visual, auditory or motor).
In this way, a BCI system should minimize the subject’s disability by assisting
in the task that the subject could perform alone. An example of this is the [10],
a system in which a subject who has speech impairment, focuses on an array of
letters on a monitor, and through the visual stimuli generated, the BCI system
can classify which the letter the subject is looking at and displaying it.
A BCI system can also aid in the decision-making of healthy subjects. There
are situations that can be considered risky, for example, braking a vehicle while
driving when you see a red traffic light or a car headlight flashing ahead. In such
situations, a BCI system can assist the driver if the decision taken by him is
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
K. Arai et al. (Eds.): FTC 2018, AISC 880, pp. 1–18, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02686-8_1
2 R. Hübner et al.

not the correct one. With this premise, we are developing a work to investigate
the SSVEP paradigm (Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential) [13–15] used to
determine which target with flicker frequency an subject is focused, which can be
recognized with an electroencephalography (EEG) equipment. In order for the
BCI system to make the right decision, it is necessary that the different events
are being presented at different flicker frequencies.
In order to conduct this research, was built simulations that reproduce tech-
niques that use SSVEP, because when this concept of decision-making is applied
to the real world, such situations can not be played the same way using the
traditional SSVEP paradigm as bright targets do not present a scintillation fre-
quency that can be classified by the BCI system, in addition to endangering the
life of the experiment subjects. In this context, the objective of this paper is to
present an empirical study of the techniques used for the processing of SSVEP
signals, aiming the development of a SSVEP-BCI system to aid in decision mak-
ing in situations close to the real world. The reason is that real bright targets
do not have a flicker frequency that can be classified by the BCI system, beside
putting at risk the lives of the subjects of the experiment. In this context, the
objective of this paper is to present an empirical study of the techniques used
for the processing of SSVEP signals, aiming the development of a SSVEP-BCI
system to assist in decision-making in situations close to the real world. For this,
we have built a prototype of traffic lights with Light Emitting Diode (LED) to
create decision-making situations.
To fulfill this objective, a set of experiments based on the SSVEP paradigm
was reproduced using a public database, with the intention of evaluating the pro-
gramming methods. We also constructed databases with EEG signal acquisition
to be evaluated with a prototype using LED-based traffic lights, in which they
generate the necessary visual evocation for experimentation. Finally, we investi-
gated different SSVEP signal stimulation strategies, making the prototype traffic
lights constructed have a behavior closer to reality without the visualization of
traditional flicker frequencies of the SSVEP paradigm.
This paper is divided as follows. Section 2 presents a brief grounding for
the SSVEP paradigm. Section 3 presents some related works. Section 4 presents
experiments with public database and with the constructed prototype, using the
traditional model SSVEP. Section 5 presents BCI system directions for evaluat-
ing decision-making at traffic lights, using the SSVEP paradigm in non-flickering
targets. Finally, Sect. 6 presents the conclusion.

2 SSVEP-BCI Background
The BCI paradigms determine what and how the subject must behave to produce
certain known patterns that can be interpreted by a BCI system. The subject
must generally be subjected to a calibration equipment and a training before
the experiment. The configuration of the physical environment, positioning of
the electrodes and the software set are directly associated with the paradigm
used. The paradigms currently used in a BCI system are: Selective attention
and Motor Imagery [18]. In this paper we focus on Selective Attention.
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making 3

Selective Attention. Paradigms of BCI based on selective attention require

external stimuli that result in patterns of response by the brain [8]. Such stimuli
may be visual, auditory or tactile. In this method, each stimulus is associated
with a specific command and the user must focus his attention on a target
stimulus to generate the corresponding action. In this work will be used visual
stimuli and the main paradigms that use these stimuli are: Steady-State Evoked
Potentials (SSEP) and P300.

– P300: The P300 paradigm consists of obtaining a series of positive peaks

in the input signal, with a variation in amplitude in a short space of time.
This variation should occur after the appearance of the infrequent target
stimulus among several frequent [6]. In this way it is possible to visualize a
variation in signal amplitude in the time domain. Stimuli can be auditory,
visual or sensory. An example of a visual stimulus may be determined by a
letter or screen symbol of a computer that the subject is focused on, which
upon receiving a contrast (generally lighter) will generate a peak in the signal
approximately 300 milliseconds after the stimulus evocation. For this peak is
given the name of P300 (peak 300).
– SSEP: Periodic external stimuli can be verified in the signal obtained from
any region of the visual cortex. They may be of the sensory, auditory, but
mainly visual, known in the literature as SSVEP.
– SSVEP: SSVEP stimuli can be triggered by a visual frequency stimulated
to the subject. Usually these stimuli are generated by a computer simulation
on the monitor screen, but it is also normal to use LEDs for it [25]. Using
the screen of a monitor, it is necessary set up the experiment so the screen
refresh rate as a multiple of the flicker frequencies used as target. A target
may be a light flickering at a frequency of 8 Hz, where an subject is visu-
ally focused on it and thereby it will be possible to recognize a response in
the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal obtained from the visual cortex at a
frequency around 8 Hz. In a study conducted by [20] it has been found that
stimulated frequencies can range from 5 to 100 Hz. The SSVEP signal has
other characteristics such as luminance, contrast and chromatic that can be
modulated together with the flickering frequencies of a target stimulus [4].

2.1 Signal Processing in the SSVEP Paradigm

A BCI experiment based on the SSVEP paradigm is related to how the stimuli
are presented to the subject and how the signals obtained through the EEG
equipment are processed. We present the processing steps of the SSVEP signal.

Pre-processing of EEG Signals. In pre-processing, an EEG signal is filtered

without losing relevant information. In addition, the signal can be improved by
separating the noises present, known as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When the
SNR is low on the signal, it means that detectable patterns will be difficult to
find. Even when the SNR is high on the signal, it means that the standards will
4 R. Hübner et al.

be easy to identify. Signal filtering techniques can be applied in combination,

facilitating the determination of the signals of interest.
Temporal and spatial filters are used as signal preprocessing. In this paper we
used the bandpass temporal filtering techniques by the finite impulse response
(FIR) method [22] and the spatial filtering method Common Average Reference
(CAR) [17], which consists of the point-to-point subtraction of each signal by
the mean of all EEG signals obtained by all the electrodes.

Feature Extraction. This step performs a search for the features that best
describes the expected properties of the input signal. Such characteristics can be
obtained using: the signal waveform analyzed in the time domain; Components
of subject frequencies in the frequency domain; Power density spectrum; Time
frequency analysis (i.e. Short-Time Fourier Transform - STFT), Autoregressive
Models, etc. [11].
In SSVEP-BCI systems, methods for extracting features based on the spec-
tral information presented in the EEG signal. In a given set of evoked frequencies,
the Power Spectral Density (PSD) calculation can extract from the signal, the
information of interest to be classified. The main methods used for SSVEP fre-
quency density analysis are: Filter Bank, Spectrogram, Weltch Method [2] and
Multitaper Method [16]. In this work was used the Multitaper Method that can
be applied by the tool MNE-Python1 .

Feature Selection. In the feature extraction can be obtained a large number

of variables that will be analyzed in the future by a classifier. In this step, the
most relevant features of the set obtained by the feature extraction are selected,
allowing to improve the performance of the classifier in terms of faster execu-
tion and effectiveness. Among the techniques of feature selection are mentioned
Filter (Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients and Davies-Bouldin Index) and the
Wrappers technique [2]. The technique Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE)
based in Wrappers is used in this work because it presents in general a better
performance in the same work cited.

Classification. Classification is the final stage of EEG signal processing. It is

possible to decide which action or command should be executed. The selection
of characteristics has as output a vector of characteristics used by the classifi-
cation of data in different classes. Classifiers that follow the supervised learning
approach use samples of labeled examples called training sets. This set is formed
by several labeled samples of each class, so that the classifier is able to recognize
new samples and classify them in any of the classes that make up this set.
There are several supervised classification algorithms, such as Support Vector
Machine (SVM) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). In this work we chose
to use the SVM classifier, based on its performance presented in [15].

1
http://martinos.org/mne.
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making 5

3 Related Works
The main works that contributed to the development of this paper are presented
below.
In Development of an ssvep-based BCI spelling system adopting
a qwerty-style LED keyboard [12] a speller system was developed in the
QWERTY model using 30 LEDs representing each key of keyboard, flickering at
different frequencies. This method allows the individual to select a character
without the need for multiple steps as in traditional BCI speller systems. It was
possible to obtain wide frequency resolution, strictly recognizing for example a
flickering stimulus of 0.1 Hz. The experiments were performed with ten healthy
subjects, in which five participated in an offline experiment and five in an online
experiment. 68 English words were used for the evaluations. In the offline results,
accuracy of 76.67% and 72.33% was obtained for viewing angles 40 and 30 degrees
respectively. The online results were better because the best angle and the best
combination of electrodes were used (Oz and O2 in system 10–20), obtaining
accuracy regarding the amount of time participants took to recognize each char-
acter: 5 s (84.69%), 6 s (86.17%) and 7 s (89.53%). From this work it was possible
to obtain important information about the distance and positioning angle of the
LEDs for a better result, besides the best electrodepositions for it.
In A novel stimulation method for multi-class SSVEP-BCI using
intermodulation frequencies [4] a method was developed using different inter-
modulation frequencies for SSVEP-BCIs with flickering targets at the same fre-
quency of 15 Hz. The set up allowing a greater number of targets. The authors
encoded nine target objects on an LCD screen, in which quadratic forms were
arranged in a 3 × 3 matrix. The modulation frequency for each target was gener-
ated by color characteristics (C), alternating the frames in green, red and gray,
luminance characteristic (L), alternating frames with a difference of 20 cd/m− 2
and the mixture of the two (CL) forming three approaches. As a result, the
average accuracy for the online assessment of the three approaches was 85%,
with the mixture of the two (CL) being the highest obtained of 96.41%. This
work presents alternatives in the SSVEP paradigm, which it implies to recognize
different targets flickering in the same frequency.
In the work Towards an optimization of stimulus parameters for
brain-computer interfaces based on steady state visual evoked poten-
tials [5] the influence of several characteristics of the SSVEP visual stimulus of
the SSVEP signal is presented. Five characteristics were evaluated for the tar-
gets: size, distance, color, shape and presence of a fixation point in the middle
of each flickering object. The distance between the stimulation targets and the
presence or absence of the fixation point had no significant effect on the results,
since the color and size of the flickering target played an important role in the
SSVEP response. Experiments were performed with 5 subjects and four stim-
uli were presented on the monitor screen with different flickering frequencies. A
group of LEDs was added adjacent to each object shown on the screen, respon-
sible for randomly generating the imposed luminance. The spectral responses
are larger for white, followed by yellow, red, green, and blue color. About the
6 R. Hübner et al.

size of objects, the quality of spectral information is proportionately larger in

relation to the size of the object. Other features did not have relevant effects for
this study. This work presented important information for the characterization
of the environment in which the prototype of our work is inserted.
The work of Use of high-frequency visual stimuli above the critical
flicker frequency in a SSVEP-based BMI [21] presents an evaluation using
frequencies above those traditionally used in SSVEP-BCI systems. Green (low
luminance) and blue (high luminance) LEDs were used to verify the accuracy of
the system and the level of visual fatigue of the subjects. Subjects fixed green and
blue flickering light (30 and 70 Hz respectively), and the SSVEP amplitude was
evaluated. The subjects were asked to indicate whether the stimulus was visibly
flickering and to report their subjective level of discomfort. It also evaluated
visible frequencies (41, 43 and 45 Hz) against invisible frequencies (61, 63 and
65 Hz). As a result, 93.1% and 88% were obtained for the visible and invisible
stimuli respectively. In addition, it was concluded that high frequencies continue
to offer good performance and that visual fatigue has been reduced. In our paper
we investigated the use of high flickering frequencies (invisible to the human eye)
to approach a real situation.
The related work presented encouraged the use of new concepts in the non-
traditional SSVEP method. These methods can contribute to a SSVEP-BCI
system applied in a real situation. The next section presents the conduction of
the preliminary experiments.

4 Preliminary Experiments
This section presents two experimental sets that are the basis for our investiga-
tion. The two sets are divided as follows:
1. Development of codes for the evaluation of a public SSVEP-BCI database;
and
2. Construction of a prototype using traffic lights with LEDs as flickering targets.
Initially, we demonstrate the results of codes produced as part of this work,
to evaluate a public database. After the evaluation of the experiment, a second
experimental set was performed to evaluate a database produced by us, using
a prototype with traffic lights constructed with LEDs, in which LEDs perform
traditional SSVEP stimuli, based on flickering targets frequencies. By analyzing
these results in addition to investigating new methods linked to SSVEP-BCI
systems, it will be possible to develop a new BCI system for decision-making
with non-flickering targets using the same physical components of the second
experimental set. The proposal resulting from this research is in Sect. 5.
In all experiments was used the tool MNE-Python [9], which makes up a set
of libraries written in the Python programming language for the purpose of
analyzing EEG and MEG data. The library also used was Scikit Learn2 for
routines based on Computational Intelligence, also written in Python.
2
http://scikit-learn.org.
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making 7

4.1 Public Database SSVEP-BCI

In this section the experiment performed with the AVI SSVEP database3 , devel-
oped by [24], built as part of a work by the same author [23], was develop a
“speller with dictionary support”. First it will be introduced to database built
by [24] and then presented the algorithmic strategies developed by us, detailing
the loading and preparation of data, procedures and results respectively.

Description of the Public Database AVI SSVEP. The base has measured
EEG data from healthy subjects, being exposed in flickering targets to obtain
SSVEP responses. Data were recorded using three electrodes (Oz, Fpz e Pz) posi-
tioned according to the 10–20 system. The data obtained from the electrode Oz
is the only ones recorded in the database. The electrode Fpz was used as refer-
ence and the electrode PZ for ground. An LCD monitor was used for stimulus
generation BenQ XL2420T with refresh rate at 120 Hz. The EEG equipment used
was the g.USBamp which has a sampling rate of 512 Hz and gold-plated elec-
trodes moistened with electrolytic gel. Subjects had to concentrate during the
experiment on targets of 2.89 cm2 on the monitor screen, seated at a distance of
60 cm from it.
Two types of experiments were performed to compose this database. The
first was performed with a single target (ST) to verify the existence of the VEP
signal. Four subjects were used, each submitted to a single session, focusing on
a single target for thirty seconds, four times. The frequencies chosen in each test
were random, but they were the same for each subject. The second experiment
was performed with multiple targets (MT), adding seven targets at different
frequencies. Five subjects were used in two sessions, focusing on multiple targets
for sixteen seconds, ten times. In each trial the subject focused on one of the
flickering targets reported and the sequence reported was also random but the
same for the five subjects.

Loading and Data Preparation. The codes developed for ST analysis were
necessary because it has a single target, taking into account our main research
at traffic lights, only one light will be lit at a time. The MT data were also
analyzed because there is a greater variation of samples and thus it is possible
to construct and evaluate a greater combination of strategies.
In the ST data, each subject performed only one session with four trials, but
since there are twenty-seven trials in each session, the training and test data
could be divided into different proportions in the same session, so that 33% of
the samples (9 samples) were used for the training, while 67% of the samples
(18 samples) were used for testing. In the MT data, the training and test data
of the classifier are divided into different sessions, because there are few samples
available, adding ten tests each session, but each subject performed two sessions.
In this way, the second session of each subject was used with ten samples for the
training of the classifier and the first session with the same subject for the tests.
3
http://www.setzner.com/avi-ssvep-dataset/.
8 R. Hübner et al.

Experimental Procedures. Regardless of the division of data for each exper-

iment, the algorithms for preprocessing, feature extraction and selection and
classification were the same. Figure 1 shows the execution flow and the algo-
rithms applied in each experimental stage.

Fig. 1. General flow of execution of the experiments presenting the algorithms used in
each step.

Generally, the classification algorithm uses different combinations of features

extracted for data training. In this experiment, the only features extracted is
the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the SSVEP signal, which allows to train
the classification model independent of its class. This occurs because regardless
of the frequency stimulated, the PSD should have a higher value than the rest
of the non-invoked frequencies. Thus, training models of any frequency can be
applied to classify any test sample.

Results. In the analysis of the results with the ST data, three combinations of
data were used for the training and test, since each subject performed the same
experimental sequence three times. Thus, the first training section was used for
the classification model and the second and third for testing, and the other two
possible combinations to testing three different possibilities.
The best frequency range for the feature extraction was to use a standard
deviation equal to 0.3 (based on an exhaustive execution), that is, if the feature
extraction was performed around a frequency of 6 Hz, the range frequency was
from 5.7 to 6.3 Hz.
Figure 2a presents the bar plot with the results of the experiment with the
ST data. The best result was with subject 4, which the accuracy for the three
sessions was 100%. But the worst result was with subject 3 using the first session
as a test, which an accuracy of 14% was obtained. The overall mean accuracy of
all subjects was 70.75%.
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making 9

Fig. 2. Results of the experiment with the ST data from the AVI database.

The PSD charts were analyzed to determine the low results presented by
subject 3. In the first session, the target evoked a signal of 6.0 Hz, but the
PSD is higher around 12.0 Hz. This result implies both the poor training of the
classifier and the use of these data for testing, resulting in low accuracy.
Figure 2b presents a PSD of the first session performed by subject 4, in
which it obtained the highest accuracy (100%). It can be observed that in both
figures, the PSD is the highest around the evoked frequency and the rest of the
frequencies have low values. These data have good classifier training and also
result in good accuracy if used for the test.
In the results with the MT experiment, it was considered that the second
session of each subject would be better used for classifier training. The best
frequency range for the feature extraction was also with the standard deviation
equal to 0.3.
Figure 3a shows the bar plot with the results of the MT experiment. Most of
the results were better using the second session with the exception of subject 2.
The best result was with subject 4 and 5, in which the accuracy was 100% for
the two cases using the training with the second session. The worst result was
with subject 3 using both the first session and training as the second one, in
which an accuracy of 50% and 60% respectively was obtained. The overall mean
accuracy of all subjects was 84%.
The PSD graphics were analyzed to determine the low results presented by
subject 3. Figure 3b presents the PSD of the first session performed by this
subject. A signal of 9.3 Hz was evoked, but the PSD is larger around 6.5 Hz.
The tests performed with the experimental base of [24] demonstrated that it
is possible to use the codes developed by our work to evaluate an SSVEP-BCI
system.
10 R. Hübner et al.

Fig. 3. Results of the experiment with the MT data from the AVI database.

Fig. 4. Traffic lights built with LEDs used in experiment 2 prototype.

4.2 SSVEP-BCI System Based on Flickering Traffic Lights

In this experimental stage, the construction of our database for the evaluation
of the prototype using traffic lights with flickering LEDs was started, as well as
testing the functioning of the EEG equipment used.

Description of Equipment Used. For the development of the prototype,

two traffic lights made up of LEDs were used. Figure 4a shows the traffic light
constructed with the rest of the prototype, built with three diffuse of 10 mm,
with red, yellow and green LED color. Figure 4b presents the traffic light built
with three high-brightness 5 mm LEDs and a high brightness LED of 3 mm, two
in red, one yellow and one green (3 mm).
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making 11

The variability of traffic lights were constructed to verify the difference of

the EEG signal presented when using diffuse or high brightness LEDs, since the
latter has a higher light intensity despite causing a visual nuisance.
The operation of the traffic lights is carried out with the aid of the Arduino
UNO4 , a free hardware electronic prototyping platform, which uses a microcon-
troller ATmega328P of 32 MB flash memory and 16 MHz speed. In addition to the
LEDs connected to the traffic lights, a push button was also added to manually
control the start of each session or to stop it if necessary.
The EEG equipment used in the experiments is the OpenBCI board5
of 32 bits with 8 channels for the EEG/MEG/ECG (Electroencephalo-
gram/Magnetoencephalograph/Electrocardiogram) measuring plus three auxil-
iary channels used for the measuring of a gyroscopic sensor. The equipment can
still be expanded to 16 channels using the module Daisy that accompanies the
equipment.
A helmet developed with a 3D printer was used to perform the experiment.
Ultracortex Mark 36 , used to couple the electrodes and the OpenBCI board.
The electrodes used for the experimentation are constructed with a Silver-Silver
Chloride (Ag-AgCl) alloy, dispensing with the use of electrolytic paste or gel, thus
allowing easy placement of the helmet on different subjects during an experiment.

Experimental Procedures. To simulate the traffic light with the LEDs with
flickering frequencies, a code was developed for the micro controller that allows
to specify the frequencies of each LED. In the case of a conventional SSVEP-BCI
experiment, it is desirable for multiple targets to flick at different frequencies, so
Eq. 1 was applied in the Arduino code, where the interval I is the time between
the LED activations by frequency division f desired by a unit, adding the division
by 2 to disregard the half cycle of the LED on/off, multiplying by 1000 to
calculate the time in milliseconds, and finally subtracting  which is the delay
of loop of code running on hardware. This delay was calculated using an LDR
light sensor connected to an Arduino in which the sensor was pointed at the
LED lit at different frequencies and the read sensor data sent to the computer
for analysis by a graph as a function of time. It has been found that this delay
varies from 1 to 2 ms, so the average of this value (1.5 ms) has been assigned
to .
I = [1 / f ] / 2 ∗ 1000 −  (1)
The following frequencies for each LED have been configured: red = 8 Hz,
yellow = 10 Hz e green = 12 Hz. Non-multiple frequencies were chosen from
each other, which prevents an overlapping phenomena from occurring in the
spectrogram, causing signal magnitude to be high around the multiples of the
invoked frequency.
Figure 5 shows a flowchart of the experimentation detailing the softwares
and hardware used, as well as the communication model made between them.
4
https://www.arduino.cc/.
5
http://openbci.com.
6
https://github.com/OpenBCI/Ultracortex/tree/master/Mark 3.
12 R. Hübner et al.

Obtaining the EEG signal by means of OpenBCI board is performed with the
software OpenBCI GUI v27 . This software sends the signal obtained using the
interface Lab Streaming Layer8 (LSL) in the form of streaming to a code writ-
ten in Python to receive the EEG signal and writes it to a file FIF (tool file
extension MNE) along with the markers received by the micro controller serial
port. Such markers are the time indications that denote the moment each light
in the traffic light was lit.

Fig. 5. Representation of the flow of experiment 2.

This stage of the experiments was performed with only one subject, since the
objective was to test the correct functioning of the EEG equipment and verify if
the prototype is enough to evoke a good signal SSVEP. The following protocol
for the realization of the sessions was adopted:

– Internal environment with low luminosity.

– Subject sitting approximately one meter away from the target.
– Subject is exposed to two sessions. Figure 6c demonstrates how the sequence
of a session is performed. At each session the SSVEP signal was evoked twenty
times with a random light sequence at the target. During the session, the LED
is active for 10 s with intervals of 5 s between one activation and another. In
this way, a session lasts for 15 min and 42 s.
– EEG data and markers were recorded in a single file FIF (referring to the tool
MNE) in a database for further offline analysis.

7
https://github.com/OpenBCI/OpenBCI GUI.
8
https://github.com/sccn/labstreaminglayer.
 Towards in SSVEP-BCI Systems for Assistance in Decision-Making 13

Fig. 6. Illustrations of the protocol for experiment 2.

The electrodes were positioned on the subject’s scalp in locations of the

occipital lobe, parieto-occipital lobe and parietal lobe, respecting the system 10–
20 pattern. Figure 6a shows the positions of the eight electrodes that measure the
EEG signal (O1, Oz, O2, PO3, PO4, PO7, PO8 and Pz), plus two electrodes used
for reference and grounding (Fz connected to the frontal lobe and A2 connected
in the lobe of the right ear respectively). Finally, Fig. 6b shows the complete
assembly of the OpenBCI board connected to the Ag-AgCl electrodes together
with the helmet Ultracortex Mark 3.

Results. A code was developed with some modifications related to that used
in the experimental set 1. In this experiment we added the CAR space filter
(Common Average Reference), taking as reference the channels Oz, O2, PO4 and
PO7, as they were the channels with the highest VEP response, in addition to
the FIR filters (Hamming window) at the cut-off frequencies of 5 Hz and 50 Hz
and a filter notch in the frequencies of 60 Hz and 120 Hz.
The training and test data used to classify, were divided into 30% and 70%
portions respectively, performing a cross-validation in which the initial 30% were
used (six first trials) and the remainder for testing, from the second to the seventh
training trials and so on until completing fifteen different combinations.
14 R. Hübner et al.

Fig. 7. Accuracy of results obtained from cross-validation of experiment 2.

Fig. 8. Evoked 8 Hz with multiple channels.

The best frequency range for the feature extraction was with the standard
deviation equal to 1.0. This value was found using an exhaustive execution with
the 30% of the first triages used for classifier training SVM).
Figure 7 shows the graph with the results of experiment 2 using cross-
validation. The best result was with the 9th piece of data used for the training
of the classifier, in which the accuracy was 100%. The worst results were with
the 8th and 14th portions of data used for the classifier training, in which an
accuracy of 78% was obtained in both cases. The overall mean accuracy for all
cross-evaluation was 86%.
Figure 8 shows a PSDs of the session performed with stimuli in the frequencies
of 8, 10, and 12 Hz, in which it obtained the highest accuracy (100%). It can be
observed that in both figures the PSD is the highest around the evoked frequency
and the rest of the frequencies have low values. These data have good classifier
training and also result in good accuracy if used for the test.
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Oratorios

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Heinrich Schutz (1585–1672)

Johann Sebastiani (1622–1683)
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Russian
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Polish

Felix Nowowiejski (1877)

English

Maurice Greene (1696–1755)

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Charles Hubert Hastings Parry (1848–1918)
Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924)
Frederic Hymen Cowen (1852)
Henry John Edwards (1854)
Harvey Löhr (1856)
Edward Elgar (1857)
Alfred Herbert Brewer (1865)
John Blackwood McEwen (1868)
Granville Bantock (1868)
H. Walford Davies (1869)
Gustav Holst (1874)
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (1875–1912)

French
François Lesueur (1760–1837)
Félicien David (1810–1876)
Charles Gounod (1818–1893)
César Franck (Belgian) (1822–1890)
Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921)
Théodore Dubois (1837–1924)
Vincent d’Indy (1851)
Claude Achille Debussy (1862–1918)
Gabriel Pierné (1863)
Charles Silver (1868)
Henri Rabaud (1873)
Reynaldo Hahn (Venezuelan) (1874)
André Caplet (1878–1925)
Arthur Honegger (1892)

Belgian

Pierre Benoit (1834–1901)

Edgar Tinel (1854–1912)

Spanish

Felipe Pedrell (1841–1922)

Isaac Albeniz (1861–1909)

American

Dudley Buck (1839–1909)

John Knowles Paine (1839–1906)
Julian Edwards (English) (1855–1910)
Humphrey John Stewart (1856)
Edgar Stillman Kelley (1857)
Horatio W. Parker (1863–1919)
Clarence Lucas (1866)
Paolo Gallico (Austrian) (1868)
Henry K. Hadley (1871)
Frederick S. Converse (1871)