Practical Solutions for Back Pain Relief

40 Mind Body Exercises to Move Better

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 This book is dedicated to everyone who has suffered or is suffering with back pain.
I wrote this for you—to empower you to move better, feel better, and never feel powerless to
pain again.
Introduction

Part One: Back Pain Basics

Chapter 1: Why Your Back Hurts
Chapter 2: The New Exercise Program
Part Two: The Exercises
Chapter 3: Exercises to Relieve Pain
» Phase One
Diaphragmatic Breathing with Legs Elevated
Legs Up the Wall
Child’s Pose
Seated Figure-Four Hip Opener
Supported Warrior Hip Flexor Stretch
Supported Back-Release Squat
» Phase Two
Breathing Bridge on Chair
Kneeling Lunge
Gate Pose
Cat Flow
Supine Figure-Four Stretch
Child’s Pose with Reach

» Mind-Body Exercises
10-Breath Breathing Break
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
20-Breath Backward Count for Sleep

Chapter 4: Exercises to Regain Strength and Mobility

» Phase One
Breathing Bridge
Sphinx with Head Turns
Roll-Into-a-Ball Core Exercise
Cobra
Seated Bent-Knee Twist
Bent-Knee Down Dog with Pedal Out
Standing Side Bend
Supine Double Bent-Knee Twist
Supine Figure-Four Twist
Bent-Knee Straddle Stretch
» Phase Two
Flowing Bridge
Windmill Twist
Segmented Forearm Plank
Side Forearm Plank
Locust
Kneeling Lunge with Reach
90/90 Seated Twist
Pigeon
Seated Hamstring and Hip Stretch
» Mind-Body Exercises
Seated Posture Exercise with 10-Breath Breathing Break

Chapter 5: Exercises for Maintenance and Prevention

Breathing Bridge
Walking with Awareness of Gait Mechanics
Warrior Hip Flexor Stretch
Supine Single-Leg, Bent-Knee Twist
Flowing Chair Squat
Cat Flow
Supported Back-Release Squat
Legs Up the Wall
» Mind-Body Exercises
Seated Posture Exercise with 10-Breath Breathing Break
Compassion Meditation

Chapter 6: Additional Therapies for Back Pain

Resources
References
Acknowledgments
About the Author
A ssports,
the “Mobility Maker,” a mind-body coach in professional
I’m probably one of the last people anyone would expect
to have suffered from back pain. In fact, teams and athletes often
hire me to create programs for alleviating and preventing back pain.
Yet, like you, and the other 80 percent of the population who has
suffered from back issues, I’ve felt your pain. I know what it’s like to
hurt so much that you question if you’ll ever be able to perform
everyday tasks pain-free, like bending down to tie your shoes or
picking up your child. You are not alone. According to a recent
Consumer Reports survey, one in four people have had an episode of
back pain that severely interfered with their daily life.
For the athletes reading this, I’m also familiar with the
performance-hampering anxiety—even depression—you must
overcome after a back injury to return to play. The treatment and
prevention of back pain is not only a large part of my career, it’s also
personal. My experience from both perspectives has enabled me to
identify the most efficient and effective ways to relieve current, and
prevent future, back pain. As a result, this book includes easy-to-
follow, practical solutions designed to empower readers
experiencing back pain to take a proactive approach to relief.
But before I jump right into the solutions, you might be
wondering how I ended up with back pain. That’s a fair question. As
I discuss in greater detail in chapter 1, back pain can have numerous
causes, from a traumatic event or illness to simply feeling that we
“moved wrong.” And those of us who’ve experienced a serious bout
of back pain are 80 percent more likely to experience another. I am
no exception. The first time I experienced an acute back issue was in
my mid-twenties. At the time I worked in corporate America, and,
like many stressed-out workers, I turned to yoga. Although I’d spent
several sedentary years behind a desk and hadn’t exercised
regularly since I was a high school gymnast, my ego believed I could
jump into advanced yoga practice because of my previous athletic
background. Consequently, after a couple of months forcing
extreme backbends and twists I hadn’t done in over a decade, I
herniated two lumbar discs.
I want to be clear that yoga did not hurt me. I hurt myself by
leading with my ego and not listening to my body. I went full throttle
into the physical practice of yoga without working on the mind-
body connection aspect, which research shows is a beneficial—if not
the most beneficial—part of any yoga practice.
Because I didn’t know then what I know now (and you will learn
from this book), I believed my only course of action was to take the
Vicodin my doctor prescribed and passively wait until the pain
subsided and my mobility returned. But after about ten days of
going stir-crazy in bed, and still in pain, I instinctively felt I needed
to do something to help my body heal and help me get back to my
life.
As counterintuitive as it seemed to return to the “scene of the
crime,” I went back to my yoga mat. But this time I practiced only
gentle movements and meditative techniques to help me regain a
sense of body awareness and reduce the fear and stress I was
experiencing in response to the pain. After only a few sessions, with
an increased mind-body connection and decreased pain, I was able
to progress my exercises over a month until I was finally pain-free.
Unsurprising to me, a study published in JAMA: The Journal of the
American Medical Association in 2016 found that mindfulness-
based stress reduction techniques are more effective at relieving
pain and restoring function than pain medication.
As horrible as it was to hurt my back, it was undeniably a
valuable, life-changing experience. I was inspired to learn more
about the profoundly effective mind and body exercises that
enabled me to feel better and that eventually led to my career as the
“Mobility Maker” in pro sports, my role as the yoga expert for CNN,
and, of course, the author of this book.
All of that said, sometimes, even when we know better, we still
make painful mistakes. That’s exactly what happened when I
reinjured my back two years ago, 14 years after the first incident. By
then, having spent more than a decade working in pro sports as a
mind-body coach as well as a certified strength and conditioning
specialist, my own exercise program had evolved to include weight
training. My favorite weight-training exercise was, and still is, the
deadlift—bending over a heavily weighted bar and using a hip-
hinging movement to lift it. Weighing in at 105 pounds, I was quite
proud of my ability to lift 210 pounds, double my body weight.
Like my yoga practice, weight lifting had become an additional
means for me to reconnect body and mind, and, when necessary,
blow off steam. The day in question was one of those blow-off-
steam days. Unfortunately, I let the stress of the day overpower my
mind-body connection, so my ego took over without any awareness
of my body’s limitations. Sound familiar? I went too heavy, too fast,
attempting to lift a significant amount of weight without proper
preparation or technique. As a result, I ended up rounding my back
and pulled my lumbar spine at the site of the original injury.
Again, just like my prior injury while doing yoga, I want to
emphasize that deadlifting did not hurt my back. I hurt myself by
leading with my ego and not listening to my body.
Sure enough, the MRI revealed bulging, herniated discs in the
same place: L4, L5. But this time, even though repeating a mistake
led to a second injury, I didn’t make the same mistakes in my
recovery. I sought out one of my professional sports teams’
orthopedic doctors, who I knew favored a more progressive,
noninvasive approach. We used drug-free, hands-on therapies, like
acupuncture and therapeutic massage (techniques I discuss in
chapter 6), to ease my pain and release muscle tension so I could
begin practicing pain-relieving and strengthening movements (like
the ones featured in chapters 3 and 4) on my own. Despite the acute
nature of my injury, in less than a week, I was pain-free; four weeks
later, I was back to training normally, and with a stronger body
awareness than ever.
 Although I am in the majority as someone who has experienced
two significant episodes of back pain, I am in the minority as
someone who has fully recovered and lives a pain-free, active
lifestyle. Unfortunately, too many people suffer with chronic back
pain. Because back pain tends to first immobilize you—literally
leaving you laid out on the floor—and then persist for weeks, people
are often so traumatized by the debilitating experience that they’re
willing to accept any level of improvement that enables them to
function at all.
It’s estimated that one in seven adults has dealt with a back pain
episode that lasted at least two weeks. After putting their lives on
hold to rest in bed, usually on strong pain medication, many people
succumb to the pressure of their responsibilities and decide they
feel “good enough,” even if it means living a less-active lifestyle in
chronic discomfort. Worse yet, too many of them ultimately end up
with a dangerous dependency on pain medication.
Because a large percentage of the population suffers needlessly
from back pain, it seems we’ve become desensitized to it. “Oh, my
aching back” is such a commonly used phrase that it’s generally
accepted as a sign that a person simply needs to pop a pill. It’s
especially true when anyone over 50 utters that phrase. There’s an
assumption that your back “goes out” with age, so living with pain is
a normal part of life.
But that isn’t true at all! With an increasing prevalence of back
pain across all age-groups, including adolescents, back pain is not a
“normal” aging problem. Nor is it possible to live a “normal” life in
chronic pain or while addicted to pain medication.
Living with pain is more than merely a physical deficit. Living
with pain is frustrating and depressing. It has an undeniable
negative impact on emotional health and perspective on life. Studies
abound linking chronic pain and depression. Forget rose-colored
glasses; imagine how the world looks while wearing pain-colored
glasses. Maybe you don’t need to imagine. And if that’s the case, I
am so happy you’re reading this. I’ve written this book for you—and
others like you—to empower us all with the knowledge and means to
proactively live happily and pain-free.
Through an extensive review of 21 different back pain studies,
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association found that
the proactive use of exercise, especially in combination with
educating patients, is more effective at relieving back pain than
passive methods like rest, medication, and orthotics. In fact, rest,
which is the most commonly prescribed nondrug, noninvasive back
pain treatment, can actually hinder recovery if it leads to prolonged
inactivity. Our bodies are designed for movement. When we are
inactive for long periods of time, our muscles weaken, connective
tissue stiffens, and joint lubrication, including the cushioning
between discs, is reduced. This not only delays healing but also
increases future risk of injury.
This book is all about empowering you with a better
understanding of your body’s needs and how to proactively take
care of them. To that end, I’ve included exercises that not only
emphasize forging a mind-body connection but also focus on
building the strength and flexibility necessary to support healthy,
pain-free movement throughout your spine. Above and beyond
permanently alleviating and preventing back pain, additional
benefits of these exercises include better posture, improved
breathing, increased overall strength and mobility, decreased stress
response, and enhanced quality of life.
Although the exercises and methods contained in this book are
designed to safely address many different causes of back pain, it’s
still important that you consult your doctor for approval before
doing this or any exercise program. If you experience an increase in
pain or any cautionary sensations while practicing these exercises,
stop immediately and seek the advice of a health-care professional.
Even though practicing the exercises in this book may help you
avoid extreme medical interventions such as surgery and
dependence on prescription medication, this book is not a
replacement for medical treatment. Readers in extreme pain should
see their doctor. Whatever you do, don’t let fear of surgery stop you
from seeing your doctor. With the American College of Physicians’
new guidelines for back pain treatment promoting the use of
nondrug measures first, your doctor should be more likely to work
with you on noninvasive solutions, like incorporating the exercises
in this book into your treatment regimen.
If you’re living with back pain, it’s time to take your life back.
And I’m going to help you do it. Let’s get started.
WHEN SOMEONE SUFFERS from serious back pain, they
often describe it as their back “going out” on them. Words
have power, so when we use the same passive phrasing
we’d use to describe an inanimate object, like a burned-out
lightbulb or blown fuse, we’re conveying a lack of
understanding and responsibility for our personal health.
That kind of passive attitude and approach can be a major
impediment to healing, which is why it’s important to arm
yourself with the right information and resources in order
to be positive and proactive.
Our bodies are amazing vehicles we’ve been blessed
with to navigate our lives, so we have an obligation to care
for them. But we can only effectively do that by taking
action and educating ourselves about best practices for
getting and keeping our backs healthy and pain-free. By
reading this book you are well on your way to doing this.
Research published in JAMA: The Journal of the American
Medical Association found that combining education with
exercise actually reduced back pain reoccurrence risk by
an additional 10 percent versus exercise alone.
The first section of this book sets the foundation by
empowering you with the necessary information to be
more proactive in your own pain relief and to improve your
relationship with your body. In chapter 1, we’ll not only
explore the reasons why our backs hurt but also look at
how our backs work, and you’ll learn practical ways to
relieve pain. Chapter 2 is devoted to explaining why
exercise works and why practitioners now recommend it
over medication and surgery. It also explores how
integrating mind-body techniques with exercise helps heal
and strengthen the back. So although you may be eager to
jump right into the exercises in part 2, it’s important to take
the time to first assimilate the information in the next two
chapters.
N otspecific
all instances of back pain can be immediately attributed to a
cause. Quite often, back pain seems to come on
suddenly while you’re doing something seemingly innocuous that
you’ve done thousands of times before, like tying your shoes,
getting out of bed, or picking up a bag.
When we lack a good explanation for the cause of our back pain,
we tend to attribute it to having moved wrong. However, a basic
understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the spine
reveals that there are actually very few “wrong” ways for a healthy
spine to move. The key is to understand the spine’s form and
function so you can maintain a full range of pain-free movement.
This chapter examines the causes of back pain, including injury,
wear and tear, the interactions of emotions and back pain, and more.

The Anatomy of the Spine

The spine, also known as your backbone, is a complex bony
structure that houses the spinal cord, which consists of thousands of
nerve endings that relay messages between the brain and body. The
spine is both strong and flexible, enabling us to move in all
directions and planes of motion while still protecting the spinal cord
and bearing the weight of the head and torso. It’s an impressive
collection of 33 bones, 24 of which make up the 7 cervical vertebrae
of the neck, 12 thoracic vertebrae of the mid back, and 5 lumbar
vertebrae of the lower back, as seen in the illustration. The first 24
vertebrae are considered articulated, which means they are
interconnected by facet joints that allow the vertebrae to move
against each other. The remaining bones of the spine consist of nine
naturally fused vertebrae: five for the sacrum (triangular bone
between the hips) and four in the coccyx (tailbone).
The size, form, and function of vertebrae vary in the different
sections of the spine. Unlike any other part of the spine, the cervical
vertebrae have openings for arteries that carry blood to the brain.
The thoracic vertebrae are attached to the ribs, which wrap around
and attach to the sternum (chest bone) in the front. In the lower
back, the lumbar vertebrae are the largest in the spine because
they’re responsible for bearing most of the body’s weight. Lumbar
vertebrae aren’t designed for rotation, like the other parts of the
spine; instead, they favor flexion (forward bending) and extension
(backward bending). Because of the limitation in lower-back
rotation, this is an area where most people tend to actually move
“wrong.” I’ll address this in more depth in chapter 4 as you learn
exercises to increase mobility in other areas, like the mid back and
hips, to take rotational stress off the lower back.
The natural curves of the spine are designed to help create pain-free body posture.
Cushioning discs are found between each spinal segment or vertebra.

Many people confuse vertebrae with discs, using the terms

synonymously. But the two structures are very different. The spine
contains 23 discs—one between each of the 24 articulated vertebrae.
They’re identified according to their position between vertebrae, for
example, disc L4/L5. Disc construction is somewhat like a jelly
donut, made from soft cartilage with a tougher outside and squishy
inside. The water-based contents of the discs are designed to act as
shock absorbers and aid vertebral mobility. Consequently, discs
must be well hydrated to maintain optimal function. When we’re
born, our discs are 80 percent water, but, as part of the natural aging
process, they dehydrate and get stiffer, making them less able to
facilitate movement. When talking about back pain, we hear a lot
about discs because, when they’re damaged, they understandably
lead to pain.
We also have ligaments of dense connective tissue surrounding
the spine that keep the column of vertebrae in place while allowing
it the flexibility to bend and twist. If the spinal ligaments get
overstretched, torn, or wrongly positioned, they decrease the spine’s
stability, increasing injury risk and causing pain and discomfort.
The spine is naturally curved for optimum stability, mobility, and
balance during activity. The cervical and lumbar spine segments are
lordotic (curved backward) while the thoracic spine is kyphotic
(curved forward). The spine’s shape is often described as a soft “S.”
Although there can be natural genetic variation in the size of the
curves in different people, excessive or lack of curvature can cause
serious problems.

Muscles That Support and Move Your Spine

When we talk about our back, we are usually referring to the entire
muscular structure, not just the bones of our spine. The spine
couldn’t hold its position or move without muscular support and
effort. In fact, without muscles, the spine would be like an unsteady,
unsupported tower of blocks. It’s therefore important to gain a
working understanding of some of your primary back muscles so
you can best leverage the exercises in this book to strengthen and
restore their ability to support your spine. But don’t get hung up on
memorizing muscle names. This section is intended to give you an
overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of your back, not
overwhelm you with information. When these muscles are
referenced later in the exercise chapters, you can simply refer back
to this section for a reminder of their location and function, if you
need to.
To hold us upright and allow movement in all directions, we have
sets of paired muscles on either side of the spine in the front, back,
and sides of the body. Although these muscles work together in
most movements, they can be classified as having primary roles in
certain types of movement: extension (backward bending), flexion
(forward bending), rotation (twisting), and lateral movement (side
bending).
Extensor muscles attach to the back of the spine, and although
they’re involved in most movement of the back, they are primarily
responsible for upright posture and the ability to arch or extend
backward. Extensor muscles include the large paired muscles in the
lower back and trunk, like the erector spinae, quadrates lumborum
(aka the “QL”), and gluteal muscles (glutes). If you suffer from low
back pain, you may have heard of one or more of these muscles
because they can all impact your low back when strained, tight, or
not working properly.
Flexor muscles, often called “hip flexors,” attach to the front of
the spine to enable activities involving forward bending; the most
significant muscle, relative to back pain, is arguably the psoas
major, which will be discussed in more detail in the next section.
The paired muscles primarily responsible for rotating and side
bending are the obliques, which are generally considered side-waist
muscles. They attach to the sides of the spine for twisting, bending,
and maintaining posture.
But that’s not all. There’s one more muscle that influences the
spine but is seldom discussed relative to back pain because it isn’t
one of the paired muscles. It is attached to the front of your lumbar
spine and is involved in one of the most vital movement patterns
that we make up to 24,000 times a day. The muscle in question is
the diaphragm, and the movement pattern is breathing. Let’s go over
how breathing affects the health of your back.

How Breathing Impacts Your Back

As you can tell by looking at any skeleton, our rib cage is attached to
the thoracic spine. Because of this, we can easily understand how
our rib cage could impact our spine’s position and movement and
vice versa. But what most people don’t realize is that the diaphragm,
our primary breathing muscle, also influences our back in
substantial ways because it attaches to both the rib cage and the
lower back, making it a significant postural muscle as well as a
respiratory muscle.
As the illustration shows, the dome-shaped diaphragm attaches
inside the rib cage and has two long tendinous structures, called
crura, which attach to the front of the lumbar vertebrae. It’s worth
noting that the crura are asymmetrical and that the diaphragm’s
attachment to the lower back overlaps with and runs through the
psoas major, our largest, deepest hip-flexing core muscle—and the
only muscle in our body that attaches our spine to our legs. This will
all come into play later as I introduce you to specific pain-relieving
exercises in part 2.
This illustration shows the integrated nature of the spine, rib cage, diaphragm, and primary hip
and back muscles.
 For now, let’s focus on understanding the reciprocal relationship
between breathing and posture. In the simplest terms, if your
posture is bad, your breathing will be bad, and if your breathing is
poor, your posture will be poor. That’s because how efficiently the
diaphragm functions for breathing dictates the position of the rib
cage and spine, and the rib cage and spine position affect the ability
of the diaphragm to function. Unfortunately, due to chronic stress,
illness, injury, sedentary lifestyle, and other factors, many people
develop poor posture and a faulty breathing pattern that is chest
oriented and shallow.
Take a breath. Do you feel your shoulders lift more than your
lower ribs move? If so, you’ve likely created a common
compensatory means of breathing by lifting your rib cage with your
shoulder, chest, neck, and upper back muscles, instead of using your
diaphragm. Because we take as many as 1,000 breaths an hour, this
compensatory breathing pattern is constantly firing those muscles,
causing upper-body tension that locks you into poor posture with
your rib cage lifted and flared, shoulders slumped forward, and mid
back flattened. And this poor posture leads to chronic low-back
tension, a decreased ability to move, and an increased injury risk.

Common Causes of Back Pain

According to the American Chiropractic Association, as many as 31
million Americans suffer from low back pain at any given time. Most
of this pain originates in the low back and is from degeneration,
muscular stress, mental stress, or a combination of these issues.
Here are the most common conditions that result in back pain and
the reasons why the pain can manifest.

Age-Related Degeneration
After the age of 30, bone density and muscle mass begin to
decrease, as does the health of the spinal discs, which dehydrate and
stiffen, becoming less able to cushion the vertebrae. The body’s
defensive response to degenerative changes in the spine is often to
grow new bone and thicken ligaments for support. But thickened
ligaments and bone spurs can narrow the space around the spinal
cord, leading to spinal stenosis. Without adequate space, the spinal
cord is restricted and nerves become irritated. Depending on the
location of the stenosis—usually the low back—symptoms include
numbness, weakness, or muscle cramps in the back, buttocks, arms,
or legs.
Degenerative breakdown can also lead to spinal osteoarthritis,
the most common cause of back pain in people over 50. It happens
when cartilage and facets of the spine break down, causing stiffness,
aching, and weakness, as well as numbness in the arms and legs if
nerves are affected by the degeneration.
Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which one vertebra moves
forward over the vertebra below it. The vertebral misalignment puts
pressure on nerves, which causes pain and can lead to weakness
and tingling in the legs. Because of the instability and movement of
the vertebrae with this condition, symptoms often come and go
suddenly, sometimes shifting from one side of the body to the other.
With all degenerative issues, muscular pain can also be present
as muscles defensively tighten and stiffen around areas of
degeneration in order to protect the spine.

Physical Trauma
Cases of a “broken back” are rare but vertebral fractures can happen,
usually due to severe trauma from a bad fall, sports incident, or
automobile accident. But fractures can also happen due to
compression, which is generally associated with osteoporosis and
degeneration. Women are twice as likely to suffer from a
compression fracture as men. Fractures may result in sudden severe
back pain or, if they don’t impact a nerve, no pain at all.
Disc herniation—when the shock-absorbing discs tear or are
pushed out of place between vertebrae—is also common due to
accidents or putting a significant physical demand on the spine
through lifting, pushing, pulling, or twisting. It can also occur during
less extreme movements when instability is already present due to
tight hips, degeneration, or poor posture. In those cases, you can
herniate a disc simply by putting pressure on your low back when
getting out of the car, swinging a golf club, or even just bending over
to pet your dog. Pain from disc herniation may be felt at the site of
the herniation as well as down other parts of the back and legs if the
disc or its leaking contents is irritating a nerve.

Tight Hips/Hip Problems

As covered previously, our low back is not designed for twisting. But
when our hips are tight, we have a tendency to put pressure on our
low back during twisting movements. Over time, that can compress
and break down spinal discs, causing pain and increasing risk of
injury. As a defensive measure, low-back muscles will also tighten,
causing muscle pain.
Another common hip-related cause of back pain comes from the
sacroiliac (SI) joints, which connect the pelvis and hips to the
sacrum. The SI joints are involved in carrying the weight of the
upper body. When hip and pelvis muscles are tight and put pressure
on the SI joints, or the joints themselves become too lax due to
degeneration, they can become inflamed, causing pain in the low
back and legs.
Piriformis syndrome is a pain in the butt—literally—but can also
cause back pain and sciatica, which is nerve pain felt down the back
of the legs. The piriformis muscle stabilizes the hip joint. It’s located
deep in the buttock area, connecting the spine to the thighbone. If
this muscle becomes overly tight, it can compress the sciatic nerve.

Poor Posture/Breathing
Poor posture is any posture that forces the spine out of its natural
curves, changing the soft “S” spinal curve to more of a “C.” This
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Wenn auch nach J e n t i n k s Klarstellung der Unterschiede von C.
marginatus und brachyotis (1891) eine Revision der Bestimmungen von
marginatus in den Museen angezeigt ist, so scheint es doch, nach den
Catalogen des Britischen und des Leidener Museums (1878, 83 und
1888, 153), nicht zweifelhaft, dass sich überall, wo brachyotis
vorkommt, auch marginatus findet, und so sind vielleicht die Acten über
das Verhältniss der beiden Arten zu einander noch nicht zu schliessen.

[Inhalt]

11. Uronycteris 3 cephalotes (Pall.)

fem.,
a, b.
in Spiritus, Kema, Minahassa, Nord Celébes, 93 (69,
65 mm).
fem.,c.
in Spiritus, Makassar, Süd Celébes, IX 95 (67 mm).

J e n t i n k (NLM. 1883 V, 173) hat von einem adulten Männchen von

Amurang, Minahassa, bemerkt, dass es grösser sei als gewöhnlich,
nämlich (Vorderarm) 67 gegen 61 mm (2.4 inch.), was D o b s o n (Cat.
1878, 90) als constantes Maass adulter Exemplare aus dem
Ostindischen Archipel angiebt. Dann hat H i c k s o n (Nat. N. Cel. 1893,
84), dem wohl J e n t i n k s Bemerkung unbekannt geblieben ist, gesagt,
dass die Celébes-Exemplare längere Vorderarme hätten als die von
irgend einer anderen Localität, er giebt (p. 359) an: 63–76 für Manado
und 56–65 für Ternate, Ambon, Timorlaut, Cap York und die Admiralitäts
Inseln (?). Die Dresdner Exemplare von der Minahassa (66, 67),
Gorontalo (68) und Makassar (67) sind ebenfalls grösser, sie (4)
variiren, zusammen mit den 3 S a r a s i n schen, von 65–69; eins von
Siao misst sogar 75 (3 von der Nordosthalbinsel von Celébes, den
Inseln Manado tua und Talaut gestatten dieses Maass nicht zu
nehmen), eines von Ternate nur 56.
H i c k s o n knüpft an die grösseren Dimensionen der Exemplare von
Celébes die Vermuthung, „that the struggle for existence among bats is
so keen in Celebes, that only the extremely long-winged forms … have
been able to compete in the conditions of life“. Für Cephalotes peroni
(s. unten p. 9) aber zieht er für die angeblich geringeren Dimensionen
der Celébes-Exemplare dieselbe Schlussfolgerung.

Uronycteris cephalotes soll nach verschiedenen Quellen von Celébes

bis Morotai, Halmahéra, Gebeh, Ambon, Timorlaut, NW Neu Guinea
und Cap York zu Hause sein, während auf Misol, SO Neu Guinea,
Fergusson, Duke of York, Neu Irland und den Salomo Inseln U. major
(Dobs.) vorkäme, welche Art nach D o b s o n (Cat. 1878, 89) grösser
und heller ist als cephalotes, aber kürzere Ohren und längere
Nasenröhren hat, bei abweichendem Schädel und Zahnbau (PZS.
1877, 117 Abb.). Nun giebt D o b s o n den Vorderarm von major auf 78
mm (3.1 inch.) an, was dem Celébes-Maasse bis 76 bei cephalotes
(H i c k s o n ) und dem [9]von Siao mit 75 ganz nahe kommt. Wenn er
von major sagt: „upper canine with a prominent cusp“, von cephalotes
„with a blunt ill-defined external projection“ (s. auch Fig. 2 a und 3 a, l.
c.), so muss ich dazu bemerken, dass dies nicht durchgreifend ist, denn
ein Männchen von Amurang, Nord Celébes, im Dresdner Museum (Nr.
683) zeigt den major-Charakter, bei einer Vorderarmlänge von 66 mm.
Was die Färbung angeht, so sagt D o b s o n von der Unterseite von
cephalotes (Cat. 89): „dull yellowish white“ und von der von major (p.
90): „dull yellowish buff throughout“. Exemplare von cephalotes von
Tonkean (NO Celébes), Siao und Talaut im Dresdner Museum aber sind
keinenfalls dull yellowish white, soweit man derartige
Farbenbezeichnungen beurtheilen kann. Es giebt hellere und dunklere
Exemplare aus der Minahassa, die eben erwähnten von Tonkean etc.
aber sind eher „raw umber“ oder „tawny-olive“ (Ridgway Pl. III, 14 und
17), also auch nicht „dull yellowish buff“; auf der anderen Seite stimmt
ein mir vorliegendes Exemplar von major von Fergusson Is. in der
Farbe der Unterseite genau mit einem von cephalotes von Gorontalo in
Celébes, wenigstens wie letztere Art bis jetzt angesehen wurde. U.
cephalotes variirt, wie viele Arten in der Färbung je nach dem Alter,
worauf schon P e t e r s (Mb. Ak. Berlin 1867, 868) aufmerksam
gemacht hat.

Wenn ich nun auch nicht dahin neige, den Werth von major als
Subspecies anzuzweifeln, so ist doch, auch angesichts der bis jetzt
bekannten geographischen Verbreitung der beiden Formen, die
Sachlage unklar. Da die grosse U. major auf Misol vorkommen soll (Cat.
MPB. XII, 186) und auf Celébes nebst Siao eine Form, die etwas
grösser ist als die typische kleine cephalotes der dazwischen liegenden
Fundorte (Ternate, Halmahéra, Ambon), so müssten auch diese zwei
Formen von cephalotes einander und major subspecifisch coordinirt
werden. Allein das Material der Museen ist noch zu ungenügend, um
hier festen Fuss fassen zu können; dazu wären nicht nur viel mehr
Exemplare von den bereits bekannten Fundorten nöthig, sondern auch
solche von den zwischen Celébes und SO Neu Guinea liegenden
Gegenden, von denen noch Nichts bekannt ist. Erst dann wird man
urtheilen können, welcher Werth der U. major zukommt, und ob auch
das Celébes-Areal eine Subspecies beherbergt.

[Inhalt]

12. Cephalotes peroni Geoffr.

fem.,
a, b.
Bälge, Tomohon, Minahassa, Nord Celébes, 10. X 94
(117, 113 mm).
fem.,c.
in Spiritus, Tomohon (100 mm).
mas,d.in Spiritus, Kottabangon, Bolang Mongondo, Nord
Celébes, 2. XII 93 (116 mm).
fem.,e.in Spiritus, Buol, Nord Celébes, VIII 94 (95 mm).
Die Art findet sich von Celébes bis zu den Salomo Inseln. Auf Celébes
selbst ist sie vom Norden und Süden bekannt. Vom Norden von
Amurang 4 in der Minahassa und von Gorontalo (Mus. Leid.),
desgleichen und von Manado (Mus. Dresd.), wozu noch die obigen
S a r a s i n schen Fundorte kommen; vom Süden von Makassar (Mus.
Dresd.); auch J e n t i n k s Exemplar p (Cat. XII, 156) ist aus Süd
Celébes, da Te i j s m a n n 1877 in Süd Celébes (und Saleyer)
sammelte (s. NTNI. 1879, 54). Das Dresdner Museum hat die Art ferner
von Sangi und Talaut, von wo sie noch nicht registrirt war.

H i c k s o n (Nat. N. Cel. 1893, 85 und 359) sagt, dass die Exemplare

von Manado im Durchschnitte kürzere Vorderarme hätten als die aus
andern Theilen des Archipels, und zwar 104 mm von Manado gegen
103–151 von anderswo, allein er giebt weder an, wie viele Exemplare
von Manado er gemessen hat, noch ob sie adult waren; letzteres
bezweifle ich, da ein S a r a s i n sches (c) 117 und ein Dresdner von
Amurang 115 misst; seine Behauptung ist so ungenügend fundirt, dass
ihr keine Beweiskraft zukommt, und damit fällt auch die daran geknüpfte
Schlussfolgerung (vgl. oben bei Uronycteris cephalotes p. 8). Weit
entfernt eine an die Localität gebundene Differenz in den Maassen des
Vorderarms a priori in Abrede stellen zu wollen, so gehört doch, meine
ich, zu ihrer Constatirung eine ganz andere Grundlage.

D o b s o n beschrieb 1878 (PZS. 875) eine zweite Art der Gattung

Cephalotes, C. minor, von Amberbaki, Nordwest Neu Guinea und sagt,
sie sei halb so gross wie C. peroni, sonst gleich, nur mit weniger spitzen
Ohren und viel kleineren Füssen, auch setze die Flügelmembran an der
äusseren Zeh und tiefer an, und die Zähne seien „slightly different“. Das
Dresdner Museum besitzt ein s e h r grosses Exemplar [10](Balg) von
der Insel Mansinam bei Doré, Nordwest Neu Guinea, das den
angeführten Charakter der Flügelmembran exquisit aufweist, während
die anderen angegebenen Unterscheidungsmerkmale hier nicht
zutreffen; die ganze Länge (Kopf und Körper) ist c 225 mm, der
Vorderarm 148. Ferner ein kleines Exemplar von der Astrolabebai,
Südost Neu Guinea (in Spiritus), das ebenfalls den abweichenden
Flügelmembranansatz zeigt; ganze Länge c 100 mm, Vorderarm 70.
Dagegen ist ein Exemplar von der Insel Mysore in der Geelvinkbai in
dieser Beziehung typisch wie C. peroni und ebenso verhalten sich die
Exemplare von Ternate und Ambon. Dass die bis jetzt bekannten 3 Neu
Guinea Exemplare nur zufällig jenen unterscheidenden Charakter
aufweisen sollten, ist auszuschliessen; welche Bedeutung ihm aber, bei
den nicht stichhaltigen anderen von D o b s o n aufgeführten
Unterschieden, beizumessen ist, wird erst die Zukunft lehren.

[Inhalt]

13. Carponycteris australis (Ptrs.)

mas,a.in Spiritus, Kema, Minahassa, Nord Celébes, 21. VIII

93 (39 mm).
fem.,
b–e.dgl. (39 mm).

P e t e r s benannte (Mb. Ak. Berl. 1868, 13 Anm.) eine kleinere

Carponycteris-Art von Rockhampton, Ost Australien, gegenüber der
grösseren minima (Geoffr.), als var. australis und führte sie später (l. c.
p. 871) als Art auf mit dem Bemerken, dass es noch fraglich sei, ob
man es mit einer Art oder einer Localrasse zu thun habe (er sagt da,
irrthümlicherweise, von West Australien). D o b s o n (Cat. 1878, 96)
citirt zwar P e t e r s unter Macroglossus minimus, ignorirt aber australis
und giebt die Verbreitung von minima als von Darjeeling bis zu den
Philippinen, Nord und West Australien und Neu Irland; T h o m a s
dagegen (PZS. 1888, 476) nennt australis von den Salomo Inseln und
sagt, die Art unterscheide sich von minima auch durch das tief
gefurchte Rhinarium (die sonstigen Unterschiede im Gesichte, die
T h o m a s anführt, — Gesicht und Oberlippe kürzer — kann ich an
dem Dresdner Materiale nicht auffinden), und sie gehe bis zu den
Philippinen (1898 TZS. XIV, 385 führt er sie auch von Negros auf, und
M a t s c h i e Sb. ntw. Fr. Berl. 1898, 39 von Tablan), Mysol und Duke of
York; die Vorderarmlänge von minima (10 Ex.) sei 38–43 mm, die von 5
javanischen Exemplaren 45–48 (später hat T h o m a s noch eine Art:
crassa von den Fergusson Inseln beschrieben, die aber nicht kleiner ist
als minima, NZ. 1895, II, 163). B l a n f o r d , der T h o m a s auf einen
wesentlich unterscheidenden Charakter von australis aufmerksam
gemacht hat (PZS. 1888, 476 Anm.), sagt in seiner Fauna von Britisch
Indien (Mam. 1888, 265) noch, dass es nur éine Art Carponycteris
gäbe.

Über die Zugehörigkeit der Nord Celébes-Exemplare der Herren

S a r a s i n zu australis waltet für mich kein Zweifel ob. J e n t i n k führte
zwar (NLM. 1883 V, 174, 1888 XI, 29 und Cat. MPB. 1888 XII, 159)
minima von Nord Celébes auf, allein dies war, ehe T h o m a s die
Unterschiede von australis klar gelegt hatte. Das Maass der
Vorderarme mit 39 mm und das gefurchte Rhinarium weisen den
Celébes-Exemplaren ihre Stelle an. Das Dresdner Museum besitzt
australis ferner von Sangi (39 mm), Nordwest Neu Guinea (42), Aru
(38.5) und Murray Insel (38) — es sind hier in Parenthese immer nur die
Maximalmaasse angegeben —, die Vorderarme variiren also von 38–42
(T h o m a s 38–43), während die Exemplare von Java und Sumátra
(minima) von 44.5–46.5 (T h o m a s 45–48) variiren.

Bei dem noch so mangelhaften Materiale der Sammlungen lässt sich

heute nicht festlegen, wo die geographische Grenze zwischen C.
minima und der Subspecies australis zu ziehen sei, speciell Bórneo
steht noch aus, aber es scheint, dass die Festlandsform minima sich bis
Java erstreckt, und dass australis von den Philippinen und Celébes bis
zu den Salomo Inseln und Ost Australien verbreitet ist. [11]

1 Bei den Fledermäusen sind (in Parenthese) die Vorderarmmaasse angegeben, auf
die stets, als charakteristisch, Werth gelegt wurde; neuerdings machte J e n t i n k
(Webers Zool. Erg. I, 125 1891) noch besonders darauf aufmerksam, dass es besser
sei, dies Maass zur Beurtheilung des Alters des Individuums anzuführen, als die
Bezeichnungen adult, semiadult, juv. etc. Man darf dabei aber nicht übersehen, dass
ein exactes Messen des Vorderarms nur am Skelette möglich ist, wo man den Radius,
die Ulna und den Sesamknochen der Tricepssehne gesondert vor sich hat. Bei Bälgen
ist es schwer und oft gar nicht möglich, das proximale Ende der verkümmerten Ulna
zu tasten und es von dem Sesamknochen zu trennen. Auch bei Spiritusexemplaren ist
es nicht leicht. Das empfehlenswertheste Maass wäre das des Radius, der bei den
Fledermäusen so vorzüglich entwickelt ist, aber auch dies wäre an Bälgen und
Spiritusexemplaren oft schwer oder unmöglich exact zu nehmen, da man füglich
weder sein proximales noch sein distales Ende bei jedem Exemplare freilegen kann.
Es ist daher unter der „Länge des Vorderarms“ stets nur ein ungefähres Maass zu
verstehen, was aber auch für den vorliegenden Zweck genügt. ↑
2 Xantharpyia J. E. G r a y List spec. Mam. Br. M. 1843, 37: Cynonycteris P e t e r s
Reise Mossamb. I Säugeth. 1852, 25. Schon B l a n f o r d (Fauna Br. Ind. Mam.
1888, 261) und T h o m a s (PZS. 1894, 449 etc.) haben sich für Xantharpyia
entschieden. ↑
3 T h o m a s brauchte 1895 (NZ. II, 163) Uronycteris, statt des bis dahin üblichen
Gattungsnamens Harpyia und sagte anmerkungsweise: „Lydekker; replacing
Harpyia …, preoccupied“, allein, so viel ich sehe, that L y d e k k e r dies nicht. Er hat
(F l o w e r & L.: Intr. Mam. 1891, 654) Carponycteris für Macroglossus eingeführt, aber
gebraucht (p. 653) Harpyia, und T h o m a s selbst kehrte 1896 (NZ. III, 526) zu
Harpyia zurück. Uronycteris rührt von G r a y her (PZS. 1862, 262). Harpyia Ill. (Chir.)
stammt aus dem Jahr 1811, Harpyia Ochsh. (Lep.) aus dem J. 1810, dieser Name
muss daher für die Fledermausgattung Uronycteris Platz machen. ↑
4 Im Cat. MPB. XII, 156 (1888) ist zwar Ex. o als von Menado aufgeführt, allein es ist
nach J e n t i n k NLM. V, 170 und 174 (1883) von Amurang. ↑
[Inhalt]
Microchiroptera
 Rhinolophidae

[Inhalt]

14. Rhinolophus minor Horsf.

mares,
a–c. in Spiritus, Kema, Minahassa, Nord Celébes, X
93 (41.5 — 41.5 — 40 mm).
fem.,d.in Spiritus, Kema, X 93 (42 mm).

Diese Art ist von Celébes noch nicht registrirt worden, Dr. R i e d e l
aber hatte sie schon im Jahr 1875 von Gorontalo nach Dresden
gesandt, und neuerdings kam sie auch von Talaut hierher (ein
Exemplar aus der Höhle von S. Mateo bei Manila ist vielleicht ein
wenig abweichend in der Form des Nasenbesatzes; minor ist sonst
von den Philippinen noch nicht aufgeführt). Dagegen ist die sehr
nahe stehende, grössere Rh. affinis Horsf. von J e n t i n k bereits
von Tondano, Nord Celébes, genannt worden (NLM. XI, 30 1888 und
Cat. MPB. XII, 162 1888), allerdings nur ein junges Weibchen. Nach
D o b s o n (Cat. 1878, 112 und 115) gehen beide Arten von
Vorderindien bis Bórneo. Bei diesem Parallelismus könnten beide
auch auf Celébes vorkommen, allein da J e n t i n k nur ein j u n g e s
Weibchen vorlag, so ist weiteres Material abzuwarten. P e t e r s gab
1872 (MB. Ak. Berl. 306) nur an, dass minor „ganz ähnlich affinis sei,
aber kleiner“ (den Fundort Timor bei minor glaubte er mit ?
bezeichnen zu müssen, J e n t i n k Cat. MPB. XII, 162 1888 aber
führte ihn wieder von daher auf). Es ist auch schwer, abgesehen von
der Grösse, durchgreifende Unterschiede aufzufinden, da minor
nach D o b s o n (Cat. 1878, 115) in Bezug auf die Sella, die
Interfemoralmembran und 2 pm inf. variirt. Die Grössenunterschiede
sind nach D o b s o n relativ ansehnlich, allein seine Maasse treffen
nach den Dresdner Exemplaren nicht überall zu. Das Verhältniss
dieser zwei Formen zu einander erfordert vielleicht eine gründliche
Untersuchung an reichem Materiale, wie es aber die Museen noch
nicht von überall her besitzen.

Die Färbung von minor ist nach D o b s o n (l. c. 114) hellbraun oben,
graubraun unten. Das erwähnte Exemplar von Gorontalo ist aber
„tawny“ (Ridgw. V 1) oben und „russet“ (III 16) unten, beide Nüancen
sogar noch lebhafter, allein da affinis in der Farbe variabel ist
(„greyish brown, reddish brown, golden orange brown“ D o b s o n l.
c. 112), so wird aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach auch minor in der
Farbe variiren.

Sonst ist von Celébes noch Rh. megaphyllus Gr. aufgeführt worden,
und zwar von Manado (D o b s o n l. c. 112) und Amurang,
Minahassa, letzteres in 3 Exemplaren (J e n t i n k NLM. V, 174 1883;
Cat. MPB. XII, 161 1888 1 Ex.), von wo auch das Dresdner Museum
2 Exemplare hat, die von P e t e r s als Rh. euryotis Temm. bestimmt
worden sind; ich halte sie aber, so weit Sicherheit bei ausgestopften
Exemplaren möglich ist, eher für megaphyllus. Diese Art ist affinis
(und daher auch minor) nahe verwandt, D o b s o n (Cat. 1878, 111)
sieht sie als australische Repräsentantin von affinis an, und führt
eine var. α von Batjan und eine var. β von Nord Celébes und Goram
auf. Eine genauere Kenntniss der Form von Celébes und den
Molukken liegt noch nicht vor. Rh. euryotis steht den genannten
Arten ebenfalls sehr nahe und ist bis jetzt von Ambon, Ceram, Aru
und Kei bekannt. Eine Revision der ganzen Gruppe ist erwünscht,
allein die Materialien der Museen genügen auch dazu schwerlich.

[Inhalt]
15. Hipposiderus diadema (Geoffr.)

fem.,
a, b.
in Spiritus, Buol, Nord Celébes, VIII 94 (82, 80 mm).
fem.,c.
in Spiritus, Kalaena Thal, Luhu, Central Celébes, c.
200 m hoch, 4. II 95 (86 mm).

J e n t i n k wies zuerst diese von Vorderindien bis zu den Philippinen

und den Salomo Inseln, also sehr weit verbreitete Art von [Süd]
Celébes und Sula nach (Cat. MPB. XII, 166 1888) und dann von
Central Celébes (Webers Zool. Erg. I, 127 1890). Ich erhielt sie 1871
in Gorontalo (Mus. Berlin), und das Dresdner Museum besitzt sie
seit 1877 von Amurang in der Minahassa, sie kommt also, wie zu
erwarten, über ganz Celébes vor. Auch von der Insel Kalao im
Süden ist sie im Dresdner Museum, sowie von Talaut im Norden. [12]

D o b s o n (Cat. 1878, 137) giebt das Vorderarm-Maass auf 86 mm

(3.4 inch.) an, was mit obigen Maassen der S a r a s i n schen
Exemplare mehr oder weniger stimmt, J e n t i n k hatte von Luhu
eins von 92 mm (Webers Zool. Erg. I, 127 1890); die Dresdner von
Celébes messen selbst bis 93, die von Java bis 87, von Nordwest
Bórneo bis 86, von Südost Mindanao bis 83, von Süd Neu Guinea
bis 77 mm etc. Nur an der Hand eines grossen Materiales wird man
überhaupt der Frage näher treten können, ob diese Art von
Vorderindien bis zu den Salomo Inseln gar nicht variirt, was an und
für sich wenig wahrscheinlich ist.

Es kommt noch eine zweite, kleinere, Art von Hipposiderus auf

Celébes vor, H. bicolor (Temm.). Dresden besitzt sie seit 1877 von
Amurang im Norden, und J e n t i n k hat sie 1883 (NLM. V, 174)
ebendaher aufgeführt, und zwar als D o b s o n s var. α (fulvus Gr.);
das Dresdner Exemplar aber hat nicht die schöne goldgelbe
Färbung von fulvus, sondern ist oben ungefähr „Prout’s brown“
(Ridgw. III, 11), unten weisslich „wood brown“ (III, 19), also typisch,
die Art variirt demnach in der Farbe wie Rhinolophus affinis und
andere. H i c k s o n (Nat. N. Cel. 1893, 85) sagt von den Exemplaren
der kleinen Insel Talisse im Norden von Celébes, dass sie röther
seien, als irgendwelche im Britischen und Leidener Museum, sie
werden es aber, glaube ich, auf Talisse nicht zu allen Zeiten und
nicht alle sein. 1890 führte J e n t i n k die Art auch von Süd Celébes
auf (Webers Zool. Erg. I, 127 1890) und meinte, dass die
Vorderarmlänge von 41 mm viel grösser sei, als D o b s o n sie
angegeben, allein dieser hat (Cat. 150) 39.37 mm (1.55 inch.), also
eine unbedeutende Differenz; das Dresdner Exemplar von Amurang
misst 39, zwei von Nord Luzon ergeben 38–39 mm.
[Inhalt]
 Nycteridae

[Inhalt]

16. Megaderma spasma (L.)

fem.,a.in Spiritus, Tomohon, Minahassa, Nord Celébes,

13. IV 95 (53 mm).

Diese äthiopisch-orientalische Gattung erstreckt sich noch über

Celébes hinaus, bis Ternate. Von Celébes ist M. spasma schon
länger bekannt, allein genauere Fundorte wurden früher nicht
angegeben. Ich brachte sie von Gorontalo (Mus. Berl.), J e n t i n k
(NLM. V, 174 1883) hat sie von Amurang genannt, und (Cat. MPB.
XII, 170 1888) von Kema, das Dresdner Museum besitzt 3
Exemplare ebenfalls von Amurang in der Minahassa. Von Süd
Celébes scheint sie noch nicht gekommen zu sein. Ihre g a n z e
Verbreitung im Ostindischen Archipel von Hinterindien an ist noch
nicht bekannt.

Das S a r a s i n sche Weibchen von Nord Celébes hat einen

kleineren Vorderarm als D o b s o n im Allgemeinen angiebt (Cat.
1878, 158), 58 mm (2.3 inch.) gegen 53, und die drei anderen
Exemplare aus der Minahassa im Dresdner Museum messen auch
kaum mehr, die von Sumátra aber 57–59 mm.
[Inhalt]
 Vespertilionidae

[Inhalt]

17. Vesperus pachypus (Temm.)

mas,a.in Spiritus, Kema, Minahassa, Nord Celébes, 93 (26

mm).
fem.,
b–m.dsgl. (25–27 mm).

Diese von Vorderindien bis zu den Philippinen und Java verbreitete

Art wurde zuerst von J e n t i n k (NLM. V, 175 1883, XI, 30 1888 u.
Cat. MPB. XII, 176 1888) von Amurang, Nord Celébes, aufgeführt,
mir liegt sie auch von der Insel Saleyer, im Süden, vor, während sie
von Bórneo noch nicht nachgewiesen ist.

P e t e r s (Mb. Ak. Berl. 1872, 705) hat von mir aus Luzon
mitgebrachte kleinere als meyeri abgetrennt, was D o b s o n (Cat.
1878, 208) jedoch nicht anerkannte. Ein mir von Mindanao
vorliegendes Exemplar ist ebenfalls in allen Dimensionen kleiner
(Vorderarm 24 mm), was aber besonders, gerade wie bei denen von
Luzon, „in Bezug auf den Kopf und Fuss auffallend“ ist (vgl.
P e t e r s ’ Maasse mit D o b s o n s ll. cc.). D o b s o n giebt für
pachypus die Vorderarmlänge auf 28 mm (1.1 inch.) an, drei
Saleyer-Exemplare messen 26–26.5. Ich möchte daher die
Identificirung D o b s o n s nicht ohne Weiteres als berechtigt
ansehen. [13]
[Inhalt]

18. Vesperugo petersi n. sp.

Tafel IV Fig. 2 (​2⁄1 n. Gr.)

V. brunneus (Ridgway III, 5), alis nigris; auriculis parvis,

triangularibus, apice rotundatis, trago margine interno fere recto,
externo convexo, apice subacuto; alis malleolis affixis; cauda
apice extremo prominente; incisivo primo superiore bifido,
secundo paene ejusdem longitudinis, praemolari secundo 1
superiore bene evoluto et extrinsecus visibili; incisivorum
inferiorum tractu eodem quo mandibulae margines; pene
ossiculo armato.
Long. tot c. 90, antibr. 36.5 mm.
Habitatio: Celébes.
mas,a.
in Spiritus, Minahassa, Nord Celébes.

O b e r s e i t e vandykebraun, die Haare einfarbig, U n t e r s e i t e

etwas mehr rostfarben, die Haare an der Basis grau bis schwärzlich,
Fell sammetartig. F l u g h ä u t e schwarz, an der dorsalen und
ventralen Oberfläche nackt bis auf ein Dreieck zwischen den
Körperseiten und der proximalen Hälfte des Femur, und bis auf ein
ebensolches an der Schwanzbasis; am Knöchel angewachsen; die
Schenkelflughaut schliesst den Schwanz bis zum äussersten Glied
ein; S p o r n mit einem schmalen Hautläppchen am mittleren Drittel.
O h r e n innen sehr sparsam hellbräunlich behaart, Innen- und
Aussenrand convex, crus helicis lappig, Antitragus gut abgesetzt, 2
mm hinter dem Mundwinkel endend, Spitze abgerundet, T r a g u s
ziemlich gleich breit in seinem ganzen Verlauf, am inneren Rande
wenig concav, fast gerade, am äusseren convex, Zacken
angedeutet, Spitze schwach abgerundet. S c h n a u z e n d r ü s e n
gut entwickelt, schwach behaart, Nasenlöcher nach aussen offen,
innen vorgewölbt, dazwischen nicht vertieft.

i 1 sup. zweispitzig, i 2 einspitzig und kaum kürzer als die hintere

Zacke von i 1, auch im Querschnitt an der Basis i 1 nicht sehr viel
nachstehend; p 2 sup. innenständig, spitz, ⅔ so gross wie p 1 und
von aussen sichtbar, p 1 ein wenig von c abgerückt und halb so lang;
i 1–3 inf. dreilappig und in der Richtung des Kiefers stehend, nicht
übereinander greifend, i 3 durch ein kleines Diastema von i 2
getrennt und ein wenig quer gerückt (die linken unteren Incisiven
etwas verletzt); p 2 inf. mit der Spitze etwas nach aussen ausladend,
durch ein kleines Diastema von c getrennt und ⅔ so gross wie p 1,
dieser ⅔ so lang wie c.

Ein spitzer, 2.5 mm langer Stützknochen in der Ruthenspitze.

Maasse:

Kopf 17 mm
Körper 32
,,
Ohr 11 × 6.8
,,
Vorderer Ohrrand 7
,,
Tragus 5×2
,,
Humerus 24
,,
Vorderarm 36.5
,,
Dig. 1 mit Kralle 9
,,
 2 (33 + 4?) 37
,, ,,
64.5
3 (35 + 12.5 + 10 + 7)
,, ,,
4 (34 + 12 + 8) 54
,, ,,
5 (32 + 7.5 + 5) 44.5
,, ,,
Femur 12
,,
Unterschenkel 15.5
,,
Fuss mit Krallen 8.5
,,
Sporn 18
,,
Schwanz 41
,,
Penis 9 2
,,

Ich widme diese Art dem Andenken meines hochverehrten Lehrers

und Freundes W i l h e l m P e t e r s , der sich bekanntlich um die
Förderung der Kenntnisse der Fledermäuse grosse Verdienste
erworben hat. So sagt D o b s o n (Cat. 1878 p. XXXV): „P e t e r s , to
whom we owe the first attempt to arrange scientifically many of the
genera of Chiroptera“, und: „At Berlin, through the great liberality of
Prof. P e t e r s , I had the privilege of inspecting the beautifully
executed series of unpublished plates representing the species of
Chiroptera in the collection of the Royal Zoological Museum.“ Leider
hat P e t e r s die von ihm vorbereitete Monographie dieser Ordnung
1883 unvollendet hinterlassen, allein ihre Veröffentlichung, auf den