Answered by Haron Sami

My courses / HMP3100 / Topic 2 / LARGE CLASS MID SEMESTER EXAM 3/5/2023

Started on Wednesday, 3 May 2023, 10:02 AM

State Finished
Completed on Wednesday, 3 May 2023, 11:24 AM
Time taken 1 hour 21 mins

Question 1
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20. A patient got an injury of spinal marrow in a road accident that caused loss of tactile sensation, posture sense, and vibration
sense. What conduction tracts are damaged?

a. Reticulospinal tract
b. Anterior spinocerebellar tract
c. Fascicle of Goll and cuneate fascicle
d. Rubrospinal tract
e. Tectospinal tract

Question 2

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59. Fast-twitch muscle fibers

a. have more mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers.

b. have a richer blood supply than slow-twitch fibers.
c. are more resistant to fatigue than slow-twitch fibers.
d. have a larger amount of stored glycogen than slow-twitch fibers.
e. have more myoglobin than slow-twitch fibers.

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Question 3

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16. The ventral roots of 5 frontal segment of spinal cord were cut during experiment in the animal. What changes will take place
in the innervation region?

a. Loss of touch sensitivity

b. Loss of movements
c. Hypersensitivity
d. Loss of proprioceptive sensitivity
e. Loss of temperature sensitivity

Question 4

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50. In skeletal muscle, T tubules are found at the

a. H-I junction
b. A-I junction
c. M line
d. Z line
e. A-Z junction

Question 5

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57. Unlike neurons, muscle fibers have no

a. mitochondria.
Muscle fibers have no absolute refractory period; relaxation is not required
before a second action potential can stimulate a second contraction
b. resting membrane potential.
c. cell membrane.
d. absolute refractory period.
e. action potentials.
Question 6

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63. Which of the following factors would increase the stimulation frequency at which a muscle shifts from twitch to tetanic
contractions?

a. A larger volume fraction of myofibrils

b. Larger surface area of T-tubules
c. A larger volume fraction of mitochondria
d. Voltage-gated sodium channels with faster kinetics
e. A larger number of SR Ca2+-ATPase proteins

Question 7

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26. A man was intoxicated with mushrooms. They contain muscarine that stimulates muscarinic cholinoreceptors. What
symptoms signalize intoxication with inedible mushrooms?

a. Rise of arterial pressure

b. Mydriatic pupils
c. Myotic pupils
d. Increased heart rate
e. Bronchi dilatation

Question 8

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25. During the sport competition a boxer received a strong blow to the abdomen, which caused a knockout due to a brief drop in
blood pressure. What physiological mechanisms are the causes of this condition?

a. Abrupt change in the body fluid volume

b. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves
c. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves
d. ischemia of the CNS
e. Alteration of transcapillary exchange
Question 9

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53. The period of time during which a muscle fiber cannot respond to another stimulus is its

a. relaxation period
b. latent period
c. interphasic period
d. contraction period
e. refractory period

Question 10

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52. The binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the sarcolemma results in

a. closing of voltage regulated K+ channels
b. opening of voltage regulated K+ channels
c. closing of chemically regulated Na+ channels
d. opening of voltage regulated Na+ channels
e. opening of chemically regulated Na+ channels
The ACh then binds to its receptors (ligand-gated cation
channels) present on the surface of the sarcolemma
(membrane of the post-synaptic muscle cell). This
binding causes the opening of ligand-gated sodium ion
(cation) channels which results in the influx of sodium
ions into the muscle cell.

Question 11

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11. An isolated muscle fiber is under examination. It was established that the threshold of stimulation force became
significantly lower. What is the cause of this phenomenon?

a. Inactivation of sodium channels of membrane

b. Inactivation of potassium channels of membrane
c. Activation of sodium channels of membrane
d. Activation of potassium channels of membrane
e. Block of energy production in the cell
Question 12

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32. Which of the following reflexes requires simultaneous bilateral (left and right) control of the spinal cord to achieve the
proper movement?

a. none of the above.

b. polysynaptic withdrawal reflex.
c. Golgi tendon organ reflex.
d. monosynaptic stretch reflex.
e. crossed extensor reflex.

Question 13

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38. Which of these is not a feature of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

a. Unmyelinated The postganglionic sympathetic neurons are

b. Originating distal to the effector organ long, unmyelinated, and noradrenergic. They are
noradrenergic because they release
c. Originate from the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia
norepinephrine at the postganglionic synapse.
d. Short The soma of the postganglionic neuron is
e. Noradrenergic situated in the chain ganglia near the spinal cord.
Hence, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons
are long and not short. Rather, the
parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are
Question 14
short as their soma is in a ganglion near the
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target organ.
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12. Curariform substances introduced into a human body cause the relaxation of all skeletal muscles. What changes in the
neuromuscular synapse cause this phenomenon?

a. Impaired acetylcholine release

b. Impaired cholinesterase synthesis
c. Blockade of N-cholinergic receptors of the synaptic membrane
d. Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
e. Blockade of Ca2+ channels of the presynaptic membrane
Question 15

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2. Generator potential:

a. Occur in myelinated nerve.

b. Propagated.
c. Obey all or none low.
d. local response.
e. Generated in the node of Ranvier only.

Question 16

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14. Which muscle contraction will be observed in the upper extremity during holding (not moving) a load in a certain position?

a. Auxotonic
b. Eccentric
c. Concentric
d. Isotonic
e. Isometric

Question 17

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68. Ca+ ions are returned to the SR with the help of a protein called

a. calsequestrin
b. SNAP-25
c. calmodulin
d. myostatin
e. calcitonin
Question 18

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19. During an experiment the myotatic reflex has been studied in frogs. After extension in a skeletal muscle its reflex
contraction was absent. The reason for it might be a dysfunction of the following receptors:

a. Golgi tendon organs

b. Tactile
c. Articular
d. Nociceptor
e. Muscle spindles

Question 19

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42. Sympathetic innervation of the liver regulates which function?

a. Formation of glucose from glycogen The liver has many functions but its regulation is largely
independent of the autonomic nervous system. The exception to
b. Iron storage
this is the release of glucose stored as glycogen
c. Bile synthesis and production (glycogenolysis) and also the generation of glucose from
d. Endocrine function non-carbohydrate substances (i.e. amino acids, a process also
e. Storage of glycogen known as gluconeogenesis). This allows the release of energy
reserves when the 'fight or flight response is activated'.

Question 20

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58. Visceral smooth muscle

a. responds in an all-or-none fashion to action potentials.

b. has slow waves of depolarization and repolarization.
c. has depolarization occur when the cell becomes more permeable to Na+ ions and K+ ions.
d. requires a stimulus from a neuron or hormone.
e. produces strong contractions that only last for a few milliseconds.
Question 21

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30. The simplest spinal reflex that can help you maintain a specific arm position is called:

a. the Golgi tendon reflex.

b. the crossed-extensor reflex.
c. the acoustic startle reflex.
d. the polysynaptic reflex.
e. the monosynaptic stretch reflex.

Question 22

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4. The delay between the termination of the transient depolarization of the muscle membrane and the onset of muscle
contraction observed in muscles reflects the time necessary for which of the following events to occur?

a. G-actin to polymerize into F-actin

b. Myosin head to complete one cross-bridge cycle
c. ATP to be synthesized
d. Ca++ to accumulate in the sarcoplasm
e. ADP to be released from the myosin head

Question 23

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37. The vagus nerve regulates major elements of which part of the nervous system?

a. Parasympathetic nervous system he vagus nerve is the major efferent for the parasympathetic nervous
system controlling the lungs, heart, and digestive activity.
b. Enteric nervous system
c. Central nervous system
d. Sympathetic nervous system
e. Somatic motor neurons
Question 24

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70. Low concentration of Ca+ ions in the cell

a. is a result of sarcolemma depolarization

b. suggests a dietary deficiency
c. results in a higher affinity of myosin for actin
d. hinders the attachment of myosin heads to actin binding sites
e. results in activation of cross-bridge formation

Question 25

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36. Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction, thus producing muscle contractions?

a. glutamate
b. acetylcholine
c. dopamine
d. norepinephrine
e. GABA

Question 26

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15. inhibition of alpha-motoneuron of the extensor muscles was noticed after stimulation of alpha-motoneuron of the flexor
muscles during the experiment on the spinal column. What type of inhibition can this process cause?

a. Recurrent
b. Depolarizational
c. Presynaptic
d. Reciprocal
e. Lateral
Question 27

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72. Relaxation involves all of the following EXCEPT

a. binding of cytoplasmic Ca+ to calsequestrin

b. attachment of ATP to myosin
c. passive diffusion of Ca+ into terminal cisterna
d. ACh degradation by AChE
e. repolarization of the sarcolemma

Question 28

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41. Which of the following is not caused by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Activation of beta1-adrenoceptors increases Ca2+ release

a. An increase in blood pressure.
b. A decrease in heart rate.
c. An increase in cardiac output.
d. An increase Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes.
e. Increased breakdown in hepatic glycogen
from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiomyocytes. The
INCREASE in heart rate and stroke volume induced by
sympathetic nervous stimulation increases cardiac output.
The increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure.
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes
a decrease in heart rate whereas activation of the
sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate.

Question 29

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8. Concerning skeletal muscle proteins:

a. Myosin is the largest.

b. Actin is the most abundant.
c. Titin is a key structural element of thin filaments.
d. Myosin is the major constituent of thick filaments.
e. Z proteins are formed from nebulin.
Question 30

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55. What is the shape of smooth muscle fibers?

a. Spindle
b. Cuboidal
c. Branched
d. Squamous
e. Cylindrical

An increase in strength is correlated to a greater overlap of actin and myosin; an increase in flexibility involves longer resting
length of sarcomeres. When a muscle is trained for strength, the muscle fibers undergo hypertrophy, which means that the
Question 31 individual muscle fibers increase in size. This increase in size is due to the addition of more myofibrils (the contractile units of
muscle fibers) to each muscle fiber, resulting in a greater overlap of actin and myosin filaments. This increased overlap
Complete allows for more force to be generated during muscle contraction, leading to an increase in strength.
Marked out of 1.00 On the other hand, when a muscle is trained for flexibility, the focus is on increasing the range of motion around a joint. This
involves increasing the length of the muscle fibers themselves, which is achieved through stretching exercises. As the
muscle fibers lengthen, the resting length of the sarcomeres (the units that make up myofibrils) also increases. This allows
for greater range of motion around the joint, leading to an increase in flexibility.
69. An increase in strength is correlated to _______________; an increase in flexibility involves ______________________

a. addition of sarcomeres in series; addition of sarcomeres in parallel

b. lean protein intake; yoga
c. greater overlap of actin and myosin; longer resting length of sarcomeres
d. higher affinity of SR for Ca+ ions; greater number of myofibrils per myofiber
e. higher muscle cross-section; longer sarcomere series in myofibers

Question 32

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67. Ca+ ions in the sarcoplasm

a. Destroy myostatin-acetylcholine linkages, inhibiting release of T4 from the thyroid

b. Trigger a tyrosine kinase cascade the releases AChE into the synaptic cleft.
c. Bind to tropomyosin, causing a conformational change in troponin that permits binding of myosin heads
d. Bind to the TI subunit of troponin, inducing a conformational change in tropomyosin that uncovers G-actin binding sites
e. Allows myosin to bind to actin by causing tropomyosin to slide deeper into thin filament grooves
Question 33

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10. Type I skeletal muscle fibres:

a. Are found in the largest motor units.

b. Generate more actin--myosin bonds per second than type II fibres.
c. Are invariably recruited early in graded muscle responses.
d. Contain less myoglobin than type II fibres.
e. Contain more mitochondria than type II fibres.

Question 34

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47. The mineral released from the _______into a fiber that activates _______ to cause muscle contraction is_______.

a. t-tubules, DNA, Ca+2

b. SR, ATP, Ca+2
c. SR, ATP, K+
d. SR, DNA, Ca+2
e. t-tubules, ATP, Na+

Question 35

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1. All of these receptors are skin receptor EXCEPT:

a. Golgi tendon.
b. Naked free nerve.
c. Merkel's discs.
d. Pacinian corpuscle.
e. Ruffini ending.
Question 36

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28. Extrafusal muscle fibers:

a. send signals through spindle apparatus neurons.

b. are a component of Golgi tendon organs.
c. are contacted by alpha motor neurons.
d. are the same as intrafusal muscle fibers.
e. are contacted by gamma motor neurons.

Question 37

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35. Johnny was involved in a car crash which severed part of his cervical spinal cord dorsally in the region of the dorsal column
tracts. What would be your prognosis as to the likely loss of function produced by this accident?

a. loss of motor control over lower body (legs).

b. loss of motor control over his entire body (including neck and face).
c. loss of motor control over his entire body (excluding neck and face).
d. loss of sensory functions, excluding pain, below the neck.
e. loss of all sensory functions, including pain, (and also including neck and face).

Question 38

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49. Troponin has a binding site for

a. potassium ions
b. myosin
c. sodium ions
d. thick filaments
e. calcium ions
Question 39

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61. Given these events: 1. action potential travels along the sarcolemma 2. T tubules undergo depolarization 3. voltage-gated
Ca2+ ion channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum open 4. Ca2+ ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm5. Ca2+ ions bind to troponin
moleculesChoose the arrangement that lists these events in the order they occur following a single stimulation of a skeletal
muscle cell.

a. 1,3,5,4,2
b. 3,1,5,2,4
c. 2,1,3,4,5
d. 4,5,12,3
e. 1,2,3,4,5.

Question 40

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45. Which of the following statements concerning the contraction of smooth muscle are correct?

a. The contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by calcium in the same manner as cardiac muscle.
b. All smooth muscles behave as a functional syncytium.
c. Smooth muscle fibres have a specialized neuromuscular junctions Smooth muscle cells are connected by
d. Some smooth muscles may contract without an action potential gap junctions, which allow the electrical
e. Smooth muscles are innervated by somatic nerves.
signal to spread from one cell to
another. This feature enables all smooth
muscle cells to contract as a single unit,
forming a functional syncytium.
Question 41

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22. During examination a neurologist taps the tendon under the patient's kneecap with a reflex hammer to evaluate reflex
extension of the knee. This response is provoked by stimulation of the following receptors:

a. Nociceptors
b. Golgi tendon organ
c. Articular receptors
d. Tactile receptors
e. Muscle spindles
A stretch reflex is mediated primarily by the brain and is not, therefore, strictly a spinal
reflex, but a weak component of it is spinal and occurs even if the spinal cord is severed from the
brain. The spinal component can be more pronounced if a muscle is stretched very suddenly. This
occurs in a tendon reflex—the reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is tapped, as in the
familiar knee-jerk (patellar) reflex. Tapping the patellar ligament with a reflex hammer suddenly
stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This stimulates numerous muscle spindles in
the quadriceps and sends an intense volley of signals to the spinal cord, mainly by way of primary
afferent fibers.
Question 42

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17. An animal has an increased tonus of extensor muscles. This the result of intensified information transmission to the
motoneurons of the spinal cord through the following descending pathways:

a. Reticulospinal
b. Rubrospinal
c. Lateral corticospinal
d. Medial corticospinal
e. Vestibulospinal

Question 43

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27. The calcium necessary for the interaction between actin and myosin filaments during Skeletal muscle contraction is
released from:

a. the motor neurons presynaptic terminals.

b. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
c. myosin filaments.
d. the synaptic vesicles.
e. the actin filaments.

Question 44

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7. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle:

a. Results in Ca2 þ release through the SERCA pump.

b. Is inhibited in malignant hyperthermia.
c. Involves a sarcolemmal Ca2 current.
d. Involves interaction between dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors.
e. Is enhanced by high intracellular Mg2 ions concentration.
Question 45

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71. Attachment of an ATP molecule to the myosin head

a. is responsible for rigor mortis

b. allows the myosin head to attach to actin
c. causes bound myosin to return to its relaxed position, resulting in actin sliding past myosin
d. causes the myosin head to ratchet into the 'cocked' position
e. allows the myosin head to detatch from actin

Question 46 The adrenal gland is under the control of the sympathetic nervous system but is unique because its
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control is direct from preganglionic neurons emerging from the spinal cord without passing through
ganglia to act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The sweat glands are the other exception to the rules
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of the autonomic nervous system and despite being activated by the sympathetic nervous system the
postganglionic neurons are cholinergic rather than noradrenergic

43. Why is the adrenal gland unique in its autonomic innervation?

a. It is innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic preganglionic neurons.

b. The postganglionic neurons are cholinergic rather than noradrenergic despite being part of the sympathetic nervous
system.
c. ALL the statements are false
d. The post-synaptic response is mediated via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
e. It is directly innervated by the spinal cord without passing through ganglia.

Question 47

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39. Acetylcholine is synthesised and packaged in the presynaptic terminal before being released to act on the postsynaptic
receptors. Which of these statements about that process in parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is not true?

a. Choline is recycled by being taken back up into the presynaptic terminal.

b. Termination of the synaptic communication is via the destruction of acetylcholine by cholinesterase enzyme
c. Release of neurotransmitter is triggered when voltage sensitive calcium channels open to allow the influx of calcium.
d. Acetylcholine is synthesised by the action of choline-o-acetyltransferase on choline and acetyl coenzyme A.
e. The released acetylcholine acts on postsynaptic nicotinic receptors.

In the acetycholinergic autonomic nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia mediate fast
synaptic neurotransmission through the ionotropic nicotinic receptors, whereas acetylcholine released by
post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system acts on the metabotropic, slower acting
muscarinic subtype of cholinergic receptors.
Question 48

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51. The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

a. acetylcholine
b. calcium ions
c. phosphorus ions
d. sodium ions
e. potassium ions

Question 49

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65. Acetylcholine in muscles

a. Is the primary neurotransmitter at the NMJ, responsible for the hyperpolarization of the post synaptic sarcolemma
b. Binds to ligand-gated channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca+ ions
c. Is degraded by acetylcholinesterase to prevent continuous muscle stimulation
d. Diffuses across the NMJ to activate Na+/K+ channels on a post-synaptic dendrite, initiating end plate potential
e. Binds to voltage gated channels in the junctional folds, initiating end plate potential

Question 50

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54. Unlike skeletal muscle, in smooth muscle calcium ions bind to

a. troponin
b. actin
c. calmodulin
d. tropomyosin
e. myosin
Question 51

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46. The maximum power that can be developed by a skeletal muscle

a. Is independent of the initial length of the muscle

b. Depends on the load being moved by the muscle
c. Occurs when the muscle is shortening at its maximum rate
d. Occurs with an isometric contraction
e. Occurs when the muscle is moving a load at about one third of its maximum rate of shortening

Question 52

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48. In skeletal muscle, thin filaments are composed of

a. actin only
b. myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin
c. myosin only
d. actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
e. myosin and actin only

Question 53

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18. As a result of spinal-cord trauma a 33 y.o. man has a disturbed pain and temperature sensitivity that is caused by damage
of the following tract:

a. Medial spinocortical
b. Posterior spinocerebellar
c. Anterior spinocerebellar
d. Spinothalamic
e. Lateral spinocortical
 The opening of Na+/K+ channels on the sarcolemma results in a conformational shift of the voltage-sensitive tubular
proteins, causing Ca2+ leakage into the sarcoplasm. This process is known as excitation-contraction coupling and is
essential for muscle contraction.When an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released,
Question 54 which triggers the opening of Na+/K+ channels on the sarcolemma. This allows Na+ ions to enter the cell and K+ ions to
Complete leave, leading to depolarization of the sarcolemma. The depolarization then spreads along the sarcolemma and down the
T-tubules, where it triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytoplasm.
Marked out of 1.00 The release of Ca2+ from the SR allows it to bind to troponin, which causes a conformational change in tropomyosin,
exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin. Myosin then binds to actin, forming cross-bridges that generate force and cause
muscle contraction.

66. Opening of Na+/K+ channels on the sarcolemma

a. Induces depolarization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the release of Cl- ions
b. Results in a conformational shift of the voltage sensitive tubular proteins, causing Ca+ leakage to the sarcoplasm
c. Induces hyperpolarization of the sarcolemma, which draws positively charged Ca+ out of the SR
d. Allows the opening of voltage gated Ca+ channels on the SR
e. Triggers apoptosis of the myofiber

Question 55

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13. During the experiment on the influence chemical substances in the muscles the reaction of Ca2+-pump is weakened. Which
phenomenon will be observed?

a. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump

b. Prolonged relaxation
c. Decreased velocity of the Action Potential distribution.
d. Decreased Action potential amplitude
e. Prolonged duration of the Action Potential

Question 56

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23. An experiment was conducted to measure the threshold of tactile receptors stimulation with various stimuli. What
stimulation will have the lowest threshold?

a. Photic stimulus Tactile receptors are adapted to detection of various mechanical stimuli.
b. Mechanical stimulus
Depending on type of receptor, they detect such modalities of stimuli as light
touch, texture, deep pressure, stretch,
c. Heat stimulus
tickle, and vibration
d. Cold stimulus
e. Chemical stimulus
Question 57

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29. If I tell you that a specific painful sensation is slow to adapt or does not show any adaptation, what does it mean?

a. the pain receptors take a long time to begin to send signals (action potentials) to the brain.
b. the pain receptors are difficult to activate (don't send action potentials easily).
c. the pain receptors send signals (action potentials) for the entire duration of the pain stimulus.
d. the pain receptors send signals (action potentials) only at the beginning of the painful stimulus.
e. the pain receptors send signals (action potentials) only at the end of the painful stimulus.

Question 58

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24. A 49-year old female patient has limitation of left limbs arbitrary movements. Muscular tonus of left hand and leg is
overstrained and spasmodic, local tendon reflexes are strong, pathological reflexes are presented. What is the most likely
Upper motoneurons including t h e corticospinal tract have a net overall inhibitory
development mechanism of hypertension and hyperreflexia? effect on muscle stretch reflexes. As a result, upper motoneuron lesions combine
paresis of skeletal muscles with muscle stretch or deep tendon reflexes that are
hyperactive or hypertonic. The hypertonia may be seen as decorticate rigidity (i.e.,
a. Inhibition of cerebral cortex motoneurons postural flexion of the arm and extension of the leg) or decerebrate rigidity (i.e.,
postural extension of the arm and leg) depending on the location of the lesion.
b. Activation of synaptic transmission Lesions above the midbrain produce decorticate rigidity; lesions below the mid
brain produce decerebrate rigidity. Upper motoneuron lesions result in atrophy of
c. Activation of excitatory influence from the focus of stroke weakened muscles only as a result of disuse, because these muscles can still be
contracted by stimulating muscle stretch reflexes. In contrast to lower motoneuron
d. Motoneuron activation induced by stroke lesions, lesions of upper motoneurons result in a spastic paresis that is ipsilateral
e. Reduction of descending inhibitory influence or contra lateral and below the site of the lesion. Upper motoneuron lesions
anywhere in the spinal cord will result in an ipsilateral spastic paresis below the
level of the lesion. Upper motoneuron lesions between the cerebral cortex and the
medulla above the decussation of the pyramids will result in a contra lateral
spastic paresis below the level of the lesion
Question 59

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21. After a traffic accident a 36-year-old patient has developed muscle paralysis of the extremities on the right, lost pain and
thermal sensitivity on the left, and partially lost tactile sensitivity on both sides. What part of the brain is the most likely to be
damaged?

a. Posterior horn of the spinal cord
b. Motor cortex on the left
c. Left-hand side of the spinal cord
d. Right-hand side of the spinal cord
e. Anterior horn of the spinal cord
If the spinal cord is transected entirely, all sensations and motor
functions distal to the segment of transection are blocked, but if the
spinal cord is transected on only one side, the BrownSéquard
syndrome occurs. All motor functions are blocked on the side of
the transection in all segments below the level of the transection.
Yet only some of the modalities of sensation are lost on
the transected side, and others are lost on the opposite side. The
sensations of pain, heat, and cold—sensations served by the
spinothalamic pathway—are lost on the opposite side of the body
in all dermatomes two to six segments below the level of the
transection
Question 60

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64. Which of the following is TRUE about motor units?

a. It consists of a myofiber and all the motor neurons that activate it

b. The number of functional motor units increases with age, allowing for finer object manipulation
c. It is able to grow with age by recruiting de-innervated fast twitch fibers
d. Large motor units are recruited first, followed by smaller units to provide a gradient of exerted force
e. Myofibers belonging to a single motor unit are segregated to a single part of a muscle series, which is responsible for
the phenomenon of muscle groups

Question 61

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62. Why is the latent period of an isotonic twitch different from that of an isometric twitch?

a. The motoneuron sends a longer action potential if there is an isotonic load on the muscle.
b. An isometric twitch does not begin until the muscle develops enough force to lift the load.
c. The motoneuron sends a longer action potential if there is an isometric load on the muscle.
d. isotonic twitches are associated with larger force development.
e. An isotonic twitch does not begin until the muscle develops enough force to lift the load.

Question 62

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40. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the 'fight and flight' response. Which of these is not part of that
process
The 'fight or flight' response readies the body for action,
a. Increeased heart rate vasodilatation increases blood flow to the muscles giving them the
b. Sweating
necessary oxygen to work hard, sweat is produced to cool the
body, the bladder relaxes to prevent urination, and gut motility and
c. Increased gut motility
digestion is inhibited as an unnecessary action during this time.
d. Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle The parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the 'rest and
e. Bladder relaxation digest' system stimulates digestive activity when the body is not
undergoing stress.
Question 63
NANC refers to Non-Adrenergic, Non-Cholinergic neurotransmission in the autonomic
nervous system, which could involve co-transmission of a range of peptide or non-peptide
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transmitters from within the same or different presynaptic vesicles. This can significantly
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alter the response of the postsynaptic neuron or feedback to change the activity of the
presynaptic neuron.
44. What is NANC neurotransmission?

a. Neurotransmission in the somatic nervous system that does not involve either acetylcholine or noradrenaline
b. Neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system that does not involve acetylcholine or noradrenaline.
c. Neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system involving noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y co-transmission.
d. Co-transmission in the autonomic nervous system of both neuropeptide Y and acetylcholine.
e. Neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system that does not involve acetylcholine or noradrenaline.

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33. During a recent class, I clapped my hands loudly and made several of you jump; which motor tract do you think made you
orient (turn your head) towards the source of that loud noise?

a. tectospinal tract.
b. reticulospinal tract.
c. corticospinal tract.
d. corticorubral tract.
e. dorsal column tract.

Question 65

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5. A 17-year-old soccer player sustained a fracture to the left tibia. After her lower leg has been in a cast for 8 weeks, she is
surprised to find that the left gastrocnemius muscle is significantly smaller in circumference than it was before the fracture.
What is the most likely explanation?

a. Decrease in blood flow to the muscle caused by constriction from the cast
b. Increase in glycolytic activity in the affected muscle
c. Progressive denervation
d. Temporary reduction in actin and myosin protein synthesis
e. Decrease in the number of individual muscle fibers in the left gastrocnemius
Question 66

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6. Concerning the skeletal muscle sarcolemmal membrane potential:

a. Chloride currents have no significant role under physiological conditions.

b. A plateau potential is maintained by Ca2 current through dihydropyridine channels.
c. The cell is hyperpolarized by increased temperature.
d. On depolarization, the Nernst potential for Na ions is reached.
e. Repolarization is achieved principally by K current.

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3. Weightlifting can result in a dramatic increase in skeletal muscle mass. This increase in muscle mass is primarily attributable
to which of the following?

a. Increase in skeletal muscle blood supply

b. Hypertrophy of individual muscle fibers
c. Increase in the number of neuromuscular junctions
d. Increase in the number of motor neurons
e. Fusion of sarcomeres between adjacent myofibrils

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31. We have discussed the organization of voluntary movements such that the right hemisphere of the brain controls the left
side of the body, and vice-versa. Where does the corticospinal tract cross from its side of origin to the other side of the body?

a. in the cerebellum.
b. in the spinal cord.
c. in the primary motor cortex.
d. in the ventral medulla.
e. in the thalamus
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56. A motor neuron along with the skeletal muscle fibers it innervated is called a

a. myotome
b. motor unit
c. fascicle
d. myoneuronal junction
e. contraction unit

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60. For cross bridge release, it is necessary for __________ to attach to the myosin head.

a. the sarcolemma
b. a troponin molecule
c. a tropomyosin molecule
d. ATP
e. Ca2+ ions

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34. Which of the following element(s) is/are components of a motor unit?

a. muscle spindles.
b. both gamma motor neurones and extrafusal muscle fibers
c. extrafusal muscle fibers.
d. gamma motor neuron.
e. intrafusal muscle fibers.

← LARGE CLASS MID SEMESTER EXAM 3/5/2023

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