RIGEN FATIMA GERMINO

12-STEM-ARES

Activity 1: Essay.

1. Why do volcanoes erupt? What happened to the appearance of the crater after the volcanic
eruption?
 Volcanoes erupt
because hot
molten rock,
called magma,
builds up a lot of
pressure
underground and
needs to escape.
When this
pressure gets too
high, the magma
bursts out onto
the Earth's
surface.
After a volcanic eruption, the crater can change a lot. Sometimes, the eruption creates a new hole
in the ground or makes an existing one bigger. The area around the crater might look different
because of lava flows, ash, and other stuff the volcano spews out. The shape of the crater itself
might change, too, like forming new vents or holes. And as time goes on, rain and wind can also
change how the crater looks.

2. What happened to the portions of the volcano that were removed?

 When a volcano
erupts, different
parts of it can
get moved
around in
different ways.
For example,
lava, which is
hot melted rock,
can flow out and
cover the land
nearby. This
makes new areas
called lava fields
or lava deltas if
it reaches the
ocean. There's
also something
called
pyroclastic
flows, which are
mixtures of hot
ash, rocks, and
gas that move
really fast down
the sides of the
volcano,
covering
everything in
their path with
volcanic debris.
Sometimes,
explosions can
shoot ash high
into the air, and
wind carries it to
faraway places,
covering the
land with a layer
of ash. And big
chunks of rock
can be thrown
out by the
eruption, landing
near the volcano
and making piles
of volcanic
debris. After all
this, the top part
of the volcano
can collapse and
form a hole
called a crater.
So, eruptions
change the
landscape
around the
volcano by
moving its bits
and pieces
around and
sometimes
making a crater.
3. What geologic hazard could be responsible for the movement of the soil?
 Different things
in nature can
make soil move,
which can be
dangerous.
Landslides
happen when
soil and rocks
slide downhill
because of
heavy rain,
earthquakes, or
people digging.
Soil erosion
happens when
water, wind, or
ice slowly wear
away the soil,
especially on
steep hills or
where there
aren't many
plants.
Earthquakes can
shake the ground
and make soil
move, causing
landslides,
especially in
places where the
soil isn't stable.
Volcanoes can
also make soil
move when they
erupt, with hot
flows of ash and
mud carrying
soil downhill.
Sometimes, the
ground can sink
or cave in
because of
things like
taking water out
of the ground or
 minerals
dissolving.
These natural
events show
how the Earth is
always changing
and why it's
important to be
aware of their
effects on the
land and people.

Activity 2: Present a situation

1.) Have you ever seen one of these signages on the roadsides? If yes, where, and when?
 Yes, I have
seen this road
sign
everywhere
especially in
the city and
mountain
area.

2.) What do these signages mean?

 The first
image is a
signage that
tells us that
there is a risk
of landslide
that might
happen, while
in the second
image is a
signage that
tell us to be
 careful about
the dangerous
falling rock.

3.) Why is the second image highlighted in red

 The signage is
highlighted in
red to grab
attention and
highlight how
important the
message is.
Since red is
frequently
connected to
danger,
caution, and
urgency, it's a
good color
choice for
signage
designed to
warn people
about any
risks or
hazards in
their
environment.
The signage
stands out
vividly
against its
background
when red is
used as the
emphasizing
color,
grabbing
attention right
away.
Because of
 the better
lighting,
people are
more likely to
be aware of
the warning
signs and to
obey them,
which
promotes
safety and
lowers the
possibility of
accidents or
incidences in
the area.

4. When and where did you see these road signs?

 I usually
found this
sign in
mountain
roads.

5. What is common in these places where they are placed?

 In areas where
these warning
signs are
placed, such
as mountain
roads, several
common
features exist.
These areas
often have
rugged and
unstable
terrain, with
steep slopes
and loose
rocks and soil.
The risk of
landslides and
rockfalls is
heightened
due to factors
like heavy
rainfall and
freeze-thaw
cycles.
Additionally,
vegetation
may stabilize
slopes but can
also
contribute to
instability,
especially
after events
like wildfires.
Road
construction
in these
regions may
further disturb
natural slopes
and increase
the risk of
incidents.
Warning signs
are typically
installed in
places with a
history of
landslides or
rockfalls to
alert drivers
and
pedestrians to
ongoing risks.
Activity 3: Modified TRUE or FALSE

1. An avalanche is a form of landslide.

-TRUE
2. Sinkholes form in sedimentary rock deposits.
-TRUE
3. A earthquake is a topographic depression created when groundwater
dissolves the underlying limestone bedrock.
-FALSE, SINKHOLES
4. Landslide does happen on flat ground because of the angle on the
ground, gravity induces the land to move downward.
-FALSE, DOES NOT
5. One of the characteristics of landslide is the depth of holes ranges
from a couple of meters to several mile deep.
-FALSE, SINKHOLES
6. Debris Flow Landslides are sudden slides caused by heavy rain the
rock on the slope loosens and then slides down the slope.
-FALSE, ROCK FALL LANDSLIDE
7. Rock Fall Landslide happens when the slope becomes saturated with
water, this then triggers a landslide of water-soaked mass of rock and
soil that slides down the slope.
-FALSE, DEBRIS FLOW LANDSLIDE
8. Soil Creep Landslide is a very slow downslope movement of particles
that occurs in every slope covered with loose, weathered material.
-TRUE
9. Slumping Landslide is a downward movement of rock debris, usually
the consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope
of unconsolidated material.
-TRUE
10. Depressions on the ground that resulted from the collapse of the
surface layer of the soil is called a sinkhole
-TRUE

ACTIVITY 4: COMPLETE THE STATEMENT

LANDSLIDE

 I have
learned that
landslides
are and they
are a
ground
movement
on a
slopping
terrain and
they are
formed by a
step-slope
mountains
which has
four types
namely: soil
creep
landslide,
slumping
landslide,
dbris flow
landslide,
 rock fall
landslide.
The
difference
between
each type is
thst slow
movement
along a
curved
rupture
and rapid
movement
along a
plane of
distinct
weakness
between the
overlying
slide
material
and the
more stable
underlying
material.

SINKHOLE
 I have
learned that
sinkholes
are
topographi
c
depression
created
when
underwater
dissolves
the
underlying
limestone
bedrock
which are
formed by
the rainfall
seeps
underneath
the soil
through the
cracks and
fissures that
has for
different
types
mainly:
cover
collapse
sinkhole,
cover
subsidence
sinkhole,
dissolution
sinkhole,
and
artificial
sinkhole.
The
difference
between
these
sinkholes is
 that any
land
subsidence
can affect
areas that
are
thousand of
square
miles in
size.

ASSESSMENT