00 Notes - Chemistry Unit Blank

ID # Name: Period: Date:
Chapter 4: Properties of Elements and Compounds
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• identify elements and compounds
• describe important physical and chemical properties of elements
• explain how properties of elements and compounds determine their practical uses
• investigate the physical and chemical properties of elements
• conduct tests to identify common gases based on their chemical properties
4.1 Studying Matter
What is matter?
 Matter is anything that has ______________ and ____________________________
 Examples: book, desk, air, YOU, etc.
 Matter is ______________ ______________ (eg. fire)
Classification of Matter
 Scientists group materials
 Based on ______________ ______________
 One way is based on Particle Theory of Matter
The Particle Theory of Matter
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Classification of Matter
 based on Particle Theory of Matter
1. Pure Substance
 Contains only __________________________________________
 Can be further classified into:
o ______________
o ______________
1a. Element
 A ______________ substance
 Cannot be _________________________ further by chemical or physical methods
1b. Compound
 A ______________ substance
 Made of two or more different elements that are ____________________________
 Can be broken down into its ______________ only by chemical methods
2. Mixture
 Matter that contains more than one kind of particle
 ______________ combined
 ______________ combined
 Can be separated by ______________ methods
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Separating Mixtures
 ______________: - separates solids from liquids or gases
 ______________: - Separates liquids in a mixture ; Based on boiling point
 ______________: - Separates iron and steel objects from other objects
Chemistry, Society and the Environment

Elements and compounds have many positive effects on society
 Production of ______________ and ______________
 Improvement in ______________ yields
 Increased ______________ of available products
Use of elements and compounds can also result in negative consequences

 ______________ released into the atmosphere and waterways
 ______________ of toxic chemicals in soil and on food products
 Direct exposure of ______________ chemicals to humans
4.2 Physical Properties
Physical Properties
 Characteristic of a substance
 Can be observed and measured without changing the identity of the substance
 Two types :
1._________________
2. _________________
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1. Qualitative Physical Properties

 Can be observed and described without detailed measurement
Property Examples
colourless, red, black
sweet, pungent, mouldy
solid, liquid, gas
rough, smooth, bumpy
shiny, dull
soft, pliable, hard
2. Quantitative Physical Properties

 Can be measured and assigned a particular value
Property Description
resistance to flow
temperature of melting
temperature of boiling
ability to dissolve in another substance
ability to scratch another material
ability to conduct electricity or heat
ratio of mass to volume
Physical Properties
 states of matter
 melting and boiling points
 solubility
 hardness
 conductivity
 density
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States of Matter
 A qualitative physical property
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
Melting and Boiling Points

 A ______________ physical property
 ______________ point is the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid
 ______________ point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
Solubility
 Measures the ability of a substance to ______________ in another substance
 The maximum quantity of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
at a particular ______________ and ______________
Example: sodium chloride (table salt)
39.5 g/100 mL in water at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure
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 ______________ solution is a solution with water as a solvent

 ______________ means does not dissolve or has a very low solubility
Examples: copper in water
 Fat can be a ______________

 Some chemicals dissolve in fats
eg. DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)
 a synthetic pesticide
 bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in mammals
Hardness
 Ability to ______________ another material
 Between 1 to 10 on the Mohs scale
Fingernail --- 2
Diamond --- 10 (the hardest natural material)
Conductivity
 Ability to conduct ______________ or he______________ at
Copper: conducts electric current very well
Aluminum: conducts heat very well
Density
 The ratio of the ______________ of a substance to the ______________ it occupies
o Oil ______________ on water
o Iron nails ______________ in water
o A cruise ship ______________ on the sea water
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Water’s Unique Physical Properties

 All ______________ ______________ exists on Earth
 ______________ ______________
 Can absorb a lot of ______________ before it gets hot
 Its solid form is ______________ ______________ than its liquid form (ice acts as an
insulator for water below)
Density - Calculation
mass
Density =
volume
m
D=
V
Unit for density is ______________
Sample Problem
A sample of silver has a mass of 5.04 g and a volume of 0.480 cm3. What is the density of
silver?
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4.3 Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
 Ability of a substance to ______________ (change)
 Forms ____________________________
Example:
 glow stick produces light when chemicals combine
 chemiluminescence
Reactivity with Other Substance --- Water

 calcium carbide + water
o acetylene gas
o Combustible
o Generates light
Reactivity with Other Substance --- Oxygen

 aluminum + oxygen
o aluminum oxide
o protects metal from weathering
Reactivity with Other Substance --- Acids

 baking soda + acid
o carbon dioxide gas
o help batter and dough rise
Reactivity with Other Substance --- Another Pure Substance

 Knowing how pure substances react with each other
o enable chemists to develop new products
eg. Peroxide change melanin to colourless
--> Used as hair dyes
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Combustibility
 Ability to ____________________________
eg. Propane heats the air in hot-air balloons
Stability
 Ability to ____________________________
 not break down or decompose easily
 Useful chemicals must have enough stability to exist long enough to carry out its
required function
Toxicity
 Ability to ____________________________ in plants and animals
 Reported as a ______________________ (dose required to kill 50% of the exposed
population)
eg. Clostricium tetani
 ______________ has to be considered too (eg. DDT)
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5.1 Evolution of the Atomic Model
Early Greek Theories
400 B.C. - Democritus thought matter could not be _________ __________.
This led to the idea of __________ in a void.
350 B.C - Aristotle modified an earlier theory that matter was made of four “elements”:
__________, __________, __________, __________.
Aristotle was wrong. However, his theory persisted for 2000 years.
John Dalton
1800 -Dalton proposed a modern atomic model based on _____________ not on pure reason.
• All matter is made of _____________.
• Atoms cannot be _____________, _____________or _____________into smaller particles.
• Atoms of an element are _____________.
• Different elements have _____________atoms.
• Atoms of different elements combine in constant ratios to form _____________.
• Atoms are _____________ in reactions.
His ideas account for:
1) The Law of ____________________of Mass: atoms are neither created nor destroyed
2) The Law of ______________Composition: elements combine in fixed ratios
Adding Electrons to the Model
• Materials, when rubbed, can develop a __________difference.
• This electricity is called “____________” when passed through an evacuated tube.
These rays have a ________ _______and are ___________.
• Thompson noted that these ________ ____________ particles were a fundamental part of all
________.
Adding Electrons to the Model
1) Dalton’s “Billiard ball” model (1800-1900): Atoms are ___________and _____________.
2) Thompson “Raisin Bun” model (1900): ___________electrons in a _________framework.
3) The Rutherford model (around 1910): Atoms are mostly __________ ___________.
Negative _________ orbit a positive __________.
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Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford shot _____________ () particles at gold foil.
Most particles passed through. So, atoms are mostly ______________.
Some positive -particles deflected or bounced back!
Thus, a “nucleus” is ______________.& holds most of an atom’s ______________..
If Rutherford’s model is correct, why don’t the negatively charged electrons spiral into the
positive nucleus and collide with it?
Bohr’s model
Electrons can only move within ______ regions (_______ ______or ________)
An electron can be bumped up to a higher shell if it absorbs a specific amount of _________

(_________)
Eg. hit by an electron or a photon of light.
Bohr-Rutherford Model
A central positive ___________
____________in energy levels around the nucleus
5.2 The Structure of the Atom
An Atom
 The ______________ particle of an element that retains the ______________of the element
 Consists of ______________orbiting around the _______________
 _____________ : a negatively charged particle within the atom
 _____________ : the positively charged centre of an atom

Nucleus
 Made up of _____________and _____________
 _____________ : a positively charged particle that is part of every atomic nucleus
 _____________ : an uncharged (neutral) particle that is part of almost every atomic nucleus
Structure of An Atom:
Name Relative Mass Electric Charge Location in the Atom
proton
neutron
electron
Atomic numbers, Mass numbers
 Elements are often symbolized with their __________________ and _____________________
 These values are given on the ______________ table.
 For now, round the mass # to a whole number.
 These numbers tell you a lot about atoms.
Atomic numbers, Mass numbers
atomic number =
mass number =
SO… # of protons =
# of electrons =
# of neutrons =
Calculate # of protons (p+), neutrons (n0), and electrons (e–) for Ca, Ar, and Br.
Atomic Mass p+ n0 e-
Ca
Ar
Br
Bohr - Rutherford diagrams
1. Find : # p+ , # e- and # n0
2. Draw nucleus in circle: # p+ and # n0
3. Draw electrons around in shells: 2, 8, 8
Draw He and Li:
Draw Be, B, and Al:

Isotopes
 Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of ___________are called isotopes.
 Isotopes can be written with the name followed by the ______________________ : ________
 Due to isotopes, atomic masses are not round numbers.
 Li (atomic mass = 6.9) is made up of both 6Li and 7Li.
 Sometimes an isotope is written without its atomic number - e.g. 35S (or S-35). Why?
Answer-
Draw B-R diagrams for the two Li isotopes.
5.3 Periodic Table of Elements
Mendeleev
 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeléev created the first accepted version of the
___________________.
 He grouped elements according to their __________________.
 Atomic mass is the __________________ of the naturally occurring __________ of an element.
 As he did, he found that the families had similar _____________________________.
 ______________________ were left open to add the new elements he predicted would occur.
Modern Periodic Table
 However, there were a few elements that Mendeleev had to put out of order to fit similar
properties.
 Today’s periodic table is arranged by increasing ______________________(# of __________)

Periodic Table
 The periodic table __________ the elements in a particular way. A great deal of information
about an element can be gathered from its __________ in the period table.
 For example, you can predict with reasonably good accuracy the __________ and __________
properties of the element. You can also predict what other elements a particular element will
__________ with chemically.
 Understanding the organization and plan of the periodic table will help you obtain basic
information about each of the 118 known _____________.
Key to the Periodic Table
 Elements are organized on the table according to their ____________________, usually found
near the top of the square.
 The atomic number refers to how many __________ an atom of that element has.
 For instance, hydrogen has ____ proton, so it’s atomic number is ____.
 The ____________________ is unique to that element. No two elements have the

__________ atomic number.
What’s in a square?
 Different periodic tables can include various bits of information, but usually:
 atomic number  number of valence  state of matter at

 symbol electrons room temperature
 atomic mass
Valence Electrons
 Valence electrons are the electrons in the __________ occupied ____________________ of

an atom.
 These are the electrons that are transferred or shared when atoms bond together.
Chemical Symbols
 All elements have their own unique ____________________.

 It can consist of a single ____________________ letter, or a _______________letter and one
_______________ case letter.

Some common Chemical Symbols:
Element Symbol Origin of name
aluminum Latin: alumen, a bitter salt
fluorine Latin: fluor, a flow
carbon Latin: carbo, charcoal
potassium Latin: kalium
sodium Latin: natrium
tin Latin stannum
helium Greek: helios, Sun
chlorine Greek: chloros, pale green
neon Greek: neos, new
uranium named after planet Uranus
magnesium Named after a district in western Turkey
3 Main Groups
1. ________________ : left side
2. ________________ : right side
3. ________________ : staircase near the right
have properties of both ________________ and ________________
Properties of Metals
 All metals appear on the ____________ side of the periodic table
 Metals are good conductors of ____________ and _______________.
 Metals are ____________.
 Metals are ______________(can be stretched into thin wires).
 Metals are ________________(can be pounded into thin sheets).
 A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water which results in _________________.

Properties of Non-Metals
 All non-metals (except hydrogen) appear on the ____________ side of the periodic table
 Non-metals are ___________ conductors of heat and electricity.
 Non-metals are ___________ ductile or malleable.
 Solid non-metals are ____________ and ____________ easily.
 They are ____________.
 Many non-metals are ____________.
Properties of Metalloids
 Metalloids form a ______________ line toward the ____________ side of the periodic table
 Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both ____________ and ________________.
 They are solids that can be shiny or dull.
 They conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals.
 They are ductile and malleable.
Mining for Metals
 Some elements are ______________ metals that are easy to shape and found in nature
 However, mining causes serious social and environmental impacts
 _______________________
 _______________________
 Use cyanide-based chemical to extract gold
 ______________ substance for human and wildlife
 Solution: buy recycled or vintage gold jewellery or use ______________materials
Metals and Health
 Metals are also part of essential processes in plants and animals
 _____________ in blood for _____________ transport
 ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________are also important
 However, metals at too high a level can be ______________
 Too much iron can damage the ___________and ____________
 Certain metals can __________________and ___________ (aluminum, lead, mercury)

Mercury Pollution
 Some mercury occurs naturally but most results from ____________________________ (eg.
burning waste materials and fossil fuels)
 Bacteria convert elemental mercury to ____________________________which can then be

taken up by animals
 These bacteria are most active in ______________ environments thus ________________ are
a key source of mercury poisoning
 Contaminates ________________________ and ____________ in lakes and rivers (both

______________and ______________)
 Causes severe ________________ in many people
Families
 ___________________of elements are called groups or families.
 Elements in each family have ______________but not identical properties.
 For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of ______________
are all soft, white, shiny metals.
 All elements in a family have the same number of ______________________.
Periods
 Each _____________________ of elements is called a period.
 The elements in a period are ______________________ in properties.
 In fact, the properties change greatly across even given row.
 The first element in a period is always an extremely ______________ solid. The last element in
a period, is always an ______________ gas.

Hydrogen
 The hydrogen square sits atop Family 1, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a
class _____________.
 It is a ________at room temperature.
 It has ________proton and ________ electron in its one and only ___________.
 Hydrogen only needs ________electrons to fill up its valence shell.
Alkali Metals
 The alkali family is found in the ________ column of the periodic table.
 Atoms of the alkali metals have a ________ electron in their outermost level, in other words,
________ valence electron.
 They are ________, have the consistency of _______, and are easily cut with a knife.
 They are the ________________metals.
 They react violently with ________.
 Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another
element.
Alkaline Earth Metals
 They are never found uncombined in nature.
 They have ________valence electrons.
 Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.
 Transition Metals
These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and
silver.
 They are ________________of heat and electricity.
 The compounds of transition metals are usually brightly ________ and are often used to color
paints.
 Transition elements have ________ valence electrons, which they lose when they form bonds
with other atoms.
 Transition elements have properties similar to one another and to other metals, but their
properties do not fit in with those of any other family.

Halogen Family
 The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
 Halogens have ________ valence electrons, which explains why they are the
________________ non-metals. They are never found free in nature.
 Halogen atoms only need to gain ____ electron to fill their outermost energy level.
 They react with ________ ________ to form salts.
Noble Gases
 Noble Gases are ________ gases that are extremely _____________
 One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are inactive because their
outermost energy level is ______.
 Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gases
are called ________.
 The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
 All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
Rare Earth Elements
 The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.
 Many of them are ________ or man-made.
5.4 Trends in the Periodic Table
Valence Electrons
 Valence electrons are the electrons in the ________________ occupied energy level of an
atom.
 Many ________________ are determined by the arrangements of the valence electrons.
 Elements in the same group has the ________________ number of valence electrons, thus
react in a ________________ way

What does it mean to be reactive?
 We will be describing elements according to their reactivity.
 Elements that are reactive bond __________ with other elements to make __________.
 Some elements are only found in nature bonded with other elements.
 What makes an element reactive?
 An __________ valence electron level.
 Rule of __________ : All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have _____ electrons in their
very outermost energy level
 Atoms bond until this __________ level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons
__________ them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons __________
electrons during bonding.
Families
 The _______________(Group 1) are the most reactive metals
 need to lose only _____ electron
 The __________(Group 17) are the most reactive non-metals
 need to gain only _____ electron
 Noble Gases (Group 18) are non-reactive
 Outermost shell already __________
Atom Size (Metals & Non-metals)
 Atomic size increases when
1. Going __________ a group (higher energy level)
2. Going across a period from ____________________ (same energy level but less
protons)

Metal Reactivity and Atom Size
 When the valence electron is farther from the nucleus
 can be lost more __________
 more __________
NOTE
 Different reactivity trend for non-metals!!!
 You will learn that in Chemistry 11
Which metal is more reactive?
1. Potassium or Rubidium?
2. Magnesium or Beryllium?
3. Potassium or Calcium?
4. Cesium or Strontium?

Chapter 6: Understanding the Properties of Compounds
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• explain the difference between ionic compounds and molecular compounds
• demonstrate an understanding of the important properties of ionic and
molecular compounds
• assess the social, environmental, and economic impacts of the use of some
common compounds
6.1 Ionic Compounds
Forming Ions
 ________________ : a positively or negatively charged atom or molecule
 Metal ________________ electron(s) --> ________________ ion
 Nonmetal ________________ electron(s) --> ________________ ion
Atomic Mass p+ n e-
number number
Mg2+
O2-
Al3+

Ionic Compound
 ________________ + ________________
 electron(s) ________________ from metal to nonmetal
 made of oppositely charged ________________
 ions held by ________________ ________________ (+ attracts -)
 Chemical bond: a chemical link between ________________
 Ionic bond: a chemical bond between ________________________________
Properties of Ionic Compounds

 Ionic bonds are ________________________________
 Results in the following properties:
o Solids
o High melting points
o Soluble in water
o Good conductors of electricity
Sodium Fluoride
An ionic compound ________________ and ________________
 PRO:
o In ________________ to strengthen tooth enamel and reduce cavities
o Fluoride is added to ________________ ________________ in Canada
 CON:
o Too much can cause cancer, fragile bones and improper brain development in
________________
o Recent debate over the optimal level of human exposure

Plant Fertilizers
 PRO:
o Soluble ionic compounds to provide ________________
 CON:
o Easily washed away from fields and end up in waterways
o --> negative effects on ________________
Road Salt (sodium chloride)

 PRO:
o ________________ freezing point of water --> ________________
o Saltwater mixture improves ________________
o Easier snow removal
 CON:
o Attracts ________________ --> hazardous for animals and drivers
o Increased ________________ --> increased ________________

How to name Ionic Compounds

1.Name the 1st element (metal)
2.Name the 2nd element (non-metal) with suffix –ide
Chemical Formula Chemical name

NaCl
K2O
AlF3
How to write Chemical Formula for Ionic Compounds

1.Write symbol for 1st element (metal)
2.Write symbol for 2nd element (non-metal)
3.Determine number of atoms for each element using combining capacity or ion charges
Chemical Name Chemical Formula

potassium bromide
magnesium chloride
sodium oxide
6.2 Molecular Compounds

2 types of compounds
1.Ionic compound:
 a compound made of oppositely charged ions
2.Molecular compound:
 a compound formed when atoms of two or more different elements
________________ electrons
Molecular compounds
 When atoms share a pair of electrons to form full outer energy levels
 form a ________________ ________________
 form a ________________ ________________
Molecular compounds
 Composed of 2 or more ________________
 Smallest discrete particle of a pure substance, which has one ore more shared pairs
of electrons ---> a ________________
 Also called ________________ compounds
3D Water Molecule Model Bohr-Rutherford Water Molecule
Diatomic molecule
 Composed of 2 atoms of the ________________________________
 Covalently bonded
 7 diatomic molecules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Properties of Molecular Compound

 Covalent bonds are very ________________
 BUT attraction between molecules is ________________
 leads to the following properties:
 Made up of non-metals elements
 ________________ ________________ of heat and electricity
 ________________ melting points
 ________________ boiling points
 Soft
 Not very soluble in water
Plastics
 Made of giant molecular compounds called ________________
 Many ethylene molecules joined together to make this class of plastics called
polyethylenes
 Number of ethylene molecules and their density determines the type of plastics:
o Shopping bags
o Toys
o Bottles/containers
CON:
 ________________________________ easily
 Chemicals can ________________ ________________ in landfills
 Discarded plastics hazardous to ________________
Compounds Ionic compounds Molecular compounds

How to Name Molecular Compounds

1.Name the first element
2.Name the second element using the suffix –ide
3.Use prefix to represent the number of atoms of each element
4.Check for exceptions:
1.The prefix mono- is not used for the first element
2.When mono- is followed by oxide, use only one “o” monoxide
Memorize this table!
Chemical Formula Chemical Name

S2F6
N2O5
NO
P3Cl7
How to Write Chemical Formula for Molecular Compounds

1.Write symbol for 1st element
2.Write symbol for 2nd element
3.Determine number of atoms for each element from the prefixes
Chemical Name Chemical Formula

dinitrogen tetraoxide
carbon disulfide
dihydrogen monoxide

6.3 MODELLING COMPOUNDS
MODELLING COMPOUNDS
 better perspective on the ________________ and ________________ of a structure
2-D MODELS
 simplest model (Bohr-Rutherford models)
 can be drawn on ________________
 show ________________ compounds form
When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, a ________________ ________________ is

formed, as illustrated below.
The structure of carbon dioxide
3-D MODELS
 show ________________ ________________ between atoms in a compound
 use modelling kits or computers
 ________________ of a molecule important to ________________ of the compound
Examples:
1. BALL-AND-STICK MODELS
2. SPACE-FILLING MODELS
 more accurate
 shows relative sizes of atoms
 Computer-generated three-dimensional models are used to study large, complex
biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA.

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ID # Name: Period: Date:

Chapter 4: Properties of Elements and Compounds

4.1 Studying Matter

The Particle Theory of Matter

SNC1D page 1 HO-LAU

Chemistry, Society and the Environment

Use of elements and compounds can also result in negative consequences

4.2 Physical Properties

SNC1D page 3 HO-LAU

1. Qualitative Physical Properties

2. Quantitative Physical Properties

Melting and Boiling Points

 ______________ solution is a solution with water as a solvent

 Fat can be a ______________

SNC1D page 6 HO-LAU

Water’s Unique Physical Properties

Unit for density is ______________

SNC1D page 7 HO-LAU

4.3 Chemical Properties

Reactivity with Other Substance --- Water

Reactivity with Other Substance --- Oxygen

Reactivity with Other Substance --- Acids

Reactivity with Other Substance --- Another Pure Substance

SNC1D page 8 HO-LAU

SNC1D page 9 HO-LAU

Early Greek Theories

400 B.C. - Democritus thought matter could not be _________ __________.

This led to the idea of __________ in a void.

• All matter is made of _____________.

• Atoms cannot be _____________, _____________or _____________into smaller particles.

• Atoms of an element are _____________.

• Different elements have _____________atoms.

• Atoms of different elements combine in constant ratios to form _____________.

• Atoms are _____________ in reactions.

His ideas account for:

2) The Law of ______________Composition: elements combine in fixed ratios

Adding Electrons to the Model

• Materials, when rubbed, can develop a __________difference.

• This electricity is called “____________” when passed through an evacuated tube.

These rays have a ________ _______and are ___________.

Adding Electrons to the Model

1) Dalton’s “Billiard ball” model (1800-1900): Atoms are ___________and _____________.

2) Thompson “Raisin Bun” model (1900): ___________electrons in a _________framework.

Negative _________ orbit a positive __________.

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Rutherford shot _____________ () particles at gold foil.

Most particles passed through. So, atoms are mostly ______________.

Some positive -particles deflected or bounced back!

Thus, a “nucleus” is ______________.& holds most of an atom’s ______________..

An electron can be bumped up to a higher shell if it absorbs a specific amount of _________

Eg. hit by an electron or a photon of light.

A central positive ___________

____________in energy levels around the nucleus

5.2 The Structure of the Atom

 Consists of ______________orbiting around the _______________

 _____________ : a negatively charged particle within the atom

 _____________ : the positively charged centre of an atom

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 Made up of _____________and _____________

 _____________ : a positively charged particle that is part of every atomic nucleus

Name Relative Mass Electric Charge Location in the Atom

Atomic numbers, Mass numbers

 Elements are often symbolized with their __________________ and _____________________

 These values are given on the ______________ table.

400 B.C. - Democritus thought matter could not be _ __.

• Atoms cannot be _______, _or _______into smaller particles.

These rays have a ____ _and are _________.

1) Dalton’s “Billiard ball” model (1800-1900): Atoms are _and ___.

2) Thompson “Raisin Bun” model (1900): ___electrons in a _framework.

Negative _ orbit a positive __.

Thus, a “nucleus” is .& holds most of an atom’s ..

 Consists of orbiting around the _

 Made up of _and _

 Elements are often symbolized with their and ___

 Atomic mass is the ________ of the naturally occurring of an element.

 Today’s periodic table is arranged by increasing ____________(# of )

 Valence electrons are the electrons in the occupied __________ of

have properties of both and

 Metals are good conductors of and ___.

 Solid non-metals are and easily.

 Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both and ____.

 _ in blood for _ transport

 _____, _, _, _____are also important

 Too much iron can damage the _and __

 Certain metals can ________and _ (aluminum, lead, mercury)

 Contaminates ____________ and in lakes and rivers (both