1. After a tornado hit Oklahoma on 3.

The journey to Julio's grandparents' house

Saturday, more than 20,000 people were left typically took three hours by car. On this
without electricity hours after tornadoes occasion, he and his parents arrived earlier
began late Saturday night. The destruction than expected because traffic was --------
was -------- Sulphur, a town of about 5,000 Julio's father commented that this was one
people, where a tornado crumpled many of the benefits of leaving earlier, as they had
downtown buildings, tossed cars and buses, beaten the commuter rush.
and sheared the roofs off houses across a 15-
Which choice completes the text with the
block radius.
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the
most precise word or phrase?
A. Bright
B. Weightless
A. Limited to
C. Heavy
B. Extensive in
D. Minimal
C. Conducive to
D. Extended in
4. "Your task will not be an easy one. Your
2. Will the government's embrace of more
enemy is well-trained, well-equipped, and
progressive policies help to calm its agitated
battle-hardened. He will fight -------." Kai
citizens? That is the question on the mind of
received the words from his sensei with
party leaders and political commentators
respect, but they were unnecessary: stories
alike, who agree that public outcry regarding
of his opponent's brutality in combat had
the old regime has reached a fever pitch.
reached the most remote corners of country.
As used in the text, what does the word
Which choice completes the text with the
"calm" most nearly mean?
most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. Restrain
A. Ferociously
B. Soothe
B. Sternly
C. Sedate
C. Primitively
D. Sustain
D. Naturally
5. The telescope reveals to us in various
parts of the heaven's luminous spiral clouds
of matter, the spiral nebula, which appear to
be in rotation about a center. It is
__________ by many astronomers that the
Sun and its planets were once such a spiral,
and that their matter has undergone
concentration into its present form.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word?
(A) ordered
(B) supposed
(C) undermined
(D) required
6. The rapidly rising river was another
element of danger. It was a fearful sight to
see the __________ flood plunging by,
bearing great trees and logs of driftwood on
its muddy surface many feet above the
ground.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word?
(A) deceitful
(B) placid
(C) sluggish
(D) relentless
7. Studying late nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century artifacts from an
agricultural and domestic site in Texas,
archaeologist Ayana O. Flewellen found that
Black women employed as farm workers
utilized hook-and-eye closures to fasten
their clothes at the waist, giving themselves
a silhouette similar to the one that was
popular in contemporary fashion and
typically achieved through more restrictive
garments such as corsets. Flewellen argues
that this sartorial practice shows that these
women balanced hegemonic ideals of
femininity with the requirements of their
physically demanding occupation.
Which choice best states the main purpose
of the text?
A. To evaluate a scholarly work that offers
explanations for the impact of urban
fashion ideals on Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth- and
early twentieth-century Texas
B. To describe an unexpected discovery
that altered a researcher’s view of how
rapidly fashions among Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth- and
early twentieth-century Texas changed
during the period
C. To summarize the findings of a study
that explored factors influencing a
fashion practice among Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth- and
early twentieth-century Texas
D. To discuss research that investigated the
ways in which Black female
farmworkers in late nineteenth and early
twentieth-century Texas used fashion
practices to resist traditional gender
ideals
8. Biologists have predicted that birds’
feather structures vary with habitat
temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in
mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas
Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird
species inhabiting different elevations—and
thus experiencing different temperatures—in
the Himalaya Mountains. He found that
feathers of high-elevation species not only
have a greater proportion of warming downy
sections to flat and smooth sections than do
feathers of low-elevation species, but high
elevation species’ feathers also tend to be
longer, providing a thicker layer of
insulation.
Which choice best states the main idea of
the text?
A. Barve’s investigation shows that some
species of Himalayan songbirds have
evolved feathers that better regulate
body temperature than do the feathers of
other species, contradicting previous
predictions.
B. The results of Barve’s study suggest that
the ability of birds to withstand cold
temperatures is determined more strongly by
feather length than feather structure,
challenging an established belief.
C. Barve found an association between the purpose their authors intended.
habitat temperature and feather structure B. It summarizes the history of a field of
among Himalayan songbirds, lending new thought by discussing two works and
support to a general prediction. then proposes a topic of further research
D. Barve discovered that songbirds have for specialists in that field.
adapted to their environment by growing C. It describes two influential works and
feathers without flat and smooth sections, then explains why one is more widely
complicating an earlier hypothesis. read than the other.
D. It provides a characterization about a
9. Works of moral philosophy, such as field of thought by noting two works in
Plato’s Republic or Aristotle’s Nicomachean it and then details a way in which some
Ethics, are partly concerned with how to live works in that field are more
a morally good life. But philosopher comprehensive than others.
Jonathan Barnes argues that works that
present a method of living such a life
without also supplying a motive are
inherently useful only to those already
wishing to be morally good—those with no
desire for moral goodness will not choose to
follow their rules. However, some works of
moral philosophy attempt to describe what
constitutes a morally good life while also
proposing reasons for living one.
Which choice best describes the overall
structure of the text?
A. It mentions two renowned works and
then claims that despite their popularity
it is impossible for these works to serve
11. Text 1
10. Adapted from Langston Hughes' poem
"Dreams," the following lines capture the
essence of the poem:
"Hold fast to dreams,
for when dreams go,
Life becomes a barren field of snow.
Let your dreams soar,
let them be your guide,
In them, endless possibilities reside."
What is the primary message conveyed in
these lines?
A) Dreams are insignificant and should be
ignored.
B) Snowy fields are more beautiful than
dreams.
C) Dreams are essential and offer limitless
potential.
D) Dreams are fleeting and should not be
cherished.
In recent studies, scientists have uncovered a
new type of plant behavior that challenges
traditional notions of growth. While most
plants rely on photosynthesis to obtain
energy, these newly discovered plants
appear to exhibit a unique form of energy
absorption. This phenomenon has prompted
researchers to reconsider established
botanical principles and delve deeper into
the mechanisms at play.
Text 2
Upon learning about the unconventional
energy absorption in plants, experts in the
field reacted with intrigue. However, it's
important to note that these findings might
not completely overturn existing theories
about plant growth. The discovered
phenomenon seems to be specific to certain
plant species and environmental conditions,
leaving room for further investigation into
the broader implications.
Considering the texts, what would the author
of Text 2 most likely say about Text 1's
portrayal of the new plant behavior
discovery?
A) It is reasonable, given the comprehensive
analysis of various plant species.
B) It is overly cautious, given the significant
impact of the discovery on botanical
understanding.
C) It is dismissive, overlooking the potential
breakthrough highlighted in Text 1.
D) It is exaggerated, considering the limited
scope of the observed phenomenon.
12) equal amounts of time reading about each
museum.
B) Participants who were provided with a
ranking of the museums spent
disproportionately more time reading about
the British museum.
C) Participants who were provided with a
ranking of the museums spent the least
amount of time reading about the Natural
History Museum.
D) Participants who were not provided with
a ranking of the museums spent the most
time reading about the Victoria and Albert
Museum.

Researchers recently conducted an

experiment to understand how we use
rankings to make decisions. They created a
fictitious travel website describing five
museums in London. Then, they invited two
groups of participants, who had never
visited the museums, to review the site and
select the museum they would be most
likely to visit. Meanwhile, the researchers
tracked the amount of time each participant
spent reading about each museum. For one
group, the website ranked each museum,
titling the page “The Top 5 Museums in
London.” For the other group, the museums
and their descriptions were not ranked. The
researchers concluded that when reviewing
ranked lists, we tend to focus on the top-
ranked option.
Which choice best describes data in the table
that support the researchers’ conclusion?
A) Participants who were not provided with
a ranking of the museums spent roughly
13)
Two kinds of clamshell tools used by
Neanderthals were dug up in a cave on the
western coast of Italy. Archaeologist Paola
Villa and her colleagues studied the tools
and determined that Neanderthals either
collected clams that had washed onto the
beach or harvested clams from the seafloor
and then sharpened the shells to make tools.
The highest number of tools made from
clamshells that were collected from the
beach was found at a depth of ______
Which choice most effectively uses data
from the table to complete the text?
A) 5–6 meters below the surface.
B) 4–5 meters below the surface.
C) 3–4 meters below the surface.
D) 6–7 meters below the surface.
14. One of the challenges of studying
animal communication is that it can be
difficult to distinguish between meaningful
signals and random behavior. For example,
meerkats produce a variety of sounds,
including barks, whistles, and clicks.
Researchers have observed that meerkats
produce more alarm calls when they spot a
predator that poses a greater threat. This
suggests that the meerkat alarm calls
function as a communication system to warn
others of danger. However, it's also possible
that the increased vocalization is simply a
byproduct of the heightened arousal state
associated with a greater threat. To
definitively demonstrate that meerkat calls
are a meaningful communication system,
researchers would ideally need to show
that______
Which choice most logically completes the
text?
A. the calls are produced only in response to
predators and not other stimuli.
B. the calls trigger a specific behavioral
response in other meerkats, such as seeking
shelter.
C. the complexity of the calls increases with
the level of threat posed by the predator.
D. meerkats raised in isolation from other
meerkats still produce the same calls.
15. Many modern video game narratives
incorporate complex moral dilemmas that
16. Language is a complex system of
challenge players to make difficult choices.
communication that allows humans to
For example, in the game "The Witcher 3:
express thoughts and ideas. Languages
Wild Hunt," players control Geralt of Rivia,
evolve over time, with words and
a monster hunter forced to navigate a war-
grammatical structures changing in meaning
torn world. Throughout the game, Geralt
and usage. Linguists study these changes to
encounters situations where choosing one
understand the history and development of
course of action inevitably leads to negative
languages. The Great Vowel Shift is a well-
consequences for others. However, unlike
documented historical sound change that
traditional linear narratives, video games
occurred in the English language between
allow players to shape the story through
the 15th and 18th centuries. This shift
their choices, offering a sense of agency and
altered the pronunciation of many vowels.
moral responsibility. Consequently, ______
Which finding, if true, would most directly
Which choice most logically completes the
challenge the idea that the Great Vowel
text?
Shift was a gradual and continuous process
A. video game narratives can be more of sound change?
engaging than those found in traditional
A. Analysis of historical texts reveals
novels or films due to their interactive
variations in vowel spelling from the period
nature.
of the Great Vowel Shift.
B. complex moral dilemmas are rarely
B. Studies show that some social classes
explored in other forms of media besides
adopted the new pronunciations associated
video games.
with the Great Vowel Shift earlier than
C. games like "The Witcher 3" are more others.
likely to appeal to adult audiences seeking
C. Modern dialects of English spoken in
mature storytelling experiences.
geographically isolated regions sometimes
D. some players might find the lack of a retain vowel sounds that were lost in
single, definitive ending in video games standard English during the Great Vowel
frustrating or unsatisfying. Shift.
D. Detailed phonetic descriptions of English
pronunciation from before and after the
Great Vowel Shift reveal significant
differences in vowel sounds.
17) In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. 19. Art historian Chika Okeke argues that
delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" Western art history has traditionally
speech during the March on Washington for privileged European and North American art
Jobs and Freedom. His powerful words and forms, neglecting the rich artistic traditions
his leadership in the civil rights ________ of Africa. This marginalization, Okeke
people around the world to strive for contends, has resulted in a narrow and
equality and justice. incomplete understanding of art history as a
whole. _____ paintings, sculptures, and
Which choice completes the text so that it
textiles produced in Africa throughout
conforms to the conventions of Standard
history encompass a vast array of styles,
English?
techniques, and thematic concerns,
A) movement that inspired demanding a more prominent place in the
global art discourse.
B) movement, inspiring
Which choice completes the text with the
C) movement inspired most logical transition?
D) movement to inspire A. Moreover,
B. Also,
18) During a community gathering, a group C. Therefore,
of passionate environmentalists discussed
their concerns about deforestation and D. However,
wildlife conservation. In 1992, they came
together to establish Green Earth, an
_______ works to protect and preserve
natural habitats around the world.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) organization
B) organization,
C) organization that
D) organization, which
20. The Babylonians developed a complex
system of mathematics that included
positional notation and a base-60 system.
This system proved highly effective for
practical applications like astronomy,
engineering, and commerce. _____ the
limitations of the clay tablets they used for
writing hampered the development of
abstract mathematical concepts and the
creation of a more formal mathematical
theory.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical transition to highlight the
downside of an otherwise beneficial
system?
A. Therefore,
B. Correspondingly,
C. Nevertheless,
D. As a result,
21.There’s nothing like homemade red Thai
chili Paste to enliven a meal. Most cooks opt
for store-bought Substitutes, however,
because traditionally it takes over 30
minutes of grinding ingredients such as chili
pepper, lemongrass, cilantro, _______ in a
mortar and pestle.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) Shallots and, lime
B) shallots, and lime
C) shallots, and lime,
D) shallots, and, lime
.22William Shakespeare is often misquoted,
but at other times, phrases are used in a
context very different from what they were
intended to be. While “’now is the winter of
our ____ frequently used to mean a horrible
time, it actually signals a time of change for
the better in the drama “Richard III:’
Which choice completes the text so that it
Conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) discontent.”’ It is
B) discontent,” is
CJ discontent’: is
DJ discontent” is
.23Algeria marks its 53rd year of
independence this _______ bitter struggle
for freedom in the late 1950s and early
1960s became a central focus of the global
movement against colonialism. It also
Influenced the evolving forms of oppression
and resistance in apartheid South Africa.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) month, the
B) month- the
C) month: the
D) month. The
.24The second smallest country by area in
the world after Vatican City, Monaco is a
mere 2.1 square Kilometers. Most famous
for the Monte Carlo Casino, _____ . In fact.
Monaco is a pioneer in marine conservation
with one of the first protected marine areas
in the world.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Conforms to the conventions of Standard
English’
A) There is also an oceanographic
museum in the Country which is world-
class.
B) The country also is home to a world-
class Oceanographic museum.
C) A world- class oceanographic
museum is also in the country
D) A museum of oceanography which is
world-class is also in the country
.25Environmentalists have been trying a
variety of solutions to remove plastic waste
from the ocean. This serious problem will
not be resolved easily, though, because the
removal of waste from the ocean is a much
slower process ______ the introduction of
new plastic pollution.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) as
B) then
C) than
D) to
.26While researching a topic, a student has
taken the Following notes:
•The African grey horn bill (Lophoceros
Nasutus) is a member of the Hornbill family
of mainly tropical near-passerine birds
found in the Old World.
•It is a widespread and common resident
Breeder in much of sub-Saharan Africa and
The southwest of the Arabian Peninsula.
•The African grey horn bill has escaped or
Been deliberately released into Florida,
USA, But there is no evidence that the
population is breeding and may only persist
due to continuing releases or escapes.
•At 45- 51 cm (18- 20 in) in length, the
African Grey hornbill is a large bird,
although it is one of the smaller hombills.
•The African grey horn bill is widespread
over much of sub-Saharan Africa. It prefers
open Woodland and savannah.
The student wants to emphasize that it is
unlikely That the African grey hornbill will
rapidly Multiply in Florida. Which choice
most effectively Uses relevant information
from the notes to Accomplish this goal’
A) The African grey hornbill is a
smaller hornbill and is easier to hunt down
B) It seems likely that the presence of
the African Grey hornbill is due to a
deliberate release or Escape, with no proof
of breeding
C) The African grey hornbill is only
commonly Found in sub-Saharan Africa
where the Climate is highly unlike Florida
D) It is a tropical bird that is only
widespread in Open woodland and savannah
areas
 D) The Venus flytrap is a novelty plant that
is often kept as a curiosity, but establishing
.27While studying a specific species of
self-sustaining populations outside their
plant, a botany student has gathered the
native range is uncommon.
following information:
•The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a
carnivorous plant native to subtropical
wetlands on the East Coast of the United
States, primarily in North and South
Carolina.
•It thrives in damp, acidic soils and requires
high humidity and plenty of sunlight to
grow.
•Venus flytraps are known for their unique
trapping mechanism, where their leaves snap
shut when triggered by prey, such as insects.
•Despite its native habitat, Venus flytraps
have been introduced to various parts of the
world as a novelty plant, but establishing
self-sustaining populations outside of their
native range is rare.
The student wants to emphasize the
difficulty of Venus flytraps establishing
themselves outside their native habitat.
Which choice effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A) Venus flytraps require specific soil
conditions and sunlight, which may not be
readily available in other regions.
B) The trapping mechanism of Venus
flytraps is ineffective against larger prey,
limiting their ability to survive in new
environments.
C) Although Venus flytraps have been
introduced to different parts of the world,
they primarily thrive in subtropical wetlands
along the East Coast of the United States.
1. Non-chronological storytelling (where
there is no time lined flow of events) is not
new to modern novels and films; in the
Odyssey, for example, Homer uses
flashbacks to __________ earlier scenes in
Odysseus’ adventures.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word?
(A) recount
(B) reuse
(C) reinstate
(D) rescind
2. First Woman tells the tale of Callie
Rodriguez, the first woman to explore the
Moon. While Callie is a fictional character,
the first female astronaut and person of color
will soon set foot on the Moon — an historic
milestone and part of upcoming NASA
Artemis missions. Through a series of
graphic novels and digital platforms, First
Woman aims to ________ audiences and
inspire the next generation of explorers who
will return to the Moon.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) anticipate
(B) captivate
(C) decimate
(D) peruse
3. Modern communication has evolved to
the point that door-to-door mail delivery is
practically ____________; that is, as out-of-
date as having your mail delivered today by
a mailman in a horse-drawn cart.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) practical
(B) unexpected
(C) obsolete
(D) insular
4. Poets use the beauty of nature and its
quickly changing seasons to make a
statement about the futility of protesting
change. They compare human lives to the
evanescence of spring, ___________ their
brief existences with the permanence of the
giant boulders that dot the vast landscape.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) opposing
(B) contrasting
(C) relating
(D) observing
5. Loss of forested areas poses an increasing
threat to the integrity of the nation’s natural
resources. As these areas are fragmented and
disappear, so do the benefits they provide.
By providing economic incentives to
landowners to keep their forests as forests,
we can ___________ sustainable forest
management and support strong markets for
forest products.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?
(A) access
(B) determine
(C) enrich
(D) encourage
6. The cane toad (Rhinella marina)
was--------- to South America but was
transported to Australia in 1935 in an
attempt to control the beetle infestations on
sugarcane plantation.
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) innate
B) congenita
C) pandemic
D) endemic
7. Believing that living in an impractical
space can heighten awareness and even
improve health, conceptual artists Madeline
Gins and Shusaku Arakawa designed an
apartment building in Japan to be more
fanciful than functional. A kitchen counter is
chest-high on one side and knee-high on the
other; a ceiling has a door to nowhere. The
effect is disorienting but invigorating: after
four years there, filmmaker Nobu Yamaoka
reported significant health benefits.
Which choice best states the main idea of
the
text?
A. Although inhabiting a home surrounded
by fanciful features such as those designed
by Gins and Arakawa can be rejuvenating, it
is unsustainable.
B. Designing disorienting spaces like those
in the Gins and Arakawa building is the
most effective way to create a physically
stimulating environment.
C. As a filmmaker, Yamaoka has long
supported the designs of conceptual artists
such as Gins and Arakawa.
D. Although impractical, the design of the
apartment building by Gins and Arakawa
may improve the well-being of the
building’s residents.
8. Biologists have predicted that birds’
feather structures vary with habitat
temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in
mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas
Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird
species inhabiting different elevations—and
thus experiencing different temperatures—in
the Himalaya Mountains. He found that
feathers of high-elevation species not only
have a greater proportion of warming downy
sections to flat and smooth sections than do
feathers of low-elevation species, but high
elevation species’ feathers also tend to be
longer, providing a thicker layer of
insulation.
Which choice best states the main idea of
the text?
A. Barve’s investigation shows that some
species of Himalayan songbirds have
evolved feathers that better regulate body
temperature than do the feathers of other
species, contradicting previous predictions.
B. Barve found an association between
habitat temperature and feather structure
among Himalayan songbirds, lending new
support to a general prediction.
C. Barve discovered that songbirds have
adapted to their environment by growing
feathers without flat and smooth sections,
complicating an earlier hypothesis.
D. The results of Barve’s study suggest that
the ability of birds to withstand cold
temperatures is determined more strongly by
feather length than feather structure,
challenging an established belief.
9. The following text is adapted from
Johanna Spyri’s 1881 novel Heidi
(translated by Elisabeth Stork in 1915).
Eight-year-old Heidi and her friend’s
grandmother are looking at some illustrated
books. Heidi had come and was looking
with wondering eyes at the splendid pictures
in the large books, that Grandmama was
showing her. Suddenly she screamed aloud,
for there on the picture she saw a peaceful
flock grazing on a green pasture. In the
middle a shepherd was standing, leaning on
his crook. The setting sun was shedding a
golden light over everything. With glowing
eyes Heidi devoured the scene.
Which choice best states the main idea of
the text?
A. Heidi is upset until she sees a serene
image of a pasture in one of Grandmama’s
books.
B. Heidi is delighted and fascinated by an
image she sees in one of Grandmama’s
books.
C. Heidi is initially frightened by an image
in one of Grandmama’s books but quickly
comes to appreciate its beauty.
D. Heidi is inspecting an image in one of
Grandmama’s books because she has never
seen a shepherd with his sheep before.
10. In the poem "The Road Not Taken" by
Robert Frost, the speaker reflects on a
choice they made in the past.
Which line from the poem best illustrates
the speaker's rue of their decision?
A) "Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—"
B) "Somewhere ages and ages hence"
C) "And both that morning equally lay"
D) "I shall be telling this with a sigh"
11. Text 1
Conventional wisdom in the field of
psychology has long held that memories are
relatively stable over time, with minor
changes occurring due to the natural process
of forgetting. This idea formed the
foundation of many theories of memory
consolidation.
Text 2
In a recent study published in 2022,
researchers challenged the traditional notion
of memory stability. They found that
memories can be highly malleable and
susceptible to alteration, even long after they
are initially formed. This discovery raises
questions about the accuracy of eyewitness
testimonies and the way memories are stored
and retrieved. Given the information
presented in the texts, how would the
researchers from Text 2 most likely respond
to the established psychological belief in
Text 1?
A) By emphasizing the importance of
natural forgetting processes in memory
consolidation.
B) By highlighting the limitations of their
own study and the need for further research.
C) By impugning the studies that support
memory mallability.
D) By contesting the idea of memory
stability and highlighting their findings of
memory Malleability.
 D) Serbian and Spanish are spoken at
approximately the same rate, but Serbian
12)
conveys information faster than Spanish
does.

A group of researchers working in Europe,

Asia, and Oceania conducted a study to
determine how quickly different Eurasian
languages are typically spoken (in syllables
per second) and how much information they
can effectively convey (in bits per second).
They found that, although languages vary
widely in the speed at which they are
spoken, the amount of information
languages can effectively convey tends to
vary much less. Thus, they claim that two
languages with very different spoken rates
can nonetheless convey the same amount of
information in a given amount of time.
Which choice best describes data from the
table that support the researchers’ claim?
A) Among the five languages in the table,
Thai and Hungarian have the lowest rates of
speech and the lowest rates of information
conveyed.
B) Vietnamese conveys information at
approximately the same rate as Spanish
despite being spoken at a slower rate.
C) Among the five languages in the table,
the language that is spoken the fastest is also
the language that conveys information the
fastest.
13)
In a survey of public perceptions of energy
use, researcher Shahzeen Attari and her
team asked respondents to name the most
effective action ordinary people can take to
conserve energy. The team categorized each
action as either an efficiency or a
curtailment and found that respondents
tended to name curtailments more often than
they did efficiencies. For example, 19.6% of
respondents stated that the most effective
way to conserve energy is to turn off the
lights, while only ______
Which choice most effectively uses data
from the table to complete the text?
A) 6.3% of respondents said it was most
effective to use efficient cars or hybrids.
B) 2.8% of respondents said it was most
effective to change the thermostat setting.
C) 12.9% of respondents said it was most
effective to use a bike or public
transportation.
D) 3.6% of respondents said it was most
effective to use efficient light bulbs.
14. During the early Renaissance, European
artists began to incorporate elements of
classical Greek and Roman sculpture into
their own works. However, unlike their
ancient predecessors, Renaissance sculptors
placed a much greater emphasis on realism
and anatomical accuracy. This focus on
realism is evident in the intricate details of
muscle structure and facial expressions
depicted in many Renaissance sculptures.
Consequently, ______
Which choice most logically completes the
text?
A. the techniques used in classical Greek
and Roman sculpture were largely lost or
abandoned during the Middle Ages.
B. the study of human anatomy became a
more prominent field of study during the
Renaissance.
C. Renaissance sculptures were typically
smaller in scale compared to the
monumental sculptures of classical
antiquity.
D. the subject matter of Renaissance
sculptures shifted away from mythological
figures and towards more historical or
religious themes.
15. Chirality is a property of certain
molecules where they exist in two mirror-
image forms, like a right hand and a left
hand. These mirror images, known as
enantiomers, often have very different
chemical properties. In living organisms,
biological processes typically rely on only
one specific enantiomer of a molecule. For
example, all life on Earth utilizes the L-
enantiomer of the amino acid glycine in
protein synthesis. However, in rare
instances, scientists have discovered
organisms that can utilize both enantiomers
of a particular molecule. This raises the
question of why biological systems typically
exhibit such a strong preference for one
enantiomer over the other. Consequently,
______
Which choice most logically completes the
text?
A. the phenomenon of biological chirality is
well understood and no longer a topic of
scientific interest.
B. the initial selection of a specific
enantiomer in early life forms must have
been entirely random.
C. the differences in chemical properties
between enantiomers are negligible for
biological processes.
D. scientists are still searching for a
definitive explanation for the phenomenon
of biological chirality.
16. Vaccines are a crucial tool in public
health, providing protection against
infectious diseases. Vaccines work by
exposing the body to a weakened or inactive
form of a virus or bacteria, stimulating the
immune system to develop antibodies that
can fight off future infections. However,
some individuals experience adverse
reactions to vaccines. Researchers are
studying ways to improve vaccine safety and
efficacy.
Which finding, if true, would most directly
contribute to the development of safer and
more effective vaccines?
A. Studies reveal a strong correlation
between the number of vaccine doses
received in childhood and the development
of certain autoimmune diseases later in life.
B. Research indicates that individuals with a
history of allergies are less likely to develop
immunity from vaccines, potentially
increasing their susceptibility to infections.
C. New vaccine delivery methods are
developed that allow for more targeted
delivery of the vaccine antigen (the
component that triggers the immune
response) to specific immune cells.
D. Public health campaigns focus on
increasing vaccine hesitancy by highlighting
the potential risks associated with
vaccination.
17) Japanese origamist Akira Yoshizawa is
considered the grandmaster of origami,
19. In the study of animal behavior,
creating more than 50,000 models as well as
researchers have long debated the relative
wet-folding, the most well-known of his
importance of genetics and environmental
invented techniques. ________ dampening
influences on shaping an animal's behavior.
the paper before folding, leading to origami
_____ some argue that instincts and pre-
models with rounder and more sculpted
programmed behaviors are the primary
looks.
drivers, while others believe that learning
Which choice completes the text so that it and adaptation to the environment play a
conforms to the conventions of Standard more significant role. Charles Darwin,
English? however, proposed a more nuanced
perspective.
A) It involves
Which choice completes the text with the
B) They involve
most logical transition?
C) One involves
A. Consequently,
D) These involve
B. As a result,
C. Conversely,
18) Chinese artist Xu Bing is known for his
D. Therefore,
art installations that showcase his
printmaking skills and his creative use of
languages and texts. His 1991 installation A
20. Virginia Woolf's novel To the
Book from the Sky, for example, consists of
Lighthouse employs a stream-of-
volumes and scrolls printed with characters
consciousness narrative style, following the
he invented, while his 2004 installation The
thoughts and memories of various
Glassy Surface of a _______ uses the text of
characters. This technique allows for a deep
Henry David Thoreau's Walden to create the
exploration of the characters' inner worlds
illusion of a lake.
but can be challenging for readers to follow
Which choice completes the text so that it the chronological flow of events. _____ the
conforms to the conventions of Standard fragmented structure reflects the characters'
English? grappling with loss, grief, and the passage of
time.
A) Lake:
Which choice completes the text with the
B) Lake
most logical transition?
C) Lake,
A. Nevertheless,
D) Lake-
B. Consequently,
C. Moreover,
D. Therefore,
21To craft the perfect cup of chai tea, many .23To understand the Earth’s geological
enthusiasts prefer to blend their own spices history, scientists study various types of
instead of using pre-packaged mixes. rock formations, including sedimentary,
Traditionally, this process involves _______ metamorphic rocks.
combining ingredients such as cardamom,
Which choice completes the text so that it
cinnamon, cloves, _______ to achieve the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
desired flavor profile.
English?
Which choice completes the text so that it
A) igneous, and
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English? B) igneous and,
A) ginger, and nutmeg C) igneous, and,
B) ginger and, nutmeg D) igneous and
C) ginger, and, nutmeg
D) ginger, and nutmeg, .24Volcanoes come in all sizes and shapes,
but they all fall into three basic structural
patterns known as cinder cone, _______
.22. A team of researchers from MIT shield formations.
discovered a new type of butterfly with
Which choice completes the text so that it
incredibly strong wings, capable of
Conforms to the conventions of Standard
withstanding winds exceeding 100 miles per
English?
hour. This remarkable adaptation is
attributed to the unique composition of their A) composite (or stratovolcano), and
wings, which incorporate a previously
unknown biomaterial with exceptional B) composite, (or stratovolcano), and
strength, similar to ______ found in spider C) composite (or stratovolcano) and.
silk.
D) composite, (or stratovolcano) and,
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. a protein: (fibroin)
B. a protein, (fibroin)
C. a protein, fibroin
D. a protein (fibroin)
.25 People in developed nations often take
water for _____ over 2 billion people in the
world do not have access to safe drinking
water; 670 million People have no
handwashing facilities at all.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) granted but;
B) granted; but
C) granted, but
D) granted but
.26While researching a topic, a student has
taken the following notes:
•In 1971, experimental musician Pauline
Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
•Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a
series of sound-based exercises called
meditations.
•Each meditation consists of instructions for
participants to make, imagine, listen to, or
remember sounds.
•The instructions for Meditation V state,
“walk so silently that the bottoms of your
feet become ears.”
•Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to
a sound until you no longer recognize it.”
The student wants to provide an explanation
and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic
Meditations. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A)Sonic Meditations is not music but rather
a series of sound-based meditations that
consist of instructions; Meditation XVIII,
for instance, instructs participants to “listen
to a sound until you no longer recognize it.
B)In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic
Meditations, a series of meditations that
consist of instructions for participants to
make, Imagine, listen to, or remember
sounds.
C) “Walk so silently that the bottoms of
your feet become ears” is one example of
the instructions found in Oliveros’s Sonic
meditations.
D) While both meditations consist of
instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs
participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation
V Instructs participants to “walk.”
.27While researching a topic, a student has
taken the following notes:
•British musicians John Lennon and Paul
McCartney shared writing credit for
numerous Beatles songs.
•Many Lennon-McCartney songs were
actually written by either Lennon or
McCartney, not by both.
•The exact authorship of specific parts of
many Beatles songs, such as the verse for
“In My Life,” is disputed.
•Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan
Song used statistical methods to analyze the
musical content of Beatles Songs.
•They concluded that there is 18.9%
probability that McCartney wrote the verse
for “In My Life,” stating that the verse is
“consistent with Lennon’s songwriting
style.”
The student wants to make a generalization
about the kind of study conducted by
Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice
Most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Based on statistical analysis, Glickman,
Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon
wrote the verse of “In My Life.”
B. There is only an 18.9% probability that
Paul McCartney wrote the verse for “In My
Life”; John Lennon is the more likely
Author.
C. It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul
McCartney, wrote the verse for “In My
Life.”
D. Researchers have used statistical methods
to address questions of authorship within the
field of music.
MOD1 M2
1B 1A
2B 2B
3D 3C
4A 4B
5B 5D
6D 6D
7.C 7.D
8.C 8.B
9.D 9.B
10.C 10.D
11.D 11.D
12) B 12) B
13) C 13) D
14. B 14. B
15. A 15. D
16. D 16. C
17) C 17) A
18) C 18) B
19. D 19. C
20. C 20. A
21.B 21.A
22.D 22.D
23.D 23.A
24.B 24.A
25.C 25.C
26.C 26.A
27.D 27.D.