مشكلات الطفولة التشخيص والعلاج

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ واﻟﻌﻼج‬
  

   



 

    
       

‫أﻋﺪه ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﺪول اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻘﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﺖ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ داﻏﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫د‬


‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫ ‬

‫ ‬
‫" ! ‪,)-. / ()*+' %& #$‬‬
‫&)‪0‬‬
‫א א א ‬
‫א ‪ ٢٠١١L١٤٣٢‬‬
...................................... : ..............................
*"+, () ‫א‬%&' ‫"!א‬#$ E

‫א א א‬-

49-‫א‬783456‫א‬%0&12‫א‬."/
٢٠١١L١٤٢٣
:

‫א א א‬
LMN8 O) P# ،HG ‫ א‬IJ( ‫ א‬W "+' ‫ א‬FG(
K١٤٣٢ JK QRS‫?א‬
;W٢٤C١٧،U٢٠٠
٩٧٨ J٩٩٦٠ J١٥ J٤٢٠ J٦W>?4
K+XY‫ א‬Z J٢ KL+' ‫א‬P+Q;M J١
\‫א )"א‬K[
١٤٣٢L٤٤٤٨ ١٥٥{٤]"?
١٤٣٢L٤٤٤٨W:‫א‬6‫;א‬14
٩٧٨ J٩٩٦٠ J١٥ J٤٢٠ J٦W>?4
- ٢ -
..................................... : ...............................

-٣-
...................................... : ..............................
0)&
‫א א א‬
E١١٦١٤F ‫–א‬E٩٤٦٩٣F_KU
٤٨٠٢٨٣٩Pbc–٤٨٠٠٥٥٥W\"+Z
www.abegs.org
E-mail: abegs@abegs.org
?"R ‫א א‬d-‫א‬
- ٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
)53 4*
8 63$7
== ;) (< :9 (:
١٣ #
١٤ HG Hh(L+' ‫א‬e"WfQg
١٦ W4-‫א‬L&1L+XIi9j;[
٢٩ k ‫א‬dIi9j
٣٥ L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬
٤٦ ‫א "א‬-‫ א‬W[

?@ ( - & * :,)> (:

٦٥ # J
٦٥ c*Y‫;א‬o1W2
n [ J
٦٩ %rY‫א‬IWpQq J
٧٣ t?‫א‬48G ‫א &"א‬Wps q J
٩٠ ]?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫א‬Wp‫א‬4 J
٩٦ Lu‫א‬WpRj J
١٠٠ i‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫א‬WpW?W J
١٠٣ x&Q2‫א‬I#QWpW J
١٠٥ y# ‫א‬Wp)q J

=BC :( " - * :A)> (:

١٠٩ # J

-٥-
...................................... : ..............................
١١٠ x?h]"R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬vz{ ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬ J

١١٣ |( ‫א‬e"R ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫}א‬ J
١١٤ b"R ‫(א‬-‫" א‬y+ J
١١٦ _~ ‫א‬Wn2[ J
١٢١ Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬WpQq J
١٢٧ 1 R ‫א‬Wps q J
١٣٣ ?) ‫א‬Wp‫א‬4 J
١٣٨ ") ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬WpRj J
١٤٢ G ‫' א_א )'א‬k‫א‬WpW?W J
١٤٧ W‫א‬4 ‫ א‬j ‫א‬WpW J
١٤٩ 3} ‫א‬Wp)q J
١٥٢ %&' ‫א‬3$[o ‫א‬F"QWpWZ J
١٥٧ F‫א ~א‬4&M‫ א‬QZW‫א‬p 5M J
١٦٤ 3Z ‫;[א‬s ‫א‬W (M]?$ J

=C@ : E F - & ) GH I)*, :D (:

١٧٥ ] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬Wn2[ J
١٨٣ "‫א‬WpQq J
١٨٥ _b2‫א‬Wps q J

=8M :DJ * *K)L

١٩٥ ‫א‬%l‫ א‬-‫א‬Wn2[ J
١٩٧ &)lY‫א‬%l‫ א‬-‫א‬WpQq J

- ٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
N O'
E T ( TR-3 3S )R9 N)Q :P'
. 6R) W (E (J V U L
RO)" P *E 7 ) W9 X)3! )* :P'
. 9 SO ) W Z&7 3)! Y-
.]K)& \/)+ A4[3 T / ! (" :P'
.U) SO 6'
Y*

-٧-
..................................... : ...............................
63$7

"'ZR)ZgMLd ‫א‬78Z(Q~)‫א א א‬gR

3$;MZGW6‫א א‬#')-‫א‬9J54y*8، dW‫א ;א ;א‬FdM
K3 r-‫א‬F‫א‬4"' ‫א‬b‫"א‬ZdMPW[gM; ‫'א א‬j%k،y"5

~)-‫א‬F [dk;yZG(;"+XY‫ א‬d2‫ א‬Z

،G
n &#R\RQ6‫א‬9J5)& 0W[ ub "+' ‫א‬dY> |،\‫א‬g$Z(Q
FG(-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬Qr\c،5 ‫א‬#‫ א‬-‫א‬$ \RQ6‫א‬c‫"א‬Z‫}א‬
p &b‫א‬4p ? \[
~j[#c، ‫ א‬d ‫א‬L$‫ א‬Fc‫ א‬2]?ZL+RZ\[L&1R+) ‫א‬b"R ‫א‬
HG 4" Y‫ [ א‬d 5 -‫א‬L ‫ א‬s\" _ b4‫ א‬r8 #ZMg M -‫א‬
IJ( ‫א‬W "+' ‫א‬FG(?)[]~ ‫\א _א‬c "+' ‫א‬FG(IJ(Z
K ‫ אא‬# #ZQR]~ ‫א‬،?HG ‫א‬

F‫' א‬k2‫א‬b"R ‫א‬R+) ‫" א‬+' ‫א‬FG(. [ Z78_ ‫א‬y

dMPW[gMdZ dM WyL ‫ !א‬X،y9J(ZR+) ‫א‬
)3?+W2‫א‬FyY‫ "\אא‬-‫א‬dg$ R dM_"W> |Lb،#1?
K+XY‫א‬FG(
pW‫א‬fQ\" d-‫ אא‬-‫)א‬+R\[L_ ‫ ~אא‬1[|8Q8
]~ ‫א‬yx"Q[\[Z"+2KdW" ZPW[gM;y Z;yi)[M4\y
$R ‫א‬78‫א‬pl_ ‫~אא‬o\[nG، QRS‫?א‬LMN8O)P#34"b ‫~ א‬
،،،c"-‫אא‬K ‫&א‬-‫א "א‬

-٩-
..................................... : ...............................
9 (:
;) (<
(555555 ^ + [, P •

. )43 ]7 I 4
.+!* ([L ) ( W K):< 6O •
.5555555G 555555* K)555555555555:< •
.( 5555555555555555- & )5555555J)4 •
.3 555555555555)* 5555555555)+ •

- ١١ -
..................................... : ...............................
;) (<
$
،L&#R-‫ א‬Qr $ Z،L+' ‫א‬3$pdy‫א‬4p ? "+' ‫א‬$ Z
$ d[g M R+) ‫א‬F W‫א‬4 ‫א‬F b[ 1، [][ #Z0 W[? dM
3$" ‫ א‬3 WY‫א‬K;yZ9J5L(ZyZ4"'jgM،\RQ6‫א‬3$ "+' ‫א‬
4‫?א‬Y‫א‬F1G ‫>) א‬Wd Mdl‫א‬RQ %dud WWY‫א‬
KL+' ‫"א‬d) ;iG-‫)א‬-‫ א &א‬3 WY‫\א‬c> ~ ،yioM[

،yQ)$yM L+' ‫א‬O،Mdl‫א‬R+Q#c‫"א‬3 WY‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8

OQb‫|א‬8[،R+) ‫א‬9 %dL+' ‫\א‬c،R+) ‫א‬Zl$:& 5O1
%&(Z ،\)m‫א‬M ‫א‬L+' ‫ א‬$، Mdl‫ א‬R+Q#c‫}"א‬S3 WY‫א‬
KR+) ‫א‬r"W78]?> |\c،Mdl2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬Zl$

FG(-‫>א‬Zz،)yG
n jZ'Z34"9z1 "+' ‫א‬FG(
،J-‫א‬،e"R ‫&א‬k M،) ‫א‬،\‫א א‬، # ‫א‬J ‫א‬WLsFG(Ld(
}SF¡2‫א‬uQ+XY‫א‬FG(\[&Z،]?‫א‬48G ‫א &"א‬،_~ ‫א‬،1 R ‫א‬
3 WY‫' א_א‬k‫ א‬uQ"L+' ‫א‬e"Wgc_‫' א‬k‫[\[]א‬،+XY‫ א‬Zgc"R ‫א‬
‫|א‬83MR-‫ א‬d1?‫?א‬vZ، ‫א "א‬3MR L+' ‫א‬3MR-# XLoc[\[،yZ‫|א‬
KHG ‫א‬gc3 WY‫א‬Ob 5‫א‬

l‫"א‬Z{ ‫א " א‬FG(-‫>א‬Z+XY‫)א‬Mb"R ‫א‬FG(-9#

.¢"& ‫א‬g$3?2" ‫א‬L+' ‫)(א‬Z)q[_ ][[3 WY‫א‬

- ١٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
( ^ + [, P

` )47
}
SQ[#،+Xe"R lM R+Q34 (W‫א "א א\ 'א‬u1
n c"jL+' ‫א‬GWgMU m‫א‬3( [L+' ‫'&"א‬y8> |، &X
e"W\"1،Y‫" "?א‬-‫\א‬b‫|א‬8r£R+) ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫ אא‬Y‫א‬M
\"g Q\[‫א‬l;y-‫ ~אא‬،y { ‫א‬$ d p&Z&X?ML+' ‫א‬
)Ml
p GM MRZ (L+' ‫א‬e"W‫~א‬،k [&XL+' ‫א‬e"W
W ‫א‬FG ‫א‬¤$GQ

#Z]~ ‫א‬e"R ‫~אא‬4 \[Gc‫؛‬Problem Repeating(-‫א‬4‫ א‬Z J١

2F‫¦ א‬Gq[Z [3 |5e"W4 "yc،3 sb[ &X}SQ[
pi#Z +§pk4Mpb"W\"1QY،L+' ‫)א‬M(?"lgM
K ‫[א‬L+' ‫א‬y¨[
‫)"\~א‬M‫؛‬:dl2‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬dR‫א‬L+' ‫"א‬d) e"R ‫~אא‬1M8 J٢

Mx M(b"WGj‫א‬78]?L+' ‫}"א‬WgM‫א‬p qe"R ‫א‬
K)W; M(e"W

W‫א‬4 ‫א‬L 9 ‫א‬L +' ‫א‬3 +b m‫א‬g M (-‫א‬L dZ\[ J٣
K; ‫א‬M(-‫א‬x~1"ZF‫א‬f‫_א‬Rb‫א‬

%R+Q%3m:dW2‫א‬ML+' ‫א‬1M8(-‫א‬x~&RZ)M J٤
"ZgMZ41kª L+' ‫א‬4"578(-‫?]א‬Z©$، j‫א‬
KW4i1r[Z"j8 ‫א‬%3lF1GM

- ١٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
\[،G
n &#R\RQ6‫א‬9J5)& 0W[ ub "+' ‫א‬dY‫א‬p Q
9 ‫ א‬dMe4?[#c،5 ‫א‬#‫ א‬-‫א‬$ \RQ6‫א‬c‫"א‬Z‫}א‬
p &b‫א‬4p ?
]?ZL+RZ\[L&13 &WylGML+' ‫א‬FG(W‫א‬4?d[R+) ‫א‬
&Z1، ‫ א‬d ‫א‬L$‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬kR+QFc‫ א‬2
5 ‫א‬#‫ א‬-‫\א‬RQ6‫א‬c‫"א‬Z\["d) ‫א‬P+Q;M9J( ‫א‬s$& ‫א‬W‫א‬4?
%#c‫"א‬-‫א‬5‫א א‬#‫ א‬-‫;א‬dc، "+' ‫א‬#c‫}"א‬
&b$78&Z
،; rLb(-‫ א‬1;y "+X‫א‬W‫"א‬Qbp)R$#n c‫"א‬Z;yd;yR+Q[
]}s b،;y "+XRZ،c‫ א "א‬W5‫א א‬#‫ א‬-‫\;א‬bd)
.; rLb(-‫א‬

- ١٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
+!* ([L ) ( W K):< 6O

Important Characteristics of Preschooler

? + ‫א‬9J( 3 ‫א‬Q‫א"א‬%1‫ א "א‬3M "d) ‫א‬do

$‫א‬ib? + ‫\א‬Y> |، W‫א‬4 ‫ א‬28y9c2LZ -‫א‬x~
‫؛ ~א‬yZ{ ‫ א‬$ -‫ א‬q" d) ‫א‬L$‫) א‬$ ¦«\[L
K"d) &R) 0WY‫א‬$ "+' ‫[\א‬bQ\[%'RQ

x~، $ -‫א‬x~Ii9j;[78! 'Q\[]4 o ‫\א‬b> ~

W Ii9‫א‬

Physical and Motor Development "4 *-b *& a=

yQgcL9¬-‫\א‬.\[l4 ،% R ‫א‬gdR‫"א‬d) k ‫א‬$ vdZ
l4R ‫א‬v +# ‫« &"\א ]א‬،Q.٪٩٠783 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬$
b m‫א‬78\"> ~b،pQ$[e‫"\ )א א‬db،3}&b
3}& ‫;א‬yZG oMg c; ‫;א‬y) ، ‫א‬F‫ "א‬rY‫א‬4‫ א‬r83 d R-‫א‬
K3}9 ‫א‬
> | y،;R‫®[?א‬gc% R ‫"א‬d) po[$ -‫א‬x~v dZ
pd‫ א‬-‫'א‬t~ ‫ א‬Y‫א‬،w() ‫"א‬m‫\א‬." ‫א '"א‬
¯yZ)#Zsh W4-‫א‬g)&-r
p jp d‫ ~א‬prj
L+' ‫א‬341?‫?א‬vZ $ -‫א‬x~،" d) ‫~אא‬gMMRZrL+'
KZb $gc; ‫א‬gM

& 5?‫ "א‬-‫ א‬-‫ א‬3}& b& RQg M R ‫א‬x~ L +' ‫ א‬Mt" h
> |3M‫ א‬Gc> |gMp )،3"j4M\"Z> ~ ،)Zf ‫א‬

- ١٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
pXjG
n 5~jZ\[pc"j5± °W"lL+' ‫א‬M4)q[
،4‫ א‬#W2‫ א‬Mw() ‫א‬b m‫א‬78L+' ‫א‬LKG
n &#R$Gr89
W$\[ db، b $\ 0" ‫ "[א‬1" ‫א‬%' R2L +' ‫ א‬u)c
K‫א‬l"1\"ZPd ‫א‬

Fb $.z، dR-‫א‬gb m‫א‬w() ‫ א‬$ 3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫ א‬$ Z
x~[ b m‫ "א‬d) ‫?א‬:") ‫א‬uW2‫א‬M W3( )L+' ‫א‬
'R\[L+' ‫א‬%'R 4 Q[283}& ‫א‬FGo ‫ א‬9)$ -‫א‬
‫א‬g c b m‫א‬F‫א‬4 y-‫ א‬W) ‫ א‬yc3} 9 ‫א‬ZG oMg M
،l‫א‬4 ‫"_א‬b4R ‫א‬v+# ‫א‬t bF‫א‬4yL+' ‫א‬RFb m‫א‬
،x ¡2‫א‬P M:c QG L ، ‫ א‬+m‫ !א‬b ‫א‬F b m‫א‬
Pc ‫ _א‬o L،L&1M\b³: W[،p&Jr sb[²&9
KFGu ‫א‬%c4[l‫א‬4 ‫"_א‬b Rdb،" ‫א‬y'#Z5Y‫~א‬1

W yd[F+r3L+' ‫א‬9
K"Q)M284‫ א‬1 #R2"yc،b ´' ‫א‬35 J١
K] ‫א‬3?4'-‫א‬$ J٢
}
SL( ‫א‬:") ‫א‬ybOQb‫ ~א‬،Zb $kgM34# ‫א‬k J٣
K3}& ‫א‬FGo ‫א‬cLdZt~ ‫א‬1 ‫א‬
g ‫א‬dy-‫"א‬o ‫א‬Flm‫א א‬b m‫א‬w() lm‫א‬fZ
&Z Zt j[F l$:& 5878]? Z،L +' gd R‫ "א‬d) ‫א‬g MM RZ
µ$ c -‫א & ©א‬78 lm‫א‬L s +J-‫א‬w () ‫ א‬b m‫ א‬
K ‫ א‬$2‫א‬3[?&-‫א‬b4(-v dZg ‫א‬9J( ‫)א‬:G'W2‫א‬

v dZ، dR-‫ א‬b m‫א‬w () ‫ א‬$ 3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫ א‬$ f Z
?‫ א‬X‫א‬:" ) ‫א‬،u W2‫א‬M W،3 ( $ -‫א‬x~ L +' ‫א‬F b $

- ١٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
4y-‫א א‬F b m‫א‬، l‫א‬4 ‫ "_א‬b4، R ‫א‬،L um‫א‬، R ‫א‬
$ fZF‫)"א‬W%&W78)W3 + ‫[\א‬db، ‫ א‬+m‫ !א‬b
WFc¦Gq WWY‫א‬Fb m‫א‬
;R‫ >א‬h JRZ{ ‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬doZWi#ZFb $ J[
Kq" ‫( א ]א‬-bgM[78;R‫!א‬G'Q‫[א‬، j78\
3 'R ‫א ;א‬F‫א‬4ygMLd(ZW3 'R ‫א ;א‬Fb $ J_
‫א‬J W> |‫؛‬3}& ‫ ;א‬R‫א‬FG oM #1 ‫ ;א‬R‫א‬FG oM
Kl ‫ א‬b‫ א‬XY‫א‬
; ‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬341"PZW;R‫א\א‬vZ‫א‬F&s ‫א‬Fb $ JH
Kb m‫א‬F&s ‫©א‬$;R‫א‬%k
gM‫א‬p4?1²&9، ;R‫א‬34"rE"k[&L+' ‫[\א‬78ck6‫~א‬
‫ א‬yd ? + ‫א‬e‫א‬4?8L sdZ{ ‫א‬،Qd R‫א‬F‫¡ א ~א‬e‫א‬4?8
K‫ א‬XY‫"א‬X،] #+ ‫"?א‬d ‫א‬#W‫א‬،# ‫"א‬X©$dR

;yRl[ ‫א‬JW‫אא‬p 5&$\ y $ -‫א‬x~+XY‫[\א‬db

Kr + ‫ ;א‬EZ)M "yRyQ"d©$b m‫א‬F‫א‬4y- # ‫א‬

{ ‫ א‬dR‫א‬FQ6‫א‬F‫א‬4# ‫'&>א‬L+' ‫[\א‬²o&W³

yM4 r + ‫ א‬OZ[‫|א‬8 G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫א‬W4³)z
78$ -‫א‬x~yQL+' ‫א‬L9\[78 dRb m‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬4"'Z
K4& b m‫"א‬d) ‫&}א‬b$78&(Z b m‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬$
78L"yc‫ ؛‬dR‫ א‬b m‫א‬w() ‫א‬78L+' ‫א‬L?‫?א‬v‫א א‬
1X 9 > |،"X3-\4‫ א‬#W2‫ א‬M ‫א ]א‬
x"Z،'() ‫א‬dMY‫א‬1' ‫א‬x~GW‫א‬Q[t ،3i‫א‬v ‫א‬

- ١٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
[Z u$Z ZR+)RGP& gM_4c،R+QgM?dM2‫א‬gM

K¶ J ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬1X JR2g$v)-‫א‬dM[Z Z3MR-‫א‬

o[K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫ א‬b m‫ א‬dR‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬#q1GMe)

+Q2‫א‬Fd R ‫ ·א‬4" y* d R‫ "א‬d) ‫א‬4" Z 1GMe )
‫[?א‬MPM# ‫א‬،P+) #s ‫ א‬M،‫'"א‬Q2‫א‬،Lu‫א‬LsMdl2‫א‬
KMd‫ _א‬Y‫א‬b4(-‫[א‬F&l‫')א‬

%RZ‫א‬dc،t jY‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬%¸ qZL+' b m‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬

²&9db،#MZ‫א‬fjF?‫?א‬.‫א‬L+' ‫א‬yce { ‫'!א &א‬Q
5Y‫) א‬Z RGP& X )Z R+Qg M? dM2‫ א‬Q
b m‫א‬w() ‫ א‬qdb4 & ‫א‬MG#WG Z2,;M³‫؛‬R+)
0° c‫;א‬y ‫א‬L9©$ j‫א‬+XYZ1GML+'
?dM‫א‬Fb"R ‫א‬x~Lb،;y Mdl2‫א‬Q&5?‫?א‬vZ
e)yc\|8،G#W‫א‬28 j‫א‬%M+ZP+) #qP+) ‫א‬gM
K dR‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫"א‬11GM

:Emotional Development , J ) ,H *& ac

[Z?Wx4 W4y*6M")F2+Q‫א‬MZ$‫)~א‬L+' ‫א‬f
M"d "L +' ‫ " [\א‬-‫ א‬،& oS Qv$ b‫א‬
F2+Q‫א‬X‫"א‬M (d M}& ‫א‬gM‫א‬n4?1¡{ ‫א‬F‫א?א‬W2‫א‬
Ls&W [>o ‫ א‬R2‫א‬Ls/8F2+Q2‫>א‬ZOQb[‫"א‬W
db، j9ZG W"b m‫א‬bF2+Q2‫א‬LdZ،"‫א‬
{ ‫ א‬WY‫א‬7[ f Z، Zl$ M}& ‫א‬g ML +' ‫א‬M RZ
WF2+Q2‫[][\א‬،Mdl2‫א‬gM3 'R L +' ‫א‬yJR
]?34 o ‫~א‬،;yLM+ ‫ א‬j9Z2‫א‬P+) ‫א‬M}&

- ١٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
#R}S\" "d ‫א‬lgML+' ‫א‬K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫;א‬MZ78

Kt j[\$[p k‫א‬4‫א‬p #R\"1|8W?R ‫א‬W +Q‫א‬

3} ‫א ()א א\א‬$78L9Zo ‫ א‬$&9ZL+' ‫א‬u)c

،3"() ‫א‬Hy2‫א‬$78E + ‫_א‬b2‫א‬$78\vm‫א ';א‬$78
،3 #R}
SyQ" M R y)ZyQc M R+XY‫א‬F2+Q‫&[א‬Zdb
3$´ibi1?"L+' ‫א‬¹‫ ~א‬K} ‫ א‬W&#
x~،3?R ( 2‫א‬x~3$ º3uc;q، Y‫ א‬yQ2
+XY‫א‬u)c،ZGM+ZMdl2‫א‬L+' ‫א‬F1GM4 qZF2+Q2‫א‬
²&9F2 +Q2‫א‬x~ &Z \M W،\"d rJ\"& o;y&
3vb -‫א‬F2+Q2‫ א‬yZ$ -‫א‬x~L+X،‫א‬WQ+XY‫א‬
F¡2‫א‬P+) #s ‫ א‬M(Q~ 0R$6‫א‬Lu‫א‬LsF‫"א ~א‬$
KF‫"א ~א‬9-‫א‬

{ ‫"?א‬# ‫??א‬.2uQ\"Z$ -‫א‬x~L+' ‫א‬F2+Q‫א‬353$

F1"-‫א‬3 sb،49 ‫א‬4 & ‫א‬%Z‫ א‬lL+' ‫א‬e"WgM +Z
‫"א‬l ©$> |P+) ‫א‬dMy+KZ&S4#h\?"h{ ‫א‬
_&W[78P R+Q_&W[78$ -‫א‬x~3?m‫א‬F2+Q2‫;א‬
2³}s # ‫'"\א‬R;yQ[\ (+XY‫;א‬dc،l" "Rc
;q،\‫;א "א א‬yMyk +{ ‫"?א‬# ‫א‬x~gM\4"s،‫ ;א‬²dR
i‫[?א‬gM\4 ?1;yQ[\#‫[?א‬M\v lM;yQYt j[3 \"&o
·& # L +' r + ‫א‬O Z[ ‫ |א‬c‫ ~א‬g M‫؛‬E ¹ "y R
Zl$‫ & ·א‬ZQ8Z‫א‬41%+Z{ ‫('א‬QY‫א‬FW4d-‫א‬
][ ‫אא‬8gMZ41d)Z، j‫א‬%Mdl2‫א‬Z1GM"#Z،r‫א‬

- ٢٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
{ ‫"?א‬# ‫ א‬RL+' ‫א‬F2+Q‫א‬3$L#Q5> |\c،4j2‫א‬

F2 +Q‫א‬L +' ‫א‬t \" Z ، ‫א "א‬L &1 L +' ‫ א‬y (
K/8

|8}
&b$78y qQ‫ א‬1[[i1r[L+' ‫א‬yQ"{ ‫א‬Md‫א‬
pQ‫"א‬p oM\"Q[db،dycgM34# ‫;א‬y \‫ א‬1Y‫א‬2\[#
!9 Md‫א‬x~+XY‫א‬F1G ‫;א‬RZ،M"d»‫א‬x~%
،v prGj8 M"d»‫ ?א‬cLb]&،F&s ;RZdb،UGj6‫א‬
L1‫"א‬-‫אא‬4‫א‬+XY‫)א‬،;y)dc4( G
n ,FG(-‫"\א‬Z
Ld\[?"،R+) y&R) "' ‫א‬4‫?א‬Y‫א‬78L+' ‫א‬Ldb،!r
LW‫א‬1KI9# ‫א‬RQ[& j%R، R-‫א‬41fb[
L+' dZ1‫?"א‬/8 +Q2‫ א‬M(-‫א‬x~\"" ‫א‬
K3 dsQ‫"א‬l]")-W)-‫א‬L( ‫א‬l"Z Gj

"&1t\Y‫ ؛‬Mdl2‫א‬Q‫ א‬q +Q2‫"א‬d) ‫[\א‬78ck6‫~א‬

{ ‫ א‬+Q2‫}א‬
& ‫ א‬W[gM}&b$781"? + %d»‫א‬
LdM. ¹8²&9©$ "+' ‫א‬F‫)"א‬Wdb،" ‫א‬Z$yW4
+Q2‫ "א‬d) Z‫"א‬-‫א & א‬KE + 4" ( ‫א‬3~ ‫א‬3? R ‫א‬p4 9
، R+) ‫א‬4‫ א‬#W2‫)א‬Qd' ‫\א‬Y0R$6‫א‬L+' ‫א‬²)z Mdl2‫א‬
yl‫"א‬gML +' ‫א‬3M R،" &# ‫ א א‬$2‫ א‬# ‫ א‬mx (Z
)Z‫|א‬F&q6Z2,v vZ،w&$6‫א‬o ‫א‬3} ‫א"א‬1‫"א‬
KG#W2‫א‬#h3[?&-‫~א‬j[gMu(Z،y)M /8 "y+

"11GM +Q2‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫א‬1G ‫[\א‬²o&W³

4]?Z G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫;א‬MZ;yRZ{ ‫('א‬QY‫\;א‬8©$
K /8 +Q‫"א‬78

- ٢١ -
...................................... : ..............................
:Linguistic Development d V *& a@

F‫ ?א‬+-‫א‬³41fbY /4 ‫_א‬Rb2‫א‬Q]" ‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬
،L+' + ‫"א‬9¼‫ א‬d)Z{ ‫;א‬+-‫א "א‬b‫א א‬F‫א &}א‬
;y+ ‫א‬،F‫א‬f‫א‬Flm‫א‬ME9c6‫א‬،F‫א ~א‬M 1}
& ‫א‬xMRZ
LM+ ‫א‬L ‫א‬+ ‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫_א‬Rb‫)א‬z j½ ]" ‫א‬
}& ‫ א‬d1H"o) ‫ "א‬$ -‫א‬x~]" ‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬u dbK; y
]~ ‫ א‬+ ‫"א‬9¼‫א‬3 qL+' ‫א‬t \"،') ‫א‬Rh;y+ ‫א‬
;yc¾ gM‫א‬4p ?1 8l"Z{ ‫א‬Fd ‫;א‬yc¾ gM‫א‬p4?1\"db،dy+
$ $ -‫א‬x~ f Z dbK t Z{ ‫א‬F m‫א‬I 9# ‫ א‬Q
3 i‫?א‬:RZ‫א‬WY‫א‬3 sb]" ‫"א‬9¼‫א‬3?.&S ‫א "א‬1G'Q2‫א‬
"d)L+' ‫}א‬+Z¹‫~א‬،4¡Z‫(א‬3 s uQL+' ‫א‬F"
Gb:N\Y> |‫؛‬Mdl2‫א‬F1G ‫א "א‬Lo+3}&b M R
Mdl2‫}א‬
& ‫א‬،}
&Z& Mdl2‫}א‬+ ‫א‬،}+ ‫א‬gM©M} ‫א‬
-K3 + ‫א‬x~Gjp W‫א‬p4"'ZL+' ]" ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬4"'،3?M\"
]4 o ‫\א‬c}+ ‫א‬FWW[9Z2‫א‬F4 k ‫א‬OQb
F‫א &}א‬Fd ‫אא‬p}&b‫א‬p41L+' ‫_א‬Rb6r + ‫א‬x~GW‫א‬
+ ‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫_א‬Rb‫)א‬z + ‫" א‬9, d)Z{ ‫;א‬+-‫א‬
t jY‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬g5d) WW[ ‫א‬fZ> ~c‫؛‬LM+ ‫א‬L ‫א‬
j‫"א‬l" ‫א‬L+' ‫©&[א‬$،W4-‫א‬L&1$ r£
K;y 8x4c[Lr" Ld‫א‬b ،;y 8%dR،" ;yLM+
yQ[db،‫}א‬
p &ZG
n 9h]" " $ : W[W4-‫א‬L&1$ Z¿
، j‫א‬F&S4;ycgML+' ‫א‬MR ‫_א‬Rb‫א‬L+' ]4 k [
}
& ‫א‬u©$Z&S4Zl$x4c[M}& ‫א‬gM ‫א‬MRZdb

- ٢٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
G ‫ א‬+§') ‫א‬Rdb،;y+ ‫א‬1 ‫א‬E"k" ‫"א‬L+' ]" ‫א‬

K j‫ א‬Gb;ycgMZ41?‫?א‬vZ، +' ‫א‬

²&9Q8|8R+QL+' ‫ א‬#q3?.78]?ZL+' ‫א‬F‫א‬413?v ‫א‬x~

b m‫ א‬1 ‫א‬4 1gM\"Q[db،]" ‫א &}א‬gM341 sb[
.l‫א‬gM4# { ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫}א‬sb.l ²dR³
Z،4& ‫א‬M G#W‫א‬bZL+' ‫&[א‬#s ‫א‬x~ uQ،L&1
3?+W2‫ א‬ZK #ZF‫"א ~א‬Zg M34# ‫ א‬R،3‫א א‬M
" ‫ א‬m‫ אא‬q8 X M k ‫א‬L +' ]" ‫א‬L r‫א " א "א‬
;M،c #Mx"d) 2
n c+*G
n j QRQ6‫ א‬+ ‫א‬LM+ ‫א‬
K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫א‬P+) #s ‫א‬

" ‫א‬F‫א‬4# ‫>א‬$ -‫א‬x~L+' ‫[\א‬p¿o[²o&W³

R+QM}& ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬،;yLM+ ‫ א‬j9Z2‫)א‬
L r‫"א‬Z dy+Z M¸78 dQ2x ( ³‫ ؛‬Zl$‫& א‬Z
KF d ‫ *א‬+ Y‫אא‬J W Zl$ M}& ‫ א‬Gj %' R
"1 1GMdQ2L +' ‫א‬4 "5]" ‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬1G ‫\א‬c> ~
K q j‫ א‬qdGc

Wyd[Ii9‫א‬M"dut" ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬v d

;i1b‫א‬4?cF‫» ?א‬2FW"R¼ ‫א‬L+' ‫ א‬gM J١
K0‫"א‬m‫א‬gM
d1 W4-‫א‬L&1[+XY‫א‬4 $ gc]" ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬ J٢
K # ‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬9J( ‫א‬c‫א "א‬P+) ‫א‬M}& ‫א‬3}&b
" d) ‫א‬v d،;y+¾ ‫}א‬
& ‫ א‬1?E"k" ‫}א "] "א‬
& ‫א‬u J٣
Kpdyc‫}א‬
p &ZG
n 9hM R ]" ‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
...................................... : ..............................

Intellectual and Cognitiv Development F* $ *& ae

W[3}s ‫א‬p Q> |‫؛‬E‫א‬R ‫א‬$4F$ -‫א‬x~gMd ‫'·א‬

&R ‫א‬E‫؟‬،‫؟‬b،‫؟‬g،‫|א؟‬F)%dRZ©$،$ -‫א‬x~gcL+' ‫א‬
L+' ‫א‬W[ sZK# ‫א‬c -‫א‬3?‫א‬vWG L+' ‫ א‬,> |
،:G'W2‫א‬µ $c d 1"(ZgMZ،pQ$[4& ‫א‬oZ1g ‫א‬
L+' ‫"\א‬$ -‫א‬x~)q[g+c،"‫א‬3}m‫א‬# ‫א‬gMZ1n Q$[
F" 8g$"ZL G
n &#Zp('ZpuoQx"F1[ sb[gc
Gjx#\[dbKW [&XOQb[‫"א‬WF‫?א‬MF¡‫א‬
K&Z[x}Z> |91،g5G[gR)Gc)|¬W

،‫ א‬##m‫א‬/
n vÁ" "#،‫א‬%W‫א‬WY‫;א‬i‫?א‬x¹
،'
R& ‫א‬I9# ‫א‬Lsd L،;yJ~ ‫א‬i1r[%1"%dR
W[ 1‫א‬L+X" yc، " ‫א‬F‫א‬f‫)א‬t~ ‫ א‬Md‫ )א‬L
d M4"9Z ،R-‫[א‬1‫}א "א‬S3}9# ‫א‬I9# L3?,
KN [)&

، W‫"א‬$ X M] (& ‫ ?]א‬-‫' א‬,% $ -‫א‬x~ L +XL M+
FdMy) # ‫א‬F‫א‬f‫ א‬،F"-‫}א‬s ‫(א‬
" L+' ‫"א‬9,??.‫א‬%،]")}S? }S%XF‫|א‬#M
K$ -‫א‬yQu ‫"א‬p¡‫ א‬y#MuoQ

v d+XY‫א‬4 $ L+' ‫[\א‬gMd ‫}א‬

&b?M+Z‫א‬
W dcyk"Z# ‫א‬Ii9‫א‬M"du

- ٢٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
،L+' 0‫"א‬m‫א‬#Z4‫א‬#\'&Z b‫א‬4?6‫ א‬# ‫"א‬d) ‫ [\א‬

; (P dt " yc، ¼‫ א א‬y# X Mc (W‫ ;א‬
K}r[}&b ( ‫([\~אא‬R ،%dR
L +' ‫א‬FGM +Z cbF‫ "א ~א‬$v b ‫ א‬rj3? W yZ
K l4‫א א‬R+) b‫א‬4?8x}+ZGbZc 9Z
( ‫א‬l[e‫א‬4?8L&15Y‫א‬Gj2‫א‬l[e‫א‬4?8L+' ‫א‬%'R
K;y)
2Q[db، 'W"-‫;א‬q،3}9 ‫;א‬q،3}& ‫ א‬u$Y‫א‬2
n [L+' ‫א‬e4
K4#-‫א\א‬.Y‫ !א‬+ ‫א‬e‫א‬4?8%'R
M9 y)v \[،\‫ "א‬Y‫א‬%¸ ZL+' ‫א‬%'R
K$‫ "\א "א‬4#-‫א‬Fl4 ‫ א‬Z

9 ‫א‬Q‫א‬yd[L L‫ א "א‬qL+' # ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬

U + ‫א &א‬F‫}א‬-‫א‬، ‫א‬،4 ‫א‬،; ‫א‬، ‫"_א‬W[، ‫א‬
t"Rd \[db، # ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬3?"l"-‫א‬Fc#s ‫ א‬qZ> ~bK$-‫א‬
(){ ‫[\ &א‬78ck6،"d) ‫~אא‬x}qZ]?912‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬
8L9\[]~ ‫א‬b~ ‫א‬t"Rh²k‫ א "א‬q[L+' ‫א‬yc
{ ‫ &א‬W)-‫}א & א " א‬c" i‫א‬v ‫ א‬d2‫ ) )( א‬،L +' ‫א‬
) ‫ א‬Z‫א‬4# G W‫א‬U c vZ{ ‫א‬،" d) ‫א‬g ML +' ‫א‬M RZ
K³$g91[78yd)Z

Z‫ א?א‬W‫ א‬d) & W)-‫ א א‬RQ[4 j‫ א‬# ‫ "א‬d) ‫א‬M R
" d) ‫"\א‬KdÂ Zl4?‫}א‬
p &b‫}א‬
p qZ qZyQY،³$g91Y&‫"א‬
{ ‫א‬Rm‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fb‫א‬4?8"gMMRp W$ -‫א‬x~ # ‫א‬
c3 + ‫א‬x~Gj()Z ‫|א‬c،#M78c d Lj‫ א‬p ‫ ["א‬Z

- ٢٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
+J-‫ א‬Rm‫א‬F‫}א‬s-‫א‬LR ;R ‫א‬e‫א‬4?6‫א‬v d ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬d

L+' ‫\א‬8©$، ‫ א‬c -‫["א_א‬Rx}+ZL1 ‫\~א‬c;WL(
w() ‫א‬Q‫"א‬l}sb.‫ א‬8 ‫א‬4sb6‫א‬78$ -‫א‬x~u
‫؛‬²k‫א‬L(" ‫א‬9,"d)Z،g#W"-‫ א‬QS± & $?‫?א‬vdb،
gM?? $:dW2‫א‬78‫}א‬
p sbLQ[db،}
& ‫ א‬$ R³
K‫ '&א‬Z{ ‫}א‬XWY‫א‬Fm‫א‬I9# ‫א‬R

،3}&bM R )~ ‫א‬4"9 ‫א‬. " ‫א א‬JW‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬341?‫?א‬vZdb

G
n "Xp1 o#x¹}
&b²k‫א‬L("d)Z" ‫א‬Z41¹> ~
²&9> ~b،)~ ‫א‬4"9 ‫א‬. " ‫א‬gMd]~ ‫ א‬y6‫א א‬
> |Ld(©$L+' 3vd-‫א‬b"R ‫א‬# ' ‫ א‬3b¼‫א‬# ‫א‬
Q¨– r[H|"d)b> |Lsx4e"R ]v ‫ א‬b~ ‫א‬gMZ41gM
‫ –~א‬Z‫א ~א‬Z‫א‬fjM v4 # 'ycf{ ‫"א‬W4L+' ‫ א‬G$[
L+' ‫א‬0‫"א‬$gM%#ZF‫}א‬sW"c X
n (Qe)\[gM
KF‫א‬vd-‫א‬x~ Z‫א‬ZuW‫א‬

¬4Z()Z{ ‫א‬c -‫א‬5± ;) i#Z4‫א‬Rh" -‫"א‬d) ‫א‬

)M3& ‫א‬5Y‫)א‬ZgM‫א‬4p ?1? + ‫~אא‬xo#²&9،? + ‫א‬F‫א‬fj
Q[ db،FG(-‫א‬L $ 5&-‫}א‬
S ' ‫ א‬JR[،\-‫\א‬v ‫א‬
$ K')-‫א א‬JW}+ ‫א‬gM34 # /4ZpRb‫א‬f
F‫א‬4# ‫\א‬c> ~ ‫ ؛‬o) ‫א‬Ld}
S¶9 ‫א‬. y‫"\א‬3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬
QL+' ‫}א‬
+Zr"، &-‫א‬$ -‫א‬x~vdL( yZ2# ‫א‬
;S ‫א‬gMK34f-‫א‬4 "Y‫}א‬
+ ‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬t"#Gc R$]?}+Z
# ‫ "א‬d) ‫א‬٪٢٠\[78Lr"Z? "?4"y(-‫ א‬R+) ‫\א א‬c> |

- ٢٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
٤ dM; # ‫א‬x"٪٥٠\[،x dM7Y‫)א‬R ‫;א‬L+'

_ #\[][،F‫)"א‬W٨ dML # ‫א‬x"٪٨٠\[،F‫)"א‬W
{ ‫א‬3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬3 cGjiyQ34"9;L+' # ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬٪٨٠
KW4-‫א‬L&1$ L#Z

: Social Development )*JH *& aM

4 $ L+' ‫[\א‬78¦"& ‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫&}א‬b?MiQOr"Z
W dcyk"ZMdl2‫א‬Ii9‫א‬M"duv d+XY‫א‬
KM‫"א‬# ‫א‬F‫|א‬d)-‫ _א‬Y‫א‬+XY‫ «א‬
;+ ²dR]~ ‫א‬m‫א‬78" ‫א‬Z41"d)Z? cL+' ‫א‬e4
K j‫א‬%
g M\"r «© $‫) א ؛‬q[Pc) ‫ [א‬Q‫ א‬+XY‫ ;א‬R
\" &# b‫"א‬d\[78 lÃ; ،;yQ‫ א‬1[g M!"+ ‫א‬. "+ ‫א‬
K34R‫א‬
yQ[gM9 ‫א‬LJ"yc،yJ{ ‫ _א‬Y‫·א‬L+' ‫א‬04
p ‫ &א‬L %oQ[db،y&b \9$
?«،qp ‫א‬$[F+r‫"א‬N
K& Lbb4(-‫א‬+XY‫?א‬M
}Z78\";yQ[28 ‫א‬d«+XY‫א‬w(Q\[;S ‫א‬gM
‫ ?]א‬+ ‫ א א‬W[:")Z©$،;yZ?‫א‬48c ‫~אא‬w[
K Md‫א‬

+J-‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬Q‫"א‬l rjF+r‫ "א‬$ -‫א‬x~ dh -‫א‬p Q
Flm‫א‬:&5‫א‬Ii9‫א‬x~GW‫א‬+b78}(Zw#Q3Ml"c
W dcw#) ‫א‬x~h،L+' R+) ‫א‬

- ٢٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
Kyl"-‫&א‬1‫ א‬-‫א‬:"Ql‫"א‬Z3M‫ א‬%+X± m‫א א‬U c$Z8

K3+-‫א‬dMY‫·א‬b‫ א‬583i‫א‬v ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬b $GW‫ א‬
K& :‫"א‬Q[XRG:"Q4j‫א‬gc m‫א‬L+' ‫'א‬M8
‫ א‬$‫א‬F‫א‬4‫ א‬# ‫א‬%)rb4(-‫א‬،i‫א‬4M m‫ &}א‬L+' EdR ‫ א‬
F‫א‬4‫ א‬# ‫א‬%)r'J ‫א‬Z"r '\[&S4 ‫ א‬$‫א‬،x? +Z
b"Z +b#q sb[L+' ‫א‬L/‫~א‬،uoQ)W%W)
K G#W‫א‬
K') ‫'א‬j[|8J"Z ML+' ‫©א‬$78F9Q6‫ א‬
KF&S ‫"א‬-‫>א‬Z ‫ א‬$‫א‬%Z&S4 "ML+' ‫א‬%¦ ‫ א‬
·XGj> |‫؛‬R+QgM?dM2‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬3MR
gc#qZ‫~א‬L+' ‫א‬4 "5gMMR³،.¹6'R& ‫א‬dMY‫א‬
KR+Q
1‫"א‬-‫~ >א‬bL9 ‫א א‬1‫"א‬gcL+' ‫א‬%u(ZgMU m‫ א‬
K+J-‫א‬Zm‫א‬
KdR ‫א‬yl" ‫א‬yyl"ZZ‫א‬41L+' ‫א‬FQ8GW‫ א‬

- ٢٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
G * K):<

Kindergarten Teacher Chracteristics
9J( ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬F+9 ‫[\ א‬7‫)א‬LbH«\$Y‫}א‬sb

¤+2[);y-‫א‬،²9 ‫א‬l" ‫א‬gMdM]? yM\"\[/g ‫א‬
\[،W‫א‬4 ‫א‬3 u$Lj‫?א‬ysdQ\[y%)#Q\[LF+9 ‫א‬FdR ‫>א‬Z
dF+rFN ‫~א¸)א‬gM،}) ‫א‬2
n &' yoÄ
²&r[،y#ZMgM1‫א "א‬F R-‫א‬cF?‫א‬. 9Mgc4 kyQ[t Qg ‫א‬k ‫א‬
l$78c k8، r-‫) א‬1‫ ?¦א‬m‫א‬# ‫ א‬# ‫ ´א‬Z\[ y) p "'
K) 3?-‫א‬M49 $.W;y)}s ‫א‬x#c‫)\א‬$78 " ‫ )א‬+X[

\"Z b k ‫ א‬d c‫"א‬Z\[/{ ‫א‬9J( ‫א‬F+9 ‫ א‬dc

Wn lQn d

*-b K):
# ‫א‬M y1"Z\[‫ [ א‬QZ2p &X #i2d-‫"\א‬Z\[ K١
.lLdb[gMyd
3qs ‫א‬WLs‫؛‬dR‫[א "_א‬F ‫ א‬j،0‫"א‬m‫ א‬dW\"Z\[ K٢
F1"Z|8.¯Xj;Z78]?Z1{ ‫"_א )'א‬M}S
} S +XY‫א‬P 4Z )M +XY‫ א‬4F d l‫"א‬Z{ ‫א א‬
K ? ‫א‬
;yb4(Z\[;yd+XY‫א‬%1"©$‫؛‬Q& ‫א‬1 %dZ\[ K٣
.;yX(Q;y&
.?yl6‫ א‬dR-‫( א‬Z2g$‫؛‬w() ‫"א‬m‫א‬yc c‫"א‬Z\[ K٤
. &-‫?\א‬y‫ )א‬y;yZ\[ K٥

- ٢٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
$ K):
L$;m‫ א‬9 ‫א‬gMMRb~ ‫א‬41gM\"Z\[ K١
\"Z\[y)%1"db،+J-‫א‬d ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬yc?9Z{ ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬
.l+-‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫ א‬9 ‫)א‬R$y& ‫ א‬W
K " ‫;א‬y#Z;#Z +X[$Gy)z$G-‫א‬1vdZ\[ K٢
\8|8،W‫א‬4 ‫א‬%¸WWY‫;א‬+-‫א‬e‫א‬4?6# ‫א‬34# ‫א‬y \"Z\[ K٣
78yl$ sb[Mc#q+jF‫|א‬d78Hh+XY‫א‬4
.3$‫א‬W‫א‬4?3?99J;
. dR-‫א‬u ‫א‬42‫א‬gM34?1\"Z\[ K٤
W+XYddby-‫"א‬d) ‫א‬:GX2‫א‬W‫א‬4 ‫א‬r‫"א‬gMU h\[ K٥
.W4-‫א‬L&1
- & K):

"y+y ،P+) #s ‫ א‬+Q2‫א\א‬vZ2‫ א‬Ml4%dZ\[ K١
KyR+QM /8
.f9 ‫א 'א‬E ;yLd ‫א‬gM34?1،+X± & ,\"Z\[ K٢
gM$L+' ‫א‬q8Rh\[،+XY‫א‬e"R y&|W1\"Z2[ K٢
.)R$c[ Z
M ‫א‬E4E -‫ א‬4 #%dZ،UG j80 dÃy dMg ML &#Z\[ K٣
1{ ‫א‬FG (-‫א‬L d ‫א‬F &' yl‫"א‬g M34? 1\" Zg$‫؛‬Q -‫א‬
P4 Z )M +XY‫ א‬4F d l‫"א‬Z{ ‫א א‬F 1"y k Z
K? ‫}א‬S+XY‫א‬
[FGv ‫א‬+XY‫א‬% "W QRQ8F1GM 18gM34?1\"Z\[ K٤
K4"Y‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
)*JH K):
L ‫א &א¼'א "א‬F‫ א‬qd p &ZZ"d)Z? + ‫א‬9J5\8
R+) ‫ ~אא &) א‬e (Z? Z، W
p "dp k‫אא‬p4? Z{ ‫א‬F‫א¼ ?א‬
x"d) '&Z *L‫"א‬M? + ‫א‬9J5F‫?א‬,%¸ dR‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬
dp W‫"א‬p ‫}א‬
p j[،P+) ‫א‬L# ‫א‬$QpdW‫"א‬p ،;R‫א‬$QpdW‫א‬p"
K%d»‫א‬%+Z$Q

()Z dM yZ‫ |א‬+XY‫ א‬4L j‫ א " ?א‬d ‫א‬O Qb -
y1gM 2? Zd-‫א‬t Mdl2‫א‬Ii9‫א‬FdR ‫\א‬c،Mdl‫א‬
4Lj‫ א " ?א‬d ‫& א‬X% &W)-‫('א "א‬QY‫א‬W4d-?‫א‬W‫א‬
Mdl2‫א‬Ii9‫א‬x~KMdl2‫?א " )(א‬Y‫א‬# +XY‫א‬
Wd-‫א‬ygZ\[/{ ‫א‬

4 ‫~אא‬yy1،%d»‫א‬L+' ‫א‬L r" ‫א‬#$yQd-‫א‬gM J١

4G j ¼‫א‬% d»‫ א‬#sZ " )Zg ML d " #Z© Ã
K+XY‫א‬

WY‫א‬78L 9 k ‫א‬y #Z{ ‫א " א‬F ‫ ' " א‬# ‫ א‬J٢
KyZ"

" ‫א‬d ‫ אא‬q8Ll[L+' ‫א‬FQ6‫ "*א‬# ‫ א‬J٣

K%d»‫א‬L+' ‫¶א‬Ql

R- (Z، j‫א‬9d-‫א‬gRZ©$‫؛‬Mdl2‫ א‬+ ‫ א‬J٤

gRZ\[،0) ‫א‬3$e4(Z\[k ‫א‬dgc> ~ ،;"
K; N،;y 5،;yb[· +X[e4(Z\[،;yui‫"א‬$o1

- ٣١ -
...................................... : ..............................
2 d-c،&' ‫ א‬R 5[ d-‫ א‬Rdc‫ ؛‬R-4 "( ‫ א‬J٥
،4-‫[א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬d +Z2،L+' ‫א‬9 d2 +Z
ZG(l‫"א‬b،Z‫א‬4y%+)bL+' ‫;א‬Â Z\[fbY‫א‬ydM
K¼‫א‬%d»‫א‬

،4"Y‫[ א‬FGv ‫א‬+XY‫א‬%QRQ8F1GM18gM34?1\"Z\[ J٦

Lb}
c"ZLl[;y9Z2‫א‬Ld ‫א‬gMR~ ‫א‬UJ5Y‫};א‬S
K+X± ;Â Z4?9[

L d ‫ א‬c; M?78H h 8، Z‫ |א‬+} S yQ[ d-‫ ;א‬y+Z\[ J٧
WWY‫א‬3? # ‫ א‬+*f Z© $،L 9+ yZ4‫?א‬8E u) k
L(‫"א‬WLd ‫ א‬c(1)-d)$ r
p ce)\[b ‫א‬
Wi*qGq ?" ‫א‬F(1)-‫א‬x~، N4}S[ N4
t"R 9&Z][، + ‫א‬oM[;ycl4?F¡d-‫}א‬9&Z •
K + ‫א‬4"'Z
K + ‫א‬oM[Lbe (x¡‫"?א‬l;M? •
‫"א‬b4(;yi‫א‬4M‫א‬f\Y r + ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬oM[%¸'M8 •
K4‫ א‬# ‫א‬%)rdM

yc4،yLdZ{ ‫א &א‬Mdl2‫א‬3m‫א‬%1‫ "א‬-6‫ א‬J٨

، Mdl‫ אא‬M[ #ZF‫ ?א‬M ?" R ، Mdl‫( 'א‬Q[
Kc_"S }S"}ZgMMR

،y#c‫"א‬، &#%d»‫~אא‬F‫?א‬M_W‫א‬gM34?1\"Z\[ J٩
%d»‫ א‬c#qL#)Z\[،+X± y) m9 ‫א‬F‫ א ?א‬d)Z%'RZg$
K; q‫ א‬Z

- ٣٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
+X± Mdl2‫א "א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬M"d yZgM34?1\"Z\[ J١٠

.G ‫א‬dR ‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬F‫א‬f‫ א‬M"d Gj;yRb6
K Mdl2‫;א‬y+ Z;"d)

Lb+X± 31\"Z\Yy، Mdl2‫א‬o) ‫א‬41gM\"Z\[ J١١

KyZc 9Z

Mdl2‫ א‬c#s ‫א‬F+‫|]א‬+XY‫א‬L&#ZgM34# ‫א‬y \"\[ J١٢

\[L+XLb#$\6‫א‬+XY‫א‬vd ‫ א‬dM #Z +J-‫א‬
KQ‫ א‬1[%+n ®\"
$ K):
Lr‫א "א‬4 # ‫ א‬²³،Z‫?א‬M%d»‫;א‬# &#\"Z\[ K١
.QRQ6‫א‬Z4o$q‫ א‬L+' ‫א‬4#s ‫א‬
ydp z )#\"Z\[،y 8dQ2vZ،)y-‫א‬F1Gj[ h\[ K٢
.+X[k4ddb
L*;y()Z78gRZ،+XY‫א‬0"+Q) ‫א‬E ‫"א‬#ZgMLdZ\[ K٣
.i?& ‫;א‬Z
}& ‫א‬4 y)‫א‬p #ZyZc 9ZLb)R$31yR+QL¡\[ K٤
.b"Wl"ZL+' ‫א‬9J5)&Z]~ ‫א‬
*3/)"9 &R* K):

Wi#m‫}א‬R+ZgM34# ‫א‬ J١
3 R+ o
p [y) ،Rc+XY‫א‬F‫א‬fx R+O R k ‫א‬d
K‫"א‬W$gM3 k$k‫؛‬c´Z]~ ‫א‬%dud

- ٣٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
WyM")ZF‫א‬f‫א‬:RZ‫א‬ J٢
"+' ‫ א‬$ - M+9 3"l -‫אא‬Y‫א‬# dy+r
9Z d-‫א‬3fjOQ ،9 ‫>א‬Z c‫"א‬Z ‫|א‬8Krj+93 &-‫א‬
"-‫"א?א‬-‫א א‬gMv b > |"Z\[%'RZ2db،o
K#c

Wy‫א‬JW‫א‬+b" ‫א‬F"-‫¡א‬gM34# ‫א‬ J٣

¡gMx4 # ‫ א‬d-‫א‬yM\"Z\[/{ ‫ א‬dy-‫א‬Ii9‫א‬
L oc[y‫א‬J W2 34" 9 "'Z R+) ‫א " א‬F "-‫א‬
Ly'44 ‫ א‬dWZ"u '‫;א‬-‫[\א‬28، ‫א‬JW‫א‬
K d ‫ א»א "]א‬JR"

W j‫;א‬ZgM34# ‫ א‬J٤

ycLRZg ‫א‬yJRZg ‫א‬LiW" ‫א‬3}&j\"Z\[/d-‫\א‬8
?‫א‬M8)q[0 dZ\[/‫ ~א‬، j‫א‬3$l"ZgcQRQ6‫א‬F‫א‬f‫א‬
L+' ‫"א‬r[M ‫א‬F‫א‬4 # #Z\[،34# ‫א‬x~d)ZgM
Krj+9

W d ‫}א‬+ ‫א‬gM34# ‫ א‬J٥

_"WFG(-‫א‬L$ y +*b~k ‫א‬d9Z\[/
LiW" ‫א‬Loc[w&)W‫א‬c -‫א א‬JW‫א‬yZ‫א‬4y ydb، dM
KFG(-‫א‬x~Lm

- ٣٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
( - & )J)4
Loc[78"r" ‫א‬QMRyM&58! XL+' ‫א‬Fl$;yc¾ \[>52

gMyZ41t;Y‫ א‬#Z0#Å،R+) ‫א‬9 ‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬c‫"א "א‬d) t"R
،_&( ‫א‬+XY‫א‬cyZM5 dG pl$‫א‬F+ ‫ א‬sb[،?‫ א‬c[Fl$:&58
KHQ81X$ yc_&( ‫א‬$ [،"Z$ "+' ‫\א‬8©$

>Z،E‫ ~א‬bFl" "R+ ‫א‬Zl$:&5878x"H«? + ‫\א‬b‫|א‬8

)p ibx4&MQc،M"Q? + ‫א‬#gMcd 4 kl" "R+ ‫א‬Flm‫א‬
Flm‫א‬x~،WWY‫א‬Mdl2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&5878H« Mdl‫א‬
‫}א‬
p &b‫}א‬
p qZ? + ‫ א‬9J5 qZK R+) ‫א‬#c‫"א‬Z)QdX? + ‫א‬3?R 4 k
F‫' א‬k‫}א‬
sb78]?yX&$8\ $[d8Flm‫א‬x~9
r£Flm‫א‬x~yl‫"א‬Z{ ‫ א‬# ' ? + ‫ א‬9J5 qZ، 9J( ‫א‬
K»‫אא &"¦~אא‬4‫א א‬k[db‫~א‬، "+' ‫א‬$

% R+) ‫א‬#c‫"א‬Z;M H«QcL+' ‫א‬t R+) ‫א‬Flm‫ )א‬

X&Z4‫ ]א‬d ‫א‬x4"'ZL$‫ א‬gc،Z$‫ &א‬7Y‫א‬F ‫א¼')~א‬
d){ ‫א‬FMd‫א‬GjL&# ‫א‬µ l$:&58 Y‫ ~א'א‬K%d»
µ > |، )Qd' ‫א‬± lm‫א‬:&58dM [y04y 8
l$;M Z> ~ b، /6‫א‬Zb" W;M > |Z‫ ' א‬k‫ א‬#1
78l$:&58،'¼‫א‬%©m‫_א א‬Rb‫א‬F1G ‫א‬L9
KE -‫א‬o ‫א‬F2$x M( #ZGjF‫א ~א‬bZ

WMdl2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬Flm‫ [;א‬dc

- ٣٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
Relatedness N)*,H P' J)4 a=

Ld ‫ א‬jw&Z42‫א‬M Z) ‫א‬Y4 "( ‫א‬78? + ‫א‬l$LsdZ
dM b،F1‫ א‬9 ‫ "א‬Z;y& Rb , Q Z_" WÆ ; y
OhdoQ (M¸78dQ2‫א‬78 dp i‫?א‬H«L+' ‫[\א‬P+) ‫א‬
Q R،Z‫|א‬9J54 ‫ ~אא‬Gj bZ،x4 yi‫"א‬
2‫ ( " א‬M¸[،3? R ‫ א‬$‫ א‬y ( Mdl‫א‬
;q،Z$L$‫ " א‬X&$9ZNyN‫ \א‬#{ ‫א‬Z W[ dQ2
!c4Ld( Mdl2‫א‬Z1GM3 i‫?א‬%W"Z78x"?‫ א‬X L+' ‫א‬H«
> Z t[ |l dZK W‫א‬4 ‫א‬L 9+ ‫ א‬M¸1 rY‫א א‬
\L+' ‫ א‬5dcKZlmyM&58tgML+' &R) FMd‫א‬
Md‫א‬OQbdb،Mdu doQ2‫ א‬XMyM&58Zl$
( ،?‫ א‬cYMd‫|א‬lF?‫א‬.;q،ZlmMp &58 sb[
H «، dQ20 R$6‫ &·א‬H « Qc Z$ M k L +' ‫א‬
dQ2WR$8\Y> |،;yl‫;«[\"א‬y& «UJ5# G
Ls،M"d»‫א‬vlQ[0R$8 "db،c_"S Qx (
K j‫\א א‬Y‫א‬v4"( ‫~אא‬

Autonomy $+H P' J)4 ac

Q[،r‫א‬yk‫ א‬S[ #RF‫ \ |א‬mL+' ‫א‬4"5y9#
4 j‫ ~ >א‬b، Ã Q‫ [ "א‬RG4 j‫א‬L s R+) & ']?
"+' ‫ א‬$ L+' ‫א‬H«،4& ‫א‬#Z\?;y ‫א‬i1r[
\?[4M}
& ‫א‬d > |‫؛‬L+ ‫"א‬# ‫ א‬m (\[78
،w&$8[k\?c # ‫א‬S # ‫א‬d،O&b["j
FmmLbL+' ‫א‬H«db،;R ‫"]א‬Y‫א‬l" ‫א‬4X8

- ٣٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
، +J-‫ א‬WY‫ א‬Zm‫& א‬MY‫א‬L dh R-4" ( ‫א‬78 Z$
x (F‫א ~א‬#s ‫ א‬d)³، v)-‫א‬dMY # ‫א‬e‫ א‬52‫א‬
KL ‫א‬9J5gM +o³Z W[?‫ א‬c[? +bd[x4

?©$،& ‫א‬G
n &#RL+' ‫א‬3Q78]?> |\ m‫[א‬
،Ld # ‫א‬gM #2[، j‫א‬gMd\[،x} pZ\"\[gM
ZK;yL [QbvÇ y،9J5LZI#)‫~א‬
، M dl2‫ א‬G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫)א‬Y‫_א‬Rb8WW[‫א‬p4? WY‫א &א‬
(P+) ‫א‬gM?dM2‫א‬t\8©$، R+) ‫;א‬yrtbZ
P+) ‫א‬g M? dM2‫ א‬M}& ‫ ;א‬، 9J( ‫א‬L ‫ [א‬9 ‫ א‬M
M"de)،L#R-‫א‬Y‫אא‬4p 1yi)[²)z{ ‫א‬3 WY‫א‬XW"
W G#W2‫ א‬m‫א‬78L+' ‫א‬l$:&58\?"hFW4d-‫א‬
4" ( ‫ א‬c d)‫ ~א‬،t|Y‫ א‬n c"jL +' ‫ א‬° &-‫ א‬J[
K1‫"א‬-‫א‬yl‫"א‬gM34# ‫א‬k Z6‫א‬I#)
tlIJ(bd1>( ‫א‬L+' ‫אא‬4+RZ &-‫ א‬J_

K c[
Krc[\Z8Mvu x458L+' ‫'א‬j[gMvb ‫ א‬Jl
Competence \N) P' J)4 ae

،3m‫ א‬WWY‫א‬c78"r" ‫א‬²¹‫|א‬8Z‫|א‬#\RQ6‫( א‬
dM["uZx4c[ "$4ZZ$Ri4S IJ5Lc
5 y)_ 1‫א [א‬x~ #$‫ |א‬c، Z$"dX "$v b Z
Eu) ‫ א‬M(F‫א ~א‬#h&Z Ky) 1l4?R$Z‫|א‬#
Zl$:&58²u)]~ ‫א‬IJ( c،"o ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58k ‫א‬
KZ‫|א‬# (3m‫א‬S78r"Z{ ‫א‬c‫;[א‬#h

- ٣٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
? + ‫א‬#« c‫"א‬Z24 k [w 53M?"W?%k1

W Z‫|א‬
K)Y‫א‬l" "R+ ‫א‬Flm& ‫ ?("א‬+ ‫"\א‬2[ J
\)dX2‫ א‬#s j‫א‬%Z1GM\Y? + ‫[\( א‬2 J
KZ‫|א‬
،ZQ8Z‫א‬41IJ( ‫א‬e4g$ c‫"א‬Z2Z‫א ~א‬c -‫ א‬J
d‫?א?א‬v $QZl$L#Zf ‫ ?א‬+ ‫ א‬#)c
Kt j[$Q

gMLd ‫א‬$ LbR+) ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fl$;yc¾ \[ &&W³

R+) ‫ א‬dR‫א‬$) ‫א‬pdWx"gMMRW)-‫א‬O1" ‫א‬yM&58
LdhgM34?1G
n &#RlQF9J5?/8> ~b، +Q6‫ א‬# ‫א‬
K j‫א‬gM?dM2‫ א‬M R-‫א‬

Basic Needs Hyrarircal +)+9 )J)E R (--

%c‫ א א‬Q; yc¾ Ly R ? ‫ א‬/4 ‫א‬: +Z42‫ " ?א‬y+?" W? 1
g$¢v&2gMY‫א‬t"R-‫|אא‬H$2‫" [\א‬y+-‫~אא‬y9#،>(-‫א‬#-‫א‬ydM
H$‫א‬f2%&(]~ ‫א‬H$2‫א‬،3 'WM) sb[ jH$‫א‬:&58;
Fl$‫א‬:&58\RQ6‫ א‬,78Fl$2‫א‬H$‫א‬:&58]?‫~א‬gM،
; q ، 8H « :"c ) ZM& 5p M"cP \ RQ6cKt j[
K\RQÈ WWY‫א‬e ¼‫ א‬Fl$2c

WW[Fl$PÉLd( L5gMFlm‫א‬x~?"W??$1
W ‫א )"א‬gM ‫א‬H|"d) ‫~אא‬
KP)‫ ' א ( א_א "אא‬b‫؛‬l" "R+ ‫א‬Flm‫א‬ J

- ٣٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
Mdl‫;&א‬yR+Q[X$6 (& ‫"?א‬yl²oZ{ ‫؛ א‬Y‫א‬Fl$ J

K\)dX2‫א‬4‫ א‬#W2‫א‬%(Z2d)
\[ ?&?F1GM1878)cZ{ ‫؛ א‬dQ2‫א‬m‫א‬Fl$ J
KM¸p oM[²&9Q
>Rd ‫)א‬R+Q[M &X3 c"Z78)cZ{ ‫ ؛ א‬# ‫א‬Fl$ J
Ky
KF‫א ~א‬#hFl$ J

،c -‫א‬Fl$ j‫א א‬H|"d) ‫ ~אא‬t j[?[qGq?"W?k[;q

Flm‫א‬x~%1"?« ) ،9 ‫א‬Flm‫;א‬q، d‫א‬Flm‫;א‬yc¾
j‫א‬Mº 9 ‫א‬Flm‫[\א‬b[) ، /4 ‫א‬ ‫א‬F"R
K9 ‫ א‬sb[ -‫א‬78]?ZyQ[

: #$% !"

L+' dyFl$ ،Mdl2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&56\‫א‬3 WY‫א‬
# ‫א‬78m‫א‬78H«\RQ6c،dc;y) W.u-g$‫ א‬d
" Flm‫א‬x~:&56 ##m‫א\א‬-‫א‬.t j[Fl$ R-‫א "א‬dQ6‫א‬
K3 WY‫א\א‬
‫א‬g$‫ ؛‬+XZ yc، ‫א‬pX&oQ‫א‬r
p $ sb[3 WY‫א‬
،sx?2[\"\[g)d2;y)‫}א‬
p sb\c،}9# ‫ אא‬6‫א‬:"Q;y ~ ‫א‬
.)‫}א‬
p j)‫[\"\א‬g)dpdi‫_?א‬Y‫\א‬8.> ~bFyY‫א‬
Fl$L+'c،R+) ‫ א‬l" "& ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fl$:&5849 3 WY‫א‬

y)، ‫ א‬$‫א ' א ( א_א א‬78 lbW l" "& ‫א‬F lm‫ א‬y)

- ٣٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
m‫א‬78 lm‫ א‬dQ2‫א‬78 lm‫ א‬Y‫א‬78 lmbW M dl‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬
M d[L #Z2L +' R+) ‫א‬F lmcK # ‫א‬78 lm‫א‬G# W2‫א‬
r878]?L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:& 58 M\c> ~ l" "& ‫א‬Flm‫א‬
K# ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫ אא‬YL+' ‫א‬

Wyd[{ ‫א‬L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58‫א‬p}&b‫א‬p4?3 WY‫?]א‬Z

K +X ‫\א‬Y4"( ‫א‬78lm‫א‬ J
KdQ24"( ‫א‬78lm‫א‬ J
K Mdl2‫א‬vb -4"( ‫א‬78lm‫א‬ J
K.¹6‫א‬78lm‫א‬ J
KF‫ א א ~א‬$‫א‬78lm‫א‬ J

\?" W # ' )Y‫א‬F l$:& 58g M 9 ‫ ]א‬WY‫) א‬-‫א‬L d
3 WY‫א‬²&9c،i$ L yd[Flm‫[ "א‬R$ +Z[w‫ א‬c8
O l[{ ‫א א &"¦א‬iQFb[|8‫)؛‬Qd' ‫א‬Y‫א‬k ‫א‬n49
49 ‫א‬r£L+' &R) 3 W± l" "R ‫ א‬2 ‫~אא (\[\א‬
W&&R Y‫)א‬Qd' ‫א‬
Zl$;:&5878L+' ‫א‬L9|8،k ‫א‬F‫א‬fj4 9yQ8WY‫א‬ •
K Gj
x c"Z\[/‫~א‬،3m‫א‬9Z2‫א‬4‫ א‬#WG Y‫ א‬y-‫א‬yQ8W Qs ‫א‬ •
KL+' 3 WY‫א‬

Y4"( ‫© א‬$،Y4"( lm‫א‬:&58gM3 WY‫א‬LdZ

"&1 #Z'M%k"\b‫|א‬8p)L+' ‫א‬²&9، R+) ‫ א‬9 ‫א‬w 5
p¡ #c jpd‫א‬p¡ucKh{ ‫א א &א‬

- ٤٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
q WW?" l M_ # ‫א‬v ‫ א‬#) ‫ א‬Y‫ ?א‬y، +Q‫א‬
،; +X[%;yZ)M;# ‫א‬F¡2‫א‬Ê?&-‫א‬gM ‫א "א‬F&q M،)Y‫א‬
XML+' c‫א &؛‬dQ2‫א‬78lm‫א‬:&58‫א‬p}&b‫א‬p4?3 WY‫?]א‬Zdb
K%d»‫א‬78dcdQ2‫ א‬#3}9 ‫א‬Z W[78dQ2‫א‬

gM34# ‫א‬F‫ א א ~א‬$‫ א‬# ‫א‬78lm‫א‬:&53 WY‫" א‬#Z> ~b

78l$ yZ‫ ~א‬،c_"S Q (\[78lÃL+' ‫\א‬8©$.¹6‫א‬
d)ZM R3 WY‫[\א‬dbK"Y‫א‬:&56‫~אא‬gML9«،m‫ א‬# ‫א‬
،!c ‫א‬، ‫ א‬XMF‫א‬4# ‫א‬4y*63 ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬l"Z©$yi)[F‫א‬41
K+J-‫א‬FX() ‫א‬

: )$ !( ' &

l" "& ‫א‬L +' ‫א‬F l$:& 584 9 "+' ‫ א‬$ Y‫א‬f Z
، Y‫א‬dh، &-‫א‬RG&Z،xd*] Z،M"l%&(Z{ ‫ א‬yc،R+) ‫א‬
،4 R ‫א‬E + ‫א‬c©&Z&M‫א‬Z،$‫א א‬L&W
Å yZ،o ‫ א‬M()M+º
y &c$‫א‬4)Y©Z‫|א‬$?"l" L/،x)M d1y&R³
4&ML+' R+) ‫ "א‬d) ‫א‬#hpdy‫א‬4p ? ± \[db،?"l" E +
p dW‫א‬p" " d)WL +' ‫\א‬b\83}&b l4?78?h yc،3 WY‫;א‬iM?; [
M}&b$78 R yc ،;W}SR+Q‫א‬p""d)W\b\8[،R+Q
Z‫ א ~א‬+b2‫ א\א‬b; ‫ א‬9)M ycLj { ‫ א‬9J( ‫א‬F N
K&R-‫א‬FdR ‫}| >א‬S‫'"א‬Q2‫א‬wR&Q2‫א‬

W # ‫א‬L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58'

K i ‫ א"א‬Z"Z "Z{ ‫א‬L‫&?א "א‬W‫ א‬J١

- ٤١ -
...................................... : ..............................
'j[‫|א‬8 ‫[ א‬IjY‫א‬gM¬" ‫"א‬# ‫א‬LsW%d# ‫א‬LiW)¡ J٢

Ke"R ‫א‬
% m‫ א א‬² Z، +J-‫א‬w () ‫א‬:‫"א‬Q y)‫א‬L (Z\[ Y‫א‬g M J٣
KR ‫א‬P+Q49 ‫א‬
،# ‫א‬،"‫א א‬.L+' ‫&א‬9M‫א‬4dZ{ ‫א‬R+) ‫&_א‬WY‫א א‬.8 J٥
R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&56W)-‫ א "א‬y> ~،_b2‫א‬،Lu‫א‬
)#s ‫ א‬c‫"א‬Zg$ m‫א‬78،' ‫א‬78lm‫א‬،± lm‫א‬Ls
K "$
: #$% )$ !( +, #*

Flm‫א‬:&58}
&b$78;yRZ{ ‫א‬dy-‫א‬L‫א "א‬M"de)
W yd[L ،L+' R+) ‫א‬

: Family Realtions 1 /0* .-

i)s ‫א‬F1G ‫א‬LsdZFGM+ ‫א‬M"d WY‫א‬F1G ‫א‬Ld(Z
3"j6‫א‬Lb،t j[ ylL+' ‫א "א א‬yl Y‫_א‬Y‫א‬
3 WY‫"א‬oMLbi)s ‫א‬F1G ‫א‬OQb‫|א‬c،s qylF‫"א‬jY‫א‬
p ¸; 3 c" 3?" -‫ ¼& א‬d R Qv j‫ "א‬o ‫א‬
4q\c،M‫ א "א‬uk) ‫ א‬WY‫ א‬M ‫ " א‬l\Y‫) א‬Qd' ‫א‬
;y / ³;y) L b" R ‫?אא‬Y‫ א‬g M34 o P) W
[، /8 Mdl‫א‬b4 (3v d3 # R R+Q3 $\" (
yQc"J ‫א‬R ‫"_א‬W[gM "#Z{ ‫א‬dR ‫}א‬S WY‫א‬F1G ‫א‬
cvMFQ8F‫א?א‬W‫א‬F‫א‬41;y dc#s ‫ א‬M)Y‫א‬L¡

- ٤٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
\ $78]?"،µ R ‫!א‬c4%F1GM["j R ‫א‬M

K j‫א‬%LM+ ‫א‬Lr‫)א "א‬Y‫א‬
‫ א‬$2‫!א‬c" ‫א‬gM )&"Y‫א‬1G ‫"\א‬Z\[]4 o ‫א‬Qc‫~א‬
x4&M‫ א‬j‫א‬dy)Lb%o©Ã،3m‫א‬FG(%\ ‫א‬،?&-‫א‬
\?d[x4&M‫א‬d13 WY‫ א?א‬c[? cL \"\[/،pdi‫?א‬
}9 ‫א‬،xMR}9 ‫א‬gM'}& c، j‫א‬gM;$[Lo+Z
K;+ ‫"א "?א‬lx}(R}& ‫« א‬
: Family Size 34" .2

4 # ‫א‬P+) # ‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬M ‫א‬yi)YL+Z2;um‫א‬3}&b3 WY‫א‬
،)± # ‫ א‬R+) ‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬q³‫;؛‬um‫א‬3}r3 WY‫א‬y+Z{ ‫א‬
L¡)Y‫א‬1d)،;yi)[ '#h‫"!א‬Z)Y‫א‬3 sc
?‫ א‬cY‫?א‬M qdb،4‫"א‬m‫"\א‬JR:)16‫"_א‬W[\"&‫א‬
$‫א "א‬L+' ‫א‬F‫ |א‬WY‫\א‬c> ~ ‫؛‬ycoMY‫א‬e"WLM+ZgM3 WY‫א‬
، +X[ 4Y‫ [א‬qGs ‫ [א‬+' ‫א‬F‫|א‬3 WY‫ א‬M yZ$w [ º
9Z2‫ א‬M"Q4‫א‬#-‫א‬p?,G
n Mx4&M3 WY‫;א‬u$78 ) ‫א‬
j½ ;y) L bx ¡ ?&-‫א‬F ¡2‫& א‬X q © $، ?‫ א‬c[
K?‫ א‬cY‫א‬2Ii9j
: #$% 80 67 .5

R+Q \"(3$‫א "א‬3 WY‫א‬+XY‫[\א‬0) ‫א‬pi5\"1
L L/3$‫א "א‬3 WY‫א‬+XY‫א‬Z c،> |}S Y‫ א‬،3$‫א‬
\[ Z& ‫~אא‬، j‫א‬L+' ‫א‬M+®l" "W;y)
R$§yi)[‫א‬Lb Y‫א‬r£ ‫א "א‬LM+ ‫א‬
L +' ‫א‬% y M+bP Y‫א‬L +' ‫א‬% y M+c، & R) 1"

- ٤٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
db،}jY‫א‬L+' ‫א‬%yM+bP WY‫א‬L+' ‫א‬%yM+Z،WY‫א‬

n M] WY‫א \א‬L+' ‫א‬Z Z\[
#c‫"א‬Z R+) ‫")א‬Z‫א‬p qG
" L+' ‫ "\א‬qZL+' ‫א‬3$3?"l"-‫א‬F1G ‫א‬:"dudc، ‫א‬
][،F)3MY‫ א‬b~ ‫א‬Q[،¦Q6‫?א‬Mx،G
n sY‫ א‬b~ ‫א‬
Kx&1P)lR)lM¯5) ‫א‬vb - qZyQ[

@ >? =!< :;/< :) .9
Family Economic, Social, and Cultural Level
Ë ‫א‬p4?3 W± #s ‫ ?]א‬912‫ א‬M dl2‫א‬t" R-‫א‬F‫ ?] }א‬Z
" ،b"WZGM+Z()Z W[،L+' ‫א‬3$gM}q ‫א‬dY‫א‬
" ]?912‫&א‬Å ‫א‬K # ‫ א‬+Q2‫א‬dR‫א‬9J5Q‫"א‬l®
34#;qKL+' ‫א‬gM!+Q6‫;א‬u$WW[gM?]~ ‫&א‬Å ‫| >א‬
+99 ‫א‬dR‫א‬x"F&'l" "& ‫א‬Zl$&ZgM3 WY‫א‬
‫א‬pv ‫אא‬pvyi)Y c"Zy/3 W± %+Z -‫א‬Lj cKrj
4 "( ‫א‬L#3 W± ·+J)-‫א‬Lj ‫א‬d)،& ‫(א‬W2U + ‫א‬
Ri ‫א‬Fl$2‫}א‬
c"ZgM3 WY‫א‬341 M%r£ + ‫א‬d#
K)±

،R-‫א‬d)bF‫}א‬dyL9#s ‫ א‬Mdl2‫&א‬Å ‫[א‬

،L +' ‫א‬3 W[ y 8 d)Z{ ‫ א‬Mdl2‫ א‬#&' ‫א‬،) R ‫ א‬#')-‫א‬
gM34 o P)Z3$ W[}+Zw[، #Z;1?"R
KL+' ‫א‬c()]~ ‫א‬t WY‫א"א‬3 WY‫א‬,

p&&W\"1L+' ‫?]א ~]«א‬912‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬t"R-‫[\א‬db

Mdl2‫א‬t"R-c،‫"א‬R ‫א‬$gM1M8[#ZRi ‫&_א‬WY‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
t"R:+Z4‫א‬gM? + ‫א‬MR ‫א‬:"Q¦‫א‬$6pcb\"%+Z -‫א‬

]?912‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬t"R-‫?]א‬d)،x4‫א‬1‫א‬t"R:+Z4‫א‬،$"dX
R c M"178]? ، Y‫ ? א‬+ ‫א‬0 R$878·+J) -‫א‬
KR+) ‫א‬F‫' א‬kG

: Parental Attitudes 1 A47< .9

F‫א‬fuQ)Y‫א "א א‬t R+) ‫א‬F)" ‫א "א א‬F¡2‫א‬
(ZK;y)+J-‫א‬LM+ ‫א‬
F¡2‫א‬d[78 +J-‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬iQ}
‫؛‬L+' ‫א‬e"W ‫א "א‬F¡2‫ א‬qc،L+' ‫א‬9J5"Z ‫א "א‬
F¡2‫א‬OdRZ‫|אא‬c،e"R # ‫א‬gMx?"ZL+' ‫א‬%&'Z©$
?dM2‫א‬G#W2‫א‬E4d)Z' ‫א‬3‫א‬R-‫א‬²R ‫א‬%u( ‫א "א‬
]~ ‫;א?א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬L+' ‫;א‬Z78]?> |\c،P+) ‫א‬gM
K9J5d)ZgMMR

L+' ‫ א‬d‫ א‬M78]?1 Z2‫ א‬49 ‫_א‬# ‫ \א‬m‫"_א‬W[[

,،'¼‫א‬%d»‫ א‬#Q2d‫א‬41]"R ‫א‬e"R
F¡2‫[\א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬Ok[1،;y)L) ‫ א‬j‫א‬#o:dW2‫א‬
]? -‫א‬e" R ‫ "א‬WW[‫א‬4p ?]? Z 1 )Y‫א‬x ¡ ± +X ‫א‬
R+Q () ‫ א‬W[}
qZ\"t][78²k"ZyQ[db،%dud
K R+) ‫;א‬y#c‫"א‬Z+XY‫א‬

1 + ‫א‬3i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫[\א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א א &"¦א‬iQOk[db

)Y‫א‬t v ‫א‬78]?Z9 ‫אא‬vQ2‫א‬-‫)א‬Y‫א‬
K9J( R+) ‫' א_א‬k2‫א‬L،R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬784#c2‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
1 * 6B

Parental Treatment Styles
d[g M b ‫א‬F ) ‫א‬Q‫ "א‬# ‫א‬F d)-‫ א‬i W G W6‫ &א‬W
4~ ‫א ;[\א‬b ‫| >[\א‬،)Y‫' אא‬+ ‫א‬1G ‫א‬
d ‫א‬#K3 WY‫א‬4?d[gM\"dR-‫א‬d ‫?א‬5Kd ‫א );א‬dQ
K& ¼‫א‬gMdi1;)[\"'‫ א‬-‫ א‬WY‫"\[\א "א א‬R+) ‫א‬
HQ "$ j‫א‬783m‫א‬78Z QL+' R+) ‫\א "א‬8
3"j6‫ א‬Y‫_א‬Y‫א‬3}9 ‫א‬3 WY‫אא‬pyc: M Z(Q{ ‫& &א‬X
L+' ‫א‬c´]~ ‫א‬%d»‫א‬sd-‫א‬3}& ‫א‬3 WY‫א‬782
n "r،\‫_א}א‬41Y‫א‬
7Y‫א‬F)& ‫א‬%)9 M+ j‫א‬F& ‫א‬x~Lb،Z1Gj[i?&d#
KZ$"X.G]~ ‫ א‬R+) ‫")א‬
dMM R-‫ א‬yc،? + ‫א‬3$dY‫א‬Ë ‫א‬4p ?3 WY‫?]א‬Zdb
‫א‬Rb‫ ?א‬+ ‫א‬9J( "‫א‬FdR ‫א‬L(ZMdl2‫א )(א‬
"h][،c´]~ ‫א‬%d»‫א‬c#q%;iGZ{ ‫א‬F¡2‫ א‬# ‫א‬F‫א ?א‬
n & W[3 WY‫~א‬JZ> |# ، Mdl‫א‬ib78 l" "ib?
dR]~ ‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬i)? + ‫"א‬ZgMP)Z{ ‫א‬-‫א‬M")
KG
n &#R Mdl2‫ א‬9J( ‫א‬#c‫"א‬Z?«Z$"X
\‫א "א א‬y&{ ‫א‬F‫ אא‬l6‫ א‬WY‫א‬yQ ‫א "א‬-‫ א‬W[ Z
78l" "F )ib? ;y "h][، Mdl‫ א‬dyi)[()Z% &'Z
KMdl‫א‬F)ib

- ٤٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
}
&b q[F‫)|א‬Y‫א‬x¡3 WY‫א‬y&Z{ ‫ א "א א‬-‫ א‬W[Z
\"،"W ‫ א "א‬-‫ א‬W[\"Z4#&c R+) ‫;א‬yi)،;y9J5"Z
.²rP ‫א‬،L&#R-‫)א‬Y‫א‬9J5‫"א‬W
M\" W #q 1GMF‫) |א‬Y‫ א‬#{ ‫ א "א א‬-‫א‬
e‫א‬4?8،L&# R-‫ א‬M dl2‫ א‬R+) ‫;א‬y#c‫ "א‬Z;yd 1;yb" W;yZ 9J5
/8\"Z\[8،;yL ‫אא‬yJR{ ‫א "א א‬d )Y‫א‬
L (\[ ]~ ‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬9 ‫א‬t" R y 8tv ،& W\" Z\[ 8
#c‫"א‬pX&Z4‫ א‬sb[ ‫א‬e"R 2‫א‬e‫א‬4?8\8K5‫א‬4;y+r";yZ9J5
%g(dZ##m‫א‬x~،Z‫ ~א‬##h R+) ‫א‬x4‫ א‬#W‫א‬، Mdl2‫ א‬9J( ‫א‬
pdi‫ ?א‬q? + l" "R ‫[\א );א‬pdi‫?א‬bZ{ ‫א‬،R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬F'
K9J( ‫א‬Zb4
Wyd[ ‫א "א‬d ‫[א‬3Ml"Z
"_‫~א‬¹2‫א‬FQ8"$F‫א‬v ‫א‬18 Y‫א‬L+' ‫א‬m‫א'א‬4\GM8 J١
.} ‫א‬
Kc\"(]~ ‫א‬%d»‫;א‬Q+XY‫א‬#Z J٢
Kc#s ‫א‬x~W´ .G ‫א‬E"d' ‫א‬t"R+XY‫א‬#Z J٣
KMdl2‫א‬4‫?א‬Y‫א‬+XY‫;א‬Z J٤
K%d»‫ א?א‬c[%c" "'-‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬+XY‫_א‬Rb8 J٥
4‫?א‬Y‫א‬F1"Z# L+' ‫א‬y 8 d){ ‫ א‬Md‫;[אא‬# ‫א‬0 S J٦
KG
n &#Ryyl‫"א‬W{ ‫א‬Mdl2‫א‬
oMF 1G ‫ );א‬Z{ ‫ א‬1GjY‫ }א‬-‫ א‬p #RQL +' ‫ _א‬Rb8 J٧
Kl4‫'א‬R ‫}א‬-‫א‬x~Lsz،Md‫א‬

- ٤٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
: 1 * )$ 1C

F d ‫ }א‬R+Z h‫א‬4F Q sd3 MF2 ,F y*
+9L+' ‫א‬gMF ) ‫·א‬Fvb41،Mdl2‫א )(א‬FdM)do-‫א‬
gMb[ j‫[\א &·א‬$،c#s ‫א‬Mdl2‫א‬L‫א &·א; "א‬rj
W F ) ‫>א‬Z، ‫א‬L‫א "א‬d[
: Psychodynamic theory )$ # ( 1CE :D<B
$ #-‫א‬4 q‫[\א‬g M + ‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬L ‫א‬F QF b[
2? + ‫א‬R+QgM‫א‬4p q[e ZyQ[28\R) ‫א‬x‫"א‬Xyd\[ ;S ‫א‬gM "+' ‫א‬
& ‫א‬+ 9 ‫א‬، dc& 9MF‫ ' א‬k‫]א‬Y0 WY‫א‬f Z، ",
uQ¦«"yc c Qyl" p#&X،:‫ א‬9 ‫ א‬c Q() ‫א‬dM
x~"Z، ‫' א "א‬Wm‫ "א‬db،l4‫' א‬R ‫א\א‬M"‫א‬
\[Fromm? c?t K}do ‫א‬sdR+QL+' ‫א‬t j‫'?א‬W78'R ‫א‬
;R]~ ‫א "א ]א‬d) ‫"?א‬l"&Z Z‫א ~א‬L+' ‫א‬F‫א‬4# /6‫"א‬d) ‫א‬
‫|א‬8 ،4 &l6‫א‬23# ‫ א‬XM; +X[\"d~ ‫א‬،y ‫ א‬MM+ ‫א‬
G j k ] ‫א‬e"WuQF‫א ~א‬g M?dM20R$6‫א‬L +' ‫א‬#c
Eu) '&¼‫;א‬yZ$"dX# L+' ‫\א‬JR1~ ‫א‬W# ‫א "א א‬
‫א‬2Ls، 9J( ‫א‬3"# 0R$6%d ‫[א‬،Mdl2‫)א‬y-‫א‬Q‫א"א‬
K%u( ‫א‬l" ;yZd‫א‬vb Z##m‫" ;א‬O&b; LocY‫"\א‬

L+' ‫;א‬Rl dRLM+ZQY‫[\"א‬78Erikson?\"R4‫(}?א‬

،Lu‫ (>א‬0R$6‫·א‬78]?ZL+' ‫ א‬Zw[Lb\8|8،d
،t jY3 W[،t jYc#q}¶W[ /878;l ]~ ‫א‬e"R ‫[\א‬
KG
n &#RL+' ‫א‬3$gM‫}א‬
p &b‫א‬p q[e"R ‫ ~אא‬

- ٤٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
: Behavioral theory H ) 1C :FGE+

} R+Z & ‫ א‬dm‫א‬g M?\" RX‫ ?א‬b" R ‫א ) א‬F dM‫א‬
dbRb‫ א‬k -‫א‬e"R ‫"\[\א‬b"R ‫א‬t |8،e"R ‫א‬L(
]? ‫א‬e" R ‫ _א‬Rb‫ א‬# X F cGj‫ "?א‬l M; q ، )IJ ‫א‬
" Z dM ،; ‫ א‬dM m‫ א‬Ri ‫א‬d ‫[\א‬، k -‫א‬
; ‫א‬F Q; > | Fy 5; q،Fu W‫א‬F‫}א‬s F X&Z4‫א‬
Social M dl2‫א ;א‬g)78 uW2‫}א‬
s-‫א‬g)‫א‬4p "'ZF)Qds ‫א‬
e"R ‫א‬QZ8)ML+' ‫א "א‬q6‫א‬:")bvv ‫א‬gMdZ|8،Learning
Sears& ? ".}W?Miller&Dollard??42? ?Lb+،c_"S -‫א‬
[ c "#)M dyd‫א [א‬x&Q‫א‬g ML 9«L +' ‫[\א‬Mecoby
LL+' ‫[\א‬Skinner ? )W?t ،d$[[\‫א "א א‬yo+dM[[Fc 9Z
} Se" R ‫א‬4 2Rewarded q6‫א‬g ML 9$]~ ‫א‬e" R ‫א‬4‫ א‬Z78
KNonRewarded _s-‫א‬

X M¦ h; ‫ א‬W[ ‫}א‬

p s b\[?Bandura‫א‬4 Q?t
،#c#&R2
n c[;Q2 ) ‫א‬x~c،; c[HQ j‫א‬e"W$G
"y+d©$،e"R ‫א‬0W[Lsz{ ‫א‬،e"R ‫א‬bH|;QL
F ¡ q M dl‫א‬i b\ RQ6‫[\א‬x‫ א ?א‬c‫א‬g M$G-; ‫א‬
$G X M; ;Â ‫[][\א‬،;yb" W;yZc 9Z; M ( j‫א‬
0) ‫;א‬b"$4Z Mdl2‫ א ;א‬Q3 c\8][،;#Z j‫א‬
_Rb‫ א‬r£،)b"WH|"d) ‫[א‬3# ‫ א‬qZb،H|"d) ‫ א‬XM
K3b¼‫ א‬XM;]~ ‫א‬،Mdl‫&"א‬#-‫א‬c_"S -‫א‬e"R ‫א‬

،Mdl2‫א )(א‬dMWW[‫א‬4p ? \[ ) ‫א‬x~_r[#

9، $G-; ‫ &}א‬Z; ‫ א‬:" ) ‫ ~אא‬g M\" #';

- ٤٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
W[yRQ{ ‫א‬WWY‫א‬LiW" ‫א‬t$8yQFd ‫א‬x~Bandura?‫א‬4Q?

dMMdl2‫ א )( א‬W[\[gM ) ‫א‬x~po[bZ،e"R 3l
Kx}Z[e"R ‫א‬LZgMdi1yQY;Z

c¦$]~ ‫א‬#s ‫!א‬R ‫א‬Gj; QRQ6‫א‬e"R ‫;א‬yc¾ \c;q

K) W;yQf³Mdl2‫א‬F‫"\א ?א‬d+XY‫[\א‬،e"R ‫~אא‬

: Social role theory =!< 1CE :FG?+

Mdl2‫א‬4 ‫א‬Social statusMdl2‫א‬Q-‫א‬g"y+ ) ‫א‬x~;yZ
g$R+) j½ Mdl2‫א‬4‫?א‬Y‫[\ א‬/? + c،Social role
Mdl2‫א‬Q-?"9#-‫א‬K} ‫ ~אא‬M(،x}S%1"‫|א‬،>Rb
y#ZF&l‫א‬F‫א‬v ‫& א‬Z ZMdl‫ ?א‬Mdl‫ ?)א‬+ ‫א‬%k
Mdl2‫א‬4 ‫ "א‬%1"-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬d)QLbw&Z4‫א‬%F‫א‬.‫"!א‬#$
h{ ‫;א‬# ‫ א‬M(-‫~ >א‬b،c %1"-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬Qldo]~ ‫א‬
78 )\[، j‫\א‬R+Q%o\[gM? + ‫א‬341"4 ‫~א‬j[Kc#s ‫א‬
، j‫ א‬Qyl1"][،1"d )][‫א‬v ‫א‬x~+J-‫א‬4"Y‫א‬
]4"'Z%Z" d)Z34# ‫א‬x~\c> ~bK jIJ5 ‫א‬t Q[g)
LM+ ‫ א‬XMMdl‫אא‬4p ‫[?א‬L+' ‫א‬Rdb،Z L$‫ א‬3 z©$
L+' ‫א‬Rg$،L+' ‫א‬3$d[; ~ ‫א‬5‫אא א‬% Mdl2‫א‬
Attachment ‫א' א‬4[ +X ‫א‬w&Z42‫א‬gMZ412Mdl2‫א‬4‫?א‬Y‫א‬
> |K; ‫א‬dMd[ +X ‫א‬w&Z42‫\א‬Y> |‫؛‬E Y‫_א‬Y‫א‬FL+' ‫א‬
2[x)M d[2IJ5 "#4 U‫א‬e"R ‫_א‬Rb2L+' ‫א‬L2
W Z³ sb[[$‫ א‬XM> |;،+XM'‫א‬4' Z

- ٥٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
XMe"R ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬R، ) ‫א‬x~78‫א‬p?)W‫א‬W 5&-‫א ;א‬ J[

&R) 3}&b d[[rjQx)M\"sUJ5[ 5&-‫א ;א‬
x4?[b"W&W)34 k3 5&34"9dy+X\d\‫ "א א‬c،
L+' c،)W[R)l;ÃL+' ‫א‬y«)Mdl‫א‬Q- Mdl2‫א‬
]Z [cY‫ &·א‬Z2[3"# ;R\[ &)Q[x ‫א‬d b~ ‫א‬
?Z)Mdl2‫א‬Q-cO)& &R) m‫~ >א‬bK"sQY‫א‬PG-‫א‬
KL+' ‫א‬y&R\[/{ ‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬4‫?א‬Y‫א‬F?$ Q-‫א‬x~،P)
db،'¼‫א‬L+' ‫א‬yd)‫א‬4p ‫[?א‬R ‫א‬Q?h> ~b
db،Mdl‫א‬4‫[?א‬Mdl‫א‬Q&Z Z)pd1L+' ‫;א‬
K3 5&34"9)b"W}L+' ‫;א‬
g#b
n " Wy o> R ) 1‫"א‬-L +' ‫ א‬1W 1‫"א‬-‫ א‬J_

p c)p b"W> R[، j‫ א‬3Q Rg#، ‫ \א "א‬RW‫א‬
x4‫);[?א‬،b"WLZ )'، j‫א‬k4g #c
K1‫"א‬-‫ א‬XMMdl2‫א‬

78 ck631y]~«H|'¼‫א‬L+' ‫~א‬JWl~d) ‫– א‬H

x~RZ‫~א‬bK·& ‫;א‬yo%;yM+Z+b;4‫?א‬Ydyc
KFQ-‫_א‬r["F¡‫א‬H|d) ‫א‬

:Cognitive theory * 1C : FG*I

g MFv b4،c -‫ א‬$‫ )"א‬Piagiet?l& ? c -‫א ) א‬O d‫א‬
،)b"W)Z2+Q2F‫}א‬R+ ‫א‬Fb‫א‬4?2‫א‬F‫א‬4"9 ‫א‬F"-‫א‬F‫א‬#-‫א‬4cY‫א‬
،e"R ‫א‬F2+Q2‫א‬l"Z ‫ א‬j‫א‬F‫ ~א‬#-‫א‬4cY‫א‬4-c
F‫א ~א‬M "(4Xj‫א‬4p c[28 "lR+) ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫\א‬c
"d) ‫אא‬p.4‫א‬p4?? + ‫א‬y { ‫ א‬Mdl2‫א )(א‬ZKL&#R-‫ א‬jY‫א‬

- ٥١ -
...................................... : ..............................
E_ W2‫א‬F;1 ‫א‬AssimilationL sd ‫א‬g M> | d|8،? + -‫א‬
' ¼‫א & א‬j W‫א‬7Y‫א‬W dM X M> |; ،Accomodation
-‫א‬i)L+' ‫א‬e"WLZ78yZQs ‫א‬، ‫א‬# L+'
;yRZc#q%d»‫& [\}א‬c -‫"א ) א‬k،%c‫"א‬
IJ( ‫>א‬R> | M،]"R ‫}א‬S]"R ‫א‬gR+) ‫א &)א‬L(Zgc}&bL(
K b"R ‫[א‬gR+) ‫' א_א‬k2‫[א‬R+) ‫א‬9 ‫"א‬8

;S ‫א‬g MQ[، ‫ א "א‬d 3 R+-‫א‬F ) ‫ א‬M²o
K ‫ "א‬+ ‫א‬4 ‫א‬gMp¸+ZyQ[28yM")Z?Z

:1 * '

yc;{ ‫א‬7Y‫א‬Z$F‫)"א‬WGjL+' ‫א‬78_ 1Y‫ א¼א‬3 WY‫א‬
3 W[LcK Mdl2‫ א‬+Q2‫ א‬# ‫ א‬dR‫א‬x"d) .G ‫א‬F‫א‬f‫}א‬s ‫א‬
;، GjL+' ‫א‬LM+ c‫|א‬c#qp'Wp)Mdl‫א‬pQLsz
% dud #s ‫א‬% 1‫א "א‬% g 5dZ )b" Ww [" 78]? ZF‫א‬f j
%&' ‫א‬dMvd4?)F1"Zyc"oML ،&#R-‫א‬Zyl"Z
wY‫א‬F¡2‫ ?א‬+ ‫;א‬3 WY‫א‬،3 WY‫א‬xvb ;Ã> |، Mdl2‫א‬
%L+' ‫א‬LM+ZKt jY‫א‬FMd‫א‬dc&RW?h{ ‫א‬b"R ‫א‬
ZL$‫ א‬j‫א‬% M+Z &X3}&b l4?78?«Z‫"א‬j8 ‫א‬
،Rc} w&Z42‫ ?"א‬+ ‫א‬F‫'"א‬j7[OR 3 WY‫[\א‬db،"d) ‫א‬L$‫ א‬
{ ‫ א‬Md‫א‬78L#)L+' c، ‫ א‬Md‫א‬F1G H|"po[y)
P+Q ،3"j6‫א "א א‬R+Q"dy-‫א‬4"5G ‫א‬4"( ‫א‬Z¡‫א‬y
3$" ‫ א &א‬WY‫א &א‬K WY‫א‬3m‫א‬t OQ"Z{ ‫א‬F¡2‫א‬
3}&bl4;yRZ ،yi)Y\)dX2‫א‬Y‫&_א‬W[}c"ZgM34?# ‫א‬

- ٥٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
>Z،L+' ‫א‬Fl$:&5 X")-‫ א‬3 WYc،?‫ א‬c[L R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬#h

K"R ‫א‬9J( ‫א)א‬v ‫ א‬u$fQFlm‫א‬

|8،7Y‫" א‬+' ‫א‬L $‫ א )( א‬Y‫ \א‬-‫א‬3 WY‫א‬Z db
9J5)‫א‬p q[ y#dM[F‫ א‬+ ‫~& [ ;א‬yZL +' ‫ א‬M 3 WY‫" א‬#Z
3 WYc،M+9Z$L(ZL،\‫א‬Lb x4c[Z¡‫"א‬Z
3m‫ א‬$)F‫א‬f‫_א‬Rb2yZ، ‫}א‬9 ‫א‬L+' ‫&[;א‬Z{ ‫א‬
K+J-‫א‬

"Z qZ،L+' E]"R ‫}א‬

S]"R ‫א‬F R+) ‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬qZyQ8db
K +Q2‫א‬x" # ‫א‬x" dR‫א‬x" qZ yc،)?+*9J5
: 1 * A &

،Zl$%&(Z{ ‫ א‬yc Y‫א‬gM pb‫א‬p?dM‫א‬Z$‫א‬L+' ‫א‬d
،Mdl2‫ א‬uW2‫א‬M}
&b Y‫א‬% +XMw&Z4‫[א‬PWO1" ‫א‬P+Q
L(،h2[h Y‫א‬c[?? &Z ZL+' ‫א‬F¡‫א‬e"W\[db
%&' yc،Mdl2‫א‬F‫א‬#-‫;א‬# ‫א‬Lb Y‫ א‬XML+' L#)%W[
KUj%'L+' ‫א‬

\ b[‫ "א‬W، Mdl2‫ א )( א‬dM l"Z dp y‫א‬p4? ± \[ db
\[783456‫)א‬+-‫ א‬،L+' ‫א‬1GM:") p#cp k [p"Wp¡‫א‬
L+' ‫ א‬1GM\[db،%d»‫א‬%+ ZL+' ‫א‬9J5"Z qZ1G ‫א‬
، +Q2‫א‬# ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬dR‫א‬Z‫א‬41d)ZZ‫ ~א‬L+' ‫א‬L&#Z78]?Z
)‫ א‬qK y&$y+' Y‫א‬L&#Z"l;Z1G ‫א‬x~OQb‫|א‬8> |
·& ‫"א‬W، ± r8 [،L dm‫)א‬q[ 9 ‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬y Ã Y‫ ;א‬$4
di‫?א‬FG(78]? Z1،R+) ‫ א‬+Q2‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫[א‬dR‫ אא‬Y‫א‬
KR+) ‫א‬# ‫א‬dR‫א‬9ZdcL+'

- ٥٣ -
...................................... : ..............................

0W["µ m‫א‬µ?" ‫א‬g M;i# ‫א‬L +' ‫ א‬Y‫ א‬/6‫א‬LM+ ‫ א‬
:dl2‫א‬P+) ‫א‬dM+db،L+' ;R ‫ א‬R+) ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬
ML+' ‫א‬#%dud Ls³[ yc،Mdl2‫ )(א‬W Y‫[\א‬gM
{ ‫א‬. " ‫א‬X‫)&א "א‬Z[&Z yc،L+' ‫א‬yz{ ‫ א‬M ‫ א ) א‬X
34" 9pb4(‫"א‬p oM²&9\[ )z db، QRQ6‫א '& א‬L +' ‫א‬g 'Z
K%d»‫א‬/8

x~ ، r‫"א‬3 d R 1GML +' ‫ א‬Y‫ א‬1G ‫[\א‬² o& W ³
،"d) ‫א‬#Z42‫א‬H4 GWR+) ‫א‬r"R $" ‫\א‬do ‫ א‬4‫ א‬dW2‫א‬
K)Qd' ‫א‬Y‫א‬#s ‫א‬4 L9-‫ א‬Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬c ‫\א‬do 4 kyQ[db

: 1 * J

4 "5\Y> |،L+' Mdl2‫א )(א‬dMdyd1_Y‫א‬4 \8
x4q\8L،d[Z4"'j ‫א‬p [1GM x #Zx ‫ &א‬,x¡L+' ‫א‬
K R+) ‫א‬4 ‫ א‬#W2‫א‬Yz+ZL+' ‫א‬e"W3}& ‫א‬yd[yZ4"'j
lv ‫א‬L ]?;M?49Q[gMk-‫א‬F‫ א‬+ ‫_א‬Y‫א‬78 )\b
9 ‫ א‬#Z% ،pz3?,49 ‫ א‬+X_Y‫א‬1GMOQb#c،+XY‫א‬
²dRZcb34"9k‫א‬49 ‫ ;א‬+XY‫ א‬Z3 *O&r[3[ -‫ א‬h
3 WY‫\א‬bLj‫_?א‬Y‫"?א‬lf،; +X[9J5"‫}א‬qZW‫א‬4
GcM،y # ‫א‬M Y‫א‬vuZi* y04]~ ‫"א‬yc، "$4 k
W)-‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬e"R ‫_א‬Y‫א‬L+' ‫;א‬K_Y‫_א‬S"Z\[ ±
f{ ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬w[L+' ‫;א‬c،¦Q6‫א‬M4"b~ ‫א‬v ]~ ‫א‬R)
3" Y‫ \א‬c،v )-‫ 'א‬R ‫א‬L s_Y‫ \א‬b‫|א‬8، R)xv ³& W)% d»‫א‬
%d# ‫[א‬3"R# ‫ \[א‬m‫א‬Z2'R ‫א‬x~\[ ##$pb‫א‬4?8e4Z3})R-‫א‬

- ٥٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
xMRL+XLbl«]~ ‫א‬l" ‫א );א‬ZL،L+' ‫א‬FMvQF&S4L

_Y‫" א‬#\[/‫ ~א‬،Z‫א‬41ZQ8;ycZ‫ ~א‬##m‫א‬e‫א‬4?6‫א‬gM}&bL(
g)3 WY‫א‬%1‫א‬9 2‫א‬0R$8Gj> |‫؛‬G e"R ‫א‬M‫"א‬1;
e" R ‫ "\א‬k +; yc، )Y‫א‬e" R Q RQ6‫א‬4~ & ‫ "\א‬o~ ‫[\א ;א‬
K%)'9-‫א‬e"R ‫א '& [א‬

Parental Treatment Styles 1 * 6B KEB

WY‫ א‬$ +c،&W/8 ‫א "א‬-‫ א‬W[:")Z
، }S،² R ‫א‬، X‫ א‬1" ‫א‬،L &# b W[\‫ א "א א‬J R /6‫א‬
©$،3lR+Q9%dc/82‫א‬9J5)gMP)Z
F1GM"Z%d»‫א‬3 WY‫א‬%HQ2‫א‬gM‫א‬4p ?1،pQv،R+Qp#q‫"\א‬
K&XMdl‫א‬
Xj W[ ‫א‬JW‫א‬783}sb‫"א‬$[FyY‫אא‬u1
‫|א‬c،I#) ‫ א‬M(34q8[،i‫א‬v ‫א‬d6‫[א‬w +-‫א‬2 ‫[א‬3i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫א‬WLs)Y‫א‬
LdhgM34# ‫ א‬M"‫א‬gM()W2‫\א‬c، ‫א "א‬-‫א‬$‫\~א‬b
K_‫ א‬S2‫ א‬Q،di(-‫א‬3 ) ‫א‬MZ،# ‫| >א‬$9 R-‫א‬

L ، j% d t jY3 W[ ‫ א "א‬-‫ א‬W[ º
yc‫~ >[א‬b، -‫ א‬W[:‫"א‬Q[Gj‫©א‬$،$‫א "א‬%d»‫א‬Lj‫?א‬º
K j78O1}

RÉGjL9+ ‫א "א ]( א‬LM+ ‫א‬w[ M;"W

gMZ \[،]"WG ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬LM+ ‫'א‬1LbLd«،&'1?[
R+) ‫ א‬9 ‫א‬gM4 q1‫"א‬MwY‫א‬x~ d$[["Y‫א‬g)&Z[!)M‫א‬
W dc> |²o،)±

- ٥٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
: Acceptance / Refuse M / #> .-

&$ M ‫א &}א‬x4"[L +' ‫א‬b4 (78 R ‫א‬L &# 9#
8©m‫א‬R$Gj)_4# ‫_א‬u ‫א‬Z‫א‬.¹8[4 #Z
WY‫א "א ]א‬L&# ‫"_א‬W[f،M)16E ( ‫א‬4‫"א‬m‫א א‬JW‫א‬
Y‫ א‬+X ‫_א‬u cKWL+X_"&¼‫א‬L+' ‫>[\א‬5Gc،"R ‫א‬
KR+) ‫א‬r&#R-‫א‬L+' ‫א‬9J53}&bd[ L+' ‫א‬
{ ‫)א‬Y‫א‬gM] ‫א "א‬L&# ‫}א‬qZO )Z{ ‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬iQF?Z1
; (، +XY‫א‬F ")% c4g MM R] ‫א "א‬L &# ‫[\א‬78F4 5[
e)K;yZ‫ ; ~א‬#Zt"RvZm‫א‬4"Y # ‫א‬gM34#
L+' ‫א‬e4)c،"&# ‫א א‬m‫א‬L+' ‫א‬²)d[gM:¸8&5
)Qd' ‫א‬Y ( M ‫א‬µ c"'M?‫ א‬cb'¼‫א‬
e‫א‬4?8\8db،P+) #s ‫ א‬d) ‫א‬L&#ZL+' ‫א‬e‫א‬4?cK#s ‫א‬
4"( ‫א‬3‫ א‬b"R ‫א‬F‫א?א‬W2‫ א‬d) ‫ )&~א‬L+' ‫א‬
K# ‫ א‬Z2‫א‬Q~
dGb[ ‫ א "א‬$[\ b‫|א‬8" c L +' ‫\א‬8W #· #) ‫א‬g M
F l$ c" ‫ א‬M7834 o ]? 1"‫ ~א‬،x 2[
#c،p« rpoc4] ‫·א "א‬c ‫ [\"\א‬v2،dQ2‫"א‬d) L+' ‫א‬
cË &-‫ א‬R [، c4[L +' ‫א‬3? R (Q2‫ א‬8 &
)"r78)Y‫·א‬c ‫א‬:&Z‫?]א‬dbK3}s ‫א‬F& '-‫א‬
k478‫~א‬yx4"5R)|8، ‫'א "א‬R ‫א‬x b#R-‫א‬9J( ‫א‬
p'RL&#R-‫אא‬p? dL+' ‫~אא‬²&9p& S،l4‫'א‬R ‫א‬
KI#) ‫א‬n4"5

- ٥٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
·c b+X± 4"( ‫א‬3W6‫א‬5[G

n 5] ‫·א "א‬c ‫ א‬
#) ‫א‬،]? -‫א א א א‬I #Q، ‫א "א‬t +X ‫ א‬u$6‫א‬
x458،) JR ‫א‬،c _"S }
SQ[L+' ‫א‬4&j8،d6‫א‬،Lr‫"א‬-‫א‬
WR$8Z‫ ~א‬L+' ‫א‬4&M‫א‬t-‫"א‬XW4qª&Z Z{ ‫א‬،~&)
x~، k‫ א‬R+Q 4"5FG(%L+' ‫א‬e Z4{ ‫א‬Z‫ |א‬#
g M34 # ‫ א‬M، Q‫א א‬e" R ‫א‬،& 9 ‫א‬، # ‫א‬d oZFG (-‫א‬
K3f‫א‬%d ‫('א‬QY‫א‬b4(-‫א‬
x4c[\c‫ ~א‬، ‫&" א‬#}
S Q 2‫א‬4 "5·c ‫א‬Lsd
78[)o ‫א‬78\M R،L ‫)&\א‬u،dy&uZ2Zc 9Z
Q[2‫( א‬F2m‫א‬Ij[،dLbt"( ‫ א\א‬s،#M
78،G ·c ‫א‬:&Z8]?Kp& Sp9J5\b" db ‫א "א‬L
،I#) 4"( ‫ א‬Q1، #R9J5)"r
Wl4‫'א‬R ‫ א‬k478‫~א‬x4"5R)، ‫'א "א‬R ‫·א‬c
.L&#R-‫א‬yMp'R‫א‬p? d²&9p& S
،µm‫א‬78l$&«، ‫א‬L&#Z 2‫"_( א‬WY‫[\~אא‬28
2] ‫·א "א‬c c.3m‫א‬%c‫}"א‬SQ‫א‬M\"\Y]?³
M، +Q2‫א\א‬vZ2‫ א‬M،c‫"א "א‬W Q? ct"W9,\"Z
#13?? 9J578]?L،3l Mdl‫א‬F1GM"ZgM34# ‫א‬
v (Z% d»‫א‬% L ‫·א‬c Z،‫' "א‬Q2‫א‬L u‫ א‬Q Z
.‫'"א‬Q2‫א‬
: Care / Negligence NAO / 1= .2

\\c 2)MM\## ‫ \א‬L+' ‫א‬4"5M 9#
}
c" l" "R ‫ א‬l" "& ‫א‬:&56‫א‬#hgM\r «db،xl‫"א‬Z

- ٥٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
v~gMQs«dyQ[، ‫) "א‬m‫א‬Yx458P&-‫א‬Lb-‫א‬

gMq8،Z$W‫א‬4?gc!"+ ‫א‬Eu) ‫א‬# Ld ‫א‬y‫א‬
#Z42‫;א‬R ‫א‬gR+) ‫ "א‬d) ‫א‬gM;MR)Y‫א‬gMP)³،> |
KR+) ‫;א‬y+i*"
}
S%d r£، 1? "y+h9 ‫&א‬1d6‫[א‬
p& S?Z{ ‫א‬،M ‫ א‬+®F"R+XY‫א‬cg# R
L+X1 + ‫א‬9 ‫"\א‬1،t jY‫א‬4?9-‫א‬Lj ‫א‬F"R
[Z#+QLdhXR&Z W[%'RZ2 jL+X3d# 'Ldy
e Z9#K ‫"?א "א‬yl ;S ‫א‬gMWWY‫א‬Zl$c" ‫א‬
Q8dbK \RW‫[א‬c_"S -‫א‬e"R ‫א‬gM%u(Z\?L+' ‫א‬
4"( ‫א‬78;ycZe"R ‫א‬+®w[;yi)[%‫·א‬:&Z8
7Y‫א‬L$‫ א‬-‫ א‬r£e"R ‫| >א‬4 Zdb،;yc_"S }
S;yQ
d‫ א‬1\[db، R+) ‫")א‬Zp ‫}א‬
p qZ> | q[L+' ‫א‬3$
R+QgM?dM2‫א‬gM341L1[،Q‫א‬M sb[/L+' ‫א "א‬
‫א‬gMZ41L#Z> ~b،'R& ‫ א‬v)-‫ א‬y-‫ &·א‬# ‫א‬gM
?dM2‫ א‬M،1‫"א‬-‫א‬yl‫א""א‬78t?³،7Y‫א‬x dMF‫)"א‬W
" ¯R ‫א‬x¡2‫א‬،dQ2‫א‬I#Q،F‫¶ ~א‬W "y+"Z،P+) ‫א‬gM
K WY‫א‬3m‫א‬
: Tolerance/ Cruelty )> / P) .5

\?i'j[²9Z"MgM&#ZL+' ‫א‬t[4 ‫ א‬$‫א‬²R 9#
F9J5\"c)Y‫ א‬9J5gMP)³،R+Q#s ‫א‬µ©%3"R1
1‫"א‬-‫ א‬yl‫)"א‬MF‫ ~א‬#qy P+) ‫א‬gM?dM2‫א‬gM34?1ukQ
KMdl2‫א‬

- ٥٨ -
..................................... : ...............................

،_ o ‫ א‬y# ‫ א‬Q& ‫_א‬# ‫ א‬WY ‫א א "א‬JW‫א‬c3"R# ‫[א‬

‫[א‬L+' ‫א‬gM49 ‫א‬M‫"א‬# ‫ א‬c، ‫ \א "א‬my ‫א‬
،p Rm‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬Y‫א‬R+Q}
s³،L+' ‫ א‬M(-3M‫?\ א‬xÌ ‫"א‬Q
&o L+' ‫א‬%L ‫"]א‬R ‫}א‬S_"WY‫~אא‬:&Z878\‫א "א א‬u
،y ‫ א‬Q& ‫_א‬# ‫א א‬JW‫ א‬XM> |،"S -‫}א‬SZb"W
_# ‫~אא‬UGJ WL+' ‫א‬/ # ' ‫א‬x~yQ[;y))*
Kb"W}Zt"Ww +-‫א‬

³L&# ‫ א‬M~&) L+' ‫( א‬Zdy'RZdÍ+l ‫א "א‬3"R1

Q-‫א‬m‫א‬± Zl$r£"o ‫}א‬SZl$:&58M1"
"& ‫ א‬J ‫א‬1 R ‫&א ~_א‬R ‫א‬Q‫" א א‬d)c، # ‫א‬
K}S]?‫א‬46‫א‬

: Equality / Discrimination /$ / ) .Q

©$i#5[) ‫!א "א‬RZL+' ‫א‬4"53‫א‬R-‫א‬Z
!)M‫א‬gMZ ،'jY‫א‬gM_# ‫ [א‬d2‫[א‬%u( ‫;[א‬M ‫א‬
%d ‫ א‬j‫א‬P+) #s ‫;©א‬yi)[()Zd) ‫א "א ~אא‬
MyQ c 1 + ‫[א‬K b"R ‫א‬Fc‫ א‬2‫ א‬jR+Q9
P)‫&א‬R -‫;א‬y)v d ‫)א‬Y‫ א‬Z3‫א‬R-‫א א א‬:&Z8
K]?G-‫א‬Z ‫[א‬

m‫) ) א‬Y‫ א‬$ i‫א‬v ‫ א‬d2‫) א‬Y‫ א‬1 + ‫א‬L sdZ
Y‫_[א‬Y‫א‬Lo+#c، j‫)א‬Y‫א‬fb[cn 9)[3MR-‫א‬
G 'RZ‫א‬4p ? d[\‫ ' א "א א‬1،P ‫ [א‬2‫ א‬M )2‫א‬
dy+XdyM\+' rY‫א‬L+' ‫\א‬G [، rY‫?\א‬fbY‫א‬
;y)3‫א‬R-‫ א‬M)Y‫א‬1 + ‫"_א‬W[\[%1‫א "א‬KfbY‫א‬

- ٥٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
1 + ‫ א‬r£ ‫) א‬dp M"5 ‫ א "א‬WY‫ א‬sb[
¶9 ‫א‬/©$،rj Q )d b~ c،¦Q6‫א‬4"b~ ‫א‬
p¡Q> |\"1،3+ ‫¡א‬k[ m‫א‬L&# ‫א‬²R ‫א )א‬
/|8،gsQY‫א‬gM b~ ‫א‬Lo+Z78L]~ ‫א‬%dud #s ‫¦א‬4"-‫א‬M
،G
n &#R3 WY‫&א‬M[LdN‫א‬Ld«]~ ‫_א‬± ‫?א‬p ‫ אא‬b~ ‫א‬
iQF?Z1،v?? ) )2p&ML(Z{ ‫א‬gsQY‫א‬G£
\[78F45[{ ‫)א‬Y‫ א‬1 + ¶R ‫}א‬q ‫א‬O )Z{ ‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬
;R ‫ א‬# ‫א‬x?#c‫א‬L+' ‫[א‬MvM.yMZ )Y‫אא‬1 +Z
KMdl2‫א‬#‫}א‬-‫א‬

31$ QQ[F9J5HQ8)Y‫ א‬1 + ‫אא‬:&Z‫א‬gMZ db

" g$yR+) 5LbgM|"RZ، 'Z\[?"Z\[\?~jY‫"?א‬Z
F 9J5¢v g M )Y‫ א‬1 + ‫;א‬yRZ db، j‫ _א‬R$g M
yZ‫|א‬28t Z2pdi‫ ?א‬yc،" j‫א‬F&l‫א‬yQ8 MgM 9Zo
K j‫א‬2"yZ&l‫ "א‬x&Q‫[א‬4&M‫?\א‬yZl$‫א‬
: Democracy /Authority % ) / /1 .Q

،1"-‫א‬4 #]~ ‫ \א‬-‫א‬L ‫"_א‬W[²R ‫א‬E4X‫ א‬1" ‫א‬LsdZ
2L(?546‫א‬l" ‫א‬L5gc34"(-‫א‬²9) ‫ א‬#،FQ6
KR ‫א (?[א‬w +
r + ‫ א‬$Z8،L +' ‫ א‬9J5 ‫ א‬$‫ א‬X‫ א‬1" ‫ א‬L sdZ
،)Y‫' א‬-uW2‫א‬3‫א‬R-‫א‬، j‫&"א []א‬1][ ‫א‬M}&
#s ‫&}א‬b41y G#W‫א‬9J5)"Z78> |]?

- ٦٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
4j2‫'א‬Z{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫ א‬j‫א‬yl‫)"א‬M rj+9،P+)

K3+ 4"( ‫א‬3m%d ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬y
"1" ‫א‬do،L+' ‫א‬gM[ _Y‫ [א‬Y‫ א‬cLsdcR ‫[א‬
Z&S4# e"R # ‫[)א‬i# ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬F&S4 [
KM (OQb" g$، { ‫א‬
R+) ‫ א‬9 ‫א‬gM4q "WG ‫ א‬-‫ א‬W[;Y²k"Z dc
W ‫אא‬Gj> |)±

( - ) N !
#$% )$ (; ' = A+T 10 1 * 6B
)$ (; ' = A+T 1) U 1 * 6B
_~l , – 3$" 4"( ‫ – א‬Y‫ א‬4"( ‫ א‬M ‫א‬I#Q[d6‫·[א‬c ‫א‬
i‫ א א‬4"( ‫ – א‬:"o‫& א‬R ‫ – א‬j‫ א‬x&Q‫א‬
– Lu‫ – א‬X‫&? א "א‬Z M 34# ‫ א‬M – ? d ‫א‬
Kc‫"א "א‬W–9 ‫א‬
– 3+ 4"( ‫ א‬M – ? d ‫ [ א‬:"o‫ א‬GRW2‫א‬ 'R ‫א‬3"R# ‫א‬
%d1 – j‫ א‬gM ¶R ‫? א‬dM2‫ – א‬3[?&-‫ א‬I#Q
% c‫ א "א‬M – &R ‫" א‬d) ‫ א‬FuW‫ א‬O&b
Ko) ‫א‬F&'
Lm‫א א‬JW‫ – א‬Y‫ א‬4"( ‫א א א א – א‬ 1 + ‫א‬
K\‫א "א א‬yJR{ ‫א‬9 ‫א‬
()ZL+' ‫ א‬ZgMdi# ‫ "א א‬Fr" ‫·א‬l"Zn j

W 4&M2‫~א‬jZ\[/

- ٦١ -
...................................... : ..............................
;L+' ‫א‬yc(){ ‫א‬7Y‫ א " א‬RW-‫ א‬3 WY‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8 J١

"WG ‫א‬FW4d-‫א‬g5huc،7Y‫"א "א‬rY‫א‬M‫"א‬# ‫ א‬Gj
،d6‫א‬،?( ‫א‬،3"R# ‫א‬،1 + ‫א‬،_~~ ‫א‬،·c ‫א )&~א‬Wy)L+' ‫ א‬Z
KL+' R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬gM W q[ -& ‫א‬،3i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫א‬
4"y*78]?2g$e"R ‫&א‬o W"b Q& ‫_א‬# ‫א א‬JW‫ א‬M J٢
KL+' ‫א‬t R+) ‫ א‬Z" ‫א‬FM‫ א‬9 ‫א‬b"R ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬
g$ # ‫א‬G#W2‫א‬Y‫)\א‬m‫א‬µm‫א‬78L+' ‫א‬Fl$:&5‫א‬34 k J٣
K"WR+Q9%d
‫ א‬M[4" y*78]? Z{ ‫א‬w &$6‫[א‬L (+ ‫א‬F‫א‬f jL +' ‫ ¡) א‬J٤
KZ‫א‬41%W)ZdM+ZEu) ‫א‬U c}c"Z،b"R ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬
،L&# ‫א‬Wy)L+' ‫ א‬Z"R ‫ א‬WY‫א א‬JW‫א "א א‬gM/ J٥
x~ \Y،G# W2‫א‬،² R ‫א‬، M ‫א‬، ' ‫א‬،\ )m‫א‬،3‫ א‬R-‫א‬،! RZ2‫א‬
%d¡b"R ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬L+' &R) 1" ‫א‬Lsz WY‫א‬
K"WR+Q9

- ٦٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
,)> (:
( - & *
. V 3W/ •
.YIZ [ •
.80 N •
80 \ •
.#4] •
. ^_ K` •
.aE< [>E •
.1 > •

- ٦٣ -
..................................... : ...............................
( - & *
$
W‫א‬4c،dY‫א‬S‫א‬p [L+' &R) R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬W‫א‬4? Z
#h GjWy) yZ‫|א‬µ$SOR R+) ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬FG(
gM ‫א‬ZMRGjL+' R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬#h"، WWY‫א א‬
)Qc‫ ~א‬، Mdl2‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬#c‫"א‬Z!"Z{ ‫ א‬R+) ‫ אא‬MY‫ א‬-‫א‬
%1‫א‬+XY‫ א‬sbY‫א‬R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫?א‬M "#Q\[L9+ ‫~אא‬
،»‫~אא‬O l[{ ‫א &"¦א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬iQ،F2 Q ‫א‬$G-‫א‬
g M ‫ א‬+XY‫א‬2 3M RL +' ‫ א‬Zg M\"di # ‫א‬%' Rg $
K;yZG(

Nail- biting V 3W/ :D<B
¦h،+XY‫א‬3 ()-‫א‬R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫ א‬sb[ c*Y‫;א‬o1

F‫' א‬k‫ א‬sb[ Z،\&9 ‫ א‬sb[F+ ‫א‬fb[L( m‫א‬x~
\8L+' ‫' א_א‬k2‫ ~אא‬.G،W?R ‫ [א‬R‫א‬W[&،+XY‫א‬3? ‫א‬
K#‫ א‬-‫א‬$ gcZ$?‫?א‬vZ،#L$‫ א‬78Î

W c*Y‫;א‬o15[
K]2‫ א‬c*[;o1 J١
KLl4Y‫ א‬c*[;o1 J٢

Wy)_‫' א‬k2‫א~אא‬4#Z{ ‫&_א‬WY‫א‬Z

- ٦٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
gc&S4; c*[;o#+XY‫" ·א‬#©$W +Q2‫א‬c‫"א "א‬W J١

&S434 -‫א‬W4³uQ3? ‫ >א‬O&sZ¦«، ‫א "א‬HM.8
KLY‫א‬HM.8gc-‫א‬
e"R ‫ ~אא‬uc، ‫א‬gMJR x4"( H)bWR+) L+' ‫_א‬#M J٢
K M(-‫א‬x~ Ë +b
‫~א‬# "#c،'¼‫א‬UJ5± $GGjW j‫א‬#Z J٣
K?Mpb"Wxf،e"R ‫א‬
،"R ‫}א‬S ‫א "א‬-‫ א‬WYH)bWL+' ‫ א ~])_א‬Z" ‫א‬# ‫א‬ J٤
KR+) ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fl$:&58w&$8
"L+' ‫( א‬cWZ‫א‬41L+' ‫א‬FQ8!"+]~ ‫א‬i‫א‬v ‫א‬3 WY‫א‬E"dX J٥
\" Z"Z134"r"‫~אא‬P)c، 5][#h
K c*Y‫;א‬o1# ‫~אא‬
F&l‫א "א‬x~y # ‫ א‬M4WL+' ‫'"א‬-‫א‬W4-‫&א‬MY‫א‬3 sb J٦
34"rt& Z"Z178w"o ‫"א‬Z،.¹‫|א ;א‬8_#
K c*Y‫;א‬o1e"W

: V 3W/ ' = 6 b N$ =) $H

G j { ‫ א‬i‫ א‬l6‫א‬F‫ ·א' "א‬Mv ‫ ; ~אא‬W
W c*Y‫;א‬o1(gM ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬3MRyM&Z8
‫א‬+b; ‫?א‬p ‫א‬W‫ א‬L+' ‫\א‬b‫|א‬8?$W7Y‫א‬3"'‫א‬ •
K c*Y‫;א‬o13?MgM

‫ ~א‬،e"R ‫| >א‬LZ3 + p zk4‫"א‬Q"1+XY‫&·א‬c

KL+' ‫א‬t ?‫א‬W2‫א‬th‫)& א &א‬

- ٦٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
Ke"R ‫א‬yc¦«{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬h ZWQs ‫א‬3"'‫א‬ •

،e"R ‫א‬yc y{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬L+' ‫ א‬ZgM\"di# ‫" א‬#©$

y&Z Z;q،E c*Y‫;א‬o1Fe"R ‫א‬35t1‫"א‬-‫א‬x~ydi1b
K‫א‬p}qZ3$ sbY3$1‫"א‬-‫א‬L1‫א‬dc‫;א &א‬Z، .)Z

KZ?‫ א‬-‫א‬1"-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬e4\[>+X;MWs s ‫א‬3"'‫א‬ •

، & ‫א‬Ï]~ ‫א‬e" R ‫א‬78]" Z_" WL +' ‫ א‬QO + ; © $
Ke"R ‫א‬yc y{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬hp#&RÏQ[r£

C"0 d ) d ) cGGG/GGGG
( V 3W/) e 1 *7 ( V 3W/) e 1 *7
:O #f *I :O #f #/
;+ Z("X )My GcYZ()M J١
i1?١٠3- Xje"R "#)M J٢
i1?٥3- ‫א "א‬$[·c )M J٣

Z&X~+)Z
j W2‫>א‬+X;MW‫א א‬3"'‫א‬ •

Z?‫ א‬-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬yc¦«{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-rj;i‫"א‬1LdM;\[
gM&4L+' ‫?א‬548gM;i# ‫" א‬#،L1Y‫א‬1‫"א‬-& ‫א‬yZ5l4?
\[ p 'R&p &4Z> 8،1‫"א‬-‫א‬x~ 1"L bj W2‫א‬
Wj W2‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬4 JR
L +' ‫א‬P /© $، d ‫א‬P+) ‫א‬F ) z> +X; ; 1 J١
x ';q،\‫"א‬q٥3-dMP+Q~j "#،4[gM j R
gM;i# ‫[א‬L+' ‫[\( א‬gM‫~א‬t j[\‫"א‬q٥3-5&
Kj W2 ([Q&4Z

- ٦٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
78 ~b،)|p« ‫א‬py(L J[4"9L +' ‫א‬Ll‫א‬ J٢

Lld-‫א‬3"'‫א‬x~،y& «{ ‫א‬bY‫א‬$[78$4
K;)-‫א‬j W2‫ א‬7Y‫א‬3"'yQ #L+' ‫א‬
78،$G;Z،1"-&Z -‫א‬e"R ‫א‬L[&L+' ‫א‬Ll‫א‬ J٣
O z]~ ‫א‬1"-‫א‬²&9e"R ‫א‬LZ$ 78L+' ‫א‬L9\[
#Q2‫);א‬M، c*Y‫;א‬o#\ #}SL&1dc$G
K3$1‫"א‬-‫ א‬sb[782
n "rR ‫א‬1"-‫א‬78

x~ HG ME ¹g M Z{ ‫ ?א‬546‫א‬F yl" ‫ ·א‬c k8
W(-‫א‬
Kc) ‫א‬e"RbL+' ‫א‬t "R ‫א‬b"R ‫א‬F‫א ?א‬0 S J١
e" W78" > |،L +' ‫ א‬R+Q ) ‫א‬Ê? &-‫א‬0 S J٢
،yMc¼‫א‬F‫א ~א‬M4،c) ‫"א‬yl"ZLs،(
K y-‫א‬P&- d2‫א‬
L9+ ‫א‬y)M¦ ‫&א‬W{ ‫א‬،L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58 J٣
KY‫א‬
c*Y‫;א‬o1e"RL+' ‫" א‬#)MO( ‫"_א‬W[ ‫א‬JW‫א‬ J٤
/8 j 5 ;#Z،e"R ‫~אא‬y # ‫א‬M(Z
K(Q2‫א‬
e"R "#" L+' ‫א‬$G "#Q)c+S6‫"_א‬W[:&Z8 J٥
l"Z\?EO( ‫א‬F#R ‫)א‬+ ‫ א‬JRQL£"QGc¯X‫א‬
L +' ‫ א‬#q q \[ d-‫\| > א‬Y،L +' #Q[ " ][
K(-‫א‬x~gM ‫א‬Z41 ،Z‫ ~א‬x #ZR+)

- ٦٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
YIZ [ :FGE+
Digital sucking

،3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫ א‬$ p ?Mp b"W% rY‫א‬I e" W
{ ‫א‬Fb"R ‫א‬%rY‫א‬If،‫א‬4p (Q‫א‬pM"5 sbY‫א‬F‫א ?א‬x4&M‫א‬
%WY‫&[)~א‬%rY‫א‬Ie"Rc،yW4³)M)R 0R$8y&$9
FW4³+XY‫א‬%¸gM¤$G7Y‫ א‬R ‫א‬4"y( ‫?א‬$،?Gd 7Y‫א‬
· ، Qs ‫א‬7Y‫ )א‬R ‫א‬3? ‫א‬x~ sZ،EL l4Y‫א‬، ‫א‬F% rY‫א‬I
[PÉg$ d R jY‫א &·א‬، d ‫א‬s s ‫א‬y)M:G16‫;א‬y)+XY‫א‬
\828،)W١٢ J١٠ d ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬+X[&p #Z٪٣٠t 3? ‫א‬g#&Z،F‫)"א‬WOW
K#‫ א‬-‫א‬$ g$ dRp& #Z Y‫א‬$‫א‬78&RQL9ZG
n 1‫א‬p?M

&S4(c، ‫ א‬d ‫א‬R$(Zycº4‫?א‬3? ‫א‬x~ z

، m‫ )\א א ) " א‬WY‫א‬4" y* ‫) א‬M:" ‫)א‬MI -‫א‬L +' ‫א‬
‫>א א‬RL+' ‫)&[א‬MP‫ א‬y( ‫א‬3? ‫א‬x~vZ\[Ld¼‫א‬
>ÃL+' ‫|&[א‬8،E\)WY‫א‬4"y*‫א‬s ‫!א‬#(Q‫א‬F4q8Lb%Qq?" y
+XY‫ א‬9QI ) R ‫ א‬dM،& r8I ~ j; q، ‫ א‬R ‫ \א‬
yZ4|78%&rY‫א‬I3?ML9Z،3( ‫א‬Z+Fl4?gM;yr[
%p#c‫ א‬Z sb[dc²&9Z، d ‫א ( א‬$‫( א "א‬Ms ‫ א‬y( ‫א‬
\[ )MI-L+' ‫ א‬+ d ‫ א‬s s ‫א‬c‫~אא א‬L#، ") ‫א‬
K"QXI\bd)،#c )

M©& ‫)& א‬، d ‫א‬W?R ‫א‬78%rY‫א‬I dW‫|אא‬8

MF2"(-‫[א‬F+*"-‫ &[)א‬S\[¤$" ،ylG ! X ‫א‬JW‫א‬،y& W[

- ٦٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
3?Mx~yc،49 ‫)א‬M0WY‫ א‬I-‫א‬3v S\8©$K3? ‫א‬x~;y +X[

oZ،]s ‫ א‬Mk ‫א‬3 c X49 ‫)א‬MÎZ،7Y‫)א‬R ‫&א‬X
KM)9 ‫א‬Mk ‫)א‬MFdm‫"_א‬#q
\& ‫א‬Ëodb;+ L9-‫א‬w() ‫א‬gM\"u(c) WfbY‫א‬+XY‫[א‬
%،[ 58gM -‫א‬LdZs s ‫א‬WK"#s-‫ א‬9 ‫א ( _א‬
\"Z2) JR2 ،Z24 9 ‫א‬F‫?א‬Mx~\M)18gMLd ‫א‬
K j‫[ א‬4)Z

،P+) ‫א‬Ëo-‫א‬F"r78]?ZpQ$c،&WiQ%rY‫א‬I3?
L+' ‫א‬²&9\[78]?Z1،\)WY‫("א‬Z[+ ‫ א‬M"k78ck6
K3? ‫א‬x~y (Q‫&א‬R4، j‫א‬+XY‫א‬MG
n M+ZL1[

: YIZ [ NB
;+ ‫א‬Lj‫?א‬L+W[78 + ‫©"\א‬Ã y6‫א‬%&r[%k"\"W y6‫א‬I J١
KEk"&#F#&5+n b ‫א‬%r[#L(Z،‫"א‬$Y‫;א‬
Lj‫ ?א‬W[4%k rY‫"\א‬،;+ ‫&א‬R ‫א‬%k"> |W&R ‫א‬I J٢
K>+ ‫א‬gM?"dM;+ ‫א‬
‫א‬l 1 &RQ> ~ "#W ‫"א‬XY‫א‬%rY‫ אא‬X[[#I J٣
K y6‫א‬IY‫א‬d) ‫"א‬%i( ‫ א‬،+XY‫א‬
K;yZ1[S[+XY‫·א‬W4W%r± ;i‫א א‬I-‫א‬ J٤
)Mr£،nG %rY‫א‬I78+XY‫·א‬uWF"1"-‫א‬I-‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬n4yQ[G
n p"dM ") ‫א‬L&1y 8u jY‫א &·א‬، ") ‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
:YIZ [ ` ' = 6 b 6B

W(-‫א‬x~gM ‫ א‬Gj! X3Ml"Z
‫ ~א‬yc¦ «{ ‫א‬F 1Y‫ א‬h، " ‫א‬G jL +' ‫א‬e" W $G W2
n [
(HGMgMdi# ،e"R ‫~אא‬y'&Z -‫('א‬QY‫א‬،e"R ‫א‬
W ‫א‬$G-‫א‬34dW‫א א‬JW‫א‬L+' ‫א‬

gsQ[ b|W:") ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWL+' ‫;א‬W‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLKKKKKLKKKKKKW$G-‫¬א‬4ZKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWR ‫א‬

e7 d )I g7 h d ) # &

Z (" X J K‫א‬n? +)L+' ‫א‬0"l J Z ( )q[% rY‫א‬I J Y‫א‬
K\"v+ K"Q\gcW"l J K"v+
K ") ‫א‬Ljg$ J KMl\x?"l J M"_‫ א‬1‫)א‬M%rY‫א‬I J
\-‫א‬x?"lGj J K"Q
(\[78 ‫א‬ % x?" l )M% rY‫א‬I J
K+ Y K?lUJ5[

،e" R ‫א‬34" 9 ‫א‬L dZ\[78 [3 $G-‫ א‬d RZ\[
dc،²lQL(yL ‫א‬g$LbL((-‫?א‬Z
،3}&b?546‫א‬d ‫א‬E¹r cOQbdb،#1?$G-‫א‬OQb
KHG ‫א‬F‫'"א‬j 1yMg)&ZyQY‫א‬p Q

[Fr9xvb 58 GjL+' ‫א‬y?vLi‫א א‬JW‫א‬WpQq

Kt"$

:)‫א‬uQ#) ‫א‬Fªc-‫א‬L+' ‫'א‬M8©$WFªc-L+' ‫א‬vvZ Wps q

KZ?MW4³MF‫ א‬+ L+' ‫א‬

- ٧١ -
...................................... : ..............................

)Me"R ‫~אא‬y&Z Z{ ‫א‬F‫}א‬s-‫?א‬8;©$W X ( ‫א‬F‫}א‬s-‫?א‬8 Wp‫א‬4

K)& W4³L+' ‫א‬

W(-‫א‬x~gM ‫א‬3MRd ‫א‬Qf ‫א א‬JW‫א‬

d ) i " 8j b 8 #;( \_* d )
e$/7 N" 6% = e 1 *7
٣W١L9gM} ‫א‬t;# o+ X:"Q Jt"$ )q[% rY‫א‬I Y‫א‬

،3}&bl4} Z78١v ©$ ، y&« & ‫ א‬5 J K\"v+ ‫א‬3(
K+kl4٣،'W"l4٢ KK‫~א‬
٣W١L9gM} ‫א‬t;# o+ X:"Q Jt"$ )q[% rY‫א‬I Qs ‫א‬
،3}&bl4}Z78١v ©$ ، y&« & ‫ א‬5 J K ‫א‬
K+kl4٣،'W"l4٢ KK‫~א‬
© s ‫א‬
%‫א א‬
P‫א‬
\

KL+' ‫א‬e"R n &ZR ‫אא‬Z?‫ א‬-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬b;‫~א‬

- ٧٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
80 N :FG?+
،+XY‫·א‬y)gQ{ ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫א?]א‬48G ‫א &"א‬f

[&©$ d ‫ ©א‬s ‫א א‬gc> |،L+' l‫ א‬j6‫א‬i*" ‫ "א‬M©$
١٥–١٢ dMg$z\[d-‫(א‬-‫ א‬، "& ‫א‬H‫ א‬j6‫);א‬ZdML+' ‫א‬
K sb[

: 80 N JB

Wy)+XY‫)א‬M]?‫א‬48G ‫? &"א‬-‫&_א‬WY‫?א‬Z

W©$: 1W= JB : D<B

?"lgM‫[א א‬s s ‫אא‬.¡~ ‫א‬+XY‫א‬t ") ‫)א‬q["& ‫א‬ J
KQs-‫[א‬g ‫(א‬
KL+' ‫א‬t ") ‫' א_א‬k‫"?א‬lM"& ‫)א‬1 J
KW" ‫א‬3? b\‫א א‬:‫"א‬Q[·L+' ‫א‬3Q&R"& ‫«¦א‬1 J
KF)+ ‫א‬I#Q ‫ א‬#cL+' ‫א‬3Q&R]?‫א‬48G ‫«¦א &"א‬1 J
¦$78]?> |،Lj?"l[L+' ‫א‬t ¶9 ‫א‬.y‫א‬oQ jZ J
٨ dM)MF2m‫א‬٪١٠،F‫)"א‬W٥W)MF2m‫א‬٪٢٠c،(-‫א‬x~
K m‫א‬x~M)ZF‫)"א‬W
)q["& ‫א‬HQ83?.78]?³،p R"& ‫א‬4‫א‬4?6%Q-‫א "\א‬I#Q J
") ‫א‬F‫ א‬c)q[fb[L("& ?o-‫;א "\א‬R‫)א‬3?c، ") ‫א‬
\"u)2+XY‫[\·א‬28،3 + ‫א‬x~"& ‫א‬HQ8dML#]~ ‫א‬
p& S،nG "& ‫א‬HQ83?.78]?"،\" ‫~אא‬cbFdb
KL+' ‫ א‬dM #Z%/4Z\" ‫&א‬W)FdbHQ8[&

- ٧٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
]~ ‫;א‬R‫א‬Lj‫?א‬4‫~א‬Q6‫א‬.yloQ M[ ") ‫א‬F‫ א‬c"X[Qs-‫א‬W1 J

]?‫א‬48G ‫א &"א‬:") ‫~אא‬،y +Z‫א‬Qs-‫א‬GL+' ‫( א‬
KQsWvZ[L+' ‫א‬t 4‫~א‬Q6‫א‬.ylo)$ +§

x~y&Z Z1{ ‫"א‬o ‫&_א‬WY‫אא‬l}&b?M78ck6‫~א‬

‫""א‬#،'#) ‫א‬x~‫[\&[א‬L+' ‫א‬M4gMdi# ‫א‬gM\c‫ ~א‬،(-‫א‬
ÇÏ‫|א‬c،2 ["oM(-‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8 I9J&XgML+' ‫ א‬
KR+Q(-‫א‬L$\"،]"oM0W[ P (-‫[\א‬O&q،> |# ‫א‬

: )$E JB : FGE+

dc،(-‫א‬x~ +XY‫ א‬Z{ ‫&_א‬WY‫[;א‬R+) ‫&_א‬WY‫א‬fZ
\"Zx dM7Y‫א‬F‫)"א‬R ‫א‬x Xj"/dM}& ‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬341\[ -‫א‬
kMy)&R ‫א‬pr"9jx M(Mf\[9 ‫א‬Q8©$،3?,
\[\#~ ‫א‬99J-‫}א‬sbe)yc> ~ ، & ‫א‬LsFd ‫א‬fMx4r
W R+QyQ[²l Z{ ‫א‬L‫א "א‬،R+Q(]?‫א‬48G ‫(א &"א‬
'&Z -‫א א‬F)i ‫א"א‬LsWL+' ‫"א‬j
"‫א‬، G J١
[،3 WY‫א‬Lj‫?א‬4u( ‫א"א‬،gZ"-‫א‬L5[،©s‫א‬،FQ‫"א‬m‫·א‬
K GcY‫&א‬M -‫א‬4"9 ‫א‬
M4&, d‫א‬%k"‫"א‬Q"\[78\"+XY‫;א‬WL+' ‫א‬3}S J٢
> |\c،&¼‫א‬x~ jL+Xe (d)$،;y ‫א‬L&1
&W[493} ‫א‬#+ ‫( "א‬c،.2‫א\א‬#c &R)
U" ) ‫א‬784" ‫א‬L +' ‫| >א‬%c 1،EG
n s lL +XF\‫ א‬#+ ‫א‬
e"WLs d2‫א‬M ‫ א‬+X_"W[ ‫א‬JW‫[]א‬،Regression
K"& ‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
#q M d)Z °L+' ‫ א‬M4 &-‫ ©א‬$W M ‫א‬w‫ א‬c6‫א‬ J٣
Fc 9 ‫ א‬Rdh M، y-‫א‬.¹‫א‬R+QgM?dM2‫א‬L+' ‫א‬
K4~m‫א‬w‫ א‬c6‫א‬78‫·א‬L4،]?‫א‬48G ‫א &"א‬Ls&R ‫א‬

Ql\)m‫א 'א‬m‫ \א‬m‫©א‬$W +X ‫ \א‬m4"( ‫א‬ J٤

K ‫א "א‬9+Q2‫[א‬F"-‫&א _[א‬R8، Y‫א‬
: =! JB :FG?+
‫א‬p.4p&&Wyc´{ ‫א &א‬L+' ‫א‬L]~ ‫"_א‬WY‫ א‬
W©$]?‫א‬48G ‫(א &"א‬4"y*
; ‫א‬dMgML+' ‫"א‬Z3 WY‫א‬L&1cË &-‫ א‬d2‫א‬ J١
KL+' ¶9 ‫א‬.y‫א‬oQ M;S ‫א‬gM،"& ‫א‬
KL+' ‫א‬°M4 &-‫א‬ J٢
e ZF2$¦«ds،Y4"( L+' ‫א\א‬#c] WY‫>א‬+ ‫א‬ J٣
3 sb،& ‫ א‬Y‫[א‬L& ‫_א‬Y‫"?א‬l[،!G' ‫[א‬،v)d ‫א "א‬$[
KL+' ‫א "א [ א‬4u( ‫א‬
32 & M© $،) Rm‫א‬F‫ ;א ?א‬+X[_ Rb8 ‫ } ·א‬9#Z J٤
x? 548 yl"Z M،]?‫א‬48G ‫( א & "א‬% ;y Z )M ‫א "א‬
K ") ‫א‬L&1 dm‫א‬78_~

: N$ = 80 N ` k0=

n2[2+XY‫א‬t ]?‫א‬48G ‫[\(א &"א‬78}(Q\[‫"?א &א‬Q
FG(4"l©$()-‫"א‬oM(-‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8 &' ‫א‬78:"l ‫א‬
‫|א‬8،}1# ‫?א‬Y‫ ·א‬XMylGM ،L+' ‫א‬t "oM
"1" L+' ‫א‬M499J-QW2‫;א‬c> |Gj(-‫א‬OQb
‫א‬p h(-‫א‬x~\Y‫א‬p Q،(-‫א‬x~¦$78F?[{ ‫א‬R+) ‫&_א‬WY‫א‬gM

- ٧٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
;yZG(HGM+XY‫?א‬548}&jI9J78Hh{ ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬
Q b|db–(-‫א‬x~‫א‬4Pi ‫&א‬R ‫ א‬ML(،b"R ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬
،"W}S() ‫&א‬-‫ א "א א‬WY‫"\א‬Z1–_ ‫א‬Y‫א‬L9+ ‫א‬
#5)Zv‫;~אא‬W‫ ~א‬،+R) ‫א‬Zl$:&58 M' ‫א‬w&$8;q
¦RZ{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫(א‬-‫א‬h;©$،L+' Uj5W(-‫א‬x~HG
Qs ‫א‬v‫א‬،;# ‫א‬$G-‫א‬34dW‫א‬Gj> |،yZ$t(-‫א‬yc
"R ‫}א‬S ‫א "א‬-‫ א‬W[L ‫?] "א‬548Q M;W
yQcdROy(Z\8(Lb\8|8،E99Jd Q "F ‫א‬x4X8
،t j[yl3 W± 3 W[،yl jL+XyZ$yk‫ א‬M[º
‫א "א‬-‫א‬W[L ]?548Qf o MpX"'j "#)W)Q8][
K(-‫א‬HGM‫א‬M2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58

t ]?‫א‬48G ‫"א &"א‬$‫א‬yd\[/{ ‫א‬i#m‫ ·א‬dc

W +XY‫א‬
Ks s ‫א‬µW ") ‫)א‬q["& ‫"\א‬Qp& #Z+XY‫א‬٪١٥\[ J
K¦Q6‫ א‬sb[4"b~ ‫א‬t "& ‫א‬F2$ ()Z J
K¢"& ‫א‬$ 78L+' ‫א‬L9d)$"& ‫א‬1"3?M J
KQ‫א‬lR+QFG(;y "& ‫א‬FG(\"Q~ ‫א‬+XY‫;א‬ J

bQ،(-‫א‬x~gM ‫א‬yM&Z8Gj! X3Ml"Zdb

L+' ‫ א‬ZgMdi# ‫א‬Lb?"y‫ א‬coZ'(-‫א‬x~HGM\[‫א &א‬
gM ‫א‬3 WY‫א‬MRg$I9JQW2‫א‬34 k> ~b،W43 W[
&XgML+' ‫ [\ א‬R+Q4")(-‫א‬HGML&1‫)& א‬،(-‫א‬x~
(-‫[\א‬b L+' .G ‫א‬Fr"+ ‫א‬L ‫ ]א‬/ I9J
I+ ‫א‬b ‫א‬Qs ‫א‬3"'‫ א‬R+) ‫?א‬546‫א‬dc،R+Q ["oM

- ٧٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
> | ،3"l -‫א‬yc‫[א‬L+' ?546‫א‬d ‫א‬#hg$> |،L+' ¶' ‫א‬

W ‫א‬F‫א'"א‬GjL+' ‫א‬HGM()-‫א‬R+Q(-‫[\א‬b ‫א‬
Kp#1?p9J(Z(-‫א‬IJ(Z1L+' ‫א‬e"W$GWn2[ •
،L+' ‫א‬gMp#$2x b|;W]~ ‫?]א‬546‫א‬Qf ‫'&א‬ZWpQq •
! ' ‫א‬F)+ ‫א‬#Q‫;א‬g$، R+) ‫?א‬546‫א‬I9J‫ א‬58Oh
KL+' ‫ א‬$%;iGZ{ ‫א‬

WF‫א'"א‬x~ L9+ M dc

: ` 3>7 C"0 :D<B

80 N ` 3>7 C"0

WWWY‫(א‬-‫א‬

}&b W" RW m‫א‬4‫ א‬Zt

W(-‫א‬yc¦h{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣
WF$G
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ٧٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
G G =G) G1 G * 6GB #1 G* l> 8 mEI :FGE+
: #$% )$ !(
: mE & $ .-
²k"Z'jQ[y) b~QQ d Ok{ ‫;א‬+-‫א‬F?Z#
.¹6W"d-‫א‬PWY‫ א‬c"db،3?"9#-‫אא‬Y‫א‬# #-‫א‬Ld ‫א‬
K3?,3 cGjy # ‫א‬l‫א "א‬w() ‫ א‬$‫"א‬Q?«،Ld ‫א‬

[dMY‫א ~]«?א‬Z ‫ א א‬dW‫א‬R$Qf ‫א‬dbZ

Qf ‫ א‬MÅ db،)uQ# Í‫ א‬l8%v-‫א‬F‫א‬4"' ‫א¦[א‬$Y‫א‬
} S3 5&-‫א‬F ‫ ;א‬# dMP W[" k '® Q Q
KpM¸? c3 5&-‫א‬

: mE n AB .2
Rh]?548Q Mc4&j‫א‬Qf Pi ‫א א‬Lsd
L &1 W +XY R+) ‫א‬F lm‫א‬:& 56F yY‫א א‬3 +b
W XMPi ‫~אא א‬#h;،W4-‫א‬
K "+' ‫א‬$ Fl$‫' א‬FyY‫ אא‬M3?. K١
KL+' ‫א‬%]"R ‫א‬L ‫ א‬WFyY‫ אא‬M3?. K٢
; +X[()Z "#Z{ ‫א‬4 ‫א‬dFyY‫ אא‬M3?. K٣
K;y Z
KL+' ‫ א‬Y‫_א‬Y‫א‬L ")R+QFj;#Z K٤
x?‫ א‬8L +' ‫א‬t /6‫ א‬Q‫ א"א‬d)Z d[g M b ‫א‬ K٥
! ' Z2+Q‫ א‬Mf r + ‫ א‬$Z8 Mdl2‫א‬F‫א‬4 y-
K "&#-‫א‬
WGj> |#h;

- ٧٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
FNMF
yY‫ ½א‬WWY‫א‬F"-‫א‬W)41}c"Z K١
Kk ‫א‬L+XIi9j
L+' ‫א‬M4 W[MFyY‫ ½א‬F"-‫א‬W)41}c"Z K٢
KEKKKKKKK²RZ،3‫א‬R،M4،L&#ZF
r‫א‬Fl$2‫א‬MFyY‫ ½א‬F"-‫א‬W)41}c"Z K٣
KEMdl‫א‬،#M،R+Q،dRlFk ‫א‬L+'

: mE = &>1 o .5

‫ א‬W[،L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬F ) ‫א‬F#')-‫ א‬E[
) ‫א‬،c -‫א ) א‬، R+) ‫?א‬546‫א‬F Q،yi)YFyY‫א‬
"d) ‫' א‬،L+' ‫א‬Fl$‫א‬، R+) ‫א‬L ‫ א‬Q،b"R ‫א‬
KE "+' ‫א‬$
Flm‫א‬:&5'&Z -‫א‬#R ‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א &"¦א‬iQ E_
K WY‫א‬M ‫א‬k ‫א‬L+Xt R+) ‫א‬
99J-‫אא‬fJ yZG#yMGX8+ -‫א‬F$G El

KL+' ‫א‬M r‫א‬Qom‫א‬4? "+' ‫א‬
: mE ]) 1O p% .9
‫ א‬Md)Z78yZQf ‫?א‬546‫א א ' !א‬e)
?546‫ א ' !א‬RQ dc، R+) ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬FlÃFyY‫א‬
KdMPW[.v
?546‫ א‬W[p"W[Md‫(א‬1)-‫א‬fZW Md‫(א‬1)-‫ א‬E[
9)Myc، dM&5"lyc©$، d ‫ א‬Md‫א‬
² k"Zg Mp WW[ d© $،p Ri4‫א‬4p ?; ‫א‬3? M8; ‫א‬
yZ،F (1) yy J -‫ א‬W r‫ ;א‬+-‫א‬

- ٧٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
،Gd ‫א‬t F¡2‫}א‬Z78pWW[Md‫א‬F(1)-‫א‬F‫ א‬k¼‫א‬

K3m‫א‬F2g53?F‫א‬fj;yRb8،;yc4d)Z

‫א‬McO&q}SR_"W[ WF‫ א‬k¼‫א‬ E_

F "-‫ ;א‬# 99J-‫ א‬$[ " #© $،? 546‫אא‬f ‫א‬
‫א ~א‬J W‫' א‬،?‫ א‬cY‫ א‬M"d78; +-‫א‬i #m‫א‬
WLsdZ{ ‫א‬i‫ א‬l6‫א‬F‫ א'"א‬# ‫"_א‬WY‫א‬
Kp#1?‫א‬p h3 k¼‫א‬d(Z"W]~ ‫א‬:"k"-‫א‬h J
K3 kd W)\yZ J
K km‫ א?א‬cY‫ א‬k¼‫א‬4‫"א‬m‫א‬LM+ U + ‫א‬$Z8 J
?‫ א‬cY‫א‬3}&b?‫א‬MYF"-‫&}א‬b41L#) 3 k¼‫א‬²9Z
[l"Z XMb4(-²dRZdb،1xhO1
،©m‫א‬Gj3}913 + (1)‫ א‬l8 XM[W[ #Z
K ( ‫א‬gM?‫ א‬c[?Mv2{ ‫א‬FMdu ²9Z

Ml6‫א‬FyY‫אא‬%y‫א‬JW‫א א‬WÐ#) ‫א‬F#$ El

(1)78Hh،;yyl‫"א‬ZFG(L$[; +Xr‫א‬WY‫א‬
Ky&W[FG(-‫א‬x~4"rcb

;Z3 W[%[Ld ‫א‬%)y-‫א‬FG#-‫א‬:"Q W v)-‫א‬34v ‫ א‬E?

#Z)y‫[א‬# c;#Z\][[&' ‫;א‬yZ
K Gj
(Z\[R«~ ‫א‬Gd ‫?א‬M?548"W Md‫?א‬546‫ א‬E
M¸¦«db3}rFM¸p;yZ‫' א‬k‫;א‬yZG(
l"Z M d‫ ?א‬546‫א א‬J W‫א‬F2 $ ،L 9c[? 548

- ٨٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
M d‫ ?א‬546‫א‬v ، d?2[? 548dyZM R ‫א "א‬
(- $‫א "א‬4" ( ‫א‬g M M dl2‫א‬L M+ ‫א‬g Mx? dM‫א‬
L ZF ¡2‫ }א‬Z78 y Q[ db Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬b4 (-‫א‬
Kb4(-‫א‬t e"R ‫א‬

R+) ‫א‬5 -‫א‬%'R Gj{ ‫א‬d ‫ א‬Wl‫ א ~א א‬E

diG-‫א‬FuW2‫א‬h،‫א‬Y‫א‬#h4‫א‬#;"#Zc
#hF1"h> ~b،‫א‬Y‫א‬x~#hgMFMW{ ‫א‬
5 Rd m‫א‬e" R ‫ א‬Q4#-‫ "א‬kt jY‫ אא‬Y‫א‬
5 -‫א‬yo{ ‫'א‬J p#c> |، 8"r" ‫'"_א‬-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬
KHG ‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬FR R+) ‫א‬

Wl‫[אא ~א א‬78}(Q\[ ‫"~אא‬k

K"S -‫א‬b"R ‫א‬wY‫א‬4cY‫;א‬MZO&sZ J
K"S -‫}א‬Sb"R ‫א‬wY‫א‬4cY‫א‬²9Z J
Kb"R ‫א‬wY‫א‬4cY‫א‬x~r M[9 }R+Z;#Z J
K"S -‫}א‬Sb"R ‫א‬wY‫א‬4c± "S Li‫'א‬M8 J

x~ \" Z 1، ‫ ?א "א‬548 J R_" WY‫ ~אא‬W l~d) ‫ א‬E.
1،;yR+Q[‫" א‬# ‫א‬3m‫א‬1‫"א‬E$Fl~d) ‫א‬
gM LuR ‫א‬X 5["+ ‫א‬X 5[Gjl~d) ‫"\א‬Z
²k"Z{ ‫א‬4"9 ‫א א‬JW‫א‬Gj\"Zdb،?546‫א‬Md‫א‬
pb"W? + ‫א‬RZ\[8l~d) ‫א‬K WY‫ א א‬W[
_Rb‫א‬vd ‫)& א‬، pb"WL#Z[vZ[،p#'
/2 e" R ‫ א‬R1? + ‫\א‬8|8، i‫ [?א‬dZ[e"R ‫א‬
)، &XL(3m‫א‬i‫?א‬YW4d-‫א‬U c[M)# ‫[א‬c‫א א‬

- ٨١ -
...................................... : ..............................
‫?א‬Y‫\א‬Yd ‫א‬$) ‫א‬yd1 y)Z‫א‬12‫א‬dM?yZ1

K;-‫א‬t c‫א א‬41 c‫"א‬Z78H«

?&Z،? Mdl‫א‬LM+Zyc;WR$)c1GM W#-‫ א‬EE

، 5LbMÍR ‫ א‬Gj;،F¡‫ א‬M(F‫א‬fjF"
5[3Me)، ?Mq?,OR ،?yw(Q
yd ‫ א‬yc; #[ ‫ ؛‬Y‫ א‬#-‫ א‬y)W #-‫א‬
5 -‫א‬Lb1"،5 -‫א‬FQ8h، ‫א‬FG#d
m‫¬א‬4 -6‫א‬،?546‫א‬F ‫א‬، j‫א‬Ld ‫א‬
)M3}91yZ\"Z‫؛‬3}9# ‫א‬#-‫א‬e)KMi&34"9
1،"X[ ZFG#-#\"Z1،k‫א‬yW(-‫"\א‬Z
M¸\"Z[، #c$‫א‬LdM5 -‫;א‬Z©$? c\"Z
\"Z{ ‫א‬3#-‫א‬#-‫א‬e)> ~bKGd ‫א‬M¸%;Z
/3?,FdZFM"k"p+W3?,W3#3?,
W3#}S\"Z‫؛‬3 m‫[א‬#'-‫א‬#-‫א‬e)KLd ‫א‬y)M
KFdZ[FM"k"[

Z0 W[g M v)-‫א‬F &l‫א "א‬3 c " #ZW v)-‫א‬F &l‫ א "א‬Ew
RlLb#M?Z{ ‫א‬، v)-‫א‬F&l‫ &·א "א‬# 5 R-‫א‬
3"1? + ‫א‬F‫א‬4# v)-‫א‬F&l‫ א "א‬Zdb،FG(-‫א‬yl‫"א‬-
5 R-‫א‬MRZ> ~ yc،5 Rd 9J( ‫" א‬R-‫א‬3?‫א‬46‫א‬
"%'R5 -‫א‬+]~ ‫\א‬M vZ،ZQ8(\[gM
_ Rb2 5 Rd r + ‫א‬² Z yc ، R+) +\[
%+l" ‫~אא‬K v)-‫א‬F&l‫~א "א‬+)ZGjR+)F‫א‬fj

- ٨٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
/6‫ א‬Q‫ ; א"א‬yZ© $، R+) ‫ ?א‬546‫א‬+ Rc

K?548‫[א‬# y+*"Z;;q9J( ‫א‬

F&l‫~א "א‬+)Z)MZ‫א‬F‫?א‬546‫א‬:&Z835 -‫[א‬5 -‫א‬gM/

W v)-‫א‬
";yc15 R-‫[\א‬b ‫א‬x~+)Z_"'-‫א‬Ld ‫א‬E 5 J
;q،_"'-‫א‬Ld ‫ א‬R+\[5 R-‫ א 'א‬XM،_"'-‫א‬
K-‫א‬l‫~א "א‬+)Wb9
،‫}א‬
p sbR r + ‫ א‬²،5 R-‫א‬F$G5 -‫;א‬y J
WY‫א‬E '&Ql5 -‫" א‬#> |5 R-‫א‬L+ ‫|א‬8
K)q2‫א‬LM+ ‫א‬U cEZ ،M
_"'-‫ א‬v)-‫א‬l‫ "א‬gQ?Y‫א‬m‫א‬pdi‫?א‬%o\[5 -‫א‬gM/ J
K5 R-‫א‬L&1x~+)Z
K? ‫א "א‬ZX()Z&l‫~א‬+)Z4gM5 R-‫א‬3MR J
5 R-‫א‬#qvZ{ ‫א‬F‫א‬4& ‫א ·א‬JW‫א‬5 -‫א‬gM/ J
\[[،‫א‬p l;y+Z\[>MLs،l‫~א "א‬+)Z)M cvZ
K > dyF"x~

: mE j$7 %f #" .Q

W ‫א‬l" ‫א‬gML$‫¦ א‬Gsx~+)ZGjQf ‫ א‬

Qf y FyY‫אא‬%? cFRl#MWyd ‫א‬$ -‫ א‬E[

dZ،pM"&W[yM"d? + ‫א‬FR‫א‬x~! RZ،]?546‫א‬
)y-‫א‬1G ‫א‬18y+XY‫א‬Fy[%9J( ‫א‬#-‫א‬gM
4&M Y‫א‬gMvb ‫;א‬WFs-‫א‬L&WgM،FyY‫א‬35 -‫א‬
y+ ZE7Y‫ א‬$‫ א‬L +' p 19 ‫ א‬sbY‫א‬

- ٨٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
?"Z{ ‫א‬3i+ y+ Z،cb4(d y)"'-‫ א‬y-‫א‬Qf ‫א‬

WFR‫א‬x~doZ،Qf ‫א‬b4(-‫א‬Gjyi)[gM
1G ‫; א‬MZ y d) ‫ א‬L ‫ א‬k Ld ‫ א‬Q W‫א‬4? K١
Ky
KycL+' ‫א‬%k3 WY‫&א‬XW‫א‬4? K٢

‫ ؛‬y 5Ë &Z3? ,3 Qf ‫ ~א‬+)Z;W ~+) ‫ א‬$ -‫ א‬E_
١٦FR‫?א‬MLd²&9;q،M"&W[Rl%1‫| >"א‬
31"Z،Qf ‫[אא‬ivlpcRlLbdoZRl
L ! R-‫א‬O1" ‫א‬،R‫)א‬doZ]~ ‫א‬t"¼‫א‬gMRlLb
K9) ‫א‬MR ‫א‬MR ‫א‬Rl

W $ -‫א‬x~GjÏW"# ‫א‬$ -‫ א‬El

01Gj]?546‫א‬Qf ‫;א‬l) ‫א }א‬t01
K u ‫ אא‬l8iM
K u iy) ‫";א‬# ‫ א‬

hMR]~ ‫א‬0#-‫~אא‬Qf ‫'&~אא‬ZgM;i# ‫א‬78

Qf ‫ א‬c? l" ،L +' ‫א‬t & (-‫ }א‬S R+) ‫א‬F lm‫א‬
W lG ‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
)$ !( q>

( r .9) #/ N$
) sB : =
(&2ttt);> = EB
W;W2‫א‬
W?G-‫¬א‬4Z
EFgsQ[E F b| WP)‫א‬
WFdZ
KM4gM;i# ‫א [א‬GjL+' ‫א‬Fl$ #Z0#-‫ ~אא‬JR
W4 1;q34&MLb[ 1‫א‬
;QL+W[E√F GM%kL+' ‫א‬gM&')Z34& ‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8 E[
$78L+W[E√F GM%k ( ‫)'&·א‬ZOQb‫|א‬8 E_
2L+W[E√FGM%k&')Z234& ‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8 El
MfZ)MrfZl8][،Xjt j[rFl8l"Z2
K!9>+X4"5
2 $78 ;Q 34 & ‫א‬

LdM "1[dcylg91[~[ ١
Zc 9Z‫א‬p $\"b[\[$[ ٢
i1r"1 Z1GM\"Z\[$[ ٣
$[yc QMR2dM # ‫א‬g(j[ ٤
j‫א‬MnG#R\"b[\[$[ ٥
LdM‫ [?א‬iG.b4(%dW[ ٦
1?M RZ[LdM][Ldb[\[$[ ٧

- ٨٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
Ld # ‫א‬L&1 iG. M( M‫א‬4[2 ٨
"1[{ ‫א‬dMY‫('[א‬QY‫ ·א‬i1r[b4(\[$[ ٩

y
p54[O?LR-‫ א‬M[2 ١٠
4[LdM[\[ m 5[\[$[ ١١
)MW[Qc ._S4 )M ١٢
r 5LdM& ‫א‬L&1'j%k[\[$[ ١٣
j½ 3MR-‫;א‬#ZgMU $[ ١٤
ZQ8W) 8Lb"LdMLb²¹[ ١٥
iG.%yc ‫א‬FG$ ‫א‬e‫ א‬52‫א‬$[2 ١٦
iG.%yc ‫א‬FG$ ‫א‬e‫ א‬52‫א‬$[2 ١٧
c´M[]~ ‫א‬%d»‫א‬F‫?א‬M M‫א‬4[2 ١٨
LdM.¹ "1[d)$3?R 5[ ١٩
j‫א‬RLdMe 5[d)$3?R 5[ ٢٠
;yr‫א‬F&W)-‫ א‬Z"M? M iG.U « ٢١
(yl‫"א‬Z)MLdMy‫~א‬Lr‫[א‬2 ٢٢
3}sbF2$]4j‫" "\א‬1[LdM][ ٢٣
3?W Z1[ sb[ 3 WY‫א‬%yo1[{ ‫א‬F1Y‫"\א‬Z3?M ٢٤

‫[א‬78"r" ‫א‬Ll[?ylgW[ ٢٥
"1[LdM][‫א‬p $\"b[\[$[ ٢٦
Z W[ydZ{ ‫א‬F‫;א ?א‬# ‫א‬c 9Z[ ٢٧
3lF‫א‬fj_Rb‫א‬78gW[ ٢٨
0) ‫א‬y&## ' 9Z[\[$[ ٢٩

- ٨٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
p5Y‫·א‬Ld{iMQ[%dW[ ٣٠
;y]1[g$d ‫א‬3$M M[[ 1‫[\א‬$[ ٣١
]? + ‫א‬Ld ‫א‬M Md‫א‬Ld ‫א‬$[ ٣٢
Q"5 j‫א‬LjZLoc[2 ٣٣
3}&b "R']~ ‫א‬Ld # ‫א‬$[2 ٣٤
i1r[;y"oMQ[ 5[ ٣٥
Z W[M?2‫&א‬S 5[ ٣٦
0R$6‫"?\א‬X3 + Ld ‫א‬%'W[ ٣٧
> |'Z{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫ א‬i1r[ iG.M%c‫ [?א‬٣٨
4‫ א‬dW3+3l5[;ZgMU $[ ٣٩
Zd‫" א‬%W)dMY‫א‬4j[ ٤٠
y "1[{ ‫א‬dMY? +Q‫[\א‬$[ ٤١
R ‫א‬Ld ‫א‬yQ2‫א‬L&1LdM[‫}אא‬

p sb ٤٢
Ld # ‫)א‬M j‫א‬3MRX[ ٤٣
: P(; >1
!9 ‫א‬3M‫ א‬%0#-‫)"?א‬Ml6? Y‫א‬r£? Y‫" א‬#
FuW‫¦א‬Gq3$‫א‬uW‫א‬4j‫א‬uW2‫א‬# XLsdZKuW2‫א‬
$78?OQb‫|א‬8Fl4?¦Gqg'Z،U"+-‫א‬gM&')Z34& ‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8E;QF
&R) [،\l4? 'c ( ‫·א‬U"+-‫א‬gM&')Z34& ‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8،?
][،3$‫א‬l4?g'ZU"+-‫א‬gM&')Z234& ‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8 yc?2?uWG
F‫א‬4& &R) Z ‫א‬gMFuW2‫א‬x~L E١،٢،٣Fl4 ‫א‬I9º

- ٨٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
O $‫ א‬Z; q ،& R ‫א‬F‫א‬4 & & R) E٣،٢،١FFl4 ‫א‬I 9º، /6‫א‬
Kl4?E١٢٦–٤٢FuW2‫א‬Fl4?

iQL+ ‫? "א‬546‫א‬yl" ‫א‬w#) ‫;·א‬#Zpj

W]?546‫א‬Qf ‫א‬
،91M ") ‫)א‬q[\" "&‫א‬4p ?Q+XY‫ א[\א‬b~\[‫א‬gM &) J١
L¿ +' ‫א‬Å ‫ ¿א‬Ñ(Å \[2
n ، + ‫א‬x~Lu\ (3?M
# ‫א‬Qx458L+' ‫א‬%u(Z78\"l«;yQc،Q ‫א‬Lu
K " ) ‫) א‬q[p cl R+Qg M* +m‫א‬g M‫א‬4p ? 1²& 9WL l ‫א‬
K'#) ‫א‬x~+XY‫&א‬X][ QW2‫א‬

Mt) ‫(א "א‬1)\"Z\[/‫؛‬+XY‫[ א‬X] W["l}c"Z J٢

K$3?WbO\"(;yQ[‫[\( א‬/~ ‫?א‬2Y‫א‬

L$b‫ א‬58)¹" ‫؛‬vW(-‫\א‬R+Q#s ‫א‬L+' ‫'א‬M8 J٣

KLoc[i) ‫א‬OQ (-‫א‬x~

4"Y‫א‬l‫"א‬b?"g$ &O1R+QgM?dM2‫א‬L+' ‫"א‬Z J٤

gM?dM2‫א ~]"?א‬L+' ‫\א‬c– ‫ אא‬58Oh–y$ 9
K(-‫א‬x~ Q‫א‬4p ?QR+Q

"& ‫א‬dbL#Zg$ Qs ‫א " א‬9Q3}sbLi‫"א‬WL+' ‫'א‬M8 M J٥

K5‫ א‬c"&2

*#8[‫|א‬8،> |gMx"Z["QL&1F‫ א‬3M"&L+' ‫א‬Ll J٦

R "W،5‫ א‬cL& Qcc"&\[?"Z]~ ‫א‬M"-‫א‬L&1
KM RR ‫א‬gMxMR³R+Q#s ‫א‬

- ٨٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
Gj0 ¨4‫~א‬Q6‫ )&א‬LiW ‫א‬JW\"‫' ؛‬

( ‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J٧
?"Zx~،&Z -‫[א‬j‫א א‬RGL+' ‫א‬L&)ML+#Zi yb i‫?א‬
_~ ‫)א‬5‫ א‬ccL&]~ ‫א‬M"-‫*א‬#W2‫א‬gM4 L+' ‫א‬
Kl$o1 dm‫א‬78
Li‫"א‬R ‫א‬3}&bFdbL+' ‫©( _א‬$،yW3?v Qs-‫א‬4Z J٨
gM/4ZO1" ‫?א?א‬v،O1" ‫א &" &·א‬LlZ)'،4y) ‫)א‬q[
K"& ‫ א ;א‬ÇÏ1\" Gj،%W[3Mt

F2 m‫א‬x~ y ¡y W‫א‬4?O z ?Y‫א א‬e )%&' J٩
]?©$E;٥٠–٢٥FM ¨LQ‫ א‬+Z4#M ‫א‬JW‫א‬Ls،)&yuiQ
EplaceboF i «84 #M ‫א‬J W Q4#-" & ‫א‬F‫ ? א‬ML #Z78
" ) ‫ א‬L Z78% l 4 # ‫} ~אא‬q ZL ،' k M"d
K "& ‫א‬Qs-‫א‬gMdM "bLW± ?o-‫" א‬+78*#W2‫א‬

،7Y‫א?]א‬48G ‫א & "א‬F2 $EminirinF}) 4 #M ‫א‬J W‫א‬ÇÏ db J١

dbL#³،"& ‫א‬.‫ א‬c8
; ‫(& "\א‬bLdQ8©$
\"7Y‫א?]א‬48G ‫א &"א‬F2$
Q[O&q1، ") ‫)א‬q["& ‫א‬.‫ א‬c8
&R³ &' ‫א‬t"R-‫א‬L1‫א‬G
n "& ‫א‬.‫ א‬c8; ‫ "\א‬t"R
+( ‫&א‬RQ\[l1K]?‫א‬48G ‫¦א &"א א‬$"& ‫א‬.‫ א‬c83 sb
K&W)-‫א‬M W)-‫ ·א‬d ‫א א א‬JW‫א‬R$)M٪٨٠78L9Z

- ٨٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
Soiling d/ !' g[ : )f5 !

1\"\[ dRL(RGL+' ‫א‬.fZQ]?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫ א‬

W4-‫;א‬yZ?"M3? ‫א‬x~y9-‫א‬+XY‫;א‬.fKs s ‫א‬W.¡
\"n‫א‬4?Q]?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫א‬،34q6‫ [א‬Z" ‫א‬3 cGjUjL(،O& ‫א‬78
*+$2‫א‬uQ\"\$Y‫;א‬،dL(.‫א‬f +XY‫א‬H‫ א‬$8uQ
²&9،yj+Q‫א‬Y‫א‬G‫&א‬R"X3 + eR6‫*[א‬+$2c،.‫א‬f
M3M#bK yl jcl3}&b.‫א‬f ‫א‬db\"Z،;)}SH‫ א‬j6‫א‬
eR6‫&א‬RH‫ א‬jÈ &' ‫;א‬yl$p?‫א‬482\.f~ ‫א‬+XY‫ א‬2
‫?א‬p M\8L،eR6‫"\א‬Q; +X[\[‫}\א‬s ‫ א‬2،( ‫א‬
?‫ "א‬-‫ _א‬RZ&R،y W6‫ א‬kF lGM p 'j\" ' +XY‫א‬2 ‫}א‬
p &b
K;yi[G‫א‬uQ.‫א‬f ‫א‬XJ-‫א‬

p& St?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f [&t~ ‫א‬L+' c،3}'j4qt?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f

x¡‫&א‬F‫ א א ~א‬$‫א‬Q‫א‬#ck%c‫א‬1،]‫א‬vL( F‫" א ~א‬y+gQ
qZp& Sp?‫א‬482.f-‫א‬L+' Mdl2‫א‬F1G ‫[\א‬db،?g )dy2Q[?
.f c‫ ~א‬،+rL#)11c4 JR k ML+' ‫א‬²&9#c،?$L(
K¡"± pb"WP ]?‫א‬48G ‫א‬

: U)[+9
".f ‫&א &"א‬kgM W# ‫א‬4 ‫א‬4&M‫א‬%i( ‫\א‬b#
b|db،+k1"-‫~אא‬rgMLi2 ‫\א‬828،]?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫&א‬R ‫א‬
Z" ‫* א‬L*
;yi[b $gM3 'R ‫א‬+XY‫·א‬#+#c،p#W
K +X ‫' א_א‬k2‫א ([א‬

- ٩٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
Gj[&Z yc،"oM[dRl_&W[[? ‫א?]א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫ א‬mP

L -‫א‬L sF3 M_& WY.‫א‬f * +$2L +' ‫) & [א‬M، W4-‫א‬L &1 F‫ )"א‬W
F.Y‫א‬،.f ‫&א‬kgM X
‫א‬4 ‫א‬، W)-‫}א‬S~ ‫ א‬Q،eRÈ
Q m‫א‬4" yLuMt~ ‫?¦א‬m‫א‬hF2m‫א‬9Q7‫"א‬$KEi ‫א‬
H ( ‫א‬²+)M،p zgz‫}א‬
p j[¬+)ZL+' ‫\[א‬c،·&# ‫ א‬y)M
KQv®LZ.‫א‬f ‫א‬dJkdb\[;S ‫א‬gMR ‫«¦א‬،givlL(
g ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬L‫אא "א‬.g$)v $.‫א‬f Y‫א‬+Q‫א‬²&9)M
\" "# ‫\א‬Y dRZ"W"o ‫ א‬m‫\א‬c،·&# ‫ א‬$&W 0WY‫א‬OQb
،ZGoM ‫"א‬15#c1\"c،Ld ‫א‬MG
n XM²&r[1\" +R ‫א‬
Kw" ‫א‬gM;R‫א‬µ©Ãj‫?א‬.‫א‬f ‫"?א‬l" uR

: 3)L hW
L( l‫"א‬Q"\[;y)b; +X[;‫" א‬#\[+-‫א‬
\Y lÃ4‫ א‬d W\ Z" -‫ &"\[א‬k ‫ א‬+XYc، o \ ( )M W)
x~"Z2©Ã، " ‫א¦א‬$Y‫א‬x¡;yc??4gM\ 'Rb‫"א‬d
K)v $78F2+Q2‫א‬

;yZMR/w" ‫א‬78lm‫[א‬.f ‫&א‬S ‫"\א‬u~ ‫א‬+XY‫א‬

4'c6‫א‬3 cZ،4y) ‫א‬Gjd)F1[$ -‫א‬78_~ ‫?א‬M‫א‬gM
Kp&W)p 13 5&

' ‫א‬F&l"c،eR6L+' ‫א‬r8&W)-‫}א‬SLbY‫א‬F‫?א‬M;yRZ1

R+QO1" ‫א‬،Li‫"א‬R ‫א‬4sb6²9)> ~bKd)F1[
#Z\[/
]~ ‫א‬x¡2‫~ >¡)א‬b،.f ‫א &"א‬dM&kgM W# ‫א‬4 ‫¡)א‬
:"o # ‫(?א‬-‫א‬4 uR1L+' ‫\א‬8|8،. ‫א‬v2‫}א‬sp5.‫א‬f ‫א‬
KeR6‫א?]א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫א‬78]?\[dGb، ‫\א‬9 ["‫א‬uQ

- ٩١ -
...................................... : ..............................
:
.f-‫א‬+XY‫א‬RÉLb4[\[lQ8©$Wt"o ‫א‬Q‫ א‬J١
.‫א‬f ‫ א‬Y‫) א‬Z]4 o ‫ \ א‬c،e R6‫"\ א‬Q p ?‫א‬482
/> ~bK.f &' ‫א‬lm0R$6‫?א‬R©Ã\vJ-‫א‬
Kpz\" "# ‫א‬Ë +ZLl[)q‫[א‬l 5)#$L+' ‫'א‬M8

،p " $‫ "_א‬bg ML +' ‫ ~אא‬Sg c m‫ א‬db 9#Z\[ /
do©ÃL+' ‫~אא‬SLZ،·1}qZ -> |
db،++»‫א‬b‫"א‬+ ‫א‬Fodm‫ א‬J) ‫א ~אא‬3}&bFdb
KgQ?Y‫א‬x$78F)u-‫א‬v&‫א‬L+' ‫א‬bU#Q8/

Z4: &Z‫א‬g M‫ א‬9\[" Y‫א‬g MW $ -‫א‬78H ‫א‬g M4 ‫ א‬J٢
،3 Lb
i1? (Mp"Z $ -‫א‬78L+' ‫ |_א‬o#
&l" ‫) א‬Z% &© Ã $ -‫א‬78_~ ‫א‬O 1f \[ db
K4'c6‫א‬r£3 5&

"¹$"*+$2‫א‬49 ‫א‬+XY‫ א‬$gc+-‫\א‬8W‫א‬v‫א‬vv ‫ א‬J٣

ck8d¹g'ZF$ -‫א‬78H J b ,LbyMLuRZ
.fZyc¦« ).3 cL ،w" L+' ‫א‬yc²u)3 L
K?Fªc[rjF‫א‬.‫" א‬u) &RZ;q،E]?‫א‬482

\[،3 cO R (\[ \[L +' ² -‫ א‬W%u ( ‫;א‬M ‫ א‬J٤
[L+' ‫" א" א‬#2[/K(d gl" "R+ ‫א‬Q‫ א‬²k"
db،'‫א‬EGr6L+' ‫א‬%‫"א‬Q\[/L،(-‫א‬gM;yR+Q[ "
KW)-‫א‬H‫ א‬j61gML+' ]"Y‫א‬²-‫א‬gMvb ‫[\;א‬/

3 WY‫א‬EbabyF?} 9 ‫?א‬4?
L +' ‫א‬% k"2 d2‫ א‬/ db

- ٩٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
"Y‫א‬gM/dbKp1"]?‫א‬48G ‫א‬.f ‫א‬Ls r") ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬²&9c

g MG d\[،L +' ‫ א‬Z" ]" 14 9][ h2 «\[
K#5Y‫א‬Pc)Z[gi ‫א‬4u( ‫א‬Lso+j

d) '£y+ r& Wg ‫ א\א ' !א‬18g &)W /4Z # ‫ ·א‬+j J٥
uR1،$[gM،1‫"א‬-‫א‬p#1L1[‫&"א‬9\[gc+XY‫א‬3MR-
3 + ‫א‬، #c_" WY‫א ~אא‬J W‫ א» ?א‬l lL ( +XY‫ ·א‬
‫ א‬y*[db‫א‬vL(# ‫}א‬sZ1‫"א‬- /4Z;yo Z WWY‫א‬
\[dc،‫א‬l\"## ‫א‬+XY‫[א‬KlL(;yR+Q[gM3 'R ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬
²&9)M،+®1‫"\"א‬d;;yR+Q[\"Jb; &
& ‫;א‬yQ²&9،# ‫"\?\[\( א‬d;yR+Q[Lº;yQ
،_41Y‫א‬1rY‫©[ א‬m‫"א‬3?MLyWY‫א‬،##$1‫ ¦"א‬
gM‫א‬n4?1L+' ‫א‬²&9g$Ò8KKK،)q‫;א‬q،$‫א‬IJ([‫ '&| >א‬
; \[ ،1 rY‫ א‬3} r M"d [# 4" ( ‫ ©?\א‬m‫א‬
3 + ‫א‬، ‫}א[ א‬
p j[4-‫"א[ א‬q b+X± Z4،‫~א‬#h
Z ‫א א‬JW‫&א‬R‫~א‬،Z+-‫א‬yZl4;yc®+XY‫א‬%;#Z\[
5&‫א‬JW‫א‬g)&\[ &)o
p [)،3?M# ‫}אא‬
p &b‫א‬4p 1
F --‫א‬78‫}א‬
p j[،‫ א‬l3 9® q?,78EhelloF &p $ " # ‫ ?א‬
K? ‫א‬+Z ‫א‬

+b;yd lL(\"&uR+XY‫ [\·א‬b~ ‫א‬

yQ"j ;q;yZGoM\ Z"b; ²k"c،pz;yZGoMj4 # ‫א‬
poM\"j RW;yQ[uW،3+M R\"j Rb\"d"W
G j Z" ‫ "\ ~אא‬+1";yQ c Z" \ ( )M،‫ "א‬d\[L &1
‫א‬p [j W2‫א‬²&9©Ã d ‫א‬4 \[ m‫א‬x~;y-‫א‬Kj W2‫א‬
KG
n yW&X

- ٩٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
WY‫א‬Ql78[x$ Z" ‫·א‬+j ‫א‬JW‫א‬Wo ‫·א‬+j J٦

;yds Z· +j\" «~ ‫ א‬+XY‫ [\א‬3 + ‫א‬،t jY‫א‬
P ،L1\ (]~ ‫ א‬Z" ‫\א‬0R$6‫;א‬y ,;yZMR
}S Z" ‫א א‬.63l# X ‫א‬JW‫ ?א‬+ ‫א‬FX(QL Le)
3l# X ‫א‬JW‫ ?א‬+ ‫א‬FX(Q 878Hp& S ،t4 o ‫א‬
2{ ‫א‬FX() ‫ א‬878H &p S ،]4 o ‫}א‬S Z" ‫א א‬.6
،r"9‫א‬04 ‫א‬،g#W"-‫א‬04?WLs Z" ‫& ;א‬RZ+XY‫א‬y& «
>52،FX() ‫ א‬8)MEZ42\ (+XY‫\א‬Y‫_؛‬41Y‫א‬34.
‫א‬8)¡g&)db،yo+ºg&); 1GM w"k[\[
L&# ‫א‬v;#Z/ ML(K;s ‫"א‬$:"Q][F# ‫א‬
# ‫ א‬sb[ /8O 1 o1> | ،L +' \ RW2‫א‬
Kp³FX()

F1"Z;y ‫\·א‬8|‫א‬،"Y‫א‬F1"Z·+j/F2m‫·א‬
l4 ‫א‬x~W4³KE28FL+' ‫ א‬GbR\[/Q)dk[)M
%u( ‫~ >א‬b# ‫א‬O&b\[%،} p'k¦h# ‫א א‬
\"Zt j[F2e)\"Z&p S، \4 kdL+' ‫א\א‬MR
\[\") d \"+9Y‫&·א‬cK1‫}א‬Syc"Y‫א‬F1"Z
L+' ‫א‬oQ #Z
\" &‫~א‬،}sLoc[\"\[ &); +X[‫[?א‬
cJR ‫ ;[\א‬M،]?M +Xe"W][bL(\"d«2
K#Q\?pQ$[y&#Z;\[ &) "+' ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬y#y# ‫א‬

;s ‫א‬3c "#Z2[7[3"'Jb]4 o ‫א‬W_R)-‫©א‬m‫א‬gcb J٧

5[L5 t[\8|8،\"ds)M+X± x&Q291}SM
L5~j1 d2‫~אא‬،') ‫א‬FG("#Z78]?1 d2‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
،ck8F‫א‬.‫א‬i'M8[،L+' ‫א‬%"X[O1 r[X ‫?[א‬#Q2‫א‬

Q ‫א‬JW‫)א‬Mpz(-‫א‬L¡ &);s ‫א‬gc yWÈ
783}91F‫ א‬+ ;s ‫א‬M:'#Q2‫ א &א)& [\?]א‬+c،vv
\cW)L(vv ‫ א‬QZ ZÇÏ‫|א‬8،w#QgM[)s ‫א‬gM"9m‫א‬
l4 3}91F‫ א‬+ ‫"\א‬Z\[ &)،‫א‬4p "c3c-‫א‬gML9«"WL+' ‫א‬
L1dbF‫ א‬+ ‫א‬x~"X?‫?א‬v\[gM)q[;sZ?"l M\do +Z
¦ g /6‫א‬b" Wg M.v L +' ‫ \א‬c; q ،;s ‫א‬4‫ א‬Z
# ' ‫א‬x~ lL(\"&uR+XY‫[\·א‬¤$" 1،_RQ
yW# X ،;y#'QR ;yc‫?א‬3?.78]?Zgyc? +
Ky#&'Z\")d~ c

- ٩٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
Shyness #4] : FG)f

i)q[L +' ‫ ( א‬+Q‫ "א‬، +XY‫א‬%i &X &XL u‫ א‬
[، y5[4Y‫א‬W[&ZZ‫א‬487[L ،yl‫"א‬-‫א‬gM34# ‫ א‬Mo
')M·d[،ylL+' ‫| א‬8،pk‫א‬Lu‫א‬²&9c7Y‫)א‬R ‫א‬
K 8 SIJ5¦h‫|א‬8+yl

، vy#q M"jpdi‫"?א‬،pdi‫ ?א‬j‫)א‬u"u‫א‬L+' c

e‫ א‬52‫"א‬r/،x}9Z2‫[א‬+ Y‫´א‬d)1‫"א‬-‫)א‬u،??
_ yLddpdi‫ "?א‬،# ‫א‬$‫ א א‬MM 'R-‫א‬4 "5، j‫א‬%
KMdl2‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬

{ ‫א‬QRQ6‫א‬Fd»‫)( א‬Z{ ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬:"Q"Lu‫א‬

>ZL+' g#& ZMR2،M‫א‬8L+' ‫א‬3$p&W qZ\[
KE‫"א‬+ ‫' א‬M3 v ‫א‬

‫א‬4p (Q‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬FG (-‫ א‬sb[" L u‫[\א‬78 d ‫א‬F W‫א‬4 ‫( }א‬Z
\"Zx4(Q‫&א‬RQ\[gM،4& ‫א‬#‫ א‬-‫א‬+XY‫ א‬-‫א‬9،٪١٢W٨&R)
K#‫ א‬-‫א‬+XY‫א‬gM[

PiL+X""u‫א‬L+' c، "yR$G+XY‫א‬t Lu‫א‬

،4& ‫[א‬Gv ‫א‬% ' ‫~א‬jY‫[א‬، Mdl2‫א‬LM+ ‫א‬gM34# ‫ א‬P
gML+' ‫\~אא‬b4،[\"[x}S78 )d)$I#) 4"( ‫ א‬Q
"ujL+' ‫\א‬8W"#Q)،_41Y‫א‬3"j6‫א‬%LM+ ‫א‬w() ‫א‬%+Z t"R
K ‫א‬vQ8 P

- ٩٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
uQ &9M sb[? ‫א‬+XY‫א‬WR$ sb["u‫א‬L+' ‫א‬

\b\8،4~m‫ א‬Í( ‫א‬b m‫}א‬sb34sW2‫א‬LyW/³،I
Ó #) x4"5
K_&WY‫א‬+ZYQ‫א‬M\"[32&-‫ א‬M ypQ$[

:N$ : #4] KEB

y) ‫א‬yQ[28، jL+Xº،+XY‫א‬t Lu‫א‬5[?Z
WLu‫א‬5[،Lu‫"א‬$‫' א_א‬k‫א‬M}&Z
78L، j‫® 'א‬L+' ‫)א‬u©$W j‫® 'א‬Lu‫א‬ J
KUJ5Y‫א‬ycl‫א {"א‬bY‫א‬M?2‫א‬،‫א‬vQ2‫א‬

G.·3 WY‫ א?א‬c[%©mL+' ‫ א‬+©$WFMdl2‫א‬Luj J

' (Q[[FG $4[F Mdl‫[]א‬b4 (-‫ א‬M & ،04 -‫[א‬Q om‫א‬
Kk4

d)$[،‫א‬pl .;yi‫ א‬Z4‫) א‬M +XY‫ ·א‬L u§© $W y-‫א‬L uj J
K;M'-‫ א‬j‫"\[ א‬b

;¿ %\"d)$+XY‫·א‬Lu§©$W4& ‫א‬%L ‫א‬Luj J

1r[L&#R)M[،UJ5Y‫א‬2)4‫"א‬$4،)W;y)fb[
KZ ‫[א‬x ‫א‬

Lu\ (³
¾ +XY‫·א‬e)ycWMdl2‫א‬F&W)-‫א‬4"o$Luj J
v ‫א‬Lo+Z\"، ML(FG+m‫[א‬،E‫ א‬cY‫א‬LsF&W)-‫;א‬4"o$)M
K &R) 34?&}jycw‫ א‬Ä2‫ א‬MF&W)-‫א‬x~%1‫"א‬M?2‫א‬

: #4] JB
W ،yo b~ "#)W)Q[28،Lu‫&_א‬W[F?Z
[3"R# ‫[א‬d6‫[א‬3i‫א‬v ‫א‬d uQ¦h{ ‫\א‬Y‫ א‬M M( J١
Ky ‫א‬

- ٩٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
KdRlFM?"l&R،I#) ‫ א‬M( J٢
K jwGj2‫א‬1 J٣
K W‫א‬4 ‫ א‬j ‫ א‬J٤
K "u‫אא‬#Z J٥
KR+) ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fl$:&58w&$8،L+' ‫א‬3"R# ‫ א‬J٦

: #$% = #4] ` ' = 6 b $H

L+' ‫\א‬c ،R+)#q MdZ"u‫א‬L+' WWY‫(א‬-‫א‬
، v d ‫א‬3"# ‫א‬X‫ "א‬ZZMR،R+)#q)3?M878Wl$
d) &W)-‫ ' !א‬xvZ،_ 1Mo ‫א‬X‫ "א‬Z،yd)Zv
KyM ‫א‬9J5

‫א‬L+' ‫א‬3MR Gj{ ‫א‬F‫א'"א‬Ì?M M;W

W(-‫א‬x~gM
،x ;[x4"y*‫א‬،Lu‫א‬e"Wyc¦«{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬hW2n [
WL+' ‫)א‬MLu‫(א‬h ‫א‬$G-‫א‬34dWQW2‫א‬
e7 c/ d )
e" R ‫א‬3 h; K?lUJ5[Í4)M J

L u‫א‬e" W $GG j j +X[b4 ( )M J
]~ ‫ א‬1"-‫א‬،L +' ‫א‬t K ‫א‬ Lu‫א‬ Y‫א‬
‫א‬p yz،e" R ‫ א‬c¦ « F& W)-‫א‬4" o$ )M J
ÇÏ]~ ‫א‬:"& WY‫ א‬Q4#d KMdl2‫א‬
L &1L +' ‫א‬e" W $G c K3lPG‫א‬Z4‫)א‬M J
Kx]?546‫א‬Lj ‫א‬ Kv)-‫א‬H4j ' )Z)M J

- ٩٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
W٢F+XY‫א‬M"d% Md‫א‬Ld ‫א‬W4³gML+' ‫א‬4ZWpQq

L+' ‫א‬#q;M?"3"'‫א‬x~‫א‬4 ‫א‬،n2[L+' ‫;א‬MZ%،E+X[٣
L+' lGMw(Q") ‫\א‬8][، HG ‫)א‬+ L+Z"،R+)
L+' 4‫'[?א‬M8w() ‫;~אא‬،e"R ‫?א א‬,،#n &R'®
، ‫א‬L+' ‫_א‬Y‫ [א‬Y‫א‬e4(Z\[،R+)#q3?.xMRZy "#
K ‫א‬b4(-‫ א?א‬cY‫א‬gM4‫?א‬Y‫א‬%." L+' r + ‫א‬e Z/4Z

Lu‫(א‬dc،]4?L(_41± F‫א‬4.،M¸FG$ # ‫א‬Wps q

e \[FG$ ‫א‬x~ &)2،L+' ‫א‬4"91?"l0WY‫)א‬ZL+' ‫)א‬M
"1" ‫א‬،y& «{ ‫ _א‬Y‫א‬78'r‫ א‬Y‫_א‬Y‫א‬gM &)L،‫א‬p $L+' ‫א‬
،FG$4;yi)[\"&'9FyY‫}אאא‬
p sc،#s ‫~א‬jg$&Q¨
\"R)،$ ‫ ;א‬b4(-‫_א‬41Y‫א‬%©m; +X[M\"();y)
KpzL+' ‫א‬

Q+rpdi‫)& ?א‬L،(L+' ‫}א‬b~ZM ‫?א‬2‫א‬Wp‫א‬4

$['d)$\‫}א§'א "א א‬
p sc، j‫~ >[ א‬b،] l:u5
Ql;M> ~c،"ujQ\‫ א "א א‬b~c، L+' ‫א‬3 W± i‫א‬v ‫א‬
KR+QMX‫א‬L+' ‫א‬

; ،y o+L +' ‫ א‬y& «{ ‫א‬F‫א‬.v -‫ א‬di1?‫ א‬M8 /Wp Rj
Kdi# ‫א‬x~yn2[dMZ

K3?,F1[gcx~+)Z;L+' UjFG$4F‫א‬4.lLdMWpW?W

1‫"א‬-‫א‬h،L+' ‫א‬e"W$G34dW‫'&א‬Z] j[3 ;WpW

KL+' ‫א‬9J5gM[ X]~ ‫א‬R ‫א‬t > |،e"R ‫א‬yc¦«{ ‫א‬

- ٩٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
Hyperactive ^_ K` :FG

K" &#-‫ א '& [א‬m‫ "!א‬cd RlF b $ Q i‫א‬v ‫א‬w () ‫ א‬
e"W%Q4#-l"-‫}א‬S;iG-‫}א‬Sw() ‫א‬Gji‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫ א‬y
Ku)c?yQ c;RZ]~ ‫א )(א‬L+' ‫א‬

RZ"u ‫;א‬i‫?א‬Q[،L+' ‫א‬4‫ א‬#W‫ א‬Mi‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫א‬F‫ א‬5

35;S ‫א‬gMy y[ z8(c4‫ א‬Z> ~b،+Z -‫א‬bY‫א‬
،¦ ‫א‬po[w +،¢‫ א‬+ ‫א‬O1'(Q[y ‫"א‬r]&،X(Q
9 ‫א‬x#4?db،x#\‫א‬4 ‫א‬# ‫;א > א‬i‫"\?א‬
.‫א‬R ‫א‬db‫א‬L&1Fl6 #،pR l#& ‫א‬c +b[[
Reasons J
‫א‬p}&b‫?א‬p M Q،L+' ‫א‬t i‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫א‬4"y*‫א‬p4?q‫א‬4" ‫?]א‬Z
'() ‫א‬b m‫&א‬RZ{ ‫א‬،¢ ‫א‬i*Lji‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫|]א‬+XY‫א‬
KL+' ‫א‬t i‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫א‬t"R·+j[3?.‫א‬4p ?& \[db،c? ‫}א‬S

[،¢ ‫ א‬ybLjM)Zi‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫א‬F2$·e)\[db

IJ( ‫א‬/F2m‫א‬x~Ls، S ‫ א‬4" ‫[א‬،? ‫א‬.‫ א‬c8_‫' א‬k2‫א‬
WRm‫[\א ~א[א‬t Z‫א‬4‫·א‬e)K &-‫א‬HG ¶' ‫א‬Lj ‫;א‬R ‫א‬
gM‫)א ~א‬:‫"א‬QY}qZ?"ldMO&s ،‫א ~א‬:‫"א‬Q["
Ki‫א‬v ‫א‬w() ‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
Prevention 1/G
t"R qZ9 ‫ א‬Y‫ א‬$\8©$Ldm‫)~א‬1" ‫א‬$ [&Z
# r6‫א א[א‬:‫ "א‬Q[· XZ\ c> ~b، dcL+' ‫א‬w(Q
K3 &-‫א‬F‫)"א‬R ‫א‬L+' i‫א‬v ‫א‬w() &Z ZLdm‫)א‬q[( ‫¶א‬9 ‫ א‬Z" ‫א‬
)ZMyM)‫א‬،Lm‫ א‬± l i‫~א‬S Q}c"ZGc> ~
]v b -‫ ¶א‬9 ‫א‬. y]" oM4 k][¦‫ א‬$8 )¡ /> ~ bK}1 # ‫א‬
O1" ‫א‬P+Q،%k Rm‫א‬34sW2‫א‬3‫ א ~א‬c‫"א‬Z &)db،?" "d
\[783456‫א‬/K ‫ \א‬mb34q6‫א‬I#Q[3i‫א‬v ‫א‬34q6‫¡)א‬/
KFG(][?"l%)"W&' ‫א‬b $t"R% ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬L&#Z
)s ‫א‬،c? ‫('א‬QY‫א‬Gj/8L+' ‫א‬vvZ1" ‫ א‬W[
w (Qt" R\ c> ~ bK + ‫א‬e" R ‫"]א‬#WL +' ‫א‬xvu) g M² -‫א‬
KL+' ‫א‬L&1x#Z ct ‫א "א‬

Remedy k0*
L+' ‫א‬E،L+' ‫" א‬#)e"W][.‫ א‬8"Y‫א‬d-‫א‬gM/
)R " ‫א‬yQL+' ‫א‬fÄ\[KQ #R[‫א‬p lp5L+"
©$w() ‫א‬d-‫א "א [א‬R/\[dbK? ‫א‬w() ‫א א‬x¡
+9# ‫א‬dM4 Z\[/،# ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬.v;q،x#L+' ‫" א‬#
Kd)

·%k،L +' ‫א‬%?"# ‫[א‬F1+Z2‫א‬M"d ‫ א‬8db

?e"WL vvZF‫א‬v+, %k"Z ،~+) "# " ‫('א‬QY‫א‬
KW)-‫א‬O1" ‫א‬

- ١٠١ -
...................................... : ..............................
l"Zyc;©$،sm‫א‬HG ‫ !א‬XF‫&א ~א‬k# X Z

Od9;q،%+Z F"9L+\[/‫|א‬R+Qf§\،R+Q%¦ L+' ‫א‬
"#\[L+' ‫;א‬ZK + ‫א‬vv ‫ !א‬X ‫א‬JW‫א‬po[/dbKdc
gMxMRZ ،'R3 cGj!)9 ‫א‬yo\[{ ‫א‬F&-‫א‬µ
Q&'bL+' ‫;א‬Zdb،F‫&א ~א‬1‫" א‬y+;Z،vb ‫א‬
KZcR+)4 #) y "#\[dc،F‫א ~א‬3c

g MY:4.Y‫א‬% c4L s4 d ‫ &·א‬# ‫א‬L +' ‫' א‬Q\[
K#1?3-p8p|·b ‫~ >א‬bL+' ‫'א‬KF‫ א‬3 yo+j
;W ‫א‬gM&4> |،'[M"Xb $78L+' "r" j_"W[e)
K5)1dbgM3458%k[،!)r5Y‫א‬%k[

QY‫ ؛‬R+) ‫ א 'א‬i9j[78"u ‫א‬/،#R ‫א ' !א‬L(c $

K i‫~א‬S°r[¶' ‫ אא‬56‫א‬OhHG ‫א‬W)-‫ א‬m‫א‬x~
K Z" WRm‫א‬L#Z o ‫א‬j W2‫א '&א‬lG ‫א ' !א‬

- ١٠٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
aE< [>E :FG*I

Attention Defficit Disorder

}s]YL+' ‫~א_א‬¹‫א‬،vb ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬o9_‫' א‬k‫"א‬
4[}+Z\? 5t[78_‫~א‬¹2‫א‬،d>o ‫א‬o ‫א‬M W%، l4j
_‫' א‬k‫א‬،x&Q2‫א‬I#Q_‫' א‬k‫א‬Wd_‫' א‬k2‫\א‬M"Qe)،x‫"א‬yW‫א‬1 ‫?א‬
Ki‫א‬.w()_"9-‫א‬x&Q2‫א‬I#Q

Reasons J
\"9_41[;y _‫' א‬k2‫~אא‬y9-‫[\א‬l©$‫ ؛‬q‫א‬4_&W[ J
‫א "א‬$[\b‫|א‬c،Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬3?.،; ‫א‬F"9
K)Y‫_א‬9#c ‫ א‬RZLs q‫א‬4 p9
K¢ ‫א‬78LiW ‫א‬Ldh{ ‫א‬d ‫"א?א‬-‫' א_א‬k‫א‬ J
KEuRbY‫א‬I#Q[،3 R3?2F3?2" ‫)א‬q[F+Mo¦$ J
K)v-‫א‬FddR ‫א‬M;u)1 J
Kt j[b"WFG(%#c‫ א‬ZM;u)1 J
Kv-‫א‬# ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬3Q J
g M Z41 k78]? ³U ‫ א א‬-ML +' ‫ א!א‬W‫א‬ J
K'¼‫א‬F‫}א‬sd x&Q2‫א‬
kO ( ‫א‬78]? ³ +Q2‫א‬F‫ ' א‬k2‫ [א‬# ‫ א‬1M6‫א‬ J
Kx&Q2‫א‬

- ١٠٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
:J%u< k0= p

3i‫א‬v ‫א‬b m‫א‬L#ZyQ[78ck6،+ ‫?א‬Y‫·א‬e)W?Y‫א‬ J
‫ א‬MY‫ ·א‬،vb ‫א‬3"1vZ # ‫?אא‬Y‫א‬%c ZyQc
¦ h2 y) ،:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬،& 9 ‫א‬،y ( ‫ א\א‬#c،!4Y b &Q‫א‬
K4‫ א‬dW

\ O& ‫~א‬+)L+' UjQ %k;©$W b"R ‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J

W©$;-‫א‬%\ W4-‫א‬،LY‫א‬%

WY‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬F‫ א‬Z" ‫א‬+ºGjv)-HG ‫ "\א‬J[

)،L+' « }c" y‫~א‬،L+' ‫[ א‬r£
KL+' ‫א‬% ‫א‬، d2‫א‬m‫א‬

4‫?א‬6‫א‬W4-‫א‬% 5&©$‫ א‬l8GjW4d &R) J_

،04-‫"_א‬W[gM:GX6‫ א‬,،(-‫א‬IJ(ZgM41Y‫;א‬yQY
Kx}+ZO(³L+' ‫א‬%W)2 c

،t jY‫א‬3$‫א‬L+' ‫א‬gMyk MFG»‫א‬Fr91 M JH

41fby)M¦ ‫א‬k -‫א‬34"9 ‫א‬gMvb ‫')א‬Q
K m‫א ;א‬r" ‫א‬

K$ 5&W–j W2‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬4Z J?

،"( ‫א‬،:") ;RZ'(Q[gMyi‫"א‬$‫א‬c ‫א‬R ‫א‬3?. J

K34q6‫א‬،\‫ "א‬Y‫א‬

- ١٠٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
G1 GG> : FG+
\"K M"X}S،] y1،]"1، iuc]"+ML( 94"y#-‫א‬L+' ‫א‬¹

¦$&RQh"9 ‫א‬KZ&S4}jZ][LdhgM4?1}SL+' ‫~אא‬
y# ‫א‬L(Zp& SK )s ‫א‬WL&1%#ZyQ[²k‫א "א‬Q[28،1 y# ‫א‬
5Y‫ \א‬،‫אא‬4u( ‫ א‬di‫?א‬+XY‫א‬2\"po[K\‫ א‬pWW[
Kdp i‫"א;?א‬gM

Reasons J
L(LdZ2¢ ‫א‬µ ‫א‬FvQL¡"oMp&W[e)\"Z1
?"l[،_9MY‫א‬Lj[،"d) ‫ א‬jZ[،q‫א‬4_&W[e)\"Z1،W)
4"+ ‫א‬q6‫\א‬4§p& S\vm\ (~ ‫א‬+XY‫\א‬c> ~bK1
[%d»‫א‬c#qQ"d[4"y-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬+XY‫·א‬#dbK3}9 ‫א‬
K3 WY‫ א?א‬c[

Prevention G1/GG
L+' ‫א "[\) א‬،]4"+ ‫א‬:&56‫א‬LlZL+' ‫;א‬Z2
%'R2Q[L+' ‫[\;א‬/،o ‫ א‬Z" ‫א‬41L1WR
$8%3c-‫א‬
‫א‬JWLl ‫א‬+XY‫;א‬ZKx ]~ ‫א‬O1" ‫ א‬gM"9m‫א‬
، )\‫ & א‬34"rLJ\[L+' ‫[\'א‬nGsdc،LJ ‫א‬
4Q2‫)א‬q[w(Qc! R4"9 5L+' ‫א‬LJ\[db
K ##m‫א‬w() ‫&א‬

،& W)-‫ א‬# ' > R b ‫א‬G j L +' ‫ [\ ;א‬
g ‫א‬4?4& ‫[\א‬،f9 ‫א‬do‫א‬4p ?Ls\[L+' ‫א‬%u (Zdc

- ١٠٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
\[L+' ‫[\;א‬/،9# ‫ ?א‬W ‫א‬GjK4? )Z{ ‫א‬FQ‫"א‬m‫א‬

LlZ)، &O1 "y+-‫~אא‬L+' ‫);א‬M،b"R j‫ א‬q
KZuW‫א‬

e)\[L+' ‫[\;א‬uc،FG(-‫א‬L$e"WL+' ‫;א‬Q\[/po[

L+' ‫א‬341"gMMRZ،$-‫א‬Li‫ &א‬L+' ‫(א‬1)،FG(d n2"$
b yl"L+' 31‫"א‬Q"\[d-‫אא‬gM/KFG(-‫א‬L$gM
L ~bn2"$/bL+' ‫[\;א‬/KFG(d n2"$/
K;4"5 j‫א‬e"R MgM\"\[،_9 ‫א‬

4"( ‫א‬3?v \"R+) ‫&א‬XY‫"\א‬i9jY‫א‬yJR c! Xe)

‫א‬JW‫א‬، o ‫א‬j W2‫ א‬XM]R‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬j W2‫ א‬
KuW2‫ א‬M $}1# ‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
A)> (:
( " - *
.US •
., ^ - •
.L- •
./)& •
.; & U G •
.; i & U G •
.+ ! <j •
.\V •
.D[ \E T kV ) , •
. S !)[ ,7 •
.\j7j 6> •

- ١٠٧ -
..................................... : ...............................
( " - *
$
©$،L+' ‫א‬l‫"א‬Z{ ‫א‬F#-‫א‬FG(-‫א‬. [b"R ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬fZ
" Z $ 4&M\ RQ6‫ א‬y { ‫א‬L $‫ א‬-‫ [ ;א‬$ -‫א‬x~ f Z
R ‫&א‬1-‫א‬Mdl2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬id) ‫א‬F‫א }א‬78ck2‫~א‬،9J( ‫א‬
Kb"R ‫א‬FG(-‫א א‬y)M)\[L+b> |Lc،$ -‫א‬x~
LM ‫א‬2،b"R ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬Lr+ZgM ‫א"א‬L&1

hE]? ‫}א‬
SF )-‫א (|א‬e"R ‫א ?]א‬e"R ‫"]א ?]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬
?-‫&_א‬WY‫~ >א‬b،y)G
n b;h{ ‫}א‬-‫א‬gM ‫א‬،dy)G
n b
e"R ‫א‬G
n bgMb"R ‫א‬FG(-‫?א‬dM‫| >א‬d[dZ،|~( ‫א‬78
P+) ‫;א‬M "$4 n 4",n cs]~ ‫א‬e"R c.|( ‫א‬e"R ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬
Q c; ‫;*&'א‬g$&) ‫;א‬qx}R+ZdycW‫א‬4?Ll[
28" e"R ‫~אא‬،n +j[‫א‬n *\b‫"א‬Ww(Q? + ‫א‬M49Lb
dZ&Rb‫א‬HQyl'¼‫א &א‬%? + ‫א‬e$‫א‬LM+ZHQ
c#s ‫א‬%d»‫}א {«א‬-‫א‬c&W[/8OQb‫"א‬WFb"W
K4X8"d)y){ ‫א "א‬1GjY‫ א‬WY‫}א‬-‫א‬

s$& ‫ ;א‬v/|( ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬Lb &R)

%l |( ‫"][א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬gM;$4‫א‬r8[h"9 ‫א‬Q[d ‫א‬
}
S[]"WQ[e"R ‫א‬rLyR ‫א‬P K#'OR &RQ R-‫\א‬Y> |
K ‫א‬c#s ‫א‬%d»‫א‬x #\-‫\א‬v %oº&RQ RyQY‫"]؛‬W

- ١٠٩ -
...................................... : ..............................

) R ‫א‬f M]" W ) km‫א‬O 1" ‫ "]א‬W} S p b"W\" #c
%d> ~b\"2،%d]"W}Snb"W\"1،#R ‫א‬
K j

M،]"WG ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬h&R) ‫ א‬R-‫א‬x~Ll[)

R> |‫"א؛‬WG ‫"אא‬R ‫" א‬y+-%Q%l Z$‫" א‬y+gM!+Z2‫א‬
H J s$& ‫ ·א‬1،Fd»‫א‬4"'ZFc#s ‫א‬Fd»‫}א‬-‫א‬Gj‫א‬
K]"R ‫א‬e"R F‫[א¼?א‬F+9 ‫א‬M"d%k"o-‫א‬x~
: /47 d - ^ - ml *7 )*-

: S D 4: L B=
،F‫'" א ~א‬Z،F‫א ~א‬L&#Z،F‫;א ~א‬ycW ?[qGq1G ‫א‬x~LsdZ
Z‫;|א‬y+\[، o ‫א‬w#Q3"# ‫א‬w#Q -‫[\ א‬F‫;א ~א‬yc
yd1L#2،Z+r9i9j #ZË &Gc%1‫א "א‬78_ 1[pdyc
Q‫§"·א"א‬l"2Q[، ‫¶א‬R) ‫" א‬y+-‫א‬p1G'Q‫א‬
;qK/6‫א‬Q‫·א"א‬M bLXM"l"2db،&R ‫א‬
yZ&Wy/،Z‫ ?|א‬+ ‫א‬L&#\[][،F‫א ~א‬L&#Z" Qs ‫&א‬Å ‫ א‬Z
? + ‫א‬v uMMZ Wy‫ א‬b[F‫·א ~א‬c4\YKy [yoc 2[
k ‫א‬%&' 2Z‫ ? ~א‬+ ‫א‬L&#ZK##$G
n &#Z j‫א‬L&#ZM
\[،y&W«[Z‫ ?|א‬+ ‫א‬#)\[%)2L&# ‫\~אא‬8L،F‫א ~א‬M¶R ‫א‬
dbZ‫|א‬L&#? + ‫א‬%)#2[ &)c© s ‫[א &א‬K4‫ א‬dWb"W;#
b¦« "' ‫[א‬R ‫א‬، "'Zy)Rh«][ML،
IJ ‫א‬،o ‫א‬X)Ii#) ‫א‬gM ‫ א‬,،3"# ‫א‬Q‫"א‬l
\Y،y)R #F‫א ~א‬L&#c\|8KL1Y‫א‬gM q[L# ‫[א‬،_" ‫א‬

- ١١٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
e" R ‫א‬d oL #-‫א‬K%&' "'Z « Z‫·|א‬c
Ky)Rh&S ‫ א‬M[y&#Z M[F‫;א ~א‬yc M]"WG ‫א‬

: ,* .c
> ~ ‫}؛‬
‫ א‬di‫?א‬3m‫* א‬c‫א א "א‬gM4?1]"R ‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬
*F}ZdbZX(Q}[uW‫[\א‬78\RQ6‫' א‬o
& ‫}א‬
Z¦‫א‬$878\$Y‫·א‬H«1،yc´{ ‫א &א‬
"W3$« \RQ6‫א‬FvR[ZQ -‫\א‬c ،yZ‫|א‬
Kc‫"א "א‬W Z" ‫' א_א‬k2‫¦א‬m3M9 ‫[][\א‬،²rP ‫א‬
: \[ \/) +H P \!$ .@

_4u ‫א‬3?+W2‫א‬3f‫;א‬Â ‫א‬gMZ4#]"R ‫\א‬RQ6‫א‬v d
K%dud ]? ‫ [א‬9 ‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬x#+"،k-‫א‬
:)*JH (n P \!$ Be

c‫"א‬-‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬، j‫א‬% Mdl2‫א‬LM+ ‫א‬gM\RQ6‫א‬3$ "#Z
ZGM+ZMdl2‫א‬Z1GMvdZ،$g91[78> |e4(Mdl‫א‬
KZ‫|א‬O1" ‫א‬G#W2‫ א_א‬12‫א‬d

: L .M
،3 m‫ א‬c‫ ~]« ?[א‬c،% 1‫א "א‬i #$% L ‫ א‬Z 1‫א "א‬
]~ ‫א‬t-‫א‬0W[gM+ ‫א‬ZQ80W[gML&#Rd Z'Z
%o2]"R ‫~א[\א‬،]"W? cfr‫א‬Z‫א?א‬W 8L9\[
LdQ8L،L(+ (2g$، &R) # ‫&א‬rpc‫[א‬R+)
. %'R،%'R Q‫؛[]א‬##h)#hgM

- ١١١ -
...................................... : ..............................
4§\cL#-‫א‬.FQ6‫א‬#h3~ Eu) ("yc> ~

> R2E u) 4" ( n &X، & R) # ‫א‬y Wn c‫ [ א‬R+)
.1‫א‬3 Q3m‫א‬78? + ‫ [\) א‬1‫ "א‬c،p"Wpb"W
: 9) ! .?
2]"R ‫[\א‬2‫~א‬،M+9)Qd' ‫א‬Y]"R ‫ ?א‬+ ‫( א‬
)M#Q8L،:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬f§2" ( 2# ‫)א‬
4 j2‫א‬1‫"א‬l‫|אא‬8:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬f§،)[?yZ‫|א‬8§،# ‫}א‬s
F2m‫א‬Lb) . M(-‫א‬yc4Z{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫[·א‬،Nm‫א‬
‫א‬.8gMLd[،(-‫א‬L$gM3 5&Ld]~ ‫א‬e"R ‫>א‬R#R ‫א‬
\b‫|א‬8.ZQ8?$W)-‫א‬4‫ א‬# ‫|א‬º Y‫;א‬R«y ‫א‬4?9
"‫\א‬c، +Q2‫"]א‬R ‫א‬3$3M# ‫)"א‬Qd' ‫א‬4 "( ‫א‬
،]"R ‫}א‬
+Q2‫א‬3m‫ א‬k4[L(Z{ ‫ א‬M(-‫ א‬Pl" ‫א‬# ‫א‬
M(&RZ،J-‫א‬c;Z# ‫;א‬i‫ א ~]"\?א‬9 ‫א‬r£
.I#) ‫א‬Q ‫א‬
: o4: ]J .C
%o، r)M?«،yc +Qc(]"R ‫א‬IJ( )M
1783 5& u‫ "~א‬،y Ã +b yQ[4" 9 { ‫"א‬m‫א‬
،y$²u) ‫|א‬8(c1.« ryl‫"א‬yyl‫"א‬،(-‫א‬
\‫א‬4 ‫א‬78dL،(-‫א‬783 5&u2]"R ‫}א‬Se"R ‫\א‬cL#-‫א‬
.3 5&y1‫א‬p y "$

- ١١٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
: +)& .p
MW) ‫א‬،]"R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬v z{ ‫א‬dy-‫א‬FdR ‫א‬W) ‫א‬
g WY‫ "א‬v ‫א‬4 R (]"R c. +Q2‫א»א‬r£، &-‫א‬
W)4 # y)Mf ) t jY‫א‬F2 +Q2‫א‬L b، ( ‫\א‬v m‫א‬
]~ ‫א‬1"-‫"]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬p&W)Ze)\c> ~ ‫؛‬4q[{ ‫א‬F‫}א‬sd
vZ،+Q2‫& א‬doc]"R ‫}א‬
Se"R ‫[א‬Ke"R ‫א‬c49
K1"-‫'&א‬gM
4?e)،;]"R ‫}א‬S]"R ‫א‬e"R ‫[\א‬²o #ZGj

e"R ‫| >א‬hc#qx #ZZ‫?א‬Md1x}%dud }&b
" dce"R ‫| >א‬h‫א‬p4?v ‫א‬LM]?db،‫"א‬R ‫ א‬M‫"א‬R ‫©א‬$
.l\8]"R ‫א‬e"R c.²rP ‫א‬L&#R-‫"]א‬W}S²&91 " ‫"]א‬W
%c‫א ~]"א‬،%d»‫ א?א‬c[)MM\-‫ "א‬-‫א‬%i( ‫א‬e"R ‫א &}"א‬
Fd R ‫ א‬M"du]" R ‫א‬e" R ‫ ; ~אא‬R،% d»‫ א‬c#q #ZF‫ ?א‬M
، Mdl2‫א‬Lr‫א "א‬،3f‫א‬3?+W2‫א‬،F‫א ~א‬%9 ‫א‬1G ‫א‬،Q -b
]"R ‫}א‬
Se"R ‫ א‬j‫א ' א‬gMd).W) ‫א‬،l" ‫א‬،Y4"( ‫א‬،1‫א "א‬
.#R ‫א‬FdR ;R2M4-‫}א‬S" -‫א‬MH4‫א‬

: I) ^ - d - ^ - 3)

x~ ،}?"l2|( ‫א‬e"R ‫[א‬b"R ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬
W}-‫א‬
gM;m‫}א‬Gj‫א‬، Mdl‫&" א‬#-‫}א‬-‫א‬Me"R ‫א אא‬
KP)‫ א‬d ‫א‬Fc#s ‫א‬Fd»‫א‬Gje"R ‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
©$)).3 ce"R ‫¦א‬$F‫? א‬M"e"R ‫א‬4‫ א‬Z

K]"W}Se"R ‫א‬
.)).3 c &X}SL(q$4 Z‫|א‬8
yq$3\Y،?M}Se"R ‫א‬5[·\"Z©$e"R ‫¦א‬$3
K%1""³}sL1[[}s"X[3 c dRZ1
\ RQ6‫ " א‬# )M; R‫א‬x~ j]~ ‫א‬L ( ‫ "א‬e" R ‫ א‬c‫ א‬S"&X
Ke"R
، ?M} SZ 5O Qb‫|א‬8]? M} Se" R ‫ © "\א‬$‫؛‬e" R ‫א‬3 5
K\-‫\א‬v ‫א‬c+n k[،‫א‬l"1\"1e"R c
: " - * ; R

jl"2Q[783456‫א‬2b"R ‫א‬FG(-‫א & א‬L&1
‫؛‬%Q%l Zl"2> ~b،]"WG ‫א‬e"R ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬Lrc
}
sb\"s$& ‫א‬l‫~א"א‬Ky 8)R1{ ‫}א‬-‫א‬Gj‫&א‬R> |
،ycGj‫א‬gM;yZW‫א‬4?;+-‫א‬$[ Z)M ¸F"rFG(\$Y‫א‬
$"9 ‫א‬OR \"s$& ‫ א‬Z{ ‫א‬F"9 ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬x~d\[}S
،:"k"-‫א‬q‫א‬$3‫א‬p Q$-‫א‬F+ ‫א‬1M"9 ‫;א‬u)ZpQ$c،yZ‫|א‬
FcGj2‫א‬Fo1) ‫"?א א‬lyZ sbF+ ‫?א‬Z\"] j[\$[
R$ y) &ZF + ‫א‬x~ $[4 j‫ א‬y 9 l4F + ‫א‬x~
:‫"א‬Q[ 8،3$‫ א‬l4?[‫א‬p $‫א‬pM"QOR b"R ‫א‬Lb(-‫ [\א‬MK04‫א‬-‫א‬
©$،\"dy-‫א‬M+ Z?/8 "r ZZ)،)&Fl4?3?
ZF+ ZFdRZOJW‫א‬1‫~א‬Kr‫א‬Í c I®Lb\8
Wy)b"R ‫א‬FG(-

- ١١٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
KSocial Maladjustment Mdl2‫"א א‬W J

KEmotionally Disturbances +Q2‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬ J
KBehavior Disorderb"R ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬ J
KEmotionally Handicap +Q2‫א‬1M6‫א‬ J
K Delinquent EE")‫א‬F‫ א‬2‫א‬ J

/ycGj‫א‬gM b"R ‫א‬FG(-#-‫א‬#R ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬1-‫א‬

JR M²'9" +Q2‫' א_א‬k2c،]"WG ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬#(yQ[
،_9 ‫א‬،\~ ‫א‬،# ‫ אא‬Y‫א‬Ls،13?,3}sbF2$gM 2
F‫ ' א‬k2‫א‬x~ 3 $‫א‬L b\[K }SKK 4‫ א‬l2‫א‬، k -‫ א‬J-‫א‬
\ y~ ‫א‬+XY‫\א‬c Ml"،}SMv zy9+Z{ ‫א‬y9i9j
dyb[،RQ‫[א‬،Q‫א‬M\"Q"p& S +Q2‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫א‬pX[
Mdl2‫ א‬c#s ‫א א‬M‫"א‬# ‫א‬MH ‫א‬WWY‫;א‬y(LsdZ2،p
Mdl2‫"א א‬W[K‫א‬W}S‫?א‬p ‫ א‬c[\"Q"3n ?Mpo[;yQ8L،#c
2
n "&#\"1e"R c،Mdl2‫א‬M‫"א‬# ‫א‬MH §]~ ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬gMLd(c
K j%d2
n "&#\"21) ¼‫א‬L+' ‫א‬c#q4X8

،+XY‫א‬gM b"R ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬34"'jgMP+) ‫א‬dM}sbb

‫~א‬I9º;c‫ ~א‬،p#1?plGMylGM;q1y9J(Z; ‫|א‬8r£
x~·gM"o ‫א‬R+XY‫א‬t b"R ‫א‬FG(-‫ )א‬L9+ ‫א‬
x~ M;W،W4-‫א‬L&1+X[t ‫א‬4p "y*FG(-‫ א‬sb[4&M،FG(-‫א‬
KylGM! X782
n "r،yM‫"א‬Q[،y&W[،y"y+©$FG(-‫א‬

- ١١٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
US : qH
،%W‫א‬t"RgM3 ()( +XY‫)א‬M_~ ‫\(א‬8

2[3 5& R3?l34"9FyY‫אא‬L&1yL ‫א‬/3 *
y&$rgM?"Z{ ‫א‬،Mdl2‫א‬4'j[4o- k M;)[‫"א‬b
; ‫"א‬1[r3?M;yb"W‫א‬pvlO&r[‫|א‬8r
p "9j\‫ א‬R‫א‬3 o-
Í4g '£4 ~)Z2 &X +rFyY‫}אא‬
sb‫ א‬1،; c[
_~ ‫אא‬v2_~ ‫"?א‬ZM?"ZgM()g+ ‫\א‬c،>52Xj
K d ‫ א‬#Zdy)g$

9 ‫"?אא ~_א‬Z~ ‫;א‬3}& ‫א‬R ‫\א ~אא‬8"# ‫א‬L

1Q[L+' ‫ א‬Z/،;y[gM~jp 2dp 2pyl"‫א‬/
K_~ ‫א‬M y'-‫א‬: ( ‫א‬QyQ

،> ~ ‫א‬c %²r}

SpGbL+' ‫"א‬#\[_~ 9#
WL&1L+' ‫[\א‬¤$G-‫א‬،_# ‫[¡)א‬،rj+)gM"9m‫א‬9#
-‫א‬g)-p~b 23 + ‫א‬x~) ،²r}SpGb"#‫א א‬
Wy)_&W[3
K]" ‫א‬du4"91&R،}& ‫א‬M$ -‫א‬x~gcL+' ‫א‬vuM J[
K%1‫אא "א‬vd ‫א‬gM34# ‫ א‬M J_

KZm‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א¦א‬$± ¯X‫א‬e‫א‬4?2‫ א‬JH
: ) W9 & US U)[+

Wy)L+' ‫)א‬M_~ ‫א‬e"W78]?Z{ ‫&_א‬WY‫?א‬Z

- ١١٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
‫ ~א‬،'¼‫א‬d1!9 ‫א‬L+' ‫;א‬Â ©$WL+' '¼‫ א &א‬W2

n [
‫א‬p q G
n M ZU jL ( ‫ א "א‬sd-‫א‬L +' ‫} א‬q Z\ c
;yi)[%k78‫·א‬u#c،L+' ‫)א‬M_~ ‫א‬e"WM2
n "R
\L9-‫א‬4&j8Z ‫א‬gM? b،_~ L+' ‫א‬yc 'o1‫"א‬
‫[\א‬r£2
n "&#_~ ‫\א‬L+' ‫( א‬c،?"l"}S Y‫_[א‬Y‫א‬
K 8Qyl"
78FyY‫·א[א‬u©$W"R ‫}א‬S ‫א "א‬-‫ א‬W[WpQq
L(yb4L+' ‫ א‬،"WyQ[#;yi)[()Zgc W[:&Z8
3 'W،s-‫א‬L&WgM،gR+) ‫")א‬Z qY‫א‬fb[ \"³،
‫א‬nv> |\[#3}&b3}rLbL+' ‫א‬gM ‫א "א‬$[
K 'RZQ[gMb4L+' ‫ א‬،L+' M ‫א‬

،!9 ‫; א‬Z db ،dZ ،R e"W _~ ‫\ א‬8 "# ‫ א‬rGj
x(Q 78 +XY‫) א‬M _~ ‫ א‬e"W 4"' 1 ، ?v "Qp 'cpb"W P
J-‫["א‬،1 R bt jY‫א‬k -‫"א‬R ‫}א‬Sb"R ‫ א‬-‫·א‬4"y*
K"R ‫}א‬St jY‫א‬b"R ‫ א‬-‫}א‬S،L+' ‫)א‬Mk -‫א‬
: ) W9 & US r ,
: ) US :qH

p5LJ1L+' c‫؛‬%W‫_אא "א‬r[[M&-‫א‬t \"p& S
+c،‫ א‬##m‫א‬v\[ ‫א &א‬L+' ‫א‬%'R2،##$78 "«
gM jg'،}&bL(L+' ‫א‬j"yc¤$G3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬$
d2‫ א‬$ -‫א‬x~ -‫א א‬g c‫ ~א‬،p &9j j\" ، ##m‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
"(Z78]?ZyZ?.\Y، ‫א‬I9# ‫א‬gc &-‫ א‬M،" ‫א‬I 9#

KL+' '¼‫א‬i#m‫א‬

: P+)[H US :)f5,)s

L،L+' ‫א‬t k [ b"W‫א א‬gM2_~ ‫א‬:") ‫~אא‬
%'R2©Ã، # ‫א‬Z‫א‬41o %1‫א "א‬%‫א‬Lj‫ א‬uQ¦«
Z b‫\|א‬Y،91\?_~ ugW& 2‫ א ~_א‬$L+' ‫א‬،dy)! +\[
¦‫א‬$[ck "#،¦‫א‬$Y‫« א‬Q[78t4\[\?)q?$ Z\[v uZ
K?¼‫א‬#')# SRR& jt j[

:K)/t US : )f5>)s

78I#) \ m‫[א‬4"( ‫"\א‬Q~ ‫א‬+XY‫·א‬L©$
dc &-‫א‬78L+' ‫א‬Ldc،_~ ‫א א‬JWy)M}& ‫ א‬M(-‫א‬x~+j8
F$L+' ‫& א‬1،z3 WY‫א‬g$[،F+r[5[
'M4‫א‬4W2_~ L+' ‫א‬u1،Z‫[ א‬Mu5yc]&i1rY
/_~ ‫א‬:") ‫~אא‬،xyZ[&~}
‫;א‬y[،4d\b، j‫א‬
&&R-‫א‬L‫א "א‬gM ‫ א‬, 8]?Z{ ‫&_א‬WY‫;א‬y+lGM:‫ א‬W6‫א‬
K
:\‫ [ א‬iM?6‫א ~_א‬W4d-L+' ‫א‬%c]~ ‫א‬
K;y& [;y)bR[;yiMQ"q«~ ‫א‬iGv 3 R-‫א‬3 j+-‫ א‬WY‫א‬
;y) 1 + \ (¿ )M\" ‫ ~אא‬s، ‫א 'א "א‬4‫א‬4W‫א‬: Qs ‫א‬
8 ?-‫ &_א‬WY‫ ;א‬y+Z ) ‫)& "א‬K Z‫"א‬j[[;yQ‫ "א‬j8
W4³78ZcL+' ‫א‬#c{ ‫א‬Flm‫&א‬ZgMvb ‫א‬،ylGM
KR+Q_~ ‫א‬gMvb ‫?\א‬،_~ ‫א‬:") ‫~אא‬

- ١١٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
: )$,H US :)f5 !

> |\"1،)4[ IJ5gM " ‫ א‬# L+' ‫~_א‬1
،)Y‫א‬-‫א‬gc1 + b ‫"א‬W}S WY ‫א "א‬:&Z6H)b
K #Q2‫א‬:")bQ‫"א‬j8$[gMM?6‫ א‬#Q2‫ ~_א‬L+' ‫" א‬#c

:GV US :)-

u )<
#c،c‫[א‬#h\?G
n i$"Y‫"א‬1" ($L+' ‫ א‬8u
K ]~ ‫}א א‬S ‫א‬p?"#Q'

:K)L US :)f5+/)+

\b[‫"א‬W،M%#\[g(§_#M"‫א‬uQL+' ‫ א‬8u
3"R# ;RZ{ ‫א‬F& ‫א‬p& SL9«"،;-‫_א "א [ א‬# ‫א‬
K"# ‫ א‬sZ ‫א‬

:$ US" : )f5)+

;#c j‫א‬gM_~ ‫א‬04 ‫א "א‬$[O)& ‫[א‬Y‫א‬t 1
Ll$} _~ ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬04\[78‫"א‬$Y‫א‬x~Ls Y‫א‬L9،> |
K ‫א "א‬p#Z

:m* G* US :)f5&)s

2;R،x)M )v3?M²&9،L+' ‫א‬t Lr]~ ‫"א ~_א‬
S[O ?K;y ~b;y1r(b‫א‬9g$_~ ‫א‬W4³p& S34y-
i1" ‫א ~_א‬pM"5_&WY‫א‬x~ sb[\[+XY‫~_א‬bgMO l[{ ‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬
K‫א א‬:‫א ´אא‬78?"٪٢٠ W& ‫~_א‬b٪١٠٪٧٠Ls

- ١١٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
: ) W9 & US

IJ ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬3MRyM&Z8Gji‫ א‬l8F‫'"א‬j3Me)
W XM_~ ‫א‬
}
Se"R ‫~אא‬4 "y*&RZ{ ‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬%c‫א א‬M©& ‫א‬ J١
K]"R ‫א‬
K4 Q[ [4ML+' ‫" א‬#]~ ‫א ~_א‬e"W\[b ‫א‬ J٢
،L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58gMU m‫א‬،dW" Z W[:&Z8 J٣
KL+' ‫ א‬JR ‫א‬y ‫א‬M?2‫א‬
KL+' 3 WY‫א‬4X8gc%&' L+' m‫א‬:"Q$Z8 J٤
Fb"WId#L+' c،Zb"WR+) ‫א "א‬Lb Q J٥
K)Y‫" ;א‬$-31 ‫[\"\א "א‬/ ، "$
KQ -‫א‬²R ‫א‬m%&(t W["lM58 J٦

;yi)[()ZyZM‫ א‬FyY‫ " ½א‬ZFyl"Z3Ml"Z

W_~ ‫(א‬1" ‫א‬Ll[
KL+' ‫א‬%3"R# ‫א א‬JW‫ א‬M J١
KL+' M ‫& א‬-‫א‬ J٢
K-‫)א‬Y‫א‬3‫א‬R-‫א‬ J٣
K;y(1)-‫א‬4‫~ "א‬c‫"א‬Q²c،+XY‫א‬%4‫"א‬m‫"_א‬W[:&Z8 J٤
K /6‫א‬Q‫;א"א‬MZZ‫~א‬#qL+' ‫'א‬M8 J٥
K!9 "1)M)s ‫א‬E-‫"_א‬W[ ‫א‬JW‫א‬ J٦

- ١٢٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
, ^ - :)f5,)s
d‫א‬O Q{ ‫" א‬m‫א‬FM"k"-‫א‬+XY‫)א‬M Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬

L+' ‫' ]" א‬ce"W" Q‫א א‬e"R c،+XY9J-‫א‬P+) ‫א‬dM
´{ ‫א &א‬%L+' ‫א‬LM+ZGjR;e"WQ[[،‫א‬p?v
! cl"ZQ[][،;}SM Q‫א‬M sb[2
n +X[e)\[¤$G-‫ א‬،yc
Ke"R ‫~אא‬+XY‫ ?א‬c

: T ; R
Z[IJ5‫~א‬8"\‫" א א‬y+\[784 ‫ &א‬S+Z
5}
cn 'Z sb[34" r78L 9 ، + ‫ א\א‬bx4" r R[\" 1،
%dud ‫?א‬p opb"W Q‫א א‬e"R ‫"אא‬$Y‫א‬%¸، Q& ‫ א\א‬b
KR+QMdl‫א‬1Gj[)?"&#}SQ[db،c_"S }S

4" y*\[78 +XY‫) א‬M Q‫א א‬e" R ‫א‬O )Z{ ‫א‬F W‫א‬4 ‫( }א‬Z
W[&،UJ5Y‫א‬78u\[L&15Y‫א‬x¡2
n [ y Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬
e" R ‫א א‬J W‫א‬78 +XY‫ ;א‬L p & #Z ‫ א א‬W ، ‫ "א‬M[٤–٢
W Q‫א א‬e"R ‫ &[| >א‬،]?-‫א‬e"R ‫ א‬sb[ + ‫ א‬Q‫א א‬
Kk ‫א‬FRc)-‫א‬k bF1X*"\[78،R ‫[א‬W?R ‫א‬

:, ^ - U)[+

l" ‫ '&א‬#n c+XY‫)א‬M Q‫א א‬e"R 3 R+-‫&_א‬WY‫?א‬Z
Q¿ e)yc،Xjt j[ r Ql"Z2 ،e"R ‫ א‬R+]~ ‫א‬
G
n M+Ze)\[،t j[ l" "_&W&Z Q[gM Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬78

- ١٢١ -
...................................... : ..............................
]?Z & ‫א‬L‫ "א‬c، j‫א‬gc qdy)Lb،?&dy)}q ‫[\א‬،dy)

L‫} \[\א "א‬c Mdl2‫;א‬Â ‫ א‬Q49Q[[،L+' ‫)א‬Ml" "F‫}א‬Z78
_" W[ ‫א‬J W‫א‬L s، Mdl2‫א‬L ‫ א "א‬X M yM ‫ א‬q‫א‬4" ‫א‬
KZL+' ‫)א‬M Q‫א א‬e"R ‫·א‬+j_# ‫א‬vv ‫א‬

#، 'c3v SQ[gM Q‫א א‬e"R R+) ‫א‬L ‫ א‬Q )Z

)& ‫ א‬m‫ א‬M RZ،3 m‫[א‬P) ‫א‬3v Sg t j[3v S
K Q‫א א‬e"R L#-‫א‬Q‫\ א‬RQ6‫א‬3$ # ‫א‬

‫א‬Qcx4"y*&W\bp[ Q‫א א‬e"R ‫\א‬8W"# ‫א‬Ld

KFW‫א‬4 ‫;א‬Zb["،ZM

3 R+-‫א‬F ) ‫א‬yMO#+Z‫&_א {א‬WY‫א‬L‫ ·א "א‬9$،‫~א‬

W Q‫א א‬e"R
\"4 "b~ ‫א\א‬M\[»‫~אא‬FW‫א‬4 ‫¦א‬ÃY‫א‬iQO&q[ : #&b J
Q‫א‬M sb[4"b~ ‫ [\א‬2‫ ~א‬،F )& ‫ א‬sb[‫א‬p 5&
}
S3 5&}
S\"Z،+®! '‫ \א א‬yF)& ‫ א‬،F)& ‫א‬
FW4d-‫ א‬+J-‫ א‬4om‫א‬F1" ‫א‬M5Q! + ‫א‬x~\"Z1،)M
K¦Q6‫א‬4"b~ ‫א‬L Mdl2‫א‬
dRRe"W Q‫א א‬e"R ‫[\א‬P+) ‫א‬dM·t : \+9 J

y9J5;RZ–s-‫א‬L&WgM– Y‫"\א‬Z#c،3 WY‫א &[ א‬
4 &M# ‫ א‬XMe"R ‫_א‬Rb "#L+' c ،&9
K &R) 31 Y‫א‬e"W\[

- ١٢٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
) ‫ א‬G cY +XY‫א‬3 (\[78 d ‫א‬L r"Z : ;555t (K)555+ J
sb[L+' ‫א‬e"WL/³،L+' ‫א‬e"Wp&W q4‫ א‬dW\"v+ ‫א‬
\[‫~א‬،5 ‫[א‬#‫ א‬-‫א‬$ g$ dRZQ‫א א‬x~،Q‫א‬M
H|d) ‫א‬x~OQb‫|א‬c،4‫ א‬dW‫ א { א‬b"R ‫א‬H|d) ‫א‬#L+' ‫א‬
KQ‫א‬M²&9e"R ‫\א‬c،&WQ‫א‬M

[Z"j[ #QG L+' ‫א‬%cZ{ ‫&_א‬WY‫[;א‬3} ‫א‬fZ : \V J

KZ&R· $> | &W[1c4

،;yZX() 3 dR-‫ א‬j‫א‬1 \ (~ ‫א‬+XYc : (55 55$, J

\‫ א‬G
n sb[\"Q"،)Z#Q ‫"א‬Q ‫[א‬y&$9Z{ ‫א‬
K;}S%;yZ1GM

Q‫א‬Me"R1)ML+' ‫\ א‬y ‫א‬P+) ‫א‬dM4~«

\x456‫_؛‬# ‫"א_א‬s ‫'&&[א‬Z34 kgM\?(، j‫א‬k
]"R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬:&Z6yl"Z،c_"S }
S"c 'je"R ‫~אא‬
.vZ4u( ‫ _א‬o ‫א‬yJ{ ‫ א‬WY‫א‬FG(-c،) ‫א‬M J ‫א‬
4 ?‫";"א‬#pd‫|א &א "א א\א‬8r£،L+' ‫א‬t Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬
K; Z&W4y*8; +X[ Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬
،# ‫א‬Gj\$Y‫ ·א‬Q‫א א‬e"R ‫ א‬y©$ : 55$ a
Gc[r£yQ { ‫א‬b"R ‫א‬H|d) ‫א‬#+XY‫" א‬#©$
'[r£+XY‫א‬yo+{ ‫ א‬GcY‫[א‬،+X± #Z{ ‫"\א‬Z ‫א‬
‫~א‬#L+' ‫" א‬#c،Q‫א‬MFb"R "#ZOQb‫|א‬8، GcY‫א‬x~
KZb,e"R ‫א‬

- ١٢٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
# ‫[א‬dR‫א‬$) ‫א‬9#)x4"5L+' ‫א‬%c1 : $&) ! a

%\b[‫"א‬W j‫א‬%L ‫ א‬Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬W4³78R+) ‫[א‬
KW4-‫א‬iG.% [، ‫א‬% [،Q"j8
: ( ^ + PF \sY* (
KL+' ‫א‬y({ ‫א‬R ‫(א‬-‫ * א‬J١
KE\ m‫ [א‬#+ ‫א‬F3 W± ]?912‫א‬%k" ‫א‬ J٢
KL-4"( ‫א‬ J٣
K\Y‫ א‬M،w&$6‫א‬3 'W،LY4"( ‫א\א‬#c J٤
KL+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58 M J٥
KL+' 3 WY‫א‬Qlc ‫א‬LiW1 J٦

: , ^ - (37 *3 "

L،#c3 WY‫[א‬،#c W4-‫א‬ZMgM%#2 [ Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬HGM
x~L$L&W()ZL+' ‫ א‬ZgM\"di# ‫"?א‬y‫א‬LbZZ\[/
HGM ,)M4&M2‫א‬%k"Z\[/dY‫א‬Sw#Q3Me)‫~א‬،(-‫א‬
W (-‫א‬x~
KGM6‫אא‬f ‫ א‬J
K+XY‫[ _א‬ J
_ Y‫\א‬c‫ ~א‬،‫ א‬##m‫}אא‬
p sbv27Y‫א‬Z$L$‫ א‬L+' c
e" R ‫ א‬d)Z78]? Z yQc yyl"Z R« \8L +' 3 WY‫ א‬4º{ ‫א‬
‫א‬78\"+XY‫}א‬sbe)s-‫א‬L&WgM،L+' ‫)א‬M Q‫א א‬
H)bL+' ‫)א‬M)|34"r?"l%،F ‫א‬F55 ‫א‬%c‫א‬-‫א‬FWR-
78_ Y‫א‬x~]?Z، Q‫א א‬e"R ;RZ{ ‫ _א‬Y‫[א‬.+ ‫ א )א‬GcY

- ١٢٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
_ L+' ‫ א‬ZgMdi# ‫א‬3 WY‫א‬3M‫\ א‬c> ~، Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬d)Z
K Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬pdyG
n MZL+' ‫א‬

gM ‫ א‬Gj{ ‫א‬lG ‫?א ' !א‬M "#)W

W Q‫א א‬e"R ‫(א‬

: )*b
Loc[iQ 'WLoc[+XY‫א‬2Ls- Md‫א‬HG ‫א‬f
HG ‫א‬m‫"א‬db#q\"Z2]? + ‫א‬HG ‫א‬F1G c،]? + ‫א‬HG ‫א‬
Î-‫א‬QlLj ‫ א‬Md‫א‬oM[ M")-‫א‬w"o ‫~ >א‬b، Md‫א‬
g)‫[\«?)~א &א‬/،P+) ‫&א‬k‫"א‬##«\[+XY‫א‬2MR
K Md‫א‬HG x.l‫א‬L&1L+' ‫א\א‬M49

: " - (3

، b"R ‫?א‬546‫א‬F)ct$8 ? X ( ‫א ?א ;א‬JW‫ א‬XM
gM ) ‫א‬x~ "#Z،?\"RX‫"\א‬l?g 2‫א‬P+) ‫ א‬MM‫"א‬1%k{ ‫א‬
\?،c_"S t"W e"W ,G$8Z¶R ‫א‬e"R ‫ א[\א‬c‫א‬
Ke"R ‫א‬F&&R78 ) ‫[]?\א‬،e"R ‫א‬3(Q78F?[{ ‫&_א‬WY‫א‬78 ) ‫א‬

W Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬LZyM&Z8GjdMF‫'"א‬je)

K Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬Q[ +) ،Z?‫ א‬-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬hW2
n [
Ke"R ‫א‬yc y{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬، 5[e"R ‫א‬w[hWpQq
،e" R ‫א‬L Zy‫א‬J W‫;א‬W{ ‫א‬F‫א‬.v -‫ א‬di1 hWps q
KL+' ‫א‬yo+{ ‫א‬5Y‫"\א‬Z\[ &)

_&WY‫ ·א‬b|©$، ‫אא‬#R ‫א‬lG ‫א ' !א‬78oQ

K‫ א‬diG-‫א‬HG ‫ !א‬X Q‫א א‬e"R ‫א‬78?-‫א‬

- ١٢٥ -
...................................... : ..............................

)RJ , U)[+

K 8&&¼‫א‬k ‫ _א‬Y‫"א‬3i‫א‬v ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬1Xl"Z i‫א‬v ‫ א‬b m‫א‬w() ‫א‬
M}& ‫[א‬،5QY‫א‬# 6b،i1r[Z"j[ [dM+Z F‫א ~א‬F&q8&S ‫א‬
Ku(QMsQ;q91? W[،R+Q
KMG-‫[א‬،i‫א‬m‫[א‬v)-b، Ãce nQ ¯yQ m‫א‬#Z
K\Y‫)\א‬m‫א 'א‬mx (Q 3} 4"( ‫א‬
F5( ‫א‬gM Z{ ‫א‬:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬M ‫)* א‬3(Mx?8 3b¼‫א‬# ‫א‬
Kio+ ‫א‬F‫)"א‬# ‫א‬
: i3W

{ ‫ א‬g ‫ _ א‬Y‫? א‬M L+' Uj \ [ c S vy¡ ; ©$
}S،F‫א‬4W،OjY‫א‬،Y‫א‬، Y‫א‬،_Yb،L+' ',F9J5Lsz
L+' ‫א‬3MRgM_ Y‫א‬x~yZ،L+' ##m‫א &א‬gcl"Z{ ‫א‬5Y‫א‬
Q‫ א א‬e"R ‫ א‬Fyl"Z c O1" ‫ א‬P+Q gc ، Q‫ א א‬F)( ‫ א‬Ë +Z gM
KyM ‫א‬

- ١٢٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
stealing L- : )f5>)s
،$c P gML+' ‫"א|א‬W‫א‬+XY‫)א‬M1 R ‫(א‬9#

R+) '&Z r"9j yc،4& ‫א‬LsOR L+' ‫)א‬M1 R ‫א‬Z،3?‫א‬4
%c‫&_?א‬W[e"R ‫ ~אא‬،} ‫"!א‬#$gM‫א‬M2‫א‬pM"Q0WY‫ א‬yc،L+' ‫א‬
W&R‫"\~א‬19§2 5~jL+' ‫" א‬#)c،3 5&}S3 5&
K5Y‫א‬g)-c ML+' ‫א‬W r J١
K5± j‫« א‬b &WL+' ‫אא‬.2 J٢
( ‫א‬vd ‫א‬gMZ41 M ،L+' # ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬db‫ א‬M J٣
K j‫א‬I§9§]~ ‫א‬
K¯Xje"R ‫ [\~אא‬2L+' ‫א‬ J٤

W r|4 "9# %l ZyQ[> |،1 WZ2 #R ‫א‬w#) ‫א‬Lb
L+' R&E (L+' ‫ א‬ZgMdi# ‫א‬FyY‫אא‬4?gZ)،L+' ‫א‬
K} ‫"!א‬#$ ‫ א‬$‫א‬gMZ41d)ZQ±

‫؟‬L+' ‫א‬t -‫א‬QY‫א‬3 cgd)QbW\‫א "א א‬R1

،L+' 7Y‫)א‬R ‫א‬L$‫ א‬-‫\א‬b‫|א‬8r£XR& ‫א‬Sgc:"k"-‫א‬

) W[،LbF‫?א‬b"9º5[ \[L+' ‫א‬45‫"\א &א‬Z
L+' LyRg$\"L+' ‫א‬I§vz،)Lb&X[،M
Kxvz

W HQ\"Z{ ‫ א‬yc b"W_‫' א‬kb9#Q{ ‫א‬1 R ‫א‬M[

- ١٢٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
\"،1 W]~ ‫ \א ( א‬mx4"5u)b1 R L+' ‫" א‬# J١

x ]~ ‫א ( א‬gM"9m‫א‬vu ‫א‬M ¡
n Q m‫א‬x~b"W
KM"9m‫א‬x4#P Q[،&' ‫א‬# '
#Q2‫א‬%c‫ ) א‬:& 56‫ א‬P 1 R L +' ‫ " א‬# 1 J٢
K;5[! R~ ‫א‬UJ5Y‫א‬
&Z gML9«L+' ‫"\א‬bLs،L+' ‫א‬L&11 R t j[%c‫?א‬e) J٣
،Q‫ א‬1[ [ j+ ‫ א‬L+' ‫ !א‬R1‫ ~א‬،iG.fb[
_‫' א‬k2‫א‬# ‫ א‬$" ;y 8lm"R ‫(א‬Rz[&c
K)Qd' ‫\א‬Y‫א א‬Q‫א‬v)-‫א‬
1 i M" l;?" l" L +' ‫) א‬M1 R ‫ &א‬W% c‫ "\?א‬1 J٤
14 1> ~b،)Qd' ‫\א‬Y (2L+' ‫א‬L/³،_ 'o
\[M©&\[78 L+' %c³،W‫א‬4?b"W)Y‫א‬gM‫א‬
،)WP+QWG.3 R-c³، +XM:&58k4)QdX
KR ‫אא (א‬p vl²&9 ! Rc

:' R-‫א‬4 # Z&S4:& 58 2

n [ 2L +' ‫א‬L &1 1 R ‫) א‬u
3Ml"Z،3 W± ?-‫א א‬yc8> ~b،f9 ‫"]א‬R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬yc8
W2،2 [p14WQ"bL+' ‫ א‬$;# F,
،db،! R-‫א‬:"Q"،2 [،7Y‫א‬3 -‫ א‬LW2
n [L+' ‫א‬c J١
K> |LbFRG
c ،#MR+QL+' ‫א‬IcL&1 $Y‫א‬4 ‫א‬r8gcuW2‫ א‬M J٢
‫ א‬2‫א‬Md¨1GM، Mdl2‫א‬k، $W‫א‬4?،ib|l4?
K"R ‫א‬L[

- ١٢٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
R+Qgk ! RL+' ‫\א‬b‫|א‬8c 'gR+) ‫א‬HG ‫\א‬8 J٣

)ML،#c‫ ~א‬P ،1 R ‫א‬W4³)Qd' ‫ א‬k (
#QG & $Ls،1 R L+' ‫א‬W4³‫א‬4\"Z1t j[5[d ‫א‬
dy،¦mLc? b 1 R ‫א‬04Q[ [،1 R ‫א‬XW"$[
،L+' 1 R ‫א‬y?Z{ ‫א‬+*" ‫א‬gMvb ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬HGMgM;i# ‫א‬
KL+' ‫)א‬M1 R ‫א‬%c‫ א‬1?h

?&-‫ א א‬$2‫א‬Gj;yi)[x¡3}&bF R‫א‬gM%#Z

LbL+' l" "R+ ‫א‬Flm‫}א‬
c"Z%، i ‫א א‬+X ‫)\א‬m‫א‬
KP&_ (

‫ א‬$‫א‬dZ،L+' ‫א‬t 5± -4"( ‫א‬dZ2> ~b

gM\)M)Y‫אא‬.8‫\א‬y\[/2، j‫א‬I§9§
?546‫א‬l" ‫א‬:)168،_# ‫א‬M‫א‬p ]" Z_"W> |، j‫א‬
K²9 ‫א‬

: L- U)[+
³،;yi)[()Z"W}S W[\‫א "א א‬:&Z8©$W W[_&W[ J١
K1 R ‫א‬y)L+' ‫)א‬Mb"WR+QF‫' א‬k‫¦א‬$yMZ
‫~א‬gML+' #Z{ ‫אא‬f ‫·א‬vb ZGjW GM6‫א‬LiW J٢
"#c،/6‫א‬F+9 ‫?א‬z،L'& !4R ‫א‬4y*8،e"R ‫א‬
Kx#L+' ‫א‬
34"rL+' ‫)א‬MQ‫א א‬F&S ‫א‬P)Z©$W j‫א‬x¡\‫א א‬ J٣
K;y) #Q‫_ ;[א‬#b} ‫א‬F³gM|‫"א‬W‫א‬1 W

- ١٢٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
\ b[‫ "א‬W WY‫ א‬Z$g c\ m‫ א‬gQ M]~ ‫א‬L +' cW\ m‫א‬ J٤
4 "yL+' ‫א‬e"WR+QgM\ m‫~אא‬P) +XM []?\ $
K1 R ‫א‬y)FG(-‫·א‬

5F (5 \)- (J ( 3)! P *K)$ 3 d/)0!' (/

: * SO P V
L ‫א "א‬،L +' ‫ א‬yML &#{ ‫א‬1 R ‫א‬L 5،e" R ‫א‬:" Q? $W2
n [
KEL+' ‫(א‬IJ(Z'jG34dW‫א א‬JW‫א‬GjFKe"R ‫אא‬4) ‫א‬

#$% ` []`7 C"0

WWWY‫(א‬-‫א‬
}&bW"RW m‫א‬4‫ א‬Zt
y1 R{ ‫א‬5Y‫א‬M"Q
}&bW"·+J)WL+' ‫א‬b|t"R

%+Z W"·+J)W3 W± ]?912‫א‬t"R-‫א‬

WF$G
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ١٣٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
K(3$>+XW)Z{ ‫?א‬546‫א‬F)+ ‫ א‬j‫א‬WpQq

WModelingl~d) ‫)א‬c J١
[H|" d) ‫ ;א‬#ZG j L +' ‫א‬e" WL Zg M )+ ‫א‬x~ dZ
K3# ‫א‬
W R ‫א‬l"-‫א‬vv ‫א‬Token economyv ‫א‬Fªc-‫א‬ J٢
):‫"א‬Q[LZ[;ZgML+' ‫א‬3MR- /8vvZ# X
،‫א‬Fv43cL5gMvv ‫"\א‬، 8"r" ‫ א?א‬-‫א‬e"R ‫א‬
،_" S -‫א‬e" R ‫ א‬#$ dbL +' ‫א‬3 c; ،EÒ8KKKK، dX[،FG $4
KL+' ‫א‬t 1 R ‫א‬e"WLZtfb c# ' ‫א‬x~O&q[

#$% =
GL+' ‫א‬yo+5[
Q"v+Z‫ א‬ FG$ ‫א‬ dXY‫א‬ F (-‫א‬
J١ J١ J١ J١
J٢ J٢ J٢ J٢
J٣ J٣ J٣ J٣
J٤ J٤ J٤ J٤
J٥ J٥ J٥ J٥
________
KL1Y‫א‬78 sbY‫א‬H4L(34dW2‫א‬x~FQZ Z; EGF
1)MF‫א‬.v-‫א‬x~$[Q $،_"'-‫א‬e"R 1)ML+' ‫א‬3c;Z
K¯X‫א‬e"R

- ١٣١ -
...................................... : ..............................
#$% d v)(7 3>7

R ‫א‬t
k W" }&b Y‫א‬:"&WY‫א‬

WR ‫א‬gMFMWL‫"א‬M
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٣

WR ‫ א‬MgMFMWL‫"א‬M
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٤
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٥
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٦

WF$G
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

________
L ‫"א‬M4 &M2‫~א‬jY‫א‬% ،:"& W[LbL +' ‫א‬gM34d W2‫א‬P +Q&'Z4‫ א‬Z; EGF
GZ،y) /6‫;א‬M ،4&M2‫א‬%k"Z ،P ‫[א‬،R ‫א‬gM3MR-‫א‬
K&R ‫א‬L‫א "א‬

- ١٣٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
Disabedience GGG* :FG*I

،M+9+XY‫א‬pM"5b"R ‫א‬Lb(-‫ א‬sb[?) ‫א‬f
?) c، j‫א‬L&1)'-)M#L5gML+' ‫ א‬ye"W"yc
F‫)"א‬R ‫א‬Gj\")M> |‫" ؛‬#-‫?א‬$&X3 *+XY‫)א‬M
K(²&9) ،L+' ‫ א‬dM7Y‫¦א‬Gs ‫א‬

، 9ZgM4‫ א‬r6‫א‬4& ‫' א‬-\M|6‫ א‬M\9 ‫א‬W?) 9#

y&{ ‫&א‬R ‫א‬Q?) ‫ א‬Q\[Kc_"S }S[p'
j\"4
Q2، "$4 & ‫א‬L&1 8yl"-‫א‬F‫?א‬546‫א א )"א א‬Y‫א‬x¡L+' ‫א‬
)MnGsdc. ‫א ~]§ [א א "א‬L+ ‫א‬gM4‫ א‬r6‫א‬8،#c&R ‫א‬
PbQ ") _~ ‫)א ')א‬M[، u‫)א א‬Z)'
d ‫(}א‬،RG"&·c dm‫א‬78_~ ‫)א ')א‬M[، Y‫א‬
:L5gM ،+XY‫)א‬M?) 5[qGqe)\[78
K)_"'-;y2"yc‫&؛‬R ‫א‬#-‫א‬ J١
K?> |Lc[ ?WL+' ‫"א‬#\b‫א ]א )?א ؛‬ J٢
K)'P # ‫"א‬W1m‫א )?א‬ J٣

w (Z AV * h1 '

²&rc،}s ‫;א ( א‬Z1Q[© s ‫ [א‬Qs ‫א‬M (L+' ‫\א‬8
H4jprJ5[ ²&r[، 8l"-‫ א‬G ‫;א‬y+[،L#) ‫( א‬-‫א‬gM‫א‬4p ?1
«QYr3 *\"$ -‫א‬x~x?)M\c، '¼‫א‬3 WY‫'!א‬Q
Z‫|א‬gM?dM2‫א‬R+)G#W2‫א‬

- ١٣٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
gM? d b،+XY‫א‬t &R ‫א‬Q‫א א‬FMv) ‫א )?א‬f

9,f ، j‫ "!א‬#m3} 'jF byQ‫;?\א‬y #¿ ‫א "א‬
K; ‫[א‬4& ‫"א א‬QF&S4}9 ‫א‬F$"dXF&S4 ?9

،3 M$ [3vl3 + ¦«1،i( ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫א )?א‬

O& ‫ א‬y1،9J5L+' ‫א‬e"Wq+rnGr‫"א‬p'\"[
\"p& S، b"W1"db،?) ‫ א‬$L+' ‫א‬،P ‫[א‬W4-‫ א‬+§
p& S|8،i‫א‬.1?) ‫א‬1‫}א"א‬
p sb\8،&S4+1"}&b$78pM‫א‬
، WQr#‫[א‬# 1W"b?) ‫א‬:&Z878+XY‫א‬u
K\"&S \ \"##«-X;?)MM\"J3?M

)WL&1L+' c، d ‫א‬3 &$ [&b"W3 b?) ‫א‬

[ Y‫א‬gMpb‫?א‬p dM‫א‬dQY،b"W?) ‫א‬F‫ א‬5 yZ2x dM
Q -‫ א‬Z2‫?א‬mpdR+1"\")،Zl$ \ c"³}S
، R2‫[א‬Mk ‫א‬Ls)?‫ א‬LdMpQ$[%Q4QY،¶R) ‫?א‬#Q2‫א‬
g Mg )&\[ &)e" W 1"? ) ‫\א‬Y،‫?א‬p )Mx4 &M‫ א‬2> |
MgMx4‫ א‬r8’+1"-e‫א‬4?6‫’א‬L+' ‫א‬Qliv‫ א‬G#W20R$6‫א‬
??4Fl4،+1":‫}א‬S\" d ‫)א‬R ‫א‬L&1L+' ‫ א‬،~+) ‫א‬
>5gMQY[،&S4\‫א‬#c[،
Ì uQ،Mk ‫·א‬c4[ R2‫ א‬b،c
K> |78،%il}SQ8[، ") ‫א‬

: * JB
Wyd[?) F&&R3Ml"Z
R ‫א‬uW2‫א‬OQbdyL+' ‫א‬F&S4&Zi‫א‬v ‫א‬L ‫א‬LR ‫א‬ •
Kj‫ א‬rL+' ‫א‬E9

- ١٣٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
k #Q‫א‬e"RL+' ‫( א‬c، j‫)?\א‬Y‫א‬$[ ‫א "א‬Lo+Z •

K ‫א "א‬Lo+-‫א‬2‫א‬
K;$Y¶9 ‫א‬H‫א‬v-‫א "א א‬3b, •
K3}sb4"[LR ‫א‬3"# ‫א‬+XY‫א‬%-‫א ~~_א‬ •
n sdc،?) ‫א‬3 *gM354q .+ ‫א‬
+X± yl"-‫אא‬f ‫א‬G •
Pb(Z{ ‫א‬3 ( ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬.‫ א‬8gM & 9)¹b -‫" א‬W ‫א‬
QIJ5][،}R ‫ _א‬o ‫~&[א‬#)-‫ א‬Z،+' ‫א‬9J( ‫א‬
K o "#~#)-‫א‬k#
‫" "א‬#g $; WH| ;#Z Gc # ‫«& "\א‬+XY‫\א‬8 •
K#
0R$8)M(Q]~ ‫א‬E ‫*;א "א‬،~&Q،!GX،4u5F] WY‫>א‬+ ‫א‬ •
K:o
KL+' ‫א‬t 1M8?"l •
K]?912‫ א‬Mdl2‫ א‬R+) ‫\א‬YL+' ‫א‬4"5 M •
K%1‫א "א‬%W)-‫}א‬S4& ‫א‬:)1‫א‬ •
KQ-‫א‬،3"# ‫א‬،Mu( L+' ‫؛«;א‬# ‫ א‬G$[ •
KZ‫|א‬bZL+' ‫&א‬S4 •
K4"9# ‫א‬vu 4"( ‫א‬kLc?4 •
K?) ‫א‬e"WvvZ •
w * v
"W]?1، &p #ZW?R ‫[א‬R‫א‬78Qs ‫ א )? א‬W
y)MZ) ‫"\א‬،?) ‫א‬3 c"X783 ‫א‬x~HGM ‫א "א‬L&1 9 ‫א‬
K3MLb(

- ١٣٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
:* EB
"Y‫א‬gM،L+' ]4 k"L‫א‬p 'jP :") ‫~אא‬W &' ‫א )?א‬ -١
kL+' ‫א‬l‫ א‬9 ‫\א‬c،L+' ‫א‬% 9 ‫א‬+bc $ -‫א‬x~
F db· e )yc،² 9 ‫א‬L & ‫ "א‬v v ‫א‬L ،L sY‫א‬L m‫ "א‬P
L+' ‫" א‬#)Mr£،L+' ‫א‬1gM4 R ‫א‬$ + ‫א‬LjZ{ ‫א‬vv ‫א‬
،?Q،[x"[«، X5?WFd ‫א‬x~،Rg$" LdM]
، X5?WLs3 +)Fdbe)ycc_"S }SLd "#)MP ‫א‬
K?Q،[x"[«
& ‫ "?א‬l M% 4 " '،? ) ‫ א‬:" ) ‫)( ~אא‬WLb (-‫א ) ?א‬ -٢
]?#c?) ‫א‬:") ‫ ~אא‬dW‫א|אא‬، &' ‫א )?א‬%L 9 ‫א‬
%L ‫א‬+bc Gc،; ‫&א‬S ‫ א‬M32&G ‫א )א‬78
F2 $28 ) ‫א‬7‫ אא‬u2[ ‫א "א‬g M، $ -‫ >א‬Z +XY‫א‬
K‫א‬l3?,

: * ` k0= p

W78?) ‫א‬e"W%L ‫ !א‬XLsdZ
W ZY‫א‬4&M2‫~א‬jY‫א‬%،L+' ‫ א‬$W‫א‬4? Wn2[
KQ‫א‬vZ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬H‫א‬v J
K4& ? J
K‫"א‬$Y‫א‬S[yoc44& ‫][א א‬h J
K "$-x.‫א‬v+W‫א‬t J
K #Q6‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬4‫ א‬r8 J
W b"R ‫ א‬R+) ‫?א‬546‫ א‬WpQq
WY‫א א‬J Wb، .G ‫א‬L ‫ !א‬XF‫א‬4 y ‫ _א "א‬Rb8 J
)q[¶R ‫א‬vv ‫א‬،+'Q2‫א‬Lu ‫"_א‬W[Ls،b"R ‫א‬d ‫א‬

- ١٣٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
‫)א‬q[ /6‫א‬vv ‫א‬،Eyo+5[L+' ‫ \א‬$t[F?) ‫א‬

KEo+ 5i'M8][F?) ‫א‬M
K_# "u ‫א‬،M' ‫א‬gML+' ‫ א‬S48M& ‫ א‬J
&W،L+' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58() ‫א‬gc"R ‫ א‬WY‫א‬:&Z‫ א‬J
WY‫א‬L9+ ‫ א‬b|
K)Y‫א‬-‫א‬vd ‫ א‬M-‫א‬F&s ‫ א‬J١
K&W)-‫א‬3# ‫א‬H|"d) ‫}א‬c"Z J٢
gM ‫\א‬Y‫'؛‬R& ‫א‬F2m‫א‬c_"S -‫}א‬Se"R ‫א‬L¡ J٣
KxvvZ78]?¶R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬
،"&#e"R # ‫)א‬Mvv ‫א‬3c-‫;א‬#Z_# ‫"א_א‬s ‫ א‬J٤
K¶We"R # ‫)א‬My&W
: sIx ' P^;E

d R‫ א‬Zlm &Z yc Q Z ‫) ~א &א‬L +' ‫א‬g \[ J١
e \[r[،?": W[L+' c،F‫?א‬M?/‫ ?\א‬،R+) ‫א‬
KM?"
gMx4&l‫?\א‬o+]~ ‫א ' א‬4 j‫ א‬$ e L+' ‫ א‬X8)M J٢
K ' ‫א‬v-‫א‬i'M8، X
K d ‫א‬x4"'Zl4 &W)-‫ _א‬Y‫א‬L+' ‫'א‬M8 J٣
\Y،'L\[/ dm‫א‬g M4 ‫א‬c) ‫א‬L+' ‫;א‬Z)M J٤
KRb(-‫א‬E4c0 Zx?)M}sZ3( ‫א‬
Mdl2‫א‬e"R ‫א‬L+' ‫;א‬Q\[، ‫א א )"א‬Y‫\[א‬8+Ä\[ J٥
K j‫ א א‬$‫"]א‬R ‫א‬

- ١٣٧ -
...................................... : ..............................

& J%u :FG)f

Sleep Disorder

،O1-‫ א‬M" ‫א\א‬#+\ #Z،F&R ‫ [א‬+ ‫א א‬Q834 $ ") ‫א‬
§ ") ‫א‬،Q"W4‫ א‬#W‫ א‬$"،'¼‫א‬F‫ א‬q-4"( ‫א‬t"R+Ä‫א‬
t"R78;i) ‫א‬3?"M "yW> |، -‫[א‬4J-‫&א‬R'-‫ א‬M" ‫א\א‬#cM
;)Zr c;Ru ² ") ‫[\א‬db،*#8["Q1c8? u# ‫א‬
K j‫א א‬w() ‫א‬3?W‫א‬

}(Z،‫א‬p}r\bdbdY‫א‬x~?‫?א‬vZ،L+' ‫א‬3 $d[ ")

+c،p" ") MW٢٠–١٨H«‫" "?א‬-‫[\א‬78?4"ZOR?iQ
d ‫א‬cL+' ‫"\א‬d)$،p& #Z MW٢٠L+' ‫ ) א‬d ‫א‬Y‫ א‬y( ‫א‬
L+' ‫א"\א‬p y5١٢ dMgcd)، ") p"MW١٨–١٦78H«‫א‬p y5١٢–٦
d ‫ א‬Qs ‫[א א‬،W"-‫א‬#cp "MW١٤ Z "Q78l$
١٢_ #78H«F‫)"א‬W٦–٤ dM،&p #ZMW١٣78L+' ‫א‬Hc
K ") MW

W ") ‫א‬$ [M"Qd ‫א‬v#

gdRZ،\) ‫ א‬Gje Z2]~ ‫א‬d ‫א )" א‬3 c"WY‫א‬:") ‫א‬ •
K R ‫א )א‬b $\ ") ‫[א‬،N.R.E.MdM
،++j،% W.‫א‬v‫א‬F‫)|א‬Mb $y ") ‫א‬3 c\"ZW Qs ‫א‬:") ‫א‬ •
K WMb Ã$9-‫[א )" א‬،R.E.MdMgdRZ

Q23?M" ،" ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬x$dY‫א‬F‫|א‬Q‫א )" א"א‬

sb[ j M78x4c[ £L+' ‫א‬L#) ") ‫\א‬8،X(Q4‫ א‬dW‫א‬Z$

- ١٣٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
L/1،HMvQ2‫א‬# ‫א‬p49f ") ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬،n2¸ sb[4، $

[،% # ‫א א‬JW‫א‬78;y]?1، Wi ‫א‬4L+' ‫א‬uMv) Y‫א‬
K3"R# ‫א א‬JW‫_[א‬# ‫א‬pQ$[، " ‫א‬

: & I%u NB

W R1[qGq78 ") ‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫;א‬R#Z
+b ") ‫א‬dUj"، ") ‫א‬:#8_‫' א‬k‫א‬M'WY‫א‬:") ‫א‬ •
K ") ‫א‬w‫ א‬c8[!4Y‫א‬Ls1"Z[Z
& ‫)א‬M&X}S¦‫א‬$[LsdZW ") ‫א‬FG®gdRW Qs ‫א‬:") ‫א‬ •
L ‫א‬M4 (-‫א‬0" ‫א‬y)، ") ‫)א‬q[[ ") ‫א‬# ‫א‬14+ ‫א‬
KK}S
،Z ") ‫)א‬q[ G ‫א‬Ls)9}SnG®p‫' א‬k‫א‬M'W© s ‫א‬:") ‫א‬ •
K}S%& ‫א‬v ،\)WY‫א‬e$‫א‬

W ‫א‬783456‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫>א‬Z

¯l+-‫*א‬#W2‫א‬34 F"QLsdW ") ‫)א‬q[:v+ ‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫א‬

L +' ‫א‬g M &Z،??u) W‫ [ א‬M4j r?% ")" 9
‫א‬،# ‫א‬F k3?.،P+)ZM W،? vS! M?"‫א‬FGM
?") ‫א‬vZ28iy ‫א‬Qd' ‫א‬F2¼uR2L+' ‫\א‬c
K?i1?
Wdc+XY‫א‬t s، ") ‫א‬Y‫©א‬s ‫א‬:v+ ‫«¦~אא‬
1،?";q، 3M%'#);q، 4 1،3 5 ‫א אא‬
\"1،pz }S:v+ ‫א‬F"Q&WK%'#Z\? Lb dR
Kx b~2) "Q:v+puMvpd$

- ١٣٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
78]?،"Q)q[L+' ‫א‬x‫ א‬M ®;$"W ‫א‬0" ‫א‬

،( ‫א"א‬m ") ‫א‬4‫ א‬dW‫א‬:'#Q‫א‬# ‫א‬%( ‫א‬HM.6‫א‬
،! ‫א‬M y،R+)Z_ 'o،Ð‫ א‬+ ‫אא‬p4?u)R[ 91
‫א‬4p ?QL ¦«p& S،dc "yRQRQ%'R2،x‫"א‬14"º
K4y) ‫" א‬QGjL+' ‫א‬x‫ א‬

W ‫א‬0" ‫&_א‬W[

[L+' ‫א‬y { ‫}א ?א‬S WY‫א א‬R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬ J١
Kf§
K&M -‫ א‬GcY‫א‬3(،c‫א א‬I9# L+' ‫א‬:N J٢
"³، ") ‫א‬gMS46dW2L+' \‫"א "א א‬º J٣
KM ‫א"א‬

"Q)q[yc? + ‫א )" א {( א‬F‫' א‬k‫"א‬W ") ‫)א‬q[ (-‫א‬

n2"uÐ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬e Z;iQ9QS?\"،L ‫א‬Y‫©א‬s ‫א‬
Or"R ‫א‬%0"‫[א‬،_& ‫א‬²cPG-‫אא‬Z4‫[א‬،\-‫[א‬
IJ( ‫א‬l\"") ‫א‬Gj،$"+x)MOQb\8، M" ‫א‬Ð"(
78:"l ‫?\א‬Ð‫ א‬+ ‫א‬78?"1،"9*#8،p#d,p&$5
R+Q/)M´)E&9 ‫א‬g$ j\ )1، M" ‫ א‬$
K®\
}S[3+-‫א‬Ld‫[א‬،Fd ‫א‬M"dL+' ‫ ?א‬ZW ") ‫)א‬q[ G ‫א‬
?? 1،&S4#h 53?M6‫[א )א‬،(Q# 8[،) ‫[א‬،3#-‫א‬
[،_M[،?u)W‫[א‬،‫ א‬9 G ‫"\א‬4،}qZ3fQ[+Q> |

- ١٤٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
M? ‫[א‬،‫א‬WMl6‫א‬M'W‫ א‬M%،>k[،$ c[،yZ

K ") ‫)א‬q[L+' ‫" א‬#\(4R+W‫א‬

W ") ‫)א‬q[ G ‫&_א‬W[

[، 1"- & $[، 1" L +' ‫א‬P +Q ‫ א "א‬J
K ") ‫א‬:vc_‫' א‬k2&$9-‫א‬
O1" ‫א‬،-R&X9J5\"Z\b‫؛‬c *\RQ6‫א‬9J5 J
UJ 5[% ¦ h 1، j #[، #1[ 9 $ Z‫|א‬
K# ‫}א‬sb;yGb

: ; & ) G P V )+

L(uRZyQ[> |، ") ‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫א‬3}&b34"9# ‫א‬/2
W7 ‫א )"א‬gM> |،y /6‫א‬L ‫א‬w ( HG ‫א‬78}&b
l"#c،4y) ‫)א‬q[R+QPdZL+' ‫* א‬M©& ‫א‬/ J١
K3?"l"-‫א א‬HGM R ‫;א‬q،3Q
K +Z[?‫ א‬c8\?# ") ‫א‬FMWL+' ‫א‬O1;)Z J٢
K ") ‫א‬L&1"J ‫[א‬،( ‫>א‬o ‫[א‬، L+' ‫!א‬48M?2‫א‬ J٣
") yZL، (\[L&1 ") ‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬4&l8 Y‫א‬gM/2 J٤
K2+Q2‫[א‬4u( ‫ א‬j،i? $
)9h،$ +-‫א‬I9# QdX، )\[78L+' ‫ _א‬##& ‫ א‬, J٥
KM?Y‫א‬4b|Y
Kj W2‫\א‬Yx (Z&X²i‫א‬4،L+' ‫ א‬W&&, r)M%k J٦
KP‫ א א‬G ‫א‬n2Oc‫א‬4") ‫א‬%k J٧
K ") ‫)א‬q[:v+ ‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫"א‬Q)q[ uo ‫ א‬M،y ‫א " א‬M& ‫א‬ J٨

- ١٤١ -
...................................... : ..............................
; i & U G :)f5+/)+

Speech Disorder
H‫ א‬j8"M²oZ،') ‫' _א‬o)ML+' ‫)א‬M G ‫' _א‬o

2
n 5[ G ‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫~א‬JZ،x jZ[،x sZ[،$"k[،; ‫" א‬yW[، $Y‫א‬
Wy)3?

:i & U : qH
;q،d ‫א‬y)doZ{ ‫א‬F‫"א‬rY‫א‬pZ"rL+' ‫«~א‬W~m‫א‬ J[
OqL(،3?pZ‫"א‬r[~m‫א‬Ld(1،#cd ‫אא‬pvl')
&R) g$،!GX6‫א‬gM "y+}S m‫א‬x~L+' ‫ א‬Gb²&9
K;}S ‫ "א‬b 8:dW2‫"\א‬+ ~ ‫א‬UJ5±

}SF"r4‫א‬r8;)M') ‫אא‬6‫'א‬j[l"Z©$W‫א‬6‫א‬ J_

ÃEÐF $&Rs-‫א‬L&WgM،c_"S -‫א‬F"9 ‫א‬n2W)

GbpM"5 sb[‫א‬6‫"_א‬M&Z،EF ÃE4F $&R[،E0F
K)WfbY‫א‬+XY‫א‬R ‫א‬4r+XY‫א‬

، Xj# 'F"9 ‫א‬49)M ‫'א‬j[l"Z©$W ‫ א‬JH

2c ¼‫א‬F‫"א‬rY‫א‬،c_"S -‫א‬F"9 ‫א‬p& 1L‫א‬F"9 ‫[\א‬28
2> ~ ، ‫א‬c -‫א‬3?¼‫א‬F‫"א‬rY‫א‬%y#'[vz
K ‫א‬8_"MyQ[gM)b2‫;א‬Ql)9Z

F"r3?.%d ‫א‬IJ( ‫))'א‬Mck6‫"_א‬Ml"ZWck6‫ א‬J?

K‫א‬p4(Q‫"_א )'א‬ML1[ ‫~אא‬f،²9 ‫א )'א‬78%'#[

- ١٤٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
: ; U :)f5,)s
¦ ‫א‬³، ) O+L( G ‫" א‬W_‫' א‬k‫ א‬W3Z ‫א‬
~jdb[p'#[pc $4 Z-‫א‬،;yLr‫ א "א‬j‫א‬%
e&Z42‫א‬Lu‫א‬H m‫& א‬R³،]?‫א‬482L(nG"X‫ א‬m‫א‬
K\R ‫>א‬+ ‫ &א‬SFb Ã،P+) ‫' א_א‬k_"9-‫א‬
L +' ‫{א‬+ 5 d ‫ א‬u+)Z© $،F d ‫א‬0 &$‫ א‬W uu ‫א‬
34 5Z4‫א‬Fb $LsdZ353Q}RM® 'o
\"+lÐ"4ÐZ4‫א‬،4Y‫א‬gM# o ‫א‬، ‫א‬+ ‫ >א‬hF
}S،Q‫א‬78‫ א‬± 0[ L-‫א‬،;+ ‫\א‬R ‫א‬H‫ א‬j8، ‫א‬
KEKKKK -‫א‬
‫[א‬،s R ‫א‬Ls( Ã $‫&א‬W‫ א‬Ws ‫א‬
K # ‫א‬، ، G ‫[א א‬،E WW W،q4WW4F
K G ‫א‬3i‫א‬v ‫א‬M R ‫א‬
KQY‫ א‬G ‫א‬H j WdJd‫א‬
K ' ‫אא‬8 Wd'd' ‫א‬
K+ ‫ א‬$'Q?? ‫א‬Wxc+ ‫א‬
K;-‫ א א‬$'Q?? ‫א‬Wdd ‫א‬
KyX#4‫ א‬Z[ m‫'א‬Q?? ‫א‬Wds ‫א‬
KyoFd ‫·א‬j?8W+ ‫א‬
Ky#'Q4~ Fd ‫~·א‬$"W;j ‫א‬
K m‫א‬%X#&Z MWdd ‫א‬
Km‫א‬g91[; ‫ א‬W#d#-‫א‬

- ١٤٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
i‫א‬v ‫א‬F"9 ‫"א‬Q،Z5،S،F"9 ‫א‬Ã،M W،F"9 ‫א‬

KEF"9 ‫א‬% ZF

: U GH U)[+
W©$l" "_&W[ J١
K¬-‫ א‬+9Qrj]vb -‫¶א‬9 ‫א‬.y‫;א‬W#ZGj‫[א‬I#Q
[،\) WY‫[א‬،;+ ‫[א‬،\R ‫ א‬8،L+' ‫א‬t G ‫א‬.y¨_"M?"l
K+ ‫א‬$[[،\+( ‫א‬
K3 u)m‫[א‬،QY‫[א‬،\|Y‫א‬8 dR ‫א‬.y_"M?"l
]?³،t R ‫א א‬g)d ‫א א‬gML+' ‫א‬4&l8
KL+' ‫)א‬M# ‫א‬78
¬-‫א‬G ‫א‬vb‫ א‬-‫א‬r8، G ‫א‬d-‫_א‬9MY‫' א_א‬k‫א‬
y3 W[ \4 ) 9-‫ א‬٪٦٥\[F W‫א‬4 ‫א‬O ) © $ q‫א‬4" ‫א‬
K_9IJ5
K}+ ‫א‬M W}& ‫" א‬yWc‫א "א‬k
K$‫א‬O1F ‫?א‬Z
y W‫א‬Z" 9 ‫א‬3v ylY‫א‬%' RZ2© Ã iM R4 cY‫א‬c Z
K "yR
WR+Q_&W[ J٢
‫ א { א‬1‫"א‬-‫ ·א‬L +' ‫ א‬dy) Q ]~ ‫ א "א‬# ‫ א‬
¦?‫ "א‬$[v )-‫ א א‬yQ‫א‬L s¦?‫ "א‬m ‫א‬L s،& r yQ[ #
K G ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬#+L+' ‫א‬L¡F‫א‬4R ‫א‬

- ١٤٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
، W[FG(&R M(-‫א‬M}& ‫&א‬S ‫[א‬34# ‫ א‬M:‫ א‬9 ‫ א‬

K Mdl2‫א‬o ‫[א‬، ‫א "א‬9+Q‫[א‬، Y‫ א!א‬cLs
gM34# ‫ א‬M،‫'"א‬Q6‫א‬،Lu‫א‬،P+) ‫א‬#s ‫ א‬L+' ‫א‬4"5
K Mdl2‫א‬L ‫א‬

W& ‫&_א‬WY‫ א‬J٣

،F‫)"א‬W3 "+' ‫ א‬G ‫'א‬QgML+' ‫"א‬$³%u(ZL ‫ א‬
K') b m‫א‬3 'R ‫א‬x"(Z¦«³
K[[LbL+' ]" ‫א‬l" ‫א‬Gj‫ א‬
Kdyb["[t$8L+' ‫א‬t \)m‫א א‬Q‫ א‬
K W4-‫'א‬,L+' ‫א‬W‫א‬4?F"r?"l
KF"R ‫א‬3}sb G ‫א‬13 WY‫ א‬
KL+' '¼‫א‬Ql jR ‫ א א‬
: ; i & ) G'

Wy)HG ‫ !א‬X?Z

:- & a=

،9J5d)Z،L+' ‫)א‬M R+) ‫ א‬Z" ‫ א‬+Q2‫ א‬qY‫א‬L#> |
L#Qg$،' ‫~א‬jY‫א‬gM&4Z،I#) x4"5u$%k
،3"R# M،²9 ‫א )'א‬gML+' ‫א‬%u(Z،i‫'"א‬Q‫א‬RQ‫א‬
،Zdb‫א‬vyW2‫ א‬JR ‫¡)א‬،)MpdS4 G ‫א‬gMx R1S48[
\"Z#c،L+' ‫א‬HGM;4?dYFyY‫אא‬%Lr‫א "א‬34 k%
K;y'jYuQL+' ‫ א‬$

- ١٤٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
: ac
"،F2m‫א‬S[.G\[/، R+) ‫א‬HG Ld]4 kHGM"
'QHGM XM3?FRlfM²9 ‫א )'א‬gM4 _"W[
،&9 ‫א‬78yR ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬Fd ‫א‬H4 ‫א‬،l G ‫;א‬
"# Ë o-‫א‬% & ‫א‬F ) z> ~ b، m‫א‬+ ( ‫ \א‬R ‫א‬4 Z
K G ‫א ]א‬P+) ‫א‬F) z، G ‫א‬.y‫א‬FGoM
: Z[ a@
WGj & ‫א‬HG ‫;א‬
gM_4g$/4ZM¸Mdl‫א‬FX(QL+' ‫ ?א‬
K9J5d)Z Mdl2‫א‬LM+ ‫א‬r c EZ' ‫~א‬jY‫א‬
Mr
p "9j،_‫' א‬k2‫~אא‬78]?Z{ ‫&_א‬WY‫א‬G ‫?א "א‬548
Kg)d ‫א א‬gM RY‫א‬L+' ‫א‬4&l8
_ 92g $L +' " ‫ א‬dyZyl"Z Y‫_א‬Y‫ א‬WW $"Z
K +Q2‫א‬O(
K')\RW‫א‬%u( ‫)\א‬m‫א‬L+' ‫'א‬M8
x (R+) ‫א‬Zlm%&(L+' ,] W[ W4"l c"Z
K\)m‫א‬m
K G ‫א‬dZ‫)א‬M3$‫ א‬L+' ‫;א‬Z

: [ ae
HGM;yRZ{ ‫}א‬1# ‫א '&[א‬3vylY‫א ·א‬JW‫א‬Gj
KLj¶9 ‫א‬.y‫ ]א‬

- ١٤٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
+ ! <j : )f5)+
،dRl[،R$L‫"א‬M3M78 W‫א‬4 ‫ א‬j ‫ [א‬W4‫א א‬J ‫א‬%l 1

[3?_G' ‫·א‬L(c78]?Z{ ‫&_א‬WY‫א א‬e)،Mdl‫[א‬
x~ ، )v ‫;א‬4 dM[L s; d M; y+º[;y" W4،L b;y W‫א‬4?
W_&WY‫א‬
،)& ‫א‬k،;y+ ‫"א‬r،vb ‫ א‬MF9J5rL‫"א‬M * J١
M W، G ‫א‬F‫ ' א‬k‫[א‬، 9& ‫א‬%d R ‫ א‬kL ‫"א‬M، ~ ‫ "א‬W
# ‫א‬F‫א‬4 # ‫א‬I #Q،v b ‫ א‬b~ ‫א‬g M34 # ‫ א‬M،\ R) ‫א‬
Kb‫א‬4?6‫א‬
FG(?"l،Lr‫"א‬-‫ א‬yR ‫א‬gM3 WY‫א‬%u(Z©$F v)L‫"א‬M * J٢
KE3 WY‫א‬Lj‫&~?א‬Q?"l، W[
d-‫א ·א‬J W‫א‬،Gv ‫ א‬c‫"א‬Z MF W4L ‫"א‬M * J٣
E ‫ א‬M،}+)Z WY
K?,4&j[)3?Z * J٤

:+ ! <j )+

‫;؛‬Â ‫א‬gM;yu(Z_G' ‫א‬0°34sW‫א‬M/;d &R)
:‫ א‬WÈ _G' ‫א‬L(+p9 p&\b" db;-‫א‬#\[²9Gc> ~
;yZ"R-p#c;y+)9Z_G' ‫;א‬R#Z78:‫ א‬WÈ [،;y 8 " ‫א‬l"Z،;y&QZ
F&l‫ א "א‬،4?1}S،k،p b|L1[، b|،b~ ‫?א‬$W78# ‫א‬
&'Z،_G ' ‫ א‬l"Z3? M8 W# ‫ א‬$Y‫א‬x~ L s4‫ א‬r8L &1;d 7Y‫א‬
KQqr c;Í'M8،Qq3 x}Z[،c‫("א‬c]~ ‫א‬4&j2‫א‬

- ١٤٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
v~،;Â ‫א‬gM;yu(Z،GX"( "#\[;-‫א‬gM/

K;yZ"R‫)"א‬R\[gMLd ‫א‬،3 b‫~א‬-‫?א‬yl2‫א‬y‫א‬

~ +)Zb4 (Z\[ yM،; -‫א‬4 L d-‫ א‬yc،3 WY‫א‬4?g R)Q2
KW4-‫;א‬-‫" א‬#dW‫א‬،L+' ?546‫''א‬j

- ١٤٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
\V :)f5&)s
، +XY‫א‬t R+) ‫א‬Lb (-‫} א‬s be (-‫א‬L ‫ א‬3} ‫א‬
،X&$8p&&W\"Z1{ ‫א‬،L+' 3 \"Z{ ‫א‬k -‫א‬3} ‫~ >א‬9#
WLs3}sbF2$ y 4"53} ‫א‬KR+) ‫א‬Lb(-‫}א‬s k Z
E¹،Z&S4gM"9m‫א‬L[&£L+' ‫א‬4"5[،3 W± lL+X?G
! +j6‫ א‬MZ ) ‫א‬I#) 4" ( ‫[א‬،F &S ‫ >א‬Zg M" 9m‫ א‬jL +X
\[ L، j‫א‬IJ( ‫ א‬5gM"9m‫&א‬S ‫א‬OR KL(+ ‫א‬
4L+' ‫\| >א‬b‫|א‬c، 5gM "9$ M&R# ‫ א‬-‫)_א‬
>bl‫א‬4? Q"b78#c?"2> ~c،l‫א‬4 ‫א ~]>א‬#r
m‫ א‬:" ) ‫א‬vp 4g yc، m‫ א‬c" Z l‫א‬4 ‫ >א‬Z\ x4" 578L ، R+)
>ZOQb‫|א‬8،dy) ,"d) j½ ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬dy%d~ ‫)א‬Qd' ‫א‬
#9 ‫א‬x~ ‫"א‬1\[78> |?"c،y& ‫א 'א‬F‫>|א‬Zy#r4Z3+ ‫א‬
>Z)O ${ ‫ אא‬-‫א‬dy%d~ ‫ א‬Z‫&"א ~א‬# ‫א‬3?R 4"( ‫א‬Ls
K3+ ‫א‬
\ j‫«&)א‬،)&$ j‫א‬²)\[gM34# ‫ א‬M"$‫א‬p|84 Z3} c
1G ‫א‬x¡# ‫)א‬Qd' ‫ א‬4 "( ‫"א‬$4 Z yc ،+ ‫א‬c
.; [)dy~ ‫א‬UJ5Y‫א‬%di# ‫א‬

: %L \V
+XY‫א‬4r9©$،&Xp5fZ3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬3} ‫א‬
32&\?،;yZl$:&58;y&S > |،4"y ‫א‬$> d ‫א‬$QQY
sZ،F‫)"א‬W٤ J٣dc¦h3} 4"( ‫א‬d1،l4‫[ א‬،;}

- ١٤٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
? + ‫א‬3$ q}'j [3} 4"( ‫א‬.)& ‫א‬y)MF)& ‫א‬y&RQ

9J( ‫א‬#c‫"א‬ZgMpd‫א?א‬p 'jLsz ،3?R+QFM‫ א‬r &R
;o1[،%rY‫א‬I[،]?‫א‬48G ‫א &"א‬Wy)+®b"W Mdl2‫א‬
‫[א‬،! ' ‫א‬g (; y+'M l، j‫א‬x &Q‫ א‬5 &S ‫[א‬، c *Y‫א‬
. cR ‫[ א א\א‬،# ‫[א"א‬، -

_&WY‫"\ א‬9J-‫א‬²9)&R ‫א‬4q1" [3} ‫א‬HG

gMx"Z،Gv ‫א‬،W4-‫א‬،3 WY‫א‬Qd#L+' ‫א‬458،ylGM
3$+º،L+' ‫א‬P+Q#s ‫©א‬، j‫א‬x¡k4E + ( ‫א‬Rc)-‫א‬
، ‫א‬3‫א‬R-‫א‬0W[gM di# ‫א‬F1G ‫}א‬
c"Z%، vu ‫[א‬I#) 4"( ‫א‬
L،F‫א‬.‫א‬2v hGc،Z‫א‬41[)W[R)l\bdy، jLo+Z[vz\?
©Ã،v ‫א‬L&#Z،!"+ ‫א‬L&#ZgML+' ‫"א‬Z/.3‫א‬R-‫ א‬1gM-‫א‬
M j‫ "!א‬+Z 3} S\?، W)-‫ א‬y‫& ~א‬E u) ‫ א‬#hg ML d
.R+)#s ‫א‬#+ cZ{ ‫א‬34"9

yZ X(،Md‫ א‬#Z ‫ א‬$‫א‬gM QQY‫א‬L+' ‫"א‬Z/> ~b

‫א‬gM/db،F‫[?א‬dc ‫א‬+XY‫א‬b4(،Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬
i‫א‬v ‫ א‬d2‫א‬# ‫א‬4 y*8. "/Gc،L+' ‫א‬t 3} ‫ א‬M(dc vm‫א‬
M(M yZ2،L+)2]~ ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬+S8 &)2Q[db، M(-‫>א‬
'M8}
& ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬d8."/Gc،lL+X3?2 $> |،p#'3} ‫א‬
2"،l$4#28) ‫" "?א‬-‫א‬Gc،v ³ sb[)M}9 ‫א‬
3 sb?" "-‫א‬L °3 sb3? Mf bY‫א‬L +' ‫ א‬o]~ ‫א‬،}s b78H «
‫"א‬y\[> ~b‫א‬l‫א‬.x+³ sb[?" "-‫ א‬o]~ ‫ א‬dR‫!א‬9 2‫א‬
«Gc،\6‫א‬4#/4ZQ‫א‬l'c3M‫ א‬%3?2" ‫?¦א‬$78L+' ‫א‬
K%d\b]~ ‫א‬.2‫א‬pl+pQ $

- ١٥٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
: N)Q !/
L+XLb4 &M‫א‬،« 9 ‫א‬Q4#-‫א‬M‫"א‬#\[FyY‫אא‬gM/
+J-‫א‬F‫א "א‬d)Z،yr‫אא‬vyZ‫א?א‬W‫ א‬#R9J5
،> |}
S، Z"&d ‫[ _א‬،3‫ א‬# ‫א‬،%‫א '"א‬%¸، "9 ‫א‬،g#W"-b3"j2‫א‬
. j‫א‬% Q4#G x #Z d#Z²& 9، $QL b!" +> ~
4 "578]?Z -‫ א‬1 + c،· -‫א‬Y‫"]א‬R ‫א‬2‫א‬-‫א‬3‫א‬R-‫א‬
L&#Rt j[4 "ryk‫ א‬M[ yZO&Z3}SF)& ‫א‬t "d)Z،4 ?2Y‫א‬
،yZm34o ‫ א‬-‫}| >א‬S،;y#s ‫ א‬M،l ‫ אא‬bLs،yZ$
3} ‫}א‬s‫\~א‬c،· -‫א‬L+' ‫א‬gM3}sbF‫א‬.‫א!א‬S8 M/> ~b
> |}
S[،· -‫א‬L+' ‫ אא‬b،3"WY‫א‬z &Z،rY‫א‬3"j6‫א‬
K3 R-‫[א‬3 ‫א‬3} ‫ א‬

- ١٥١ -
...................................... : ..............................
D[ \E kV ) , : )u+)7

Temper Tantrums

??4، "yRo ‫א‬F"Q4sRZ،o )M4u+Q‫ א‬o ‫"א‬Q
‫א‬3 'R ‫א\א‬#c( ‫א‬o ‫א‬guKyZ5\bf ‫(&א‬ZycL+ ‫א‬
+XY‫א‬K4Y‫א‬gMH $ ‫א‬،5Y‫}א‬RZ،;( ‫א‬،‫ א‬9 ‫א‬
¤$Gt~ ‫א‬
134?QF2$K;yR+Q[\"R
&«[;yRG\" "&[\#1 rY‫א‬
KLb ‫ _[א‬o Rl5‫א א‬L+' ‫;א‬ly

‫א‬l34?QF2$ ،+XY‫א‬4r¦m‫א‬34?Qo ‫א‬F"QZ2

F"QK W4-‫א‬L&1L+X)M}'j +Q‫' א_א‬k‫"?א‬lgMGM\"Z1
&W3 Y+XY‫ א‬y)MF‫)"א‬W٤ J٢ dMpM"5\"Z sb[o ‫א‬
M}& ‫;א‬yQ \" E) W١٢78٥F d ‫א‬
;y #Z% ، G# W‫א‬
‫א‬
%'#L(28¦h2KI1) ‫א‬78o ‫א‬F"QLz،+ ;4c[
# ‫א‬%‫א‬p [e"R ‫"\~אא‬b 20) ‫&}א‬b?Me)K#‫ א‬-‫ א‬W
F‫)"א‬WGjE5Y‫~א‬1،_ o ‫א‬،‫ א‬9 ‫א‬Fo ‫א‬F"Q;)M dRZ، d
K5 ‫א‬
،o ‫א‬F"Q+Ä2‫?א‬p ,p'e)\[po[$G- ‫א‬
dy)v ‫א‬Lr+ ‫א‬L1[²&9o ‫א‬F"Q?M\[\"W*"}Zc
3$·+J)Z\[3?M\")dc،$78½ p&®‫"\~א‬1K"X[
LuR*+$2‫ א‬XMK%1‫~א"א "א‬P ¤m‫"א‬R K2
n [o ‫א‬F"Q
yKR ‫א‬FGM[?h\[>)،") ‫¦א‬h *[Ohg"$
yQ‫ א‬1 ‫ \א‬5‫|א‬8pbo ‫"א‬QL+' ‫ א‬8uQ;y}Z[
n2#Mdb # L+' ‫~א&[א‬KycZo1"$H‫ א‬$

- ١٥٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
o ‫א‬34"q#Z{ ‫א‬duyZ3 cLz> ~bKg dM[oS34"q:cQ2‫א‬

"o ‫"א‬Q+Ä‫ א‬Z‫א }א‬K ‫א ) [א¼& "א‬M}& ‫א‬
K)q‫[א‬3$‫א‬#1?78#1?١٥v ‫א‬I1)#c،") ‫א‬.I1)Z

: U)[+9
[، "uy ‫[א‬،w&$È ]
v SLc?4"ycg&X [o ‫א‬
L(" R ‫א‬H‫א‬v-‫\א‬cEAshley MontagueF?"lQ"g5Y?p&ZK)Z1"Z&Z
،%1"ZO)bgML9h OQcKgXjL+ P w&$È uQ M
KW# ' +Z\[n2"1 M(M}& "#Z(-‫א‬Lm ,
KFG(-‫א‬L$ c! ' ‫ א‬sb[OR o ‫"א‬Q\c¤m‫"א‬R

+XY‫א‬t o ‫א‬F‫א‬4u+Q‫¦א‬$;yRZg ‫א‬t jY‫א‬L‫א "א‬

K "yRoSF"Q\ y;yR+Q[5‫א א‬3(-O& ‫;א‬yk Z

[HMvQ2\ (ge‫א‬4?8gM+XY‫א‬341 M"© s ‫א‬L ‫א‬

"Q‫ א‬u+)\[28 j½ M(-‫א‬x~L#Q;yQ\"2;q،w&$6‫א‬
K5oS

: 3)L hW
‫؟‬E ‫א‬3 'R ‫א\א‬#+Fw&$È uW2‫א‬78LzLW]" Y‫א‬H|"d) ‫ א‬J١
،w&$6‫א‬%L ‫א‬gc>"W[‫א‬#\[‫א‬l²l -‫ >א‬+X[\[ b~Z
>l‫א‬v\[$;yR+Q[gM‫' א‬R\[;y)%1"Z\[%'RZ2OQc
Kl"gM4"Y‫ א‬RZ ‫|א‬8 u+)،‫א‬l W
d$‫א‬v&[il+XY‫)"\א‬MWl" "R+ ‫א‬F2m‫א‬ J٢
dbgM>+XL9«\[bZ‫ ~א‬،;y o ‫א‬F‫א‬4u+Q‫¦א‬$
F2"b-‫·א‬g'\[،M‫"א‬Z&l)\[، ") ‫א‬cX

- ١٥٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
}s ‫ >א‬+X[t \"\[bZ> ~bKW4-‫א‬++‫א‬

Kv)-‫א‬H4j Ã U + ‫א‬
‫א‬p #>+XgM>Z 'WZ2WF&'-‫א‬³41L1[ c‫א‬ J٣
Lzg ‫א‬4&M2‫[א‬4 o ‫}א‬SFM")d-‫}א‬sb +> |،p z
d &' ‫א‬L+ ‫?א‬4"#-‫א‬o c،o ‫א‬F"Q4u+Q‫א¦א‬$878
K34 kF2m‫ א‬sb[> +X[gM>Z 'W 91‫ ~אא‬،Estop1"ZF

:
WY‫א‬Ko ‫א‬F"Qe"W%L gs# X##m‫א‬l"Z2
/p& SKF2m‫&")א‬R)y cO&qy¸p#$234"b~-‫א‬
Lu ‫א‬%d‫;א‬#c;q،p ‫ א‬l8 sb[%¸+-‫א[\א‬
Ko ‫א‬F"Q ‫א‬e"R F‫ א‬cgMvv ‫א‬

\[ +XY‫א‬t +Q2‫א‬F‫א‬4"s ‫א‬%L ‫א‬$

p ¹! ' ‫א‬L1[\8
L9«L+' ‫א‬:Z:"o£;RRZ\[[،U‫>א‬l‫א‬vgM3 'R ‫א‬#+Z 9Z
\[[،EO 1" ‫"אא‬Xo ‫א‬F"Q
4u+Q2‫א‬78L+' ]?‫~א‬F gM
[ Q & ‫ _א‬# ‫ א‬J RZ\[[، ( ‫א‬H MvQ2 ( dbGbL +' ‫¡ ?א‬
K W# ‫א‬y ‫א‬
K d$‫א‬t~ ‫א‬o ‫א‬F"Qe"WdL(L¡WLu ‫א‬ J١
pb4([‫א‬p (\"Z\[·c ZXR&&Z\[\$Y‫·א‬RQY‫א‬
.yl Z\[>"Qc S78~Z\[>)K +Q2‫א‬L+' ‫א‬F‫א‬4"q
K‫א‬lp MZ"r\"©Ã"?‫א א‬
Wo ‫א‬MW)-‫ א &}א‬J٢
\[ ‫א‬g M، )M}& o \ e )Wg + ‫א &}א‬ E[
y)M}& ‫א‬gM;y o ‫ א‬M(L&#ZgM4?1‫"א‬Q"

- ١٥٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
F‫ ~א‬3b# '‫[\; ~א‬/،$LbgM،Fd

[ j‫~אא‬8 ,Fi‫א א‬# ' ‫א‬n2E1"#$M:c?F
KEd1U#Q2‫א‬
&oS&R G ‫א‬M‫א‬pvlML+' ‫)"\א‬MWgo ‫א‬Ë + ‫א‬ E_

LsRlFX(Q XM&oSË +ZgMu5،( ‫א‬

[،‫ א‬9 ‫א‬Q‫א‬vjgc"j ‫[א‬،cRt~ ‫א‬gm‫"א‬$·b ‫א‬
gMI1 ‫[א‬،\"uL(Z[،}#$l;W4[،gM5Y‫ א‬4
KFGuR ‫ ·א‬Q[

M،o ‫א‬F"Q"§t~ ‫א‬e"R p /8‫א‬pvc$L+' ‫א‬M[WFªc-‫ א‬J٣

gML9«)M،oS"Q\ "9QLbMnGsd¹
"'-‫" א‬u) ‫?א‬Mp/4Z?.،rj3ªc 1 "¹4[
Kr‫א‬3ªc-‫א‬gM"9

،HMvQ‫?\א‬w&$6‫א‬% ‫א‬b"R L+' ‫א‬E‫~ >אא‬b

> 1> 4 1[ Q8?WL sF $Gt &Z\[> )،nGs dc
Ob4 5> QY4 R Q[?[،? H ‫א‬L uZ> Q[% > RG
K?9 ‫א‬e4?4Q‫)א‬q[#$‫א‬p4"&rO)b# ?[،?> [>##5

LdZ o ‫א‬F"Q\[>+X;ZMRZ bWR& ‫_א‬# ‫ א‬J٤
١٠ J٥3v ‫"א‬p ‫א‬vlM c‫א‬، vM78t?WP L،mr
>k c 1‫א‬p.$b،oS"QOq$dbrjc Si1?
yQpuMvL+' ‫א‬g#‫|א‬c،EoS[XZ][ yZ2F3M# ‫א‬x~
Kck8vM3 cg#\[M،v ‫א‬3

L&1fb[e‫ א‬5‫א‬78lÃ‫א‬l49 ‫א‬+XY‫&[\א‬Wi‫א‬v ‫ אא‬56‫ א‬J٥

"yRpQ$[1"M RMv)]~ ‫א‬L+' c،;yZd‫א‬5‫א א‬

- ١٥٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
"#[،L+' ‫א‬w()d‫& ]א‬5‫א א‬$[x"e )M

HMvQ2‫[א‬w&$2‫א‬FGM[L+' ‫א‬gM yZ)M> ~b،Qo$
:" k"gMvb c،(-‫א‬Lm1n XME #\[5‫א א‬$Y
"$3ME 1‫א‬،1‫א‬QG#M# 'L+' ‫אאא‬gM(-‫א‬
KL+' }jY‫א‬4‫ א‬# ‫א‬e Z‫א‬

;yo Z XM;yl‫א‬v; ‫;א‬Â ZgM> +X[MWW4 ‫א‬ J٦

%1"Z\"d-X،y&'o 4"( ‫& ;א‬RZk‫ א‬c‫א‬1‫"א‬-
\[n24 )2‫;א‬y)،yL ‫א‬+ b1‫"א‬-‫א‬x~Ls
gMyZ"1k8 XMHM.È 3}s-‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫ ~א 'א‬،&kS‫&"א‬9
KL+' ‫)א‬Mo ‫א‬34q8

- ١٥٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
S !)[ ,7 : u 0)

،F‫א ~א‬4&M‫א‬+Ä4"( ‫א‬M;u)3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬FG(‫א‬n}sb\8
،dY‫ א‬e"R ‫א‬F‫?א‬,$[";yR+Q["+XY‫א‬d«t~ ‫א‬4"( c
Z¡‫א‬c‫?א‬gc qF‫ א א ~א‬$‫א‬78 #+/d1GQL+' ‫א‬4"5
K Í(Z4) 5Lb78 )"yc،b"W

Z‫"א‬Q"$i+\"Q"2F‫ ~א‬#s ‫א‬78\ #+~ ‫א‬+XY‫\א‬8

&Z،M R;yW°\#+ Í( ‫א‬I#) ‫א‬vu \ (;yc،;?"yl
p& S "yR\"dRR;، X
jL(pdi‫}?א‬RZyQb; &R) 5Y‫א‬
%\"،EvlMFE WFLsF+9;yR+Q‫"\א‬+9،"\ (
[ j‫ "א‬#Q‫א‬e"R\"yl"|8،&W)}S # 'o ‫א‬w&$6‫א‬
3 c\ j‫;א‬y)MLd«\[783?M]?;yb"W\c¤m‫"א‬R ،;yR+Q["
K;yR+Q[MyQ"d«{ b&W

: U)[+9
W+XY‫)(א‬ZX‫א‬FW4d-‫ א‬J١
%\"b\"d23i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫א‬+X[\8W3i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫ א‬E[
;y $[\" «2 G# W2\ (2،;y R+QFG (-‫א‬
K 'jY‫א‬g c:" 1" ‫ א‬+i j )&l\"& 9 p & S، r‫א‬
gM4?1}S،;Í‫~א‬8LyR،\"c"(;yQ\ (+XY‫א‬2
gM;yZ‫"\|א‬#q‫;א‬yQbpQ$[;yo&،;yR+Q[M:c ‫א‬
WW[I#Qe)yl‫א "א‬x~Oh ،\"+cË &"
KF‫ ~א‬#s ‫א‬

- ١٥٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
‫"\ )"א‬b +XY‫א‬2\c; +X[‫א‬Ldy)MWd6‫ א‬E_

RnG#R²&9\[;yo\[%،;y# XR$;yR+Q
\"&u R; yd\[28، j‫ \א‬RW‫א‬G j F‫ א א ~א‬$‫א‬
[Rl)M?;yc،;yg)\ l}S:&'Q2‫א‬L&#
‫~א‬،34‫ אא‬4"( ‫ א‬yc> ~ 3?-‫א‬3 5&-‫א‬u) ‫א‬،R+Q
+XY‫א‬FG (-; ydyc4 & ‫ א‬c F‫א?א‬. db Q[ r£² r
K;yR+Q["+XY‫א‬4"5Rh

‫א‬3 'R ‫; א‬yR+Q["$‫·א‬%oW_# ‫א‬R ‫ א‬EH

#+Z،3(\"&1'RZ 1n X\"JR;yc،gS' ‫;א‬m‫א‬
+XY‫א‬e4c،?&-‫ א א‬$2‫א‬g/6‫א‬LM+ ; +X[%;yZ1GM
\")M"‫א‬p "W:kY‫ א‬sb[،4&M2 l}S;yQ[;yR+Q[
)d) ‫\~אא‬Y،$‫ \א‬MF&'‫א)|א‬%p'R_Y‫א‬
KF‫א ~א‬4&M‫א‬%c Zg ‫א‬vc‫"א‬m‫א‬Fªc-‫א א‬JW‫א‬c

،34‫ אא‬4"578#) ‫?]א )&~א‬W\RW2‫ א‬M#) ‫ א‬E?

، # 5L+XQZ‫|א‬ML+' 34"r\"Z78 dR-‫?]א " א‬
\"c 9#5Y‫א‬+XYc34"9 ‫א‬x~gMp ) 9p& S
\[;yi\")f;yR+QY34"9 ‫\א‬b> ~; WL(
;yQ\f§~ ‫א‬+XY‫\א‬c> ~b،yQOQbdR ‫א‬
‫~א‬gM\"c 9G
n cy;yQ\ (cM‫א‬f ‫;א‬."Zg1 j
~Z[\"'2;y(+ dp i‫?א‬3456‫;א‬Z+XY‫א‬2،") ‫א‬
K/8EFeed-backF3Z

&p SH|\"#;yZ‫; ~א‬4&M‫א‬o\ (~ ‫\אא‬8W# ‫ א‬J٢

"\ (]~ ‫א‬R+Q ‫ א‬$2‫ ; א‬+X[\";yc،+XY‫א‬#

- ١٥٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
\#;، &X [R+) \RQ6‫א‬4&M‫ א‬M\[+XY‫( א‬،;yR+Q[

+XY‫א‬2cft~ ‫א"א‬،p$¹ sb[ j‫;\א‬y ‫א‬F#Z
;yl~gM\"r «~ ‫אא‬،F‫"א ~א‬/8 M(do2
KyR+Q# ' \"c 9+X[;y \"p& S

p &bcn Gj‫א‬+®\&~ ‫\א‬8W1M6‫א‬Gj2‫ א‬J٣

\ ( j‫א‬M‫}א‬
[،4 91[،\"&1;yQ،nGs\ (; yc،F‫א ~א‬4&M‫א‬+Ä3?M
&R;yR+Q["o ‫א‬4p "5# '\"+®[،&S[[،# ‫"אא‬X
[Gj2‫; \~אא‬yQY j½ ‫א א‬4p "5 j‫א‬M;ycGj‫א‬
L&#ZgM"9 ;yWuQ;y &R ‫א‬F‫א‬f‫ א‬yZ، 8\}(
t Fu W2‫ א‬R+Qd) ‫« ¦א‬،E ¹ ?;y uM8[ j‫א‬
?"lgM]?-‫\א‬f ‫\א‬8|8،5[\"Z&p S34"9 ،1-‫א‬+XY‫א‬
‫~א‬.vd# ‫ א‬L+' ‫~א( א‬،dp i‫;?א‬i1"R ‫ א‬M[Gj2‫א‬
KW# ‫א‬F# ‫&א‬R ‫א‬F1dm،¤m‫"א‬R ، 4"( ‫א‬

} SF‫ א‬#d Pi ‫א‬4 9-‫ "א‬O & ‫\א‬8W d-‫ א‬#')-‫ }א‬SF‫ א‬#-‫ א‬J٤
5[78]?ZF‫א‬#-‫א‬x~، ¼‫א‬%d»‫[א‬W4-‫א‬%Q4##')-‫א‬
&RL9+)"gM#')G ‫א‬Ok# ،F‫א ~א‬ve"W3?
() ‫א‬FW4³#')G ‫א‬F‫א‬#-‫)(א‬Z،4‫ א‬dW‫א‬3"1dh
MGj2 4" ( ‫ א‬# ‫ א‬،p #W$ (-‫ א‬X‫ א‬Mdl2‫א‬
L( p5Lc[\[%'W[2?WLsLd¨;yR+Q[\ ++XYc، j‫א‬
L c[\[%' W[2 Q[ 2?[?4‫ א‬d W RbZ4" Y‫?[?א‬² 9 ‫א‬
KÒ8KKK?> |

: 3)L
+XY‫)& [\)(א‬WZ‫;|א‬y+\[#') +\[gML+' ‫א‬3MR –١

- ١٥٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
34# ‫;א‬y ²&9Zp-$ #')‫א‬n}+Z‫ א‬+\[c\"d QG#M"l

WG
n sL+' ‫"א‬#c ، &O1)4 ‫)& א‬i‫א‬.;dZ][،> |gM
، #')G ‫א‬+XY‫א‬4c["? Qq$[2[ &)3 O(c# ?
IJ5[ d12IJ5>Q[g)2‫~א‬yc>M$[ r‫|א‬8> ~b
[،W)}SpQ$[\"1;yb"W\[+X± ²k"\[ &)،EgWF
L( j‫א‬%\"c 9;y/yH‫א‬vpQ$[\"Q"14& ‫[\א‬
M(-‫[\א‬،pqP F‫א ~א‬4&M‫[\א‬+XY‫)& [\;א‬،W)}S
L+' ‫א‬4 p d‫א‬F M[‫|א‬8،1"&X M( R ‫א‬3‫א‬
O)b³gM[ ;y+ ‫א‬gMZ41\[e4Z"Rc، #')-‫}א‬+ ‫א‬gM
K%1"Z

tgMdZ2F‫א ~א‬d1\[3 c"$3 WY‫א‬F(1)4Z\[

# MW3?R‫[\("א‬0) ‫א‬%'R)p G
n dM? + ‫[?אא‬3?"l
MuQd# ‫?\[\( א א‬،; &R) g)F‫|א‬3?,‫[א‬
X4"5"? ‫ א‬gMQ8?W4"( ‫\א‬8،" ‫[א א‬78; "r
#n #, ,# '" ‫א‬Z$? + ‫ \´א‬8"r" ‫א‬
#c،Eu) $" ‫א‬0#-‫א‬."+ ‫א‬4&M‫¡)א‬/ ،'RF‫א‬.¹8
Lvi+ ‫א‬L1?M ©Ãl"-‫א ) א‬kLd Hh
;l"-‫~אא ) א‬Ls\()+XY‫\א‬Y، WJb?‫ א‬cY‫;א‬
K;yR+Q[k485‫א א‬k463$" ‫א‬# ' ‫"א‬."+ ‫( \\א‬

?‫א‬M63?! Xe)WLd :dW2‫א‬G#W2‫א‬3+ ‫א‬%u(Z J٢

\[ d W)t"R##m‫א‬3+ ‫א‬Z،;y% +XY‫א‬
،d ‫א‬x~Y\ (\"d)\"d;yZ4y\"W4+XY‫א‬
(>+Xl‫)"א‬MKL+' \|dm‫ א‬M3i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫\א‬8

- ١٦٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
#Z2،#MLdR\[gMu(Z\[>M\c،.[[
;yZ2?3"j6‫א‬F‫ א‬l( JRZ\[g&)Ky 8H$‫|אא‬8283MR-‫א‬
'\[،·& ‫;א‬yo%L Loc[! X"$(1)d 0Wb
4cY‫א‬E‫אאא‬gM،(d & ‫"א‬m‫א‬E X‫"א‬dyR\[+XY‫א‬
K\6‫א‬4#F&# ‫¡)א‬،LocY‫א‬Fc 9 ‫א‬

5&"gM.vZ%+Z -‫א‬F‫א ~א‬4&M‫א\א‬WL&# ‫ א‬L+' ‫א‬vZ J٣

k‫ ?א‬$ c]4 o ‫ א‬،\" &#;yQ +XY‫) ( א‬M
34‫( \א‬+XY‫א‬، cn ?‫ א‬P LR cL+' 3?,
#s ‫א‬Gj\"d)،?m‫א‬²k‫א‬,‫;א‬y& «)M
\c،L(c[WW4iQgML+' ‫א‬L9$‫|א‬c، " ‫א‬P %u( ‫א‬
]4 k +X ‫;א‬M ‫א‬،dY‫א‬Ë ["> |"dht~ ‫א‬x¡6‫א‬
j‫א‬n49\"Z\[2
n &Ql78>Q4 "( ‫א‬78H«L+' ‫\א‬Y
3 s ¶R ‫}א‬q ‫א‬d[‫}א‬sbL#t j[ylK~&)
4"'~[! M[)y}#h[#Q\[%، j‫א‬#) +XY‫א‬:N
F‫ ~א‬L&# M4"5"ZMR[،&W M(+XY‫א‬t
K j‫א‬M/834"9¦ ‫"א‬yc}

:
F‫א ~א‬4&M‫}א‬Z¦‫א‬$8'W/6‫א‬Ii9‫א‬gMs-‫א‬vb ‫ א‬J١
3"1Ql][\Y،L+' /6‫א‬Ii9‫א‬gMs-‫א‬vb ‫·א‬+J)-‫א‬
\[+XY‫&א 'א‬W)‫&א‬b،%u(Zx.‫ א‬8g&).¹8[
Lqz ،3+\"Wdi# ‫א‬x~yc،;y 3"# ‫א‬4?9di1‫א‬
،y 3 c‫"א‬-‫א‬%io& ‫א‬:‫"א‬Q[? FRW-‫א‬Zg ‫א‬di# ‫>א‬ZyZic
di1‫ "א‬o\[ +X± ،> ~ p &Z& W)-‫א‬F‫ ~א' "א‬J

- ١٦١ -
...................................... : ..............................
Ls³،yQ" ~&g ‫"?א‬y‫א‬:‫"א‬Q[F‫א‬4y-;y /6‫א‬Q‫"א‬

)M،F&R ‫א‬gMx&Q2‫א‬vb Z2
n F/6‫א‬gMW
p "d‫א‬p bZ
Q‫"א‬l)Z
%W" ‫)& א‬L+' ‫א‬%¦ ‫)א‬M[;i‫"א‬# ‫א‬x~(1)
QpM&'Q‫ 'א‬8‫א‬r6‫א‬x M(ML+' ‫אא‬Rc،3"# ‫א‬
;yQ Mp &'Q‫'א‬x"e M(ML+' ©m‫א‬،;yIJ5
Ld"Y‫ _א‬# 4"578 /6‫א‬vb ‫א‬t?،> &R)
KdY‫ א‬M3$" ‫ א‬M(-?odb
3Z -‫א‬F"-c،E‫א‬2‫ א‬# ‫א‬x&Q2‫\א‬RW2‫א‬4sb6‫)& א‬
"4"( ‫א‬Rh&W)Lb #Z{ ‫א‬Epositive feedbackF/6‫א‬
2 JR ‫;א‬y ‫\א‬Y،Ö]&)¡ &)L+' ‫\א‬5L# ‫א‬،F‫א ~א‬
KF‫א ~א‬4&M‫"א‬78\?

·+J)F‫|א‬4&M‫אא‬4"X1+XY‫)"\א‬MW3)F‫א‬f£L+' ‫?א‬. J٢

;y#q)ZF‫א‬f£;v pRi4p''®²&9Z\[t4 o ‫\א‬c
b4(doZ 3 q91 X JRZ+®F c¡،;yZ‫~א‬
t g)F‫|א‬Fªc JRZ\[‫א &א‬t4 o ‫"\א‬1KL+' ‫א‬
g#W"-‫א‬c( ‫ !א‬cK 5]b4(-‫א‬p&S‫א‬4\"21QY،L+' ‫א‬
\[{ ‫א‬F + ‫א‬FX() ‫}א‬Sk ‫א‬F‫"א?]א "א‬Q
}sb78lQF‫א‬fj;#Z\dkH«1،")-‫א‬E ‫א‬%c478]?Z
3+ +XY‫[\( א‬uc،> ~3 lyQ[28،1 ‫'א‬J ‫א‬
i1\[b ‫א‬3+-‫א‬F‫?א‬546‫א‬،) + ;yi‫)[?א‬q[.¹6‫א‬
Kx‫"א‬RR$? cLbe‫ א‬5834 o 0R$M"d»‫א‬

{ ‫א א‬4 ‫א‬Lsd ‫א‬# XF‫א ~א‬4&M‫א‬R + ‫א ' !א‬

- ١٦٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
N4 M"d‫"א‬p oML +' ‫[[\ "\א‬،O & ‫א‬

4‫?א‬Y‫ ; א‬Z\[
'M8Lsd ‫א‬b4(-‫א &"¦[\א‬iQF y*[1،W4-Lsd
4&M‫א‬3?.78F?[1Evideo feedbackF "9 ‫ א‬XM3Z F"
55g M;y R+Q[‫ א‬5 #c،F‫ )"א‬WE٧F dM
+XY‫א‬t F‫א ~א‬
;M?gM"9m +Z\[>)،3? y\""#;\"v+ ‫א‬
W4-‫א‬4? 9 : (-‫ ~אא‬L s- .G ‫) א‬+ ‫[א‬F‫ א‬-‫ א‬
\"v+Z3vyl[\"dy c‫"א‬04‫א‬-‫}א‬sb، ¼‫א‬%d»‫[א‬
FX(QLuRZZ Z&RQLyR ‫"\א‬#c‫ ~א‬، "9 F‫א‬
،+XY‫אא‬M"dgM> |yk M;yZsz[+XY‫א‬
Ë ["8g/6‫ א‬d2‫א‬%k"Q[? + ‫(א‬b‫ [\א‬##m‫א‬
Kd# ‫א‬

sb[&R ‫ א‬M(-‫}א‬Ze?"yl\"Z WF‫א‬1 ‫א‬Fªc-‫א א‬JW‫ א‬J٣

?h)M، &R) ‫א‬.p vL+' ‫א‬x/LhgMLdM‫א‬،Mc
gcb;q"'-‫אא‬Y‫;א‬y;1‫א‬.p v+XY‫א‬x/t~ ‫א‬
L+' ‫א‬%1+Z2‫א‬#M:"k"[،> ~ p&Z+XY‫&~ א‬g ‫"?א‬y‫א‬
\[" WWY‫&[א‬-‫א‬، 9+ZL(_ ‫(אא‬1)O#&W#c
yM+-‫אא‬Y‫א‬78"r" ‫א‬،3.vdy3fjF‫א‬v 2c" ‫א‬
0 R$6‫א‬78 R+QO 1" ‫ ?]א‬d1Fª cg M" 9m‫א‬78]?
\[،3(L+' ‫א‬l«t~ ‫"א‬4"( ‫~אא‬،9J( ‫א‬34‫א‬
3?,3 + v)-‫א‬F&l‫·א "א‬LdMc S)ZF‫א‬1 ‫א‬E‫ א‬Z
doZF1+Z‫ ;א‬+X[%‫"א‬1"\[½ ، "LbO1" ‫א‬
KF‫א ~א‬M¦ ‫ &א‬WF#Z ‫א‬JW‫ א‬+XY‫' &א‬

- ١٦٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
\j7j 6> : d/)E

Stutting

3? M8 #c‫ א‬Z ') ‫א‬0 &$‫ [א‬M" X} S% '#¦ ‫; "א‬s ‫א‬
EstammeringF3 c+ ‫א‬EstutteringF3 Z ‫[ א‬K Z" 9 ‫א‬H4 Jd X8[u) (
\" 2|8، Z" 9 ‫א‬: #6‫א‬p ‫' א‬k‫) \א‬Z، c?‫ א‬db\J RZ\ dc
¦h{ ‫א‬Fu)( ‫א‬po[©m‫א‬4‫ א‬dW‫א‬Z\[KG
n 9©m‫_א‬RQ‫א‬
[1rY‫א‬%1G'\"qds-‫&·א‬cK') ;Zg ‫א‬FGo ‫א‬
pr"9j، j‫א‬%\"Q")M3(\"ds;y) ،;$\"Q")M
K'R ‫"\א‬s~ ‫א‬UJ5Y‫א‬%

gM"،+XY‫א‬4rp1pi5\";s ‫א‬5[·
d ‫א אא‬Qs ‫א‬W3?M y،EdevelopmentalFt4"' ‫;א‬s ‫א‬
1،F‫)"א‬W٨78٦ dMEbenignF-‫;א‬s ‫&[א‬K#c y5[o& dR
s s ‫א‬W[&cEpersistentF;i‫;א א‬s ‫[א‬،F‫)"א‬W¦Gq[)W3- dR
fb[4‫; א‬s ‫ א‬yKc_"WÎ"M‫|א‬828‫ ~א‬dR، d ‫)א‬s ‫א‬
"، G ‫א‬%g##$:‫ א‬r78}(EsecondaryF]"Qs ‫;א‬s ‫א‬،F"rY‫ א‬$
l" ‫א‬F‫( }א‬Z4" y* ZGM K 99J-‫ ) א‬4"+ ‫ א‬l 5
K;)}SP+)Z[،) ‫´א‬4،!R ‫[א‬:‫א‬4~ ‫א‬Fb $

]~ ‫;א‬s ‫א‬34"'j sb[R‫א‬W y]~ ‫;א‬s ‫א‬

K d ‫א‬R‫א‬Qs ‫\א‬$Y‫;א‬
;s ‫ א‬y، [W y
}s ‫\א‬828،\5‫א‬4;\"ds2 "+' ‫א‬$ ds-‫א‬٪٨٠\[%
P+) #s ‫א‬784#c2‫א‬،_RQ2‫א‬،Lu‫א‬Ls9J5FG(\4"';y)
K#R ‫;א‬yZfj&R

- ١٦٤ -
..................................... : ...............................

: U)[+9

\[d$‫ א‬q‫א‬4?‫א‬W‫א‬M);s ‫\א‬%i5?#M‫א‬e)W"oM J١

Kq‫א‬4" }&bL( qdp sIJ( ‫א‬²&9

|8،gd R ‫א‬e‫א‬4?6‫א‬L jQ #;s 5&t"oM& We)

U ‫;א‬ys $ M o[ Xj3 Z F "?‫ א‬cY‫א‬g #
K? dR ‫א‬Lj‫?) א א‬W "،EfeedbackF

¶9M0W[ G ‫' א_א‬k‫;"א‬s ‫\א‬8W"#Zt j[ Qe)

¢ ‫ א‬+ 9Q$[4"' |8،&W)-‫א‬S ‫)א‬d ‫'" א‬Z MMZQ
K_R)-‫ ©א‬.G ‫}א‬q ‫א‬
g MFX" k78]? Z 1‫ }א "א‬S" Y‫א‬F 1"Z\8W" Y‫א‬F 1"Z J٢
gM‫א‬l}9 ‫א‬dy+X\‫א‬f/~ ‫"א‬Y‫\א‬8K;y#1%c Z+XY‫א‬
|8،;s ‫ א‬Z" ‫&&\ א‬Ro) ‫א‬cbl4?gM\"\[L&1 G ‫א‬
[R8}R$´ ‫א‬gM\"dS ;yQ+XY‫א‬2 (
‫ ~א‬K+®4dM[ tc d ‫א‬w"o +XY‫ א‬Z\"،‫א‬l&r
+® WR$F‫ א‬c
;s ‫ א‬+XY‫[\& [ ·א‬L d¼‫ א‬
K¢"& ‫[א‬W4-‫"א‬j?3 +b;yZ$
# ‫}א‬sZg ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬M")M"de)W Z" ‫א‬o Lc?4 J٣
p##3 WY‫ א‬dR-‫אא )[א‬cK "+' ‫;א‬s ‫א‬78]?Z
78]?p& SLr‫"א‬-‫ א‬Z" ‫[\א‬dbK4 9 ‫א‬+X± ‫ א‬l
\ Z"c،\"d)M¦«"W³+XY‫א‬Jc، 1" ‫א‬#
Mp¡Qg1" ‫א‬# ‫"\א‬1،t"1[²&9Z;yc®!9c،\"ds
‫א‬p [p'&\[L+' ‫"א‬j\8|8،% WL( G ‫&א‬S ‫א‬

- ١٦٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
L(; Qp1"Z l"\[ j‫א‬F‫?א‬#Q‫א‬c"j

?yl6‫א‬t jY‫ א‬Z" ‫א‬4?9K;s-‫ א‬Z"-‫ א‬G ‫א‬78]?‫~א‬،l
K} ‫א‬gMx‫ א‬b6‫א?א‬W2‫ א‬M

p &b‫?א‬p Me)\8W:‫ א‬rM}&Z

:‫ א‬9 ‫א ~ \[\א‬i9j6‫}אא‬ J٤
\[#،;s ‫&_א‬W[$["Q‫א א‬R)‫א‬F&S ‫א‬M}& ‫א‬
j:"Qe)K;s pRi4p&&Wo ‫ א‬M(M}& ‫ א‬M
u) ‫א‬،> | M: )2‫[א‬P+) ‫ א‬M}& ‫; א‬i # ‫א‬:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬
#q m‫;א‬1+Z،}& ‫"א‬$ R+) ‫א‬:‫ א‬9 ‫&א‬R?? ‫א‬1" ‫א‬
) 1‫}א‬
p j[، W)L (;y R+Q[ M}& ‫א‬g M;yZ4 # +XY‫א‬
،3cF2$\(~ ‫א‬+XYc،-F‫א‬f£4 -‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬
; M(&R+XM\"1v³;yQ\ (1}'j [،)M[
\"c§;y) +) ‫א‬4d ‫·א‬W4³
\"&S #c،o1)-‫א‬
]?Z1o1)-‫ א‬M(-‫א‬3 dR-‫;א‬yZQ\8K‫"א‬k [t|‫"א‬9\[
K©m‫;א‬s ‫ א‬Z" ‫א‬78

: 3)L hW
f/2[g&)W;)M"#ZgMLdM‫ א‬G ‫&"\א‬#~ ‫א‬+XY‫;א‬M J١
، Q"&#‫"א‬Q b‫|א‬8283" )M W4³[ G ‫;א‬Â Zg M +XY‫א‬
x~
]?\[; ‫"\א‬oc ~ ‫א‬+XY‫א‬،M;ys $;yu5 m‫א‬

;y &S4;y c‫?א‬3? .78Fª c-‫;א‬y) F# R-‫;א‬yb‫ א‬58
XM;y ') ‫א‬FGoM"#Z+XY‫א‬49 ‫~א‬،b4(-‫א‬
W~)dc،dc) ‫א‬Pd ‫ א‬XM، G& ‫¬א‬+Q;q،%1#+ ‫¬א‬+Q
%&(_"Wt" ‫;א‬4"'Z%u5G ‫א‬F‫"א‬rY‫א‬L+' ‫;א‬MQs ‫א‬

- ١٦٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
]"yRZg ‫א‬d ‫א‬34"9-‫א‬Fd ‫א‬b}&b?Me)،

;y)'Z$; Fd ‫א‬OQ[[ #Z#c،}&b"gM+XY‫א‬4r
d ‫ א‬b|;y) 'Z> | ، 9 ‫א‬34" 9 ‫א‬78‫[\( }א‬
K4"9 ‫א‬78}(Zd)9 ‫א‬

&RQ]? ‫ א‬i ‫\א"א‬8W uRQ2‫א‬L&# ‫א‬x?"Rpi?‫"א‬p lL+' c J٢

\Y،;s ‫("א‬Q1" 3.³# X" +X ‫;א‬M ‫ א‬c"t~ ‫א‬
]?"l}sLoc[;Í‫"\[?א‬WRm‫]א‬5[ Z"-‫א‬+XY‫א‬
K3M# ‫?"א‬-‫א‬Z ‫©א‬$

\"Z;s ‫¦א‬$3+ ‫א‬d)Z\8W Z" ‫·א‬+j3+ 4"( ‫א‬Á J٣

+XY‫;א‬Â Z\[>M‫ ~א‬،R& ‫;א‬s ‫ א‬$F[‫|א‬8‫א‬l4 k
;y) b; & Z\[، Mdl‫ א‬WR$‫ "א‬Q"\[E _" W
Mvb
n "W¤$GZ)M،+XY‫&א‬1‫; א‬#c، j‫א‬% uRQ2‫א‬
78 -‫ א‬R‫א‬L +'c، W)L ( 9 ‫א‬g M;M W j‫א‬
،‫א‬4p "c> ~ # ‫;א‬Â \[/،x}S$Y‫א‬p4? '\[ 2،3 'R ‫א‬
gM dl2‫א‬b" Wg Mv b4p [ ‫| >א‬L +' ‫א‬3M R-
(b ‫א‬GjdZ\[$،M+9$‫;א‬q،W)-‫א‬
%\ d ‫א‬78W4-‫א‬L&1+X[H«‫~א‬، j 9Z‫)א‬M#s
M( d2& ،'RM‫"א‬1R$ 5‫א א‬%!c ‫א‬
Z" ‫·א‬+jL&# ‫א‬f9 c، G ‫' א‬uW‫ א‬Mg&)K j‫א‬
3 ¸[db\+XY‫א‬L¨') ‫א‬²9Z2K3+y¸
;yMoZ[+XY‫א‬gM 9Z2Ke&Z424"( ‫א‬v> |\Y‫؛‬t j[

+XY‫א‬S ‫|א‬8K_41Y‫[א‬1rY‫ ?א[ א‬# [¦
\bdyLY‫&א‬j4‫א‬#][ yZGc،©m‫א‬
;yZ‫א‬4y4y*8

- ١٦٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
P 3+ 4"( >+X3MR">c\[ b~Z،‫}א‬

p &b[‫}א‬
p r
Z" ‫}אא‬
p &b‫א‬4p ‫א‬#\[uW‫~א‬K>k t~ ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬gM4‫ א‬r6‫א‬
K'R& ‫א‬3M# ‫א‬x~:&Zq$%)

:
+XY‫א‬c‫?א‬%c4"Y‫א‬gMWdi G99J1n XO& ‫א א‬JW‫ א‬J١
%W[3 ! ' ‫א‬t$8_ ¡\[>M،Fªc-‫א ·א‬JW\
4 #\[ &)y uWg ‫א‬# ' e4j‫א‬Ky c;#ZLl[
، "$r[4?9->Z‫ א‬1Gj، )y+r" >d#ZGj
K>+' yGt-e #ZGj

L(ZF"9 ‫א‬14L E Z"&d ‫א‬F_"Wm‫"\א‬i9j6‫ א‬JR‫~א‬

gM+XY‫א‬%u(Z\[>QKEPrecision Fluency ShapingF1?_RQ‫א‬
!GS8 My> |، c %'#Lb‫;[\&[א‬yGb"X& ‫א‬
%u 5،_ RQ© m‫ א‬Z3" #E Z" 9 ‫א‬F )s ‫א‬F3 u)m‫א‬Fd r
FG oMP )'& ‫א‬P+) ‫א‬FG oM ‫א‬J WP+) ‫א‬g M +XY‫א‬
> |78ck8K4 "gMM\ d ‫א‬g&)‫ א‬l6‫~אא‬،;4r
‫א &א‬14t"$L+' 3+Efeed backF3Z F";#;1
KdbL

1[ Epaced speechF%'#-‫©א‬m‫א‬gM dZ3M! Xe)

K M#8_"W\"db+X± &|8، Z" ‫א‬LiW" ‫א‬

F‫?א‬Y‫א‬%& L,d[EmetronomeF:#6‫)א‬.yl‫ א‬5>Q

JR، Z‫א ~א‬4 #W"-‫א‬L&1 ‫א‬JW2‫א‬%i5"yc#W"-‫א‬
)& ‫ א‬+، d)M R¦ ‫א‬g M4 E٦،٥F\"i 9j6‫א‬

- ١٦٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
R$; q، 'F k&$ 9? ¼‫א‬O 1" ‫ א‬+XY‫) ;א‬M
K‫א‬JW‫| >?\א‬،? ‫א‬M R ‫א‬

d)'£y+r&Wg ‫ א\א ' !א‬18 &)Wp/4Z# ‫·א‬+j J٢

uR1،$[gM1‫"א‬-‫א‬#n 1L1[‫&"א‬9\[+XY‫א‬3MR-
3 + ‫א‬،#c_"WY‫א ~אא‬JW‫ א» ?א‬llL(+XY‫·א‬
‫ א‬y*[db‫א‬vL(# ‫}א‬sZ1‫"א‬-p /4Z;yo Z WWY‫א‬
dc،‫א‬l\"## ‫א‬+XY‫[א‬KlL(;yR+Q[gM3 'R ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬
)M،+®1‫"א‬gc\"d;;yR+Q[\"Jb; &\[
;yQ²&9،# ‫"\?\[\( א‬d;yR+Q[Lº;yQ²&9
1rY‫©[ א‬m‫"א‬3?MLyWY‫א‬،##$1‫א & ¦"א‬
²& 9g $Ò8KKK،) q‫ ;א‬q، $‫א‬IJ ([ ‫ '& | >א‬،_4 1Y‫א‬
3} r M"d [# 4" ( ‫ ©?\א‬m‫א‬g M‫א‬4p ? 1L +' ‫א‬
4-‫"א[ א‬q b+X± Z4،‫~א‬#h;\[،1rY‫א‬
yZl4 ;yc ® +XY‫א‬% ; #Z\[" 3 + ‫א‬، ‫}א[ א‬
p j[
،o
p [)،3?M# ‫}אא‬
p &b‫א‬4p 1Z ‫א א‬JW‫&א‬R‫~א‬،Z+-‫א‬
78EhelloF &p $ "# ‫ ?א‬5&‫א‬JW‫[\&א‬g &)
K? ‫א‬+Z ‫א‬F--‫א‬78،‫}א‬
p j[،‫א‬l3 9®q?,

،t jY‫ א‬WY‫א‬Ql78 Z" ‫·א‬+j ‫א‬JW‫א‬Wo ‫·א‬+j J٣

;M R;yds Z· +j\" «~ ‫ א‬+XY‫ [\א‬3 + ‫א‬
L e )P ،L 1 \ (t~ ‫ א‬Z" ‫ \א‬0 R$6‫;א‬y ,
،t4 o ‫}א‬S Z" ‫א א‬.63l# X ‫א‬JW‫ ?א‬+ ‫א‬FX(QL
‫א‬.63l# X ‫א‬JW‫ ?א‬+ ‫א‬FX() ‫ א‬878Hp& S
y& «2g ‫א‬FX() ‫ א‬878Hp& S ،]4 o ‫}א‬S Z " ‫א‬

- ١٦٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
\YK_4 1Y‫א‬34 .، r"9‫א‬04 ‫א‬L s Z" ‫ & ;א‬RZ +XY‫א‬
KFX() ‫ א‬8)MEZ42\ (+XY‫א‬

F1"Z;y ‫\·א‬8|‫א‬،"Y‫א‬F1"Z·+j/F2m‫·א‬
l4 ‫א‬x~W4³KE28FL+' ‫ א‬GbR\[/Q)dk[)M
%u( ‫~ >א‬b# ‫א‬O&b\[%،} '
n k¦h# ‫א א‬
\"Zt j[F2e)\"Z&p S، \4 kdL+' ‫א\א‬MR
\[\") d \"+9Y‫&·א‬cK1‫}א‬Syc"Y‫א‬F1"Z
L+' ‫א‬oQ #Z
\" &‫~א‬،}sLoc[\"\[ &); +X[‫[?א‬
cJR ‫ ;[\א‬M،]?M "+Xe"W][bL(\"d«2
K#Q\?pQ$[y&#Z;\[g&) "+' ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬y#y# ‫א‬

;s ‫א‬3c "#Z2[7[3"'Jb]4 o ‫א‬W_R)-‫©א‬m‫א‬gcb J٤

5[L5][\8|8،\"ds)M+X± x&Q291}SM
L5~j1 d2‫~אא‬،') ‫א‬FG("#Z78]?1 d2‫א‬
،ck8F‫א‬.‫א‬i'M8[،L+' ‫א‬%"X[O1 r[X ‫?[א‬#Q2‫א‬
Q ‫א‬JW‫)א‬M p z(-‫א‬L¡ &);s ‫ א‬yWÈ
783}91F‫ א‬+ ;s ‫א‬M:'#Q2‫ א &א)& [\?]א‬+c،vv
\cW)L(vv ‫ א‬QZ ZÏ‫|א‬8،w#QgM[)s ‫א‬gM"9m‫א‬
l4 3}91F‫ א‬+ ‫"\א‬Z\[ &)،‫א‬4p "c3c-‫א‬gML9«"WL+' ‫א‬
L1dbF‫ א‬+ ‫א‬x~"X?‫?א‬v\[gM)q[;sZ?"l M\do +Z
¦ g /6‫א‬b" Wg M.v L +' ‫ \א‬c; q ،;s ‫א‬4‫ א‬Z
# ' ‫א‬x~ lL(\"&uR+XY‫[\·א‬¤$" 1،_RQ
yW # X ،;y#'QR ;yc‫?א‬3?.78]?Z yc،? +
Ky#&'Z\")d~ c

- ١٧٠ -
..................................... : ...............................

M R +XY‫_א‬u W‫|אא‬8 y‫א א‬pv~ &Z2Wi 9j6‫ ;א‬#Z J٥

\Y،9J-‫א‬3MRGc‫א‬p "W?‫?א‬.‫;[א‬ydsZg#‫|א‬8[ "#
" #\[ 3? FG ( \"Q ~ ‫ א[א‬l ## ‫ א‬+XY‫א‬
F l‫|א‬8U jL (&p W)‫ "\ ~א‬،;y $; # R+Q i 9j8
Î78> $83 WY‫&א‬X[W4d ، o
p [W4FG(
'‫ ~אא א‬9Z2‫ א‬db، ‫ א )' א‬L
EAmerican Speech And Hearing AssociattionF%dR ‫ )'א‬Y‫א‬
،(-‫;א‬#t" ‫א‬Î-‫" א‬#،ED.CKWashingtonF،K0K?')5‫א‬
‫|א‬8h/، Y‫ א‬v ‫|א‬8 $8[L+' ‫א‬Fr"ZLdM
· ،d R ‫א‬3 Z -‫ א ~ א‬j ZL s" oM_& W[e )O Qb
R+) ‫א‬HG ²9)،&W)}1#Mr"&' ‫" א‬#\[O m‫א‬
KR+QFG(\"Q~ ‫א‬+X±

- ١٧١ -
..................................... : ...............................
D (:
- & ) GH I)*,

E F
.3R$ v)+ U G •
.G* w)* •
.U)Z"H •

- ١٧٣ -
..................................... : ...............................
- & ) GH I)*,

E F
dR$ v + U G :qH
Obsessive compulsive disorder
· -‫א‬L#M;lyZ{ ‫א‬FMcQ2‫א‬،4"9 4‫ א‬ZQ] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫ א‬

Qp $[35،Mv+،-،"S }SyQ;RZyc#8Mvu (
[Ld # ‫א‬M· -‫א‬%)&p SE M R34W [v +# :cQ2‫א‬LsF
y "#،Ec) ‫א‬،Pd ‫א‬، ‫א‬FMp "5 y# ‫א‬0"#' ‫ א‬sb[،W‫א‬4?r‫"א‬
KW‫"א‬W" ‫א‬4cY‫א‬MZ) ‫א‬# ‫א‬+J · -‫א‬

،] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫א‬4(Q‫א‬O )Z{ ‫א &"¦א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬iQ?Z

‫"\ ~א‬Q¿ &RQ+Ä‫א‬g Mp ¸ +Z yQc> | ;S ‫א‬g M
٪٠{٠٥x4(Q‫&א‬RQF41©$،] j2‫א‬9 ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2Q4#-_‫' א‬k2‫א‬
2t ; ‫&א‬X\[&R) ‫א‬x~pM"5 sb[Q[# ،0) ‫א‬M
،R+) ‫א‬F‫א ?א‬gk ٪١\"s;4(Q2‫א‬I#Q&W gk -‫א‬
¸٪٣W٢E‫ ] א‬y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬4 (Q‫ ¿ ][\א‬e)
+XY‫א‬t ] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫א‬4 (Q‫א‬- #1?Fi9$8l"Z2،\R ‫א‬
KyM?dM2‫א‬

: dR$ v + U G U)[+
_‫' א‬k‫א‬q‫א‬4" Lb}qZ?"l3MFW‫א‬4?O) W q‫א‬4" ‫א‬L ‫א‬ J١
،E٪٦٣–٣٣F qd-‫;א‬i‫ א "א‬q$& RQ% +Z Z© $] y# ‫א‬0‫ "א‬W" ‫א‬

- ١٧٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
p$"k sb[q‫א‬4" ‫א‬L‫& א "א‬Z،E٪٧Fqd-‫}א‬S;i‫ "א‬Q4#-

&RQ\[db، (M‫א א‬WL&1‫ א‬MY‫א‬4"y*yc[&{ ‫א‬F2m‫א‬
%d»‫ א?א‬c[y)gM[· -‫א‬iM?‫ א‬c[] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" r6‫א‬
K? ‫א‬
x(Qd$‫א‬bF$G-‫א ("אא‬e)Wl" "RcL‫"א‬M J٢
Wy) l" "Rc0W[gM -‫א‬
. y‫ א‬oQL d © $F ?M} S # ' +XY‫א‬x4" y* J
KE¶9 ‫א‬
K34 # 'gk -‫א‬2 i y ‫¬א‬-‫;א‬W4F‫' א‬k‫"?א‬l J
: 9 ‫א‬،J-‫א‬g dm‫א‬Ls¶9 ‫א‬. y‫ ·[ אא‬%x4"y* J
K b m‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬

78_‫' א‬k2‫ ~אא‬R+) ‫א‬L ‫א‬W4?‫א‬4%l W)?"WL‫"א‬M J٣

FM‫ א‬9 ‫א‬4Z©$، R+) ‫א‬4"' ‫א‬l ( ‫א‬$ -‫א‬gMO&s ‫א‬
; ‫ א‬c) ‫ "א‬$ Y‫ א‬x dM Qs ‫ )א‬R ‫ "א‬L +' ‫א‬
،. f ‫א‬dM&kgMZ41gMFM‫ א‬9 ‫א‬vb Z²k[34"9[،Z&S4
«F‫א‬41‫א‬vdbR ‫א ;א"א‬c) ‫א‬RuZ)yc
K%d»‫ א‬Y‫ א‬k4)\[Ll[yRb‫א‬L+' ‫א‬
، #')}SyQ] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫ ·א‬-c -‫;א &)א‬RZWc L‫"א‬M J٤
Zm‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫"\א‬b4;y/³،1‫}א‬SFl)W‫א‬78]?Z;q
K #')-‫}א‬S] R ‫};א‬+Z> |;MR،cË &L(

] y# ‫א‬0‫ "א‬W" ‫' א_א‬k‫א ) [\א‬x~_

r[] Wb" WL ‫"א‬M J٥
،0W" b_‫' א‬k2‫ א~אא‬M[\"Z‫ א &א‬+cW$ gM4 "'

- ١٧٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
‫ א‬y# ‫א‬0W" ‫ אא‬M[[،]#Zw‫ א‬5‫¦ א‬$1Fy&) yc

K%1"-‫[א‬Z) ‫א‬# ‫א‬L#Zyy)Z[Fy&)d ‫)א‬uZ yc

3R$ )F9 v)+ X

Rbt"1yQb· -‫א‬y+9uMv[+JW4c[ W4cY‫א‬ J١
،P)‫ [א‬#‫א‬p4c[\"b3?M،lM.8148 Zj‫?א‬
x~ dRZ،y)M/W[34"r·& ‫א‬yo‫א‬44cY‫א‬1Z1
K4cY‫א‬4‫ א‬liyQG ‫א‬4cY‫א‬
&RZ|34"r\"Z1،3 + ‫א‬2
n 34"9 ‫' א‬RZ)W4 "9 ‫א‬ J٢
،34Wd‫?א‬1MvvM34"r 'RZ1Ws-‫א‬L&WgM،p#kplM.8
‫ א‬،#MgM 'RZ{ ‫ א‬uMv-‫א‬34"9 ‫א‬x~IJ ‫א‬%'R2
\K\‫ "א‬Y[3RyQbj‫)א א‬

‫א‬p 5plM.8&RZ· -‫א‬gM 'RZ,l&S4[3 c WFMcQ2‫א‬ J٣

K%k ‫א‬y+' Y‫)א‬j[،)‫א‬L1&S ‫א‬M 'RZ\b،· d

s M3 ' R ‫ ?א‬+ ‫א‬%' R2]~ ‫א‬:v + ‫ א "[א‬W J-‫א‬ J٤
، G ‫[א‬34~# ‫[א‬#-‫[א‬$"+-‫א‬bY‫א &[א"א‬W> |
M"d[3f ]4" 5G ‫א‬v ‫א "\ ~אא " "א‬p}s b
e4Q[28:v+ · -‫א‬4 "5%،5#"9-‫א‬#R ‫א‬F‫א‬f‫א‬
Kqm4fe)P Q[

Diagnosis dR$ v + U G 7

0‫"א‬W" ‫ אא‬MY1 ‫ א א‬y# ‫א‬0W" ‫א‬IJ(Z)M &)
"Qq‫ א‬M[ [] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫' א_א‬k2 [‫ א‬MY‫א‬x~Lc ،] y# ‫א‬
،¦?$ q[¢ ‫א‬r8[،J-‫ א‬dm‫ א‬y# ‫א‬0W" ‫ א‬yZ|8‫؟‬t j[‫ א‬Y

- ١٧٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
·\RQ6‫)_א‬# ‫א‬3$??.‫א‬%> ~b،: 9 ‫ א‬F+Mo$b[

#c، 9+ ‫ א א‬Mb yZ1yQ[db،# ‫אא‬vvZ{ ‫א‬0W" ‫א‬
y‫}א‬
p sb،٪٥٠ &R) 9+ ‫ א‬k yZ y# ‫א‬0W" ‫ אא‬M[\[l
0W" ‫"\א‬Q_b2‫א‬gk ٪٢٠\[l"c، y1‫ א‬M_b2‫א‬
;y P #c $٣٠Fl y# ‫א‬0W" o
p ١٥٠I+، y# ‫א‬
t jY‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬F‫' א‬
k2‫ &·א‬y# ‫א‬0W" ‫ א‬k qn & SK_b‫א‬
، Mdl‫;®א‬y ٪٢٥،;R‫_א‬b2‫' א_א‬k‫;א‬y ;y)٪٦٧ ‫"א‬c
\[;S ‫ א‬M،LbY‫א‬F‫' א‬
k‫ א‬k -‫א‬J-‫א‬% ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬78ck6
‫ א‬MY‫ א‬-‫א‬U"9£#')}S3|50W;y y# ‫א‬0W" ‫ א‬k
،3m‫ א‬$)%¸%1‫; "א‬i‫?א‬9Z8g M\";yQ[28k -‫א‬W‫"א‬W" ‫א‬
( ‫א‬Lj‫א ~אא א‬p Q،Q|p ‫' א‬k‫ ]א‬y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬2> ~
‫א‬v 2‫"א‬Qs ‫ א‬Y‫ אא‬MY‫ א‬+ ‫א‬،1?)· -‫א‬Icuc
K9J( ‫}א‬-( ‫א‬

IJ (Z} DSM1994 IV% ‫א‬ ‫ א‬i 9$6‫א‬IJ ( ‫א‬L ??«

W db0W" ‫א‬
· ? + ‫ א‬y { ‫א‬4" 9 ‫[א‬FMc Q2‫[א‬4 c± 3? 4‫ א‬Z E١
Ko ‫א‬# ‫&א‬RZdiG}SyQ[db،_‫' א‬k2‫א‬L$‫ א‬F1Y‫א‬
3m‫א‬FG(HMvQ8s4"9 ‫[א‬FMcQ2‫[א‬4cY‫א‬x~Z2 E٢
K1‫א "א‬
«[4"9 ‫[א‬FMcQ2‫[א‬4cY‫א‬x~%d1[L¡IJ( ‫«א‬ E٣
Kt jY‫א‬cY‫[א‬4cY‫' &·א‬8
#MHQW‫"א‬W" ‫א‬FMcQ2‫[א‬W‫"א‬W" ‫א‬4cY‫[\א‬IJ( ‫א‬e4 E٤
K4cY‫א‬j?8dbH4‫א‬Mk +OR

- ١٧٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
IJ ( ‫א‬L ?? c y# ‫ א‬cY‫א‬IJ (Z} -& R) [
W ‫א )"א‬gMDSM IV 1994%‫ א א‬i9$6‫א‬
#Mc[[،El‫ א‬-‫א‬،Z ‫א‬،]Y‫א‬LRSWL sF34 Fb"W K١
? + ‫א {( א‬EOdrFd ‫א‬4‫ א‬Z،] y# ‫א א‬،3G9 ‫א‬3?M8WLsF
y?\[/M‫"א‬# p#c[،W‫"א‬W" uWby # ‫ א‬MfQ[
K Q
[¦?$%)[o ‫א‬L#Z[%)78# ‫א‬cY‫א‬Fb"R ‫א‬yZ K٢
% '&Z \"Z2 # ‫א‬cY‫א‬Fb"R ‫\א‬c> |%،: 1"
K²k‫א‬L(ycË &\"Z،y&)¡78yZ{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬
R+) ‫ אא‬Y‫א‬IJ (ZL ?] y# ‫א‬0‫ "א‬W" ‫ ' א_א‬k‫א‬IJ (
W ‫א )"א‬gMWHO- ‫א‬9 ‫א‬d)M4?9 ‫א‬I –C-D 10 5 ‫א‬
M k +OR ،· -‫א‬L#MQ[5Q4cY‫א‬x~\‫ א‬M2‫א‬ J١
Kl4j'W[UJ5[
P Mv+yQ[34W}
S34 y# ‫א‬cY‫[א‬4cY‫א‬x~\4‫ א‬16‫א‬ J٢
K&W
}
SF2 , y) y# ‫ א‬cY‫[א‬0 W" ‫ א‬#· -‫« א‬ J٣
KlQ
/F34W}
S y# ‫א‬cY‫ [א‬W‫"א‬W" ‫א‬4 cY4 -‫\¡ א‬4‫ א‬16‫א‬ J٤
KE Z" ‫א‬# 1-‫א‬4cY‫א‬Mvz

l"Z، y# ‫א‬cY‫א‬0W" #R ‫א‬9J( ‫א‬F¼‫א‬78ck6

Wyd[IJ( ‫א‬gMZt j[ck8F,3M
3i‫א‬. y# ‫א‬cY‫א‬0W" ‫[\א‬e4IJ( ‫\א‬c_‫' א‬k2‫א‬4‫ א‬dW‫א‬% -
KE+XY‫א‬gM> |&')2F1‫}א‬SyQ[ycË &m‫א‬M

- ١٧٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
MW sb[! RZF،o ‫א‬gWY‫ א‬y# ‫א‬cY‫א‬0W" ‫&א‬RZ -

[F +*" ‫ א‬y-‫[א‬،? + " ‫א ) א‬%²k‫א‬L(Lj‫א‬Z[،E " ‫א‬
K j‫א‬%Mdl2‫א‬F1G ‫[א‬،Mdl2‫('א‬QY‫[א‬،E?bY‫א‬
0W" r‫ אא‬MY‫א‬vd ‫א‬3M‫; א‬W +)9 ‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬ -
WLst j[F‫' א‬kr‫ אא‬MY‫א‬،p#Wy 84(-‫ א‬y# ‫א‬cY‫א‬
KLbY‫א‬F‫' א‬k‫ א‬$ ' (Q2‫ א‬E[
KTrichotillomania ( ‫א‬Q0" $ ( ‫א‬Q0" E_

d R‫א‬x" ( ‫ ' א_א‬k‫ א‬$ l4‫ א‬y- (Q2‫ א‬El
Kdisorder Body Dysmorphic
K34J-‫"א?א‬-‫א א‬JW‫"א‬W $?Y(Q2‫א‬ E?

-‫ ";א‬Z_‫ ' א‬k‫ א‬$3} 'j‫ א‬r6 (Q2‫ א‬E
KHypochondriasis
R)‫ אא‬2‫ א‬$ R)‫א‬FG J ‫[א‬F &S (Q6‫ א‬E
KParaPhilia

_‫ ' א‬k‫ א‬$Q~ ‫ א‬M ( M ¡

n Q_‫ ' א‬k2‫ "\א‬2[3 M‫ א‬%
‫א‬JW‫"א‬WF4 #M XZLs3 5& l" "RcF‫}א‬
qZ[;R‫_א‬b2‫א‬
K&' ‫א‬FlG ‫[א‬E?Y‫א‬

dR$ v + U G PG* x* !)-*

["W[ªgM;m‫ א‬Gj{ ‫א‬F‫ א‬5-‫א‬FG ‫·א‬l"Z
W_‫' א‬kG
Ky#2
n y# ‫א‬c± GRW2‫א‬ J١
Kyoc42
n W‫"א‬W" ‫א‬4cY ‫א‬:)12‫[א‬:)12‫"?·א‬l J٢

- ١٨٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
K3|5[& S y# ‫א‬cY‫"\א‬Z\[ J٣

-‫א‬L &1· -‫א‬x $¬4 Z ² o db 9J5F‫ ' א‬k‫ "?א‬l J٤
K:") ‫א‬9+ ‫א‬9J( ‫' א_א‬k‫א‬r£
K "+' ‫א‬W_‫' א‬k2‫ אא‬M[‫[\"\א‬ J٥
]~ ‫א‬m‫א‬78‫}א‬
p &b +*" ‫א‬i‫ ·[?א‬-‫א‬x$‫ א‬MY‫}א‬qZ\"\[ J٦
K +(R-‫"א‬j? MR
K· -‫א‬iM y# ‫א‬0W" ‫¬א‬4Z?"l J٧
K R+) ‫ א‬i9jY‫" '&[א‬u ‫ ·א‬-‫ א‬j\[ J٨

‫ ~א‬y_ 9-‫ א‬$\" Z b| R ‫א‬L ‫א "א‬x~ ?" l M $
KLoc[ªF‫' א_|א‬k2‫א‬

dR$ v +
{ ‫ ]א‬y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫א‬HGM rj d[ i‫א א‬HG W id ‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬f" ‫ א‬JR©$،] j2‫א‬lG ‫ א‬WY‫א‬XW"ÎZ
sb[Mc y*[db،_‫' א‬k2‫~אא‬HGM%W‫'!א‬QgMClompramine
K y# ‫א‬0W" ‫א‬HGMJR-‫ ]א‬j2‫}א‬1# ‫א‬
yO(c{ ‫א‬F2m‫א‬28LdR2 lGM_"W["W $‫א א‬HG ‫א‬ J٢
Zy) ] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫ א‬+(Z2$‫א א‬،t jY‫א‬lG ‫א‬LiW" ‫א‬
+Q‫ ?\[]א‬dbWWLc،_b2‫א‬# · -‫א‬0R$8
K¬d y&‫א‬I+ ‫א‬vb‫ א‬-‫ ·א‬b28 $‫ א‬c،&Ql

y) ] y# ‫א‬0‫"א‬W" ‫א‬HGMi y ‫א‬F9 ‫א‬+Z2W i y ‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J٣

u2، -‫א‬$9Z{ ‫"?אא‬R ‫א‬4cY‫א‬b2‫ אא‬MY‫א‬Rh

- ١٨١ -
...................................... : ..............................
R+) ‫ ·א‬-‫ א‬rg M y)g (§{ ‫א‬F2 m‫א‬28 y
Kb2‫א‬$) ‫א‬

´]~ ‫\א‬-‫}א‬Z78Qp $[· -‫א‬H«W Mdl2‫א & א‬HG ‫א‬ J٤

&Z Z{ ‫א‬b Y‫א‬4? 9-‫ א‬M? 2‫ ©א‬$،O 1" ‫ א‬3 + c
،4~l -‫א‬LrR2{1HG ‫א‬:") ‫\~אא‬c%&' ،0W"
K& ‫ א‬Z;S ‫א‬gMQq‫ א‬MY‫"?א‬Z\M WQY

28 y# ‫א‬0W" ‫ א‬b"R ‫א‬l" ‫_א‬r[fW b"R ‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J٥

b"R ‫א‬HG ‫א‬f،iQ&#x.vdÂ ZÇÏ;e"W
3 5&-‫ אא‬MY‫א‬gMvb QY‫א‬p Q، y# ‫א‬0W" ‫א‬HGML& W
Å Loc[
Kyc}+ ‫א‬1;q J ‫ [א‬+ ‫ א א‬XMyL

²9 y# ‫א‬0W" ‫א‬HGM

-‫א‬HG ‫ א‬JRW
-‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J٦
cF‫?א‬MgM4 ‫א‬،}+ ‫א‬F‫?א‬M}
Z،X‫א‬F‫א‬#-‫א‬4cY‫א‬
x4c[LuRZ،Z‫|א‬$GgM· -‫א‬4Z XM> |،3l
K v)-‫א‬F&l‫ "א‬# ‫א‬،X‫א‬c4

v b ‫©א‬$RQY‫א‬tlY‫ "א‬b"R ‫א‬

-‫א‬HG ‫א א‬
]9 ‫א‬t j[ yl، -‫א‬HG ‫א‬GjQG# ‫}א‬SX‫א‬4cY‫א‬gM
K b"R ‫א‬HG ‫א‬GjW‫"א‬W" ‫א‬Fb"R

- ١٨٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
Phobia w :)f5,)s
، &' ®} S}s 3 5 +Q‫א‬u W‫ א‬Q" ‫ א‬
"‫א‬، Y‫ \א‬m‫"א‬j[،_‫ א‬SY‫א‬،FQ‫"א‬m‫"·א‬b
:" ) ‫ ~אא‬y_ 9-‫א‬L +' ‫א‬،# o ‫ [א‬R-‫א‬b Y‫[א " א‬، W4-‫א‬
Kx(§]~ ‫א ( א‬yl‫)"א‬M"1)¡_ FuW‫א"&]א‬

G* w [E): X
K35M R# ‫\א‬#+j J١
Kl" ‫ אא‬XY‫;[א‬R‫א‬gM! ‫א‬.‫ א‬c83?. J٢
K‫ א‬XY‫א‬3? P+) ‫"א‬r J٣
K"& ‫&א‬S ‫א‬ J٤
K;+ ‫א‬+l J٥
K ‫?א‬yl64"( ‫א‬ J٦
K ' y( ‫א\א‬#c J٧
Kj 4"( ‫א‬ J٨
K!4Y‫א‬ J٩
K M" ‫א\א‬#c_ #4"( ‫ א‬J١٠

G* w U)[+
K²R ‫א‬w‫ א‬c6‫א‬3i‫א‬v ‫א‬dm‫ א‬J١
K-‫א‬353"R# ‫א‬ J٢
K3 &-‫" א‬+' ‫א‬--‫א‬F‫א‬f‫א‬ J٣

- ١٨٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
Ky+' Y‫א‬M4I#Q J٤
K"Y‫א‬3 dR-‫א‬FcG‫א‬4u( ‫א‬ J٥
K;i‫א?א‬vQ‫ א‬$L+' ‫"?א‬l J٦

w hW

KJ-‫"א ( א‬$L+' ‫א‬%;+ ‫ א‬J١
K#c‫א""א‬4?9yl‫"א‬gML+' ‫א‬4Z J٢
KL+' #Z{ ‫א‬I9# ‫ א‬GcY‫א‬3M‫© א‬$L+' #-‫א‬t"¼‫&א‬1‫ א‬ J٣
KL+' ‫א‬%;yZ"W34"9 ‫א "א‬4y*8 J٤
Y‫א‬L 9+ ‫ א‬b|&Wdb،L +' R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&583M‫ א‬ J٥
KL9+
K"‫א‬F‫}א‬sMp1L+' ‫?א‬8 J٦
KL+' ‫"א‬j4?9M( ‫א‬ J٧
KHG ‫א‬dM yWÈ 99J-‫א‬$QW2‫א‬ J٨
KlGML&WL+' '¼‫א‬LbW4-‫א‬3 WY‫\א‬Z J٩

- ١٨٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
Depression U)Z"H :)f5>)s
% ،_ ‫ א‬M dl2‫ _א‬RQ2‫א‬L (+ 4" ( ‫א‬W Q_ b2‫ א‬
?"l، ' y( ‫א\א‬#c4،L&#R-‫ א‬Í( ‫א‬0dQ2‫א‬LY‫א\א‬#c
Kvb ‫"א‬r

) W١٢ J٦ d ‫ א‬+ ‫ א‬+X± _ b‫ א‬¹\[4? ) ‫ א‬
g$ &' ‫א‬wWY‫א‬OQb\8،4 & ‫)א‬M yZ{ ‫ אא‬MY‫ א‬-‫א‬Mº
_& W± M; W‫ ~א‬، +XY‫) א‬M_ b‫ "?א‬l" Z2 & 1F‫ )"א‬W
P !4+ ‫א‬،49 ‫א‬gM&')4& ‫א‬gM&')dc، ML(HG ‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬
Kl4 ‫ )א‬:") ‫א‬

Etiology U)Z"H U G U)[+

x~ c -F2¼‫א‬، k‫}א‬
S Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬F‫' א‬kG &&R-‫&_א‬WY‫\א‬8
i 9$6‫ א‬9J( ‫א‬L ‫ ;א‬R1 #c،E" k" ‫ א‬MP& ‫א‬y" (_& WY‫א‬
M)r;R#Z78 Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬F ‫' א‬kG &&R-‫א‬L‫א "א‬DSM-IVR+) ‫ אא‬±
;R# ‫~אא‬، Mdl‫ א‬R+QL‫"א‬M،)lL‫"א‬M،l" "L‫"א‬M?"l©$
Ws-‫א‬L&W cL‫א "א‬x~G
n M+ZLd« M)9 ‫א‬
L ‫ א "א‬q Z\[ )‫א‬L ‫ א "א‬Mdl‫א‬P+) ‫א‬L ‫ א "א‬J
Kl" "& ‫א‬
K)‫א‬L‫ א "א‬qZ\[Mdl‫א‬R+) ‫א‬l" "& ‫א‬L‫א "א‬ J
UJ5Y‫א‬FuW‫ א‬qZ\[l" "& ‫א‬L‫א)א "א‬L‫א "א‬ J
KR+) ‫א‬L‫"א‬

- ١٨٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
2‫ ~א‬،3? +)_bG 3 R+-‫א‬F ) M;Rc> | Mp )

W> |\ dc،·& ‫א‬yo%M+OR yQ[
: Biological Aspects J ( a=

e)،t jY‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬F‫' א‬k2‫}א‬sbLss_b2‫ [\א‬-‫א‬
¶9 ‫א‬. y‫&)א‬Y‫א‬49-‫א‬،)M R-‫ א‬WW[4?9qGq
F‫& }א‬Z Qs ‫א‬49-‫א‬،ERi ‫א‬ZdM[$[¬-‫א‬Ls]~ ‫א‬F+i*
][F\& ‫¬א‬-‫א‬i*; ‫ א‬r)My&Z "m‫א‬id ‫א‬
©$q‫א‬4" ‫"א‬yc© s ‫א‬49-‫[א‬، Q" ‫\א‬.‫ א "א‬M[\.‫א "א‬،E}1# ‫א‬
_b2‫& א‬RQ3?.&Z#c،_b2‫א‬3(Qpdy‫א‬p4? q‫א‬4" ‫א‬L ‫א‬
\"Q~ ‫ א?א‬cY‫?א‬M\[FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬bZ، k d Y‫א‬l4 ‫_א‬41[
‫~א‬،? ‫ א‬WY‫א‬Mk[ qGq4‫א‬#v· -‫א‬3 W[_b2‫א‬
pk‫א‬2q‫א‬4" ‫א‬LM$،_b2‫ א‬q‫א‬4" ‫א‬L ‫א‬b
_bG &R) ²k‫ א‬q‫א‬4?"l4~Z©$،_b2‫א‬X134"9
"r78}
( uW2‫_א‬b2‫ [א‬9 ‫_א‬b2‫א‬cI ‫א‬
K_b2‫א‬:‫"א‬Q[L R q‫א‬4}R+Z?"l
3M78pl‫א‬4_b2‫א‬FfM[yQ8l" "& ‫&_א‬WY‫ א‬M²o
?"lWdyQq،x4?9Lj?"l،¶9 ‫א‬.yu HQQ[W [،4?9
_41[?‫?א‬vQ[،q‫א‬4" ‫א‬L‫ "א‬HQQ[Wdys q،¬-‫א‬dbLj
K· d Y‫א‬l4 ‫א‬

: Psychodynamic Aspects )&3/ + ( ac

4b?،Freud? cQ"duW? M ‫א‬4")-‫_א‬b2‫ א‬Rc
\‫א‬#+ 3# uWb_b2‫א‬dy)Lbr#c،Abraham? ‫[ א‬
[F"- b 1‫ א\ [\ "\א‬#+ ‫ ~אא‬، 5[IJ ( m‫א‬

- ١٨٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
UJ5Y‫}][\א‬cAbraham ‫ א‬Y&R) c،nGJ\"1[9+Q2‫א‬

·1 ) \"d R?‫ א‬c[; b2‫ אא‬MY‫ א‬d k -‫א‬
c[،&R ‫א‬/2‫ א‬M(-‫א‬v?"l%،0) ‫א‬x¡ Q‫א‬l" ‫א‬
o ‫ א‬8–Melancholy "ÄG-‫א‬xN[db[–_b2‫א‬%l4cFreud
،:"k"- 1G ‫א‬gd R[ 5[IJ5\‫א‬#cMZ) ‫א‬LY‫&א‬j
"+' ‫ "א א‬1G ‫ א‬IJ ( & R) m‫א‬4? 97[
،F‫ א ~א‬#Z+Ä‫א‬78]?c\‫א‬#+ ‫;~אא‬dZ> |;،3 b& ‫א‬
KSelf – CriticismF‫א ~א‬#)(Q2‫ א‬8L-‫א‬
F‫א‬f ‫א‬78 l Z yQ[_ bG ‫ א ) א‬M ² o
m‫א‬4 ?97[d4&M ‫"א‬L+' ‫ א‬1GM‫א‬p h Y‫" א‬+' ‫א‬
:&564?9/2[m‫~אא‬4?9L +' ‫א‬#+)M، &R)
‫ ~א‬،m‫א‬49"‫א א‬o (Qc، R+) ‫א‬l$
) H4‫[א‬Lj‫א א‬78Q~ ‫ א‬M(L+\2"LY‫&א‬jo ‫א‬
K_b2‫א‬y)M
: Cognitive Aspects F ( a@

vb Z، " ‫_א‬bG 3 R+-‫א‬F ) ‫ א‬sb[c -‫א‬F ) ‫ א‬Z
-‫ א‬l" ‫א‬4 9Q[¤ $2 #c، -‫א‬IJ ( r‫א‬4 cY‫א‬g M
_ bG dy r)M id ‫א‬b" R ‫א‬L ‫ _[\א "א‬bG
c -‫א‬-‫א‬،c -‫א‬Fd ‫א‬w[ &'&Z Z2y)
}Zid ‫א‬b"R ‫א‬FuW2‫\א‬cc -‫א‬Fd ‫}א‬Z)MQ
W7Y‫א‬W{WW['#Qb"R ‫א‬Mc -‫א ) א‬º،po[
) ‫\א‬c،$G-‫א‬Fb"R ‫א‬gM b"R ‫א ) א‬v b Z$ +c
،F b~ ‫א‬،4"9 ‫א‬،F¡2b0"d-‫}א‬Se"R ‫א‬gMvb Zc -‫א‬

- ١٨٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
_bG c -‫א‬F ) ‫ [\א‬WQs ‫'א‬#) ‫א‬،3 ‫}א‬SF‫א‬#-‫א‬
"(-‫א‬4cY‫[\א‬،F2m‫ ·א‬QG#M}S}+Zc‫"א‬Z"WxfZ
e" R ‫ אא‬MY‫א‬g M #6‫[א‬، k‫ א‬M[3 $،_‫ ' א‬k2‫ &א‬R ‫א‬
{ ‫ א‬R‫ אא‬MY‫ [\ ·א‬db،¶ R ‫א‬H‫א‬v- 4" ( ‫א‬، b2‫א‬
‫~א‬،Xjc w± H)by 8 )_bG ‫ א‬Mb yZ
WH|qGq_bG c -‫א‬F ) ‫א‬IJZ
]~ ‫؛א‬Beck s cognitive- distortion modle ?>& ?
-‫א‬3"( ‫א‬H|" J١
km‫א‬F‫ & "א ~א‬R ‫א‬4 cY‫א‬78_ b2‫ >א‬c% l4[
Mv b ¶WL(%1‫"א "א‬F+ h b2c،L&#R-‫א‬
KL&#Rd L[ P 1"d &R ‫א‬Q‫א"א‬
©$‫؛‬Seligman s helplessness model?\duR ?R-‫א‬v u ‫א‬H|" J٢
IJ( ‫א‬3$vu ‫א‬M34 -‫_א‬4u ‫[\א‬Seligman\duW c‫א‬
p)p$¹\"##«)M&-‫ א?א‬cY‫\א‬c‫ ~א‬،_b2‫א‬78]?Z
KF‫א‬41\"d-P ¤ ;y$¹‫"א‬l ;yQc
e"W\[t Z‫؛‬Helplessness theory of depression_bG W ‫ א‬Q J٣
Z1GMo1rY‫א‬Gv ‫א‬M y) ‫ א‬v-‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬
v ‫ א‬W ‫ א‬v، Ql "# ‫א‬L # ³، Mdl2‫א‬
K jQl? + Mdl2‫א‬
،F‫ א ~א‬#Z+Ä‫ א‬8_b2‫א‬%l Zc -‫א‬W4-‫&[\א‬W³²o
b2‫א‬t
-‫א‬e‫א‬4?6‫&א‬X\[] Z،d# ‫ א‬M،+ 4"( ‫א‬
1‫"א‬d WRm‫ א‬X +-‫א‬F d ‫ א‬M ' RZ© $،L ; RZ
،vu ‫א‬،F‫¶ ~א‬R ‫;א‬# ‫א‬،3m‫א‬F‫א‬f&R ‫א‬F+ ‫א‬،¦‫א‬$Y‫א‬

- ١٨٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
& ‫א‬F‫}א‬s d u W‫א‬L je )yc ،F‫ " א ~א‬، Í ( ‫א‬
K¶W ) M;i1F‫¶ ~א‬W "y+\";q،'¼‫א‬

:Behavioral Aspects " + ( ae

3 b& ‫" א‬+' ‫א‬F‫א‬f‫ א‬Mvb ‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬L ‫ ) א‬pcGj
Gj_bG b"R ‫) א ) א‬Z،j‫א א‬R+) ‫א‬Fd ‫א‬
Ws-‫א‬L&Wgc،FuW2‫א‬x~;dZ;qF‫}א‬s-‫א‬78uW2‫א‬F'9

[، ' ‫א‬F '(QY‫ ·א‬M:'# d2‫א‬IJ5\‫א‬#c

،LdM\‫א‬#+b?,1"-uW‫| >א‬،EÒ8،P)‫א‬
\ c l.v e" R ‫ א‬#M[‫|א‬8 Q[ WWY‫א‬3 + c
KL1[%)1vv ‫ "[\א‬،?‫?א‬vWe"R ‫א‬

;M ‫" א‬y+b"R ‫א‬yl" p#c&Z _b2‫&[\א‬W³²o

t c‫א א‬3?.e"R ‫א‬4‫ א‬ZMZ /6‫א‬vv c،vv ‫[א‬
·+j،EZ42‫ א‬M،0& 4"( ‫&א‬Rc¶R ‫א‬vv ‫[א‬،? + ‫א‬
KQ~ 4"( ‫א‬،F‫ א ~א‬#Z
: Social Aspects )*JH () aM
&RQ‫א‬vZ78;y)·& ‫)א‬M&R ‫א‬Mdl2‫א‬W4-‫_א‬r[) R+
3-‫א‬F2" ‫& א‬R) ‫א‬x~O+MoZ©$،H‫א‬.Y‫!א‬G' ‫א‬9+Q2‫א‬
، - ‫"]א‬R-‫א‬g M3‫א‬vO&r[po[ ،4[_ S Y‫א‬
\‫ ?א‬+ ‫?א‬#c‫א‬d&R ‫[\א‬t j‫א &·א‬،p& #ZFd»‫א‬Lb
o1gM4?1\‫;אא‬c،dm‫;א‬M ‫א‬4?9}sb78
KR ‫"\א‬+‫"א‬Qbdb،;yi)[%"X[O1

- ١٨٩ -
...................................... : ..............................
]?Z_&W[3M\"k + Mdl2‫א‬g )-‫_א‬r[\[&W³²o

k،H‫א‬.Y‫! א‬G ' ‫ א‬9+Q2‫א‬W y) b6‫ אא‬MY‫ א‬-‫א‬4" y
i‫א‬v ‫(א‬Q2‫א‬،3 WY‫ א?א‬c[ Mdl2‫ א‬+X ‫;א‬M ‫א‬1، WY‫א אא‬
K)Y‫א‬M ‫"א‬

) ‫א‬2_b2‫&א‬RZ{ ‫א‬L‫&_א "א‬WY‫&[\א‬W³IJRQ

-‫ אא‬MY‫א‬4 "y*3() ]?-‫ א‬$" ‫&א‬R ‫א‬yQ[gM? +L(y 8
]~ ‫א‬m‫א‬78·& ‫א‬yo%(M+L‫א "א‬x~\8|8،b6‫א‬
Kd‫א‬$8_b2‫ א‬9$9

Diagnosis U)Z"H U G 7
r‫א‬F¼‫א‬hL&1 b|/dy9J(ZF‫א‬4&M‫א‬3Me)
W/Q[ _b2‫א‬IJ(
Kv-‫ א‬M+ ‫_א‬b2‫א‬1 + ‫א‬ •
K Q~ ‫ א‬9 ‫_א‬b2‫א‬1 + ‫א‬ •
Kj"J( ‫"?|\א‬# ‫א‬W_b‫א‬1 + ‫א‬ •
K 9+ 3 &‫ א‬Mb_b2‫א‬F"Q_b2‫א‬1 + ‫א‬ •
dR‫ אא‬± $9-‫_א‬b2‫ אא‬M[_b2‫א‬1 + ‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬L( ‫א‬# ‫[ אא‬Ls3}'‫א‬
&$9-‫"א‬o ‫ אא‬MYRdb‫ ·א‬-‫' א‬$0‫ א‬$2‫א‬ •
K R)‫?א‬f ‫[א‬، ‫[א‬،!4Y‫[א‬،y( ‫א‬#cLs_bG
M?jR‫א‬-‫א‬l 'Z#c،;W& ‫_א‬b2‫ א‬$0‫ א‬$2‫א‬ •
Ko

- ١٩٠ -
..................................... : ...............................
‫ א‬± %‫ א א‬i9$6‫א‬IJ( ‫א‬L ‫_א‬b2‫א‬IJ(Z;

W Z½ n #cDSM-IVR+) ‫א‬

F dW‫א‬1\"Z\[gM، ‫ אא‬MY‫ א‬sb[[‫ א‬M[RÉ?"l E[

W IJ( +*" ‫?אא‬Y‫אא‬p}ZLsz،M"&W[3-
XW" #db> |، "Lb&p #Z، " ‫ &א‬S-‫א‬H‫א‬v-‫ א‬J١
K j‫א‬F$GGj[، Z‫ א ~א‬# ‫א‬
K " ‫('א‬QY‫א‬S[[Lb d2‫א‬-‫א‬²k‫א "א‬I#) ‫ א‬J٢
&R)\." ‫}א‬
ZF\." ‫א‬3?.[،;l4\?\." ‫א‬²k‫א "א‬+Ä2‫ א‬J٣
KE y( ‫\א‬9#Q[3?.٪٥
Kp& #Z "Lb ") ‫א‬w‫ א‬c6‫![א‬4Y‫ א‬J٤
K b $P+) ‫ א‬j ‫[א‬H ‫ א‬J٥
Kp& #Z "Lb4 L(> |1' ‫א‬+Ä‫?א‬yl6‫ א‬J٦
KQ~ w +-‫א‬4"( ‫א‬d# ‫א‬+Ä4"( ‫ א‬J٧
K?? ‫א‬vb ‫}א‬+ ‫א‬gM34# ‫א‬+Ä2‫ א‬J٨
?,'º\?4Q2‫א‬4 cY‫~ >א‬b،F"-‫א‬M4c[4‫ א‬Z J٩
K&R

&RZ،&X[R+QF‫ א‬q- plQOR ‫ א‬MY‫א‬x~\"Z\[ E_

K? + Zm‫א‬i*" ‫א‬k‫א‬1M8

WvdZ_b2‫ אא‬M[\[(Roderick)?>4?4?]

M، d2‫א\א‬#c،3?R ‫ א‬M،\vm\ (?‫ א‬cYcWH‫א‬v-‫א‬F‫}א‬Z J١
K'(QY‫א‬S[-‫א‬
y ‫א‬w‫ א‬c6‫א‬، ") ‫ א‬1!4Y‫©א‬$Wappetite3"y( ‫א‬w() ‫}א‬
Z J٢
K&S ‫\א‬9#Q[3?.،1' ‫א‬+Ä‫א‬،?yl6‫א א‬، b R+) ‫א‬

- ١٩١ -
...................................... : ..............................
3?،?? ‫א‬،vb ‫}א‬+ ‫ א‬M34# ‫א‬+Ä‫©א‬$W}+ ‫}א‬Z J٣

KQ~ ‫א‬d# ‫א‬+Ä‫ א‬M(،4Q2‫א‬F"-‫א‬4c[
: Treatment U)Z"H
{ ‫א‬+J-‫א‬F ) p#c> |،_b2‫א‬HGMLiW W[?Z
،}1 # ‫ א‬Mv b R+Q ' ‫ א‬l" c،HG ‫ }א‬R+ ‫א‬IJ ( )Z
g M_b2‫א‬HGMvb4 R+) ‫א‬l" ‫א‬،R+) ‫א‬$‫א א‬، y ‫א‬FRl
K‫ א‬MY‫א‬24~‫א‬Gj_b2‫א‬HGM)Z j‫א &·א‬،4~‫א‬2‫ א‬MY‫א‬

WPharmacotherapy id ‫א‬HG ‫א‬ J١

HGM3}&bMcF‫_|א‬b2‫א‬F‫?א‬o ‫א‬JW i‫א א‬HG ‫א‬
Ld(Z،¬-‫א‬db}ZF‫?א‬o-‫א‬x~;yRZ©$،_b2‫' א_א‬k‫א‬
W_bG 3?o-‫?א‬Y‫א‬
KSelective Reuptake Inhibitorsi#Q2‫א‬Q"Z}R ‫א‬:l W‫א‬F'&s -
FG1) ‫א‬i*}q ‫א‬gMLdZ{ ‫א‬TricyclicqGs ‫_א‬b2‫א‬F‫?א‬o -
‫ א‬M± p WplGM #Z2_b2‫א‬F‫?א‬o\; ‫א‬%،&9 ‫א‬
sb[·& ‫~א‬j1[،%W[٤ ‫"א‬$SY‫ !א‬Rc، b2‫א‬
K0"d lGM}qZ¦«L ‫}א‬q ‫א‬78L9 %W[٨
WElectroconvulsive therapy i y ‫א‬HG ‫ א‬J٢
‫א‬ph_b2‫א‬3( ‫א‬F2m‫א‬HGMi y ‫א‬FR‫ א‬JRZ
O1e)\"2)M[،}qZ][¦‫א‬$8Mi‫א א‬F2¼‫א‬vuZ)M
;،%W[ qGq 8M"&W[! R1]~ ‫א‬،‫"א א‬+4Q2
O "c١٣٠W٧٠ yb4Z zGji y ‫א‬FRHG ‫א‬
4 k][%)-> |FFGo º4‫א¦א‬$8x º%،· -‫א‬0[4fM

- ١٩٢ -
..................................... : ...............................
F R‫א‬Z،E y ‫א‬4 ‫ א‬M ¡) ‫א‬Fu) ( ‫ א‬MZ Q] Rl
K( ‫_א‬b2‫א‬HGMdyi y ‫א‬

WEnvironmental and social therapy Mdl2‫א & א‬HG ‫ א‬J٣

1‫"א‬-‫א‬w"o ‫א‬M‫א‬p· -‫א‬yLdiG?/8?"9#-‫א‬
\[ lGMW78 -‫א‬#Q> |;، -‫ א‬O&&RZ{ ‫א‬
S‫ א‬cO1L5· -‫א‬M² ‫א‬HG ‫~אא‬LiW،+(WG
3 3 Z?"M 8yz{ ‫א‬F1G ‫)·א‬g$Z،Ld ‫א‬
K] j[

WPsychoanalytic therapy ‫ א‬R+) ‫א‬HG ‫ א‬J٤

_&WY‫א‬M©& ‫ א‬XM; R+) ‫א א‬4")-‫_א‬b2‫א‬HGM
,78 ‫א‬HG ‫א‬g Rc، y ‫א‬.8_ b2 rÈ ?-‫א‬
"#Z،¶?Y‫א‬:‫ א‬9 ‫א‬L$ ,،d+ ‫א‬$ -‫ א‬MO&s ‫א‬3$+º
;) ‫א‬3?M8%،Q~ ‫א‬gM sM& ‫א א‬QY‫א‬3"R1+º،QY‫א‬FMc?
Rl Q!'QH4jF1GMLd WR+) ‫א‬1' ‫"*א‬Z +Q2‫א‬
yR+QMfZ bLj‫א א‬78yl"-‫א‬Q‫א א‬1' ‫אא‬4LZ،F‫א ~א‬
KH4‫א‬78b"W# '

WBehavioral therapy b"R ‫א‬HG ‫ א‬J٥

©$،3( ‫'א‬W"'R& ‫א‬F2m‫א‬HGM b"R ‫א‬HG ‫ א‬JR
F‫א‬4y-‫;א‬،learned helplessnessR-‫א‬vu ‫ א‬M\[· -‫;א‬
HG ‫ "_א‬W[W y)dc b" R ‫א‬HG ‫ א‬W[? Z، l) ‫א‬F‫א‬f ‫א‬
L d ‫ א‬WR$· +systematic desensitization /4 ‫ א‬9
Gj b"R ‫]א‬b" ‫א‬4 ‫א‬،_b2‫א‬gM©&Z{ ‫א‬1‫"א‬d
e" R ‫א‬L Z_" W[e )،_ ' o-‫א‬b" R L d ‫ א‬$G

- ١٩٣ -
...................................... : ..............................
\[0W[gM "#Z{ ‫א‬،modelingl~d) ‫)א‬c:&Z8 XM b2‫א‬

e" W $GG j ، b6‫ א‬k‫ א‬M[ IJ ‫ ?א‬+ ‫;א‬Â
]~ ‫א‬Ld ‫א‬P+Q‫')[?א‬،H|d) d)34"9o Z j‫א‬
KH|"d) ‫" א‬#W

WCognition therapy -‫א‬HG ‫ א‬J٦

+‫_א‬b2‫ א‬k %‫א‬p q_b2‫' א_א‬k2 -‫א‬HG ‫א‬
" -‫א‬HG c ،&R ‫א‬Z1"Z$G· -‫;א‬Â ©$، W"-‫א‬

78]?Z\[{ ‫א‬،+i‫א‬v ‫;א‬yZ‫א‬#‫"א‬9\[ k d ²ZdM

-‫א‬HG ‫א‬M "#]~ ‫ א‬WWY‫ אא‬c2c،&WFb"Wlv[
4 c& R ‫א‬4 cY‫ &אא‬W‫ ;א‬Z\ c‫ ~א‬،H‫א‬v -‫ &א‬RZ4 cY‫ "[\א‬
،R‫ א‬$،b
"W،Z‫" ~א‬y+،IJ( ‫א‬H‫א‬vRWr
Q4#-_ bG
-‫א‬HG ‫ א‬Mc¦" & ‫א‬F W‫א‬4 ‫א‬F y*[ 1
HG ‫[\א‬db، R+) ‫א‬L ‫א‬، 9J( ‫א‬HG ‫א‬،_b2‫א‬F‫?א‬o
F‫?א‬oHG ivlRh;y ~ ‫ א‬k -‫א‬HGMMc y -‫א‬
db،_b2‫ |]א‬k d WQ2‫א‬F2L#Q[db،_b2‫א‬
K#‫ א‬-‫א‬+XY‫א‬t _b2‫א‬HGMMc78Li2 ‫·א‬F45[

- ١٩٤ -
..................................... : ...............................
DJ * *K)L

: DJ * :qH
K?HG ‫א‬IJ ( ‫ ]?א‬y# ‫א‬0‫ "א‬W" ‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٢F ‫& א‬M d, °[ J
K)X" ‫א‬O" ‫&א‬WO" ‫א‬
R+) ‫א‬Fl W‫א‬4?KE ٢٠٠٠F?"9#-‫&א‬M Q[ W R ‫א‬d,N[ J
Ml، ‫א‬bKE٤HFK)&dZL$‫ א‬+XY‫א‬
K١٨٣–١٥١UU،٢٤? ‫א‬،! ( ‫ אא‬.&،P
}
SFG ‫א‬FyY‫)( א‬Z Q4#W‫א‬4?KE ١٩٩٥F y& ‫א‬db J
~GZF‫~א‬dZ )Mt )± Mdl2‫א‬o) y1GMFG ‫א‬
M l، "+' ‫א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬yK}Rl W4K?‫א‬M6‫א‬$ -‫א‬
P
F l$:& 563 WY‫א‬F W4³F ¡‫א‬WE ١٩٩٥F °[ X °‫\א‬8 J
b~ ‫א‬g Mx}q Zgl" " sQ2‫א‬4" )-‫א‬G j WWY‫א‬L +' ‫א‬
K4)W6‫א‬lK}Rl W4KL+' ‫ א‬W‫א‬4 ‫א‬L9 ‫א‬
R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&51GM] WY‫)א‬-‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٣F\dWd,0)8 J
l،" ‫א &"¦א‬FW‫א‬4 ‫א‬yK}Rl W4K#‫ א‬-‫)א‬±
K3 # ‫א‬
،٣w،+X± Mdl2‫א א )א‬KE ٢٠٠٨F QRS‫?א‬LMN8P# J
K\& ‫א‬، ‫א‬
K k ‫א‬L +Xl" " WKE ١٩٩١F 5Y‫!א‬4 XE ¸ ZF + bL fl J
K ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬

- ١٩٥ -
...................................... : ..............................
،٤٥١? ‫א‬4‫א א‬،;ylG ²92;y kW+XY‫)?א‬MKE ٢٠٠٩F4‫א א‬3 l J

K ٢٠٠٩L٧L١٣،Qs ‫)א‬R ‫א‬
# ‫ א‬M ( y1GM R+) ‫א‬F lm‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٠F $+Z R ‫¸ א‬ J
d ‫ א‬z -‫א‬K M W‫א‬4?W) Wd ( & ‫ א‬+X[] _ b2‫א‬
K٥٠–٢٨U،PMl، "+' ‫א‬FW‫א‬4?vb ،]")R ‫א‬
KE٣wFK R+) ‫א‬HG ‫א‬R+) ‫א‬9 ‫א‬KE ١٩٩٧F\‫ א‬. GR ‫&א‬M$ J
K ‫ א‬MW3 # ‫א‬
W3 # ‫א‬KE٣wFK R+) ‫?א‬546‫א‬l" ‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٢F\‫ א‬. GR ‫&א‬M$ J
K ‫ א‬M
+ ‫א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬K W4-‫א‬L &1L +X ‫א‬KE ١٩٩٧FP" M ‫ }א‬j J
K ‫א‬
k ‫א‬+X[t k -‫א‬J-‫א‬KE ١٩٩٩Fr d,?"d,_$4 J
Kd) ‫א‬:‫א‬È ] 9-‫א‬g#-‫א‬W4)W6‫?א‬lGM9J(ZW‫א‬4??
K? Q4# W‫א‬4?? +X[" F yY‫א‬F ¡‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٠F;‫ )א א‬W!.4 J
K3 # ‫א‬،PMl، "+' ‫א‬FW‫א‬4?vb ،]")R ‫ א‬d ‫ א‬z-‫א‬
K R+) ‫א‬+R+ ‫א‬04‫א‬-‫"א‬kk ‫א‬L+X ZKE ١٩٩٢F'‫?א‬Q4 J
K_ ‫ א‬9-‫א א‬W3 # ‫א‬
+ ‫א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬K+XY‫)א‬MR+) ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٢F ( ‫ א‬b. J
K ‫א‬
‫א "א‬L& W
Å L +' ‫)( א‬ZKE ٢٠٠٦F!? r R ( ‫ א‬b. J
K ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬KE٣wFKZG(yl‫"א‬
9J( ‫?א ) א‬k ‫א‬L+XFG(KE ٢٠٠٢F;d, W J
K ‫ א‬+ ‫א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬،e4&&K?lG ‫א‬

- ١٩٦ -
..................................... : ...............................
F RW-‫ א‬+X[t R+) ‫א‬F lm‫א‬KE ١٩٩١F S‫א‬4² R-‫& א‬Mt" W J
l،_‫ א?א‬bKx‫א‬4" b? W4K;y Q‫ א‬y1GM i‫"א‬6‫א‬
K.1v ‫א‬
K &' ‫ א ) א‬L +' ‫ א‬ZP W[KE ٢٠٠٠F °[L b}y W J
K‫א‬c -‫א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬
W[#‫ א‬-‫ א‬+XY‫א‬FG (KE ٢٠٠٨F\ d?4‫ "א‬، + 5v 4 5 J
K + ‫א‬4‫?א‬،\?4Y‫א‬،\dM،?‫?א‬dRQ،]°vQ¸ Z،yc3MR-‫א‬
+X± R+) ‫א‬FG(-‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٦F Md,&، d®d,?dM J
K 9-‫"א‬¹Y‫&א‬W3 # ‫א‬KHG ‫א‬1" ‫ !א‬X34"'‫א‬L‫"א‬M
&W3 # ‫א‬K)± R+) ‫א‬Flm‫א‬:&58"Y‫א‬KE ٢٠٠٦F;yc}b J
K 9-‫"א‬¹Y‫א‬
RWK +X± R+) ‫ ?א‬546‫א‬KE[-٢٠٠١F\+ W;‫ א‬8 °[ d, J
K.1v ‫א‬l، ‫א‬bKE٢HF، R+) ‫?א‬546‫א‬
KE٢HFK +X± R+) ‫ ?א‬546‫א‬KE_–٢٠٠١F\+ W;‫ א‬8 °[ d, J
K©m‫א _א‬4‫?א‬W3 # ‫א‬
" ¹Y‫&א‬W3 # ‫א‬Kk ‫[ _א‬L+' ‫א‬KE١٩٩٥F])1d,t J
K 9-‫א‬
:[&J9 DJ * :q),)s

Alonso, Bino; Menchon, Jose, Birnbaum, L.; Birnbaum, Aiton and
Mayseless, Ofra (2004). Perceived parental rearing style in obsessive
compulsive disorder: Relation to symptom dimension. Psychiatry
Research, 127,3,267- 278.
Bamba,Marceline ,Louise.(2000).Evaluating the impact of education
for parents of young children. Dissertation Abstracts International,
V.61, No.7, P.2586.

- ١٩٧ -
...................................... : ..............................
Caspi, avshalom; Alexander, Charles N. and Heaton, Dennis

P..(2005).Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial
behavior problem using monozygotic :Twin differences to identify
environmental on behavioral .Developmental Psychology ,V.40, No.2,
PP.149-161 .
Corral, M.; Wardrop, A.; Zhang, H.; Grewal, A. K. and Patton, S.(
2007). Morning light therapy for postpartum depression. Archives of
Women s Mental Health, 10, 221- 224.
Curran, J. ; Bellino, S.; Zizza, M.; Rinaldi, C. and Bogetto, F (2006).
Cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with anxiety and
depression. Nursing Standard, 21, 7, 44-52.
Jacobi, David ; Bagby, M.; Quilty, L.; Segal, Z.; McBride, C.;
Kennedy, S. and Costa, Jr. P (2006). Obsessive Compulsive disorder
belifes, metacognitive belief and obsessional symptoms. Clinical
Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 3, 153-162.
Harrison, Linda;Ungerer, Judy. (1996). Child care experience and
attachment security as predictors of children's social adjustment at age
two – and half. Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the
international society for the study of Behavioral development 14th,
Quebec City, Canada, august 12-16.
Hays, A. & Sharon, W., (1998 ) . The fallacious assumption and
prescription of attachment theory: A comment on parents socio-
Emotional investment in children, Journal of Marriage and Family,
V.60, No.3, PP. 282 – 291.
Gurcam, Meric.(2004). Obsessive compulsive disorder typology.MAI,
P.2340.
Kocjanska, Grazyna (1997). Mutually responsive orientation between
mothers and their young children: Implications for early socialization.
Child Development, V. 66, No.1, PP. 94-112.
Knopf, Herman .T.(2004).African American mother's perceptions of
quality childcare. Dissertation Abstracts International, V.65, No.8,
P.2891.

- ١٩٨ -
..................................... : ...............................
Learner, J.V & castellino, D.R. (2000). Parent- child relationship:

childhood. (In). A.E. Kazadin (Ed.). Encyclopedia of psychology .
Washington, DC: Oxford University press. PP. 1-22.
Mohr, David C.; Boudewyn, Arne C.; Goodkin, Donald E.; Bostrom,
Alan and Epstein, Lucy( 2001). Comparative outcomes for individual
cognitive- behavior therapy, supportive expressive group
psychotherapy, and sertraline for the treatment of depression in
multive sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69,
6,, 942- 949.
Philips, B. & Barbar.(1995). Parent attitude towards systematic
family. oriental counseling intervention . M.D.Thesis.fortans State
University.
Stevenson, John. H. (1995). The interaction between mother's and
their children of the certain age of 4 to 5 years old. Child
Development,V. 66, No.3.
Volling, Brenda, L.& Elins, Julie L. (1998).Family relationships
and children 's emotional adjustment as correlates of maternal and
paternal differential treatment: A replication With toddler and
preschool sibling . Child Development, Vo.69, No.6, PP.1640-1656.
http://members.lycos.co.uk/aq5/nuk/index.php

- ١٩٩ -
  

   



 

    
       

‫أﻋﺪه ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﺪول اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻘﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﺖ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ داﻏﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫د‬



مشكلات الطفولة التشخيص والعلاج

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

مشكلات الطفولة التشخيص والعلاج

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬

  

‫  ‬

 *"+, () ‫א‬%&' ‫"!א‬#$ E

 ‫א א    א‬-

:   

?@ (  - & * :,)> (: 

=BC :(  " - * :A)> (: 

 ١١٠   x?h]"R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬vz{ ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬  J

=C@ :  E F - & )  GH  I)*, :D  (: 

=8M :DJ * *K)L

~)-‫א‬F [dk;yZG(;"+XY‫  א‬d2‫ א‬Z 

F‫' א‬k2‫א‬b"R ‫א‬R+) ‫" א‬+' ‫א‬FG(.  [  Z78_ ‫א‬y

 (555555  ^ + [, P •

،yQ)$yM L+' ‫א‬O،Mdl‫א‬R+Q#c‫"א‬3 WY‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8

l‫"א‬Z{ ‫א " א‬FG(-‫>א‬Z+XY‫)א‬Mb"R ‫א‬FG(-9#

 (  ^ + [, P

#Z]~ ‫א‬e"R ‫~אא‬4 \[Gc‫؛‬Problem Repeating(-‫א‬4‫ א‬Z  J١

‫)"\~א‬M‫؛‬:dl2‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬dR‫א‬L+' ‫"א‬d) e"R ‫~אא‬1M8  J٢

+!* ([L ) ( W K):< 6O

?  + ‫א‬9J( 3 ‫א‬Q‫א"א‬%1‫  א "א‬3M "d) ‫א‬do

x~، $ -‫א‬x~Ii9j;[78! 'Q\[]4 o ‫\א‬b> ~ 

Physical and Motor Development "4 *-b *& a=

;yRl[ ‫א‬JW‫אא‬p 5&$\ y $ -‫א‬x~+XY‫[\א‬db

{ ‫ א‬dR‫א‬FQ6‫א‬F‫א‬4# ‫'&>א‬L+' ‫[\א‬²o&W³

[Z u$Z ZR+)RGP& gM_4c،R+QgM?dM2‫א‬gM

o[K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫ א‬b m‫ א‬dR‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬#q1GMe)

%RZ‫א‬dc،t  jY‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬%¸ qZL+' b m‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬

:Emotional Development , J  ) ,H *& ac

 #R}S\" "d ‫א‬lgML+' ‫א‬K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫;א‬MZ78

3} ‫א ()א א\א‬$78L9Zo ‫ א‬$&9ZL+' ‫א‬u)c

{ ‫"?א‬# ‫??א‬.2uQ\"Z$ -‫א‬x~L+' ‫א‬F2+Q‫א‬353$

{ ‫"?א‬# ‫ א‬RL+' ‫א‬F2+Q‫א‬3$L#Q5> |\c،4j2‫א‬

"&1t\Y‫ ؛‬Mdl2‫א‬Q‫ א‬q +Q2‫"א‬d) ‫[\א‬78ck6‫~א‬

"11GM +Q2‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫א‬1G ‫[\א‬²o&W³

:Linguistic Development d V *& a@

 G ‫ א‬+§') ‫א‬Rdb،;y+ ‫א‬1 ‫א‬E"k" ‫"א‬L+' ]" ‫א‬

²&9Q8|8R+QL+' ‫ א‬#q3?.78]?ZL+' ‫א‬F‫א‬413?v ‫א‬x~

 " ‫א‬F‫א‬4# ‫>א‬$ -‫א‬x~L+' ‫[\א‬p¿o[²o&W³

 Wyd[Ii9‫א‬M"dut" ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬v d

Intellectual and Cognitiv Development F*  $ *& ae

 W[3}s ‫א‬p Q> |‫؛‬E‫א‬R ‫א‬$4F$ -‫א‬x~gMd ‫'·א‬

v d+XY‫א‬4 $ L+' ‫[\א‬gMd ‫}א‬

،L+' 0‫"א‬m‫א‬#Z4‫א‬#\'&Z  b‫א‬4?6‫ א‬# ‫"א‬d) ‫ [\א‬

 9 ‫א‬Q‫א‬yd[L L‫  א "א‬qL+'  # ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬

 +J-‫ א‬Rm‫א‬F‫}א‬s-‫א‬LR ;R ‫א‬e‫א‬4?6‫א‬v d ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬d

،3}&bM R )~ ‫א‬4"9 ‫א‬. " ‫א א‬JW‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬341?‫?א‬vZdb

¬4Z()Z{ ‫א‬c -‫א‬5± ;) i#Z4‫א‬Rh" -‫"א‬d) ‫א‬

٤  dM;  # ‫א‬x"٪٥٠\[،x  dM7Y‫)א‬R ‫;א‬L+'

: Social Development )*JH *& aM

 Kyl"-‫&א‬1‫ א‬-‫א‬:"Ql‫"א‬Z3M‫ א‬%+X±  m‫א א‬U c$Z8

G * K):<

9J( ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬F+9 ‫[\ א‬7‫)א‬LbH«\$Y‫}א‬sb

\"Z b k ‫ א‬d c‫"א‬Z\[/{ ‫א‬9J( ‫א‬F+9 ‫ א‬dc

- & K):

4   ‫~אא‬yy1،%d»‫א‬L+' ‫א‬L  r" ‫א‬#$yQd-‫א‬gM  J١

" ‫א‬d ‫  אא‬q8Ll[L+' ‫א‬FQ6‫ "*א‬# ‫  א‬J٣

  R- (Z، j‫א‬9d-‫א‬gRZ©$‫؛‬Mdl2‫ א‬+ ‫  א‬J٤

،4"Y‫[ א‬FGv ‫א‬+XY‫א‬%QRQ8F1GM18gM34?1\"Z\[  J٦

yc4،yLdZ{ ‫א &א‬Mdl2‫א‬3m‫א‬%1‫ "א‬-6‫  א‬J٨

+X± Mdl2‫א "א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬M"d yZgM34?1\"Z\[  J١٠

Lb+X± 31\"Z\Yy، Mdl2‫א‬o) ‫א‬41gM\"Z\[  J١١

 Mdl2‫ א‬c#s ‫א‬F+‫|]א‬+XY‫א‬L&#ZgM34# ‫א‬y \"\[  J١٢

*3/)"9  &R* K):

‫ ‬

*"+, () ‫א‬%&' ‫"!א‬#$ E

‫א א א‬-

:

?@ ( - & * :,)> (:

=BC :( " - * :A)> (:

١١٠ x?h]"R ‫א‬e"R ‫א‬vz{ ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬ J

=C@ : E F - & ) GH I)*, :D (:

=8M :DJ K)L

~)-‫א‬F [dk;yZG(;"+XY‫ א‬d2‫ א‬Z

F‫' א‬k2‫א‬b"R ‫א‬R+) ‫" א‬+' ‫א‬FG(. [ Z78_ ‫א‬y

(555555 ^ + [, P •

،yQ)$yM L+' ‫א‬O،Mdl‫א‬R+Q#c‫"א‬3 WY‫א‬OQb‫|א‬8

l‫"א‬Z{ ‫א " א‬FG(-‫>א‬Z+XY‫)א‬Mb"R ‫א‬FG(-9#

( ^ + [, P

#Z]~ ‫א‬e"R ‫~אא‬4 \[Gc‫؛‬Problem Repeating(-‫א‬4‫ א‬Z J١

‫)"\~א‬M‫؛‬:dl2‫ א‬R+) ‫ א‬dR‫א‬L+' ‫"א‬d) e"R ‫~אא‬1M8 J٢

+!* ([L ) ( W K):< 6O

? + ‫א‬9J( 3 ‫א‬Q‫א"א‬%1‫ א "א‬3M "d) ‫א‬do

x~، $ -‫א‬x~Ii9j;[78! 'Q\[]4 o ‫\א‬b> ~

Physical and Motor Development "4 -b & a=

;yRl[ ‫א‬JW‫אא‬p 5&$\ y $ -‫א‬x~+XY‫[\א‬db

{ ‫ א‬dR‫א‬FQ6‫א‬F‫א‬4# ‫'&>א‬L+' ‫[\א‬²o&W³

[Z u$Z ZR+)RGP& gM_4c،R+QgM?dM2‫א‬gM

o[K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫ א‬b m‫ א‬dR‫ "א‬d) ‫ א‬#q1GMe)

%RZ‫א‬dc،t jY‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬%¸ qZL+' b m‫א‬F‫א‬4y-‫א‬

:Emotional Development , J ) ,H *& ac

#R}S\" "d ‫א‬lgML+' ‫א‬K G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫;א‬MZ78

3} ‫א ()א א\א‬$78L9Zo ‫ א‬$&9ZL+' ‫א‬u)c

{ ‫"?א‬# ‫??א‬.2uQ\"Z$ -‫א‬x~L+' ‫א‬F2+Q‫א‬353$

{ ‫"?א‬# ‫ א‬RL+' ‫א‬F2+Q‫א‬3$L#Q5> |\c،4j2‫א‬

"&1t\Y‫ ؛‬Mdl2‫א‬Q‫ א‬q +Q2‫"א‬d) ‫[\א‬78ck6‫~א‬

"11GM +Q2‫"א‬d) ‫ א‬G#W2‫א‬e"R ‫א‬1G ‫[\א‬²o&W³

:Linguistic Development d V *& a@

G ‫ א‬+§') ‫א‬Rdb،;y+ ‫א‬1 ‫א‬E"k" ‫"א‬L+' ]" ‫א‬

²&9Q8|8R+QL+' ‫ א‬#q3?.78]?ZL+' ‫א‬F‫א‬413?v ‫א‬x~

" ‫א‬F‫א‬4# ‫>א‬$ -‫א‬x~L+' ‫[\א‬p¿o[²o&W³

Wyd[Ii9‫א‬M"dut" ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬v d

Intellectual and Cognitiv Development F $ & ae

W[3}s ‫א‬p Q> |‫؛‬E‫א‬R ‫א‬$4F$ -‫א‬x~gMd ‫'·א‬

v d+XY‫א‬4 $ L+' ‫[\א‬gMd ‫}א‬

،L+' 0‫"א‬m‫א‬#Z4‫א‬#\'&Z b‫א‬4?6‫ א‬# ‫"א‬d) ‫ [\א‬

9 ‫א‬Q‫א‬yd[L L‫ א "א‬qL+' # ‫"א‬d) ‫א‬

+J-‫ א‬Rm‫א‬F‫}א‬s-‫א‬LR ;R ‫א‬e‫א‬4?6‫א‬v d ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬d

،3}&bM R )~ ‫א‬4"9 ‫א‬. " ‫א א‬JW‫א‬gML+' ‫א‬341?‫?א‬vZdb

¬4Z()Z{ ‫א‬c -‫א‬5± ;) i#Z4‫א‬Rh" -‫"א‬d) ‫א‬

٤ dM; # ‫א‬x"٪٥٠\[،x dM7Y‫)א‬R ‫;א‬L+'

: Social Development )JH & aM

Kyl"-‫&א‬1‫ א‬-‫א‬:"Ql‫"א‬Z3M‫ א‬%+X± m‫א א‬U c$Z8

G * K):<

9J( ‫א‬FdR ‫א‬F+9 ‫[\ א‬7‫)א‬LbH«\$Y‫}א‬sb

\"Z b k ‫ א‬d c‫"א‬Z\[/{ ‫א‬9J( ‫א‬F+9 ‫ א‬dc

- & K):

4 ‫~אא‬yy1،%d»‫א‬L+' ‫א‬L r" ‫א‬#$yQd-‫א‬gM J١

" ‫א‬d ‫ אא‬q8Ll[L+' ‫א‬FQ6‫ "*א‬# ‫ א‬J٣

R- (Z، j‫א‬9d-‫א‬gRZ©$‫؛‬Mdl2‫ א‬+ ‫ א‬J٤

،4"Y‫[ א‬FGv ‫א‬+XY‫א‬%QRQ8F1GM18gM34?1\"Z\[ J٦

yc4،yLdZ{ ‫א &א‬Mdl2‫א‬3m‫א‬%1‫ "א‬-6‫ א‬J٨

+X± Mdl2‫א "א‬1‫"א‬-‫א‬M"d yZgM34?1\"Z\[ J١٠

Lb+X± 31\"Z\Yy، Mdl2‫א‬o) ‫א‬41gM\"Z\[ J١١

Mdl2‫ א‬c#s ‫א‬F+‫|]א‬+XY‫א‬L&#ZgM34# ‫א‬y \"\[ J١٢

3/)"9 &R K):

Wy‫א‬JW‫א‬+b" ‫א‬F"-‫¡א‬gM34# ‫א‬ J٣

W j‫;א‬ZgM34# ‫ א‬J٤

W d ‫}א‬+ ‫א‬gM34# ‫ א‬J٥

( - & )J)4

Loc[78"r" ‫א‬QMRyM&58! XL+' ‫א‬Fl$;yc¾ \[>52

>Z،E‫ ~א‬bFl" "R+ ‫א‬Zl$:&5878x"H«? + ‫\א‬b‫|א‬8

% R+) ‫א‬#c‫"א‬Z;M H«QcL+' ‫א‬t R+) ‫א‬Flm‫ )א‬

WMdl2‫א‬R+) ‫א‬Flm‫ [;א‬dc

Relatedness N)*,H P' J)4 a=

Autonomy $+H P' J)4 ac

Competence \N) P' J)4 ae

? + ‫א‬#« c‫"א‬Z24 k [w 53M?"W?%k1

gMLd ‫א‬$ LbR+) ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fl$;yc¾ \[ &&W³

Basic Needs Hyrarircal +)+9 )J)E R (--

Mdl‫;&א‬yR+Q[X$6 (& ‫"?א‬yl²oZ{ ‫؛ א‬Y‫א‬Fl$ J

،c -‫א‬Fl$ j‫א א‬H|"d) ‫ ~אא‬t j[?[qGq?"W?k[;q

: #$% !"

Fl$L+'c،R+) ‫ א‬l" "& ‫א‬L+' ‫א‬Fl$:&5849 3 WY‫א‬