Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PDF Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection 4Th Edition Claude Leroy Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Principles of Radiation Interaction in Matter and Detection 4Th Edition Claude Leroy Ebook Full Chapter
https://textbookfull.com/product/measurement-and-detection-of-
radiation-third-edition-press/
https://textbookfull.com/product/principles-and-practice-of-
radiation-oncology-7th-edition-edward-c-halperin/
https://textbookfull.com/product/light-matter-interaction-
physics-and-engineering-at-the-nanoscale-second-edition-nunes/
https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-radioactivity-
analysis-radiation-physics-and-detectors-volume-1-radiation-
physics-and-detectors-4th-edition-michael-f-lannunziata-editor/
The Physics of Laser Plasmas and Applications Volume 1
Physics of Laser Matter Interaction Hideaki Takabe
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-physics-of-laser-plasmas-
and-applications-volume-1-physics-of-laser-matter-interaction-
hideaki-takabe/
https://textbookfull.com/product/radiography-in-the-digital-age-
physics-exposure-radiation-biology-4th-edition-carroll/
https://textbookfull.com/product/principles-and-practice-of-
image-guided-radiation-therapy-of-lung-cancer-1st-edition-jing-
cai/
https://textbookfull.com/product/discovering-hidden-temporal-
patterns-in-behavior-and-interaction-t-pattern-detection-and-
analysis-with-theme-1st-edition-magnus-s-magnusson/
https://textbookfull.com/product/principles-of-solar-
engineering-4th-edition-goswami/
4th Edition
June 16, 2015 14:37 BC: 9335 - Kernel-based Approximation Methods using MATLAB FasshauerMcCourtBook page vi
Claude Leroy
Université de Montréal, Canada
Pier-Giorgio Rancoita
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Milan, Italy
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
Printed in Singapore
To Our Families
v
June 16, 2015 14:37 BC: 9335 - Kernel-based Approximation Methods using MATLAB FasshauerMcCourtBook page vi
The fourth edition of this book takes its origin from the positive discussions, advices
(and encouragements) that readers expressed to the authors following the publica-
tion of the first, second and third editions. The text, as published in the third
edition, has been extensively revised with additional chapters and some sections
were supplemented with new ones or with an extension of their content.
The current edition deals with Particle Interactions and Displacement Damage
(Part1) covering the chapters from 1 to 7; Chapters from 8 to 15th (final) are on
Radiation Environments and Particle Detection (Part 2).
This edition presents a comprehensive treatment of the Coulomb scattering on
screened nuclear potentials resulting from electrons, positrons, protons, light- and
heavy-ions - ranging from (very) low up to ultra-relativistic kinetic energies - and
allowing one to derive the corresponding NIEL (non-ionizing energy-loss) doses
deposited in any material, because of atomic displacements caused by the intera-
ction. In addition, the positron– and electron–nucleus scattering are processed using
an analytical expression derived from an improved numerical solution of the Mott
cross section on screened and unscreened nuclear targets up to Z = 118.
Furthermore, Bragg’s rule allows one to extend the determination of nu-
clear stopping power, damage stopping power and non-ionizing dose to any
compound. The screened relativistic NIEL (SR-NIEL) is currently implemented
in SPENVIS and made available via a set of web-calculators at the website
http://www.sr-niel.org/. Thus, the present book also allows the access to the physics
background regarding this treatment.
In addition to people and Institutions acknowledged in the first, second and
third editions of the book, again we wish to thank the library staff of the Depart-
ment of Physics of the University of Milano-Bicocca for the help and assistance
received. Collaboration and discussions about measurements and applications of si-
licon pixel detectors (including Medipix-Timepix detectors) with members of the
ATLAS-MPX groups at the University of Montreal and Czech Technical University
in Prague, in particular Jean-Pierre Martin, Stanislav Pospisil and Ivan Stekl are
gratefully acknowledged. We are also grateful to Nedaa Asbah and Thomas Billoud
of the University of Montreal for her help in the sections on applications of pixel
vii
November 9, 2015 11:28 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page viii
The third edition of this book - coming shortly after the publication of the second
edition - takes its origin from the positive discussions (and encouragements) that
readers expressed to the authors following the publication of the first and second
editions. The text, as published in the second edition, has been extensively revised
and some sections were complemented with new ones or with an extension of their
content.
This edition includes additional material covering mechanisms of energy loss, for
instance, i) the inverse Compton scattering - undergone by electrons and positrons
when propagating throughout the interstellar medium -, ii) the absorption of pho-
tons - in particular, in a silicon medium - at very low energies and iii) the cor-
rections - accounting for the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect - introduced to
describe the processes of bremsstrahlung and pair production. The treatment of
nucleus–nucleus scattering under the action of interatomic screened Coulomb fields
was extended to cover interactions described by relativistic cross sections, as it is
included in the current release of the Geant4 Monte Carlo code.
The displacement mechanism resulting in permanent damages in semiconductors
has been revisited a) to account for recent experimental data and more comprehen-
sive comparisons with those previously obtained, and b) to update the calculated
damage functions in order to include those due to nucleus–nucleus relativistic scat-
terings under screened Coulomb potentials.
Furthermore - to deal with the space environment near Earth -, the transport of
charged particles inside the heliosphere was extended with a more comprehensive
and updated treatment of modulation effect on the differential intensities of primary
cosmic rays.
In addition to people and Institutions acknowledged in the first and second edi-
tions of the book, again we wish to thank the library staff of the Department of
Physics of the University of Milano-Bicocca for the help and assistance received. Col-
laboration and discussions about measurements and applications of silicon pixel de-
tectors (including Medipix-Timepix detectors) with members of the ATLAS-MPX
groups at the University of Montreal and Czech Technical University in Prague,
in particular Jan Jakubek, Céline Lebel, Jean-Pierre Martin, Stanislav Pospisil
ix
November 2, 2015 11:44 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page x
and Cécile Teyssier are gratefully acknowledged. We are also grateful to Andrea
Gutiérrez of the University of Montreal for her help in the sections on neutron
detection with silicon detectors. We also thank Ivan Stekl of the Czech Techni-
cal University in Prague for discussions on the subject of double-beta decay. We
are indebted to Matteo Boschini, Cristina Consolandi, Stefano Della Torre, Mas-
simo Gervasi, Davide Grandi, Simonetta Pensotti and Mauro Tacconi of INFN and
University of Milano-Bicocca for the their help and editorial material provided for
some of the revised sections regarding cosmic rays propagation in the heliosphere
and displacement damage in silicon devices. We wish to thank those Editors who
permitted us to reproduce or adapt figures from their articles or books for the text
added in this edition. The permissions are indicated in the figure captions according
to indications from Editors.
Claude Leroy Pier-Giorgio Rancoita
Université de Montréal (Québec) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Canada H3C3J7 I-20126 Milan Italy
6 January 2011
November 2, 2015 11:44 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page xi
The second edition of this book takes its origin from the positive comments of
readers received by the authors following the publication of the first edition. It
includes additional material covering the fundamental mechanisms of energy depo-
sition and particle interactions resulting in a) permanent damage (like the displa-
cement damage) in silicon semiconductor devices and b) single event effects due to
individual events caused by the interactions of particles inside the active volume of
silicon devices. This treatment also includes a description of radiation environments,
in which these mechanisms are expected to operate. The extensive coverage of the
displacement damage is discussed in the framework of the electromagnetic and nu-
clear interactions treated in the book. Furthermore, the electromagnetic interaction
resulting in energy-loss processes is extended to cover low energy Coulomb scatter-
ings with atomic electrons and nuclei of the medium, thus introducing processes
depending on the sign of the incoming particle charge and the nuclear energy-
losses. The applications of silicon devices in particle physics experiments, reactor
physics, nuclear medicine and space possibly occur in adverse (or, even, very ad-
verse) radiation environments that may affect the operation of the devices. These
environments, which are described in this edition of the book, are generated by i)
the operation of the high-luminosity machines for particles physics experiments , ii)
the cosmic rays and trapped particles of various origins in the interplanetary space
and/or the Earth magnetosphere and iii) the operation of nuclear reactors.
In addition to people and Institutions acknowledged in the first edition of the
book, we wish to thank the library staff of the Department of Physics of the Uni-
versity of Milano-Bicocca for the help and assistance received. We are also grateful
to Profs. Nathan Croitoru (Tel-Aviv University) for his suggestions and Stanislav
Pospisil (Czech Technical University in Prague) for discussions about interpretation
of results of spectrometry methods applied to the study of semiconductor detectors
and neutron detection. Marie-Hélène Genest and Céline Lebel of the University of
Montreal have provided help for many figures presented in several chapters of the
book. The help of Andrea Gutiérrez of the University of Montreal for the sections
on neutron detection with silicon detectors is gratefully acknowledged. We are in-
debted to Drs. Cristina Consolandi and Davide Grandi for the their help and Dr.
xi
November 2, 2015 11:44 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page xii
Monica Rattaggi for her careful reading of the text regarding the radiation effects
in silicon devices. We wish to thank those Editors who permitted us to reproduce
or adapt figures from their articles or books for the text added in this edition. We
acknowledge and wish to thank again the Institute of Physics (IoP) for the permis-
sion in reproducing and adapting text material, figures and tables from the Author’s
review article published in Rep. Prog. in Phys. 70 (2007) 403 for this revised ver-
sion, in addition to that already permitted, published in Rep. Prog. in Phys. 63
(2000) 505, for the previous Edition. American Geophysical Union (AGU), Annual
Reviews Inc., Elsevier and IEEE organization are acknowledged for their permis-
sions to reproduce and adapt figures from their articles or books. The permissions
are indicated in the figure captions according to indications from Editors.
Claude Leroy Pier-Giorgio Rancoita
Université de Montréal (Québec) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Canada H3C3J7 I-20126 Milan Italy
15 August 2008
November 2, 2015 11:44 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page xiii
This book originates from lectures given to undergraduate and graduate students
over several academic years. Students questions and interests have driven the need
to make systematic and comprehensive (we hope) the presentation of the basic prin-
ciples of a field which is under continuous development. The physics principles of
radiation interaction with matter are introduced as a general knowledge background
needed to understand how radiation can be detected. Technical developments are
making available detectors and detecting media of increasing complexity. Histori-
cally, the first nuclear particle detectors (like those based on X-rays films) were very
simple. In the course of time, the detectors have become more and more sophisti-
cated. In addition, complex systems of detectors generally targeting a wide range
of physics goals led to large experimental apparata often constituted by several
sub-detectors. These large detector assemblies require dedicated methods of recon-
struction and analysis of data to decrease the experimental errors. Therefore, both
detectors and detection methods are fields of developments and investigations. To
be detected, radiation and particles have to interact during their passage through a
medium. Therefore, the first chapters are dealing with collision and radiation energy
losses by charged particles, photon absorption and nuclear collision in matter. A par-
ticular attention has been given to the discussion of both the energy loss and the
energy straggling, and the absorption of photons and hadrons in media. The second
part of the book covers the particle energy determination, solid state, wire chambers
and droplet detectors, and applications in the field of nuclear medicine. Detailed ex-
amples are presented which illustrate the operation of the various types of detectors,
and help the understanding of the optimization factors.
We are grateful for the help received from individuals and groups of students in
writing this book. The chapters on electromagnetic and hadron interactions in mat-
ter have taken advantage of discussions with undergraduate and graduate students
of the University of Milan and Montreal. Their questions have helped the shaping
of the content of these chapters. Help for the drawing of some of the figures and
assistance have been provided by Pasquale D’Angelo from the National Institute of
Nuclear Physics (Milan) and Dr. Simonetta Pensotti from the University of Milano-
Bicocca. The chapters on solid state and nuclear medicine benefitted from the input
xiii
November 2, 2015 11:44 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page xiv
of Céline Lebel PhD student at the University of Montreal and Dr. Patrick Roy
former PhD student at the Montreal University. We have to acknowledge our colla-
borators of the SICAPO collaboration for the scientific achievements in the field of
high energy electromagnetic and hadronic shower propagation in matter presented
in the chapter on particle energy determination. Sections of the chapter on droplet
detectors present results obtained in the framework of the PICASSO experiment
in Montreal. They are the result of collaboration with Profs. Louis Lessard and
Viktor Zacek of Montreal University. Input on this chapter has also been provided
by Marie-Hélène Genest. The part of the chapter on wire chambers dealing with
ionization chambers and their application in the measurement of liquid argon purity
borrows material developed with our Dubna colleagues, in particular Drs. Alexan-
der Tcheplakov and Victor Kukhtin.
We wish to thank many Authors and Editors who permitted us to reproduce
adapt figures from their articles or books. For their permission in reproducing ma-
terials and figures, we acknowledge the Annual Review of Nuclear Science, the
American Physical Society (APS), Cambridge University Press, European Orga-
nization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Elsevier, the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), the Institute of Physics (IoP), the National Academic Press (NAS),
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, the Oxford University Press, Physica Scripta, the
Italian Physical Society (IPS), and Springer-Verlag. We wish to thank for their
collaboration Profs. A. Bohr, A. Fassò, R. Fernow, B. Mottelson, B. Povh, J.O.
Rasmussen, K. Rith, G.B. Yodh, F. Zetsche, the Particle Data Group at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, and the American Institute of Physics responsible
for the succession of E. Segrè. The permissions are indicated in figure captions
according to the indications from Editors.
C. Leroy P.G. Rancoita
Université de Montréal (Québec) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Canada H3C3J7 I-20126 Milan Italy
19 March 2004
November 3, 2015 14:12 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page xv
Contents
1. Introduction 3
1.1 Radiation and Particle Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Particles and Types of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1 Quarks and Leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Relativistic Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 The Two-Body Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2 The Invariant Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.2.1 Lorentz-Invariant Quantities and Phase Space 18
1.3.3 Relativistic Doppler Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.3.1 Redshift Parameter and Astronomy . . . . . . 24
1.4 Atomic Mass, Weight, Standard Weight and Mass Unit . . . . . 26
1.5 Cross Section and Differential Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6 Coulomb Single-Scattering Differential Cross Section in
Laboratory and CoM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6.1 Rutherford’s Formula and Average Energy Transferred 35
1.7 Detectors and Large Experimental Apparata . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.7.1 Trigger, Monitoring, Data Acquisition, Slow Control . . 41
1.7.2 General Features of Particle Detectors and Detection
Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.7.3 Radiation Environments and Silicon Devices . . . . . . 48
xv
November 3, 2015 14:12 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page xvi
Contents xvii
2.3.3.4
Radiation Length and Complete Screening
Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2.3.3.5 Critical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2.4 Scattering of Electrons on Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2.4.1 The Unscreened Mott Cross Section of Electrons and
Positrons on Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
2.4.1.1 Approximate Solutions for the Mott Cross
Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
2.4.1.2 Improved Numerical Approach and RMott
Interpolated Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
2.4.2 Complete Treatment of Electron Scattering on Nucleus 179
2.4.2.1 Finite Nuclear Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2.4.2.2 Finite Rest Mass of Target Nucleus . . . . . . 183
2.4.3 Nuclear Stopping Power of Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.5 Multiple and Extended Volume Coulomb Interactions . . . . . . 187
2.5.1 The Multiple Coulomb Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
2.5.2 Emission of C̆erenkov Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
2.5.3 Emission of Transition Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Contents xix
Contents xxi
Contents xxiii
Contents xxv
Contents xxvii
Bibliography 1183
Index 1261
November 2, 2015 11:44 ws-book961x669 BC: 9167 - Principles of Radiation Interaction ws-book961x669˙4th-Ed page 3
Chapter 1
Introduction
The phenomena associated with the interaction of radiation in matter are commonly
understood to include a wide variety of physical effects. Moreover, the nature of the
interaction in matter depends on the incoming type of radiation and energy. The
incoming radiation may also inflict temporary or permanent damage to the detec-
tors material and readout electronics. In most cases - for moderate exposure to
irradiation fields -, detectors are not prevented from operating normally, but - in
presence of large irradiation fields and/or as a result of exposure to large accumu-
lated fluences - induced radiation effects may degrade devices performance.
This edition presents a comprehensive treatment of the Coulomb scattering on
screened nuclear potentials resulting from electrons, positrons, protons, light- and
heavy-ions - ranging from (very) low up to ultra-relativistic kinetic energies - and
allowing the derivation of the corresponding NIEL (non-ionizing energy-loss) doses
deposited in any material, because of atomic displacements caused by the intera-
ction. In addition, the positron– and electron–nucleus scattering are processed using
an analytical expression derived from an improved numerical solution of the Mott
cross section on screened and unscreened nuclear targets up to Z = 118. Further-
more, Bragg’s rule allows one to extend the determination of nuclear stopping power,
damage stopping power and non-ionizing dose to any compound. The screened rela-
tivistic NIEL (SR-NIEL), currently implemented in SPENVIS, is included in Geant4
code¶ and made available via a set of web-calculators [SR-NIEL (2015)] at the web-
site http://www.sr-niel.org/. Thus, the present book also allows the access to the
physics background regarding this treatment.
In addition, the treatment of the displacement mechanism resulting in perma-
nent damages in semiconductors has been revisited a) to account for recent experi-
mental data and more comprehensive comparisons with those previously obtained,
and b) to update the calculated damage functions in order to include those due
to nucleus–nucleus relativistic scatterings under screened Coulomb potentials. In
addition, to deal with the space environment near Earth, the transport of charged
particles inside the heliosphere was extended with a more comprehensive and up-
¶ The reader can find further information from [Agostinelli et al. (2003); Geant4: Class
G4IonCoulombScatteringModel (2014); Geant4: Class G4eSingleScatteringModel (2014)].
3
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"Osakeyhtiö on siis minä ja kokki", sanoi Sam. "Lyö tuohon
kourasi."
"Tytön takia tekisi hän vaikka mitä", jatkoi tunteellinen äiti. "On
oikein liikuttavaa nähdä miten hän huolehtii hänestä."
"Ota sinä kaikki ravintolat tältä puolelta katua, minä otan toiselta
puolelta", sanoi kokki. "Ja jos noin surkealta näytät, tulet tekemään
hyvät kaupat."
"Pitkä, komea, kaunis mies", sanoi Henry, "ja tällä miehellä ovat
nyt hänen vaatteensa."
"Juotte varmaankin?"
"En."
"Syökää tuo leipä tai kutsun poliisin ja annan vangita teidät", sanoi
toinen ääntänsä korottaen. "Taidatte ollakin joku petturi. Missä on
lupakirjanne?"
"Täältä emme häntä löydä, kokki", sanoi Sam, kun osakeyhtiö taas
sovinnossa istui kannella ja katseli harvoja pimeän tultua ilmeneviä
valopilkkuja kaupungissa.
Oli kaunis ja kirkas päivä, kun hän seuraavana aamuna heräsi pää
kipeänä ja mielessä selvä tuntumus siitä millaiseen kurjuuteen
ihmisluonto-raukka maailmassa voi vaipua. Kaupungin kirkonkellon
taukoamaton räminä ja kahden virsikirja kainalossa sivutse kulkevan
tytön näkeminen selvittivät hänelle päivän olevan sunnuntain.
"Miten pitkälle?"
Sam murisi.
"Olisipa se hyvä meille, jos joku sen tekisi", sanoi kokki. "Silloinhan
voisimme rauhassa tarkastaa Piggotin lahtea." Samassa luki hän
Samin silmistä pahan aikomuksen. "Ei, ei", sanoi hän kiireesti.
"Hän oli ahne; toivoi yksin saavansa koko summan", sanoi Sam
jyrkästi.
"Piggotin lahti."