Human Resource Development Project in Central

America on Three-Dimensional Documentation and Data

Utilization of the Mayan Civilization Cultural Heritage
01 Devices and techniques of Cultural Heritage 3D
documentation
 Legend
2
• This is a part of educational resources for Human Resource Development
Project in Central America on Three-Dimensional Documentation and Data

01 Devices and techniques of

Utilization of the Mayan Civilization Cultural Heritage organized by ISACCR
(Institute for the Study of Ancient Civilization and Cultural Resources),
Kanazawa University, Japan.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

• The project is the one of Exchange Program of International Cooperation for
Conservation of Cultural Heritage funded by the Agency of Cultural Affairs,
Japan.
• This slide is authored by Atsushi Noguchi (fujimicho0@hotmail.com), a visiting
researcher of Nara National Institute, Japan, and published by ISACCR
• This slide is published under the Creative Commons CC Attribution 4.0
International License while some contents are reserved their own licenses.
 Program
3

Date No. Lecture title Lecturer

01 Devices and techniques of

Devices and techniques of Cultural Heritage 3D
24/01/2023 1 A. Noguchi
documentation

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

3D documentation of small-size portable Cultural
25/01/2023 2 A. Noguchi
Heritage
26/01/2023 3 3D documentation of Stonework Cultural Heritage 1 N.Asada
N.Asada &
27/01/2023 4 3D documentation of Stonework Cultural Heritage 2
A.Shiraishi
Technology of Mobile 3D documentation and its
31/01/2023 5 A. Noguchi
application to Cultural Heritage
Airborne LiDAR 3D documentation of Cultural
01/02/2023 6 A. Noguchi
Heritage
 About a Lecturer
Excavation of Veesar Valley, pre-Indus civilization site in Sindh, Pakistan 4

01 Devices and techniques of

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation
• Atsushi Noguchi, Archaeologist
• Palaeolithic in South Asia, Arabia & Japan
• Visiting researcher of CSACCR, Kanazawa University
• Teaching ‘Indus Civilization’, ‘GIS and regional studies’, etc. at a
several universities
• Organizing workshops on 3D archaeology, other information
technology and data sciences.
 About a Lecturer
5
Since 2012, introducing 3D technology to archaeological studies and
cultural heritage management. Having experiences on various

01 Devices and techniques of

objects from small stone tools to large tombs and architectures.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

Onsite 3D photogrammetry workshop in Pakistan

3D documentation workshop in Honduras

 Fundamental
6
What is 3D measurement on Cultural Heritage?
☞ documenting objects as its original 3-dimensional form with point-cloud

01 Devices and techniques of

About 6M points are measured on the surface of this model.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

A head of Buddha, stucco, from Taxila
From the collection of Islamabad Museum, measured by JCSACH under permission of DOAM Pakistan
 Fundamental
7
360° image is often mentioned as “3-dimensional”
However, the point of view of 360 image is fixed, not flexible

01 Devices and techniques of

(so-called First-Person’s-Sight: FPS)
On the contrary, full 3D model can give flexible points of view

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

surrounding the object (so-called Third-Person’s-Sight: TPS)
 Fundamental
8
3D modelling is used in CG and animation. The process is more creative.
But in the field of Cultural Heritage Management, we handle measurement-based

01 Devices and techniques of

3D models as documentation of real object.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

『アナと雪の女王』©ディズニー
https://www.disney.co.jp/fc/anayuki.html
 How dense point-cloud is for documentation?
9
Original measurement
563177 points(>100 points/mm2)

01 Devices and techniques of

2000 points
(reduced for visibility)

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

A head of Buddha, stucco, from Taxila
From the collection of Islamabad Museum, measured by JCSACH under permission of DOAM Pakistan
 The nature of 3D data
Original Measurement 10
563177 points(>100 points/mm2)

01 Devices and techniques of

Entity of Data
563177 rows of x-y-z coordinates,
and additional information (color, etc.)

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

A head of Buddha, stucco, from Taxila
From the collection of Islamabad Museum, measured by JCSACH under permission of DOAM Pakistan
 Differences from ordinary methods
11
• Ordinary documentation methods are basically intuitive and subjective while
updated methods are more objective, detailed and accurate.

01 Devices and techniques of

• Updated methods are more precise and representative with higher density of
information (point-line to surface).

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

• Advantages of different method would be applied to different purposes.

Observation- Density of
Representativity 3D Arbitrarily 2D Shape Size Color Texture
Interpretation Information

Full-3D O O O (o) O X O

Photos X (o) (o) O O X O

Drawings X (o) O X (o) O X

Description X X (o) (o) X O X

 Advantage of 3D data
12
• Dense Information
• Accurate representation of the object =highly objectivity rather than intuitive.

01 Devices and techniques of

• Representation of actual condition.
• Identification power

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

• Born-digital
• Totally digitalized from measurement (input) to result (output).
• Absolutely adaptive to computer technology.
• Absolutely adaptive to information and communication technology.

• Loss-less copy of data

• Easy copy for backup
• Parallel work and merge in later
 Visualization and measurement
13
How to manage point-cloud

01 Devices and techniques of

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation
measurement
point > mesh mesh > face full-color
(TIN)* (normal)* texturization
A head of Buddha, stucco, from Taxila
From the collection of Islamabad Museum, measured by JCSACH under permission of DOAM Pakistan
 Required performance of measurement devices
14
• Speed: faster acquisition of the number of measurement
• For instance… if 1 point/ sec >> 500000 sec=138.9 hours for 500000 points

01 Devices and techniques of

cloud is far to practical.

• Precision and Accuracy: mechanically defined and assured

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

• It is indeed better than manually operated equipment.
• To cope with speedy data acquisition.

• Resolution: is higher better?

• High resolution= large dataset >> more calculating resources for rendering.
• Necessary to adjust to purposes.
 Rapid progress of device development solves current issues year by year
 2 Major methods to acquire 3D dense point cloud (as of 2023)
15
• LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) scanner
 Distance measurement by laser (light) with its straightness and

01 Devices and techniques of

convergence

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

= Direct measurement, absolute distance, orientation and scale
• Triangulation laser scanner: optical cutting/ pattern projection (structured light)
• Middle range laser scanner: Phase-shift/ ToF (Time of Flight) methods

• 3D Photogrammetry
 Reconstruction of depth information with stereoscopy method
= Indirect-relative measurement, need external references
• Stereo-pair photogrammetry
• SfM-MVS (Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo) photogrammetry
• Machine learning depth reconstruction (NeRF)
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
16
• Use triangulation principle for
detecting distance (depth) of

01 Devices and techniques of

target point
Laser projected onto target

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

•
• Optical sensor detects the
point within a field of view
• Calculate depth (distance from
datum) with triangulation
• Small-size device, short-
range scanning,
difference of angle
= difference in z axis
difference in z axis >
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
17
• Optical cutting/ or line projection censor is relatively small and low-
cost, acquiring a profile along projected line= laser projector and

01 Devices and techniques of

censor must move along object’s surface to scan a region.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

• Pattern projection/ or structured light censor can measure wider area
than optical cutting in a single measurement. Faster than optical
cutting but need more calculating resources for processing.

Optical cutting (line projection) Pattern projection (structured light)

single shot
line laser measurement area

pattern projection
measured profile
 Laser scanner 1: triangulation laser scanner
18
• SOMA is developed by LANG Co.,ltd.

01 Devices and techniques of

• Scanning >100 pieces in one time with
4 optical cutting censors.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

• Average scanning time is 5 min/ piece.

http://www.lang.co.jp/
 Laser scanner 2: middle-range laser scanner
19
• ToF (Time-of-Flight): measuring distance by reflection time

01 Devices and techniques of

• Phase-shift: measuring distance by Phase-shift after reflection
• Phase-shift is faster than ToF, while ToF has advantage in dynamic

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

range (reliability)

Wang et al. 2020: fig.3 DOI: 10.1007/s11831-019-09320-4

 Laser scanner 2: middle-range laser scanner
20
• Stationed on a tripod= stable and accurate than mobile scan
Longer scan range

01 Devices and techniques of

•

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

Leica ScanStation

Leica BLK360
FARO Focus Core
RIEGL VZ-2000i
 Laser scanner 2: middle-range laser scanner
21
• Scanning method

01 Devices and techniques of

Scanner (laser projector & censor) rotate
horizontally and vertically, then scan hemi-
spherical region. But some part around the foot

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

will be blind spot.

https://leica-geosystems.com/-
/media/images/leicageosystems/produc
ts/laser_scanners/800x428_thumbnail_
portlet_callout/1-leica-rtc360-hero-shot-
800x428.ashx

practical notion for laser scanning will be discussed in later

 Laser scanner 3: Mobile scan
22
• Hand-held type scanner which can scan simultaneously in moving

01 Devices and techniques of

Based on SLAM (Simultaneously Localization And Mapping)
Technology which enables devices continuously detecting of its
position and scanning surrounding area.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

 Laser scanner 3: Mobile scan
23
• iPhone 12~ pro/ proMax and iPad 2020 (& later) has LiDAR censor

01 Devices and techniques of

Smallest and cheapest mobile scan devices (up to 2022) with usable Apps.

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

 LiDAR Scanner 4: Airborne scan with UAV
24

Down-sizing of LiDAR scanner makes it being

01 Devices and techniques of

mounted on UAV/ drone.
Similar with mobile scan but navigated by RTK-

Cultural Heritage 3D documentation

GNSS.
Multiple return-pulse allows to capture the ground
Topography beneath vegetation.

YellowScan Vx20
 Laser scanner: general issues
25
Advantage of Laser Scanner

02 Methods and devices of 3D

• Easy to operate, easy to learn: many laser scanners have user friendly interfaces,
ex. just one button to measure.
• Immediate building of point cloud: faster continuous process of measurement and
visualization.
• Direct measurement: no need to measure/ or to add reference (control) point (but
need to refer Ground Control Point or GPS coordinate when attempting to give
geo-coordinate).

documentation
Disadvantage of Laser Scanner
• Need specific devices: often costly, too expensive for high-end devices.
• Fixed resolution: measurement pitches and resolution is fixed by specification of
each devices.
• No/ or less color info: depends on devices but lower than photogrammetry.
 Photogrammetry
26
Basic of photogrammetry

02 Methods and devices of 3D

• With a pair of photos (stereo-pair), and technique of stereoscopy stereogram,
reconstructing depth/ height value from 2D photos with parallax.
• This is the fundamental of aerial photo-survey.
stereoscope

documentation
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pa
rallax_Example.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy#/media/File:Pocket_stereoscope.jpg
 Photogrammetry
27
Modern photogrammetry: SfM-MVS

02 Methods and devices of 3D

• SfM (Structure from Motion): matching key points on a series of photos and
reconstructing camera position.
• MVS (Multi-View Stereo): reconstructing depth info from multiple stereo-pair
photos for building point cloud.

documentation
http://www.theia-sfm.org/sfm.html
Yilmaz & Karakus (2013) Stereo and kinect fusion for
continuous 3D reconstruction and visual odometry.
IDECCO2013, doi: 10.1109/ICECCO.2013.6718242
 Photogrammetry
28
Practice of SfM-MVS

02 Methods and devices of 3D

• Identifying multiple key points among photos for
point cloud building.

documentation
 3D photogrammetry: general issues
29
Advantage of SfM-MVS 3D photogrammetry

02 Methods and devices of 3D

• Less necessity of additional devices & equipment except software application.
• Minimum requirement is just digital camera and computer. These can be
compatible with those which you have already used.
• Easy to start: if you have basic knowledge and skill of photo capturing
< which should be very basic for archaeologists and cultural heritage managers.
• Resolution: selectable by photographing magnification and software setting.
• Full-color texture: with high-resolution images as long as input.

documentation
Disadvantage of SfM-MVS 3D photogrammetry
• Indirect measurement: need exterior references for giving absolute scale.
• More time consuming: for processing time, depends on the number of photo and
computer specification
• Result is affected by skill of photography and quality of input photos.