Victoria Fuenmayor – Period 5

Chapter 11 activity 2

Using chemistry book complete the following assignment:

1. Define new vocabulary (7) page 408.

- Viscosity: Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes how thick or sticky a fluid
is. High viscosity fluids flow slowly (like honey), while low viscosity fluids flow quickly (like water).

- Surface Tension: Surface tension is the tendency of a liquid surface to minimize its surface area, forming
into a shape that minimizes the surface area. It's caused by the cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules at the surface.

- Surfactant: Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids, between a
gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. They are commonly used in products like detergents to
help them clean effectively.

- Crystalline Solid: A crystalline solid is a solid material whose atoms or molecules are arranged in a
highly ordered, repeating pattern, extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystalline solids typically
have well-defined melting points and exhibit characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns.

- Unit Cell: A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit in a crystal lattice structure. It is a three-dimensional
arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules that, when repeated in all directions, generates the crystal
structure.

- Allotrope: Allotropes are different forms of the same element in the same physical state. These forms
have different structural arrangements or bonding patterns. For example, carbon can exist in multiple
allotropes such as diamond, graphite, and graphene.

- Amorphous Solid: An amorphous solid is a solid material that lacks the long-range order characteristic
of crystalline solids. In amorphous solids, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a random or
disordered manner. Examples include glass, some plastics, and certain polymers.

2. Understand Main Ideas. Answer questions 18 – 25. Page 418.

18 - Solids have particles that are tightly packed together in a regular, ordered arrangement. The
particles in solids vibrate around fixed positions. Liquids have particles that are close together but not in
a regular arrangement. The particles in liquids have more freedom of movement compared to solids;
they can slide past each other but are still close enough to maintain cohesion.

19 - Viscosity is affected by temperature, with higher temperatures generally decreasing viscosity. The
shape and size of the molecules or particles in the fluid affect viscosity, with larger or more irregularly
shaped molecules generally leading to higher viscosity. Intermolecular forces also play a role; stronger
intermolecular forces tend to increase viscosity.

20 - Soap contains surfactants that lower the surface tension of water, allowing it to penetrate fabrics
more easily and lift dirt and oils from the surface. Water alone may not be as effective at removing
certain types of stains or soils.
21 - A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice. A crystal lattice is the three-dimensional
arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystal.

22 - Molecular solids are made up of discrete molecules held together by intermolecular forces.
Covalent network solids are made up of atoms bonded together in a continuous network of covalent
bonds.

23 - Water forms a meniscus in a graduated cylinder due to adhesive forces between the water
molecules and the walls of the cylinder. In the case of water, the meniscus is concave, meaning the
surface is higher at the edges than at the center.

24 - The surface of mercury in a thermometer is convex due to cohesive forces between the mercury
molecules. These forces cause the mercury to pull together, resulting in a convex shape.

25 - The solid formed by allowing the molten material to cool slowly to room temperature is more likely
to be amorphous. Slow cooling allows the particles to arrange themselves randomly, resulting in an
amorphous solid. Rapid cooling, such as in an ice bath, may prevent the particles from rearranging
themselves fully and result in a more ordered crystalline solid.