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Nor Azizah Yacob · Nur Asmaliza Mohd Noor
Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus · Rahmah Lob Yussof
Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria Editors

Regional
Conference on
Science, Technology
and Social Sciences
(RCSTSS 2016)
Theoretical and Applied Sciences
Regional Conference on Science, Technology
and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016)
Nor Azizah Yacob Nur Asmaliza Mohd Noor
•

Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus Rahmah Lob Yussof

•

Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria

Editors

Regional Conference
on Science, Technology
and Social Sciences
(RCSTSS 2016)
Theoretical and Applied Sciences

123
Editors
Nor Azizah Yacob Rahmah Lob Yussof
Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang
Pahang Pahang
Malaysia Malaysia

Nur Asmaliza Mohd Noor Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang
Pahang Pahang
Malaysia Malaysia

Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang
Pahang
Malaysia

ISBN 978-981-13-0073-8 ISBN 978-981-13-0074-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0074-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018938378

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018, corrected publication 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

This book reports the proceedings of the Regional Conference on Science,

Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016), bringing forth more than 250
papers, selected from various disciplines in sciences, technology and social sci-
ences. In the event organized by Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang in Cameron
Highland, Pahang from 4th to 6th December 2016, RCSTSS 2016 has published
104 science and technology papers from the fields of architecture, computer sci-
ence, engineering, environmental and management, furniture, forestry, health and
medicine, material science, mathematics, plantation and agrotechnology, sport
science and statistics in this book.
This collection of research and review papers conducted by academicians
locally, regionally and globally have undergone peer reviewing and been edited to
give clear illustrations, tables, figures and diagrams. These papers from various
universities form a platform which contributes towards the enhancement of the
learning and sharing environment. It is hoped that RCSTSS 2016 can be the
impetus towards future research and development in Malaysia and even at global
level.

Pahang, Malaysia Nor Azizah Yacob

Nur Asmaliza Mohd Noor
Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus
Rahmah Lob Yussof
Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria

v
Acknowledgements

In the name of ALLAH, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to Him for
giving the editorial team courage, strength, patience and resilience in completing
the proceedings of Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social
Sciences (RCSTSS 2016).
Our sincerest gratitude goes to all RCSTSS 2016 committee members, partici-
pants and reviewers for their contributions and support. Gracious appreciation to the
Editorial Committee: Mohd Zahari Abdullah@Rafie, Aiza Harun, Zurhana Mat
Hussin, Duratul Ain Tholibon, Wan Mohd Norsyam Wan Norman, Siti Suhaila
Harith, Muzamil Mustafa and Roger Canda for the tireless and enormous effort
towards completing this book.
We are especially indebted to the current Rector of Universiti Teknologi MARA
Pahang, Prof. Dr. Nazip Suratman; former Rector, Prof. Dr. Jamaludin Kasim; and
the RCSTSS 2016 Chair, Associate Professor Dr. Azhan Hashim for the moral
support and encouragement given. Last but not least, thank you to Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Pahang, Malaysia for the technical and financial support which
ensures the successful continuation of RCSTSS from 2014 to 2016 and insha’Allah,
for years more to come.
Alhamdulillah.

vii
Contents

Part I Architecture
1 A Review on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Attributes
for Malaysian Post-occupancy Evaluation (POE) in Green Office
Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Asniza Hamimi Abdul Tharim, Muna Hanim Abdul Samad
and Mazran Ismail
2 Relationship Between Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
and Occupant’s Satisfaction in Malaysian Rated Office Building:
A Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Asniza Hamimi Abdul Tharim, Muna Hanim Abdul Samad
and Mazran Ismail
3 Performance Measurement of Industrialised Building System
(IBS) Towards Achieving Green Construction and
Sustainability in Construction Project in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Siti Sarah Mat Isa, Norazlin Mat Salleh, Wan Norizan Wan Ismail,
Zaiwainnizar Zainal Abidin and Noraini Md. Zain

Part II Computer Science

4 Mobile Calorie Burned Estimation Based on Pedometer Steps . . . 43
Suhailah Mohd Yusof, Jasmin Ilyani Ahmad
and Noor Hasnita Abdul Talib
5 Improved Feature Subset Selection Based on Hybrid
Correlation for Disease Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Wannoraini Abdul Latif and Fatihah Mohd
6 Multiple Types of Semi-structured Data Extraction Using
Wrapper for Extraction of Image Using DOM (WEID) . . . . . . . . 67
Ily Amalina Sabri Ahmad and Mustafa Man

ix
x Contents

7 Android Application to Test for Nicotine Dependence . . . . . . . . . 77

Umi Hanim Mazlan, Noor Shuhadah Ayub, Nurul Hidayah Ab Raji,
Raihana Zainordin and Alif Faisal Ibrahim
8 Embedding Teaching Plan into E-learning System . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Amran Ahmad and Nik Nurhafzan Mat Yaacob
9 Geovisualization of Nonresident Students’ Tabulation Using
Line Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Zainura Idrus, Zanariah Idrus, Siti Zaleha Zainal Abidin,
Nasiroh Omar and Nur Syamimi Aziah Mohamat Sofee
10 Measuring Helpful Aspect of User Experience: The
Development of Q-iCalH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Siti Zulaiha Ahmad and Ariffin Abdul Mutalib
11 Persuasive Multimedia Application for Children Readiness
Towards Circumcision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Raudzatul Fathiyah Mohd Said, Norzilah Musa, Norzehan Sakamat
and Noorazida Mohd Idris
12 The Development of E-Research Engine System
for Final Year Project (FYP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Maslina Abdul Aziz, Fatin Jalillah Kamaruzaman
and Anis Hasliza Abu Hashim
13 WMH Detection Using Improved AIR-AHE-Based Algorithm
for Two-Tier Segmentation Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Iza Sazanita Isa, Siti Noraini Sulaiman and Noor Khairiah A. Karim
14 Development of Social Presence Requirements Artefacts
for E-Learning Using Multiphase Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Noorihan Abdul Rahman and Shamsul Sahibuddin
15 Facial Expression Recognition in the Presence of Partially
Occluded Images Using Higher Order Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Hasimah Ali, Muthusamy Hariharan, Siti Khadijah Zaaba
and Mohamed Elshaikh
16 A Preliminary Study: Mobile Application for Shuttle
Bus Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Thong Chee Ling, Bilal A. Soomro, Chit Su Mon, Lee Chiw Yi
and Chaw Lee Yen
17 Constructing Dynamic Infrastructure as a Service Model
(DIAAS) According to User Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Yazeed Al Moaiad, Zainab Abu Bakar
and Najeeb Abbas Al-Sammarraie
Contents xi

18 A Preliminary Study on Real-Time Mobile-Aided Shuttle

Bus Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Lee Chiw Yi, Shin Nay Lin, Chit Su Mon, Chloe Thong Chee Ling
and Chaw Lee Yen
19 A Preliminary Investigation on Managing Volatile
Requirements in E-Learning Web Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Noorihan Abdul Rahman, Shamsul Sahibuddin, Azlena Haron
and Syarifah Adilah Mohamed Yusoff
20 Analysis of Private Browsing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Raihana Md Saidi, Fatin Farhanah Saleh Udin,
Anwar Farhan Zolkeplay, Mohamad Asrol Arshad
and Faridah Sappar
21 Information Security Requirement: The Relationship Between
Cybersecurity Risk Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability
in Digital Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Nik Zulkarnaen Khidzir, Khairul Azhar Mat Daud,
Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Mohd. Shahfik Affendi Abd. Ghani
and Mohd. Asrul Hery Ibrahim

Part III Engineering

22 Calibration Assessment of the Distributed Hydrologic Model
Using SWAT-CUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Khairi Khalid, Mohd Fozi Ali, Nor Faiza Abd Rahman,
Zulhafizal Othman and Mohd Fairuz Bachok
23 Compressive Behaviour of Sustainable Hair Fibre-Reinforced
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Awang Nasrizal Awang Ali, Normadiana Mohammad Hanapi,
Mohd. Mawardi Mohd. Kamal, Amminudin Ab. Latif, Jamil Matarul
and Basir Noordin
24 Placement of SVC and Transformer Tap Setting for Minimum
Loss Using Evolutionary Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Nur Ashida Salim, Aiman Safian, Zuhaila Mat Yassin
and Norzulaily Mohamed
25 Optimization of Flocculation Process for a New Myco-Coagulant
to Reduce Water Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
N. Jebun, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Md. Zahangir Alam
and Raha Ahmad Raus
26 Durability Analysis of Natural Lime Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Yeong Yu Tan, Shu Ing Doh and Siew Choo Chin
xii Contents

27 Material Properties of Porous Concrete Using Recycled

Coarse Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Ilya Joohari, Mohd Izzat Joohari and Ang Ai Leen
28 Bed Load and River Bed Pattern at Lebir River After Extreme
Flood Event in 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Nadiatul Adilah Ahmad Abdul Ghani and Nur Insyirah Izzati Omar
29 Development of Self-compacting Concrete Using Palm Oil
Clinker as Lightweight Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Ilya Joohari, Roslli Noor Mohamed and Mohd Izzat Joohari
30 The Potential of Blended Cement Mortar Brick Using Sewage
Sludge and Eggshell Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Shu Ing Doh, Yeong Yu Tan, Siew Choo Chin and Su Kong Ngien
31 Strength Development of Pervious Concrete Embedded
with Latex and Polypropylene Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Afifudin Habulat, Hamidah Mohd Saman,
Muhd Norhasri Muhd Sidek, Daliah Hassan and Nor Hafida Hashim
32 Effect of Inflow and Infiltration in Sewerage System
of Residential Area, Kuantan, Pahang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Hiew Thong Yap, Su Kong Ngien, Norasman Othman,
Norhan Abd Rahman and Chee Ming Choo
33 The Effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Mixtures on Geotechnical
Properties of Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Juhaizad Ahmad, Mohd Ikmal Fazlan Rosli
and Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman
34 Blended Binder System Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)
for Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) Method in Treating
Ceramic Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Mazni Mat Zin, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, Nadia Zalikha Saifullizam,
Adrina Rosseira and Nurliyana Ismail
35 Harmonic Formulation of Prestressed Concrete Sleeper
Subjected to Freight Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Mohd Ikmal Fazlan Rozli, Juhaizad Ahmad, Sharul Nizam Alias,
Kay Dora Abd. Ghani, Afidah Abu Bakar and Siti Hawa Hamzah
36 Development of Telerehabilitation Monitoring System for Arm
Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Michairyniza Richlellyn, A. Muhammad Shukri, T. I. Tengku
Nadzlin, A. J. Muhammad Mahadi and M. R. Ahmad Alabqari
Contents xiii

37 Applying MagPI to Determine Adhesiveness in Matured

Biofilm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Ainamardia Nazarudin, Sabine U. Gerbersdorf,
Duratul Ain Tholibon and Nur ‘Ain Mat Yusof
38 Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Geometry Parameter
on the Behaviour of the T-Shaped Cantilever Retaining Wall . . . . 393
Noraida Mohd Saim and Anuar Kasa
39 A Study on Behaviour of Soil Bonding State Using Wave
Propagation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Nur ‘Ain Mat Yusof and Noorfaizah Hamzah
40 Feasibility Study of Solar PV Installation in UiTM Sarawak . . . . 417
Nur Farahiah Ibrahim, Zahari Abu Bakar
and Wan Suhaifiza W. Ibrahim
41 Empirical Correlation of Tropical Weathered Sandstone
Uniaxial Compressive Strength Using Unconfined Compression
Test and Point Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Nur Masyitah Osman, Ahmad Syauqi Md Hasan,
Mohd Khairul Azhar Ismail, Aniza Albar
and Mohd Mustaqim Noordin
42 Synthetic Jet Study on Resonance Driving Frequency
for Electronic Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
S. M. Firdaus, M. Z. Abdullah, M. K. Abdullah, A. Z. A. Mazlan,
Z. M. Ripin, W. M. Amri and H. Yusuf
43 Supply Chain Management (SCM) on Industrialised Building
System (IBS) in Construction Industry: Supplier Perspective . . . . 445
Mohd Azrizal Fauzi, Sulaiman Hasim and Masmiera Aini Mustafa
44 Utilisation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Sawdust Ash as
Cement Replacement Material in the Production of Structural
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Mohd Azrizal Fauzi, Siti Rahimah Rosseli
and Mohd Jamuri Abu Seman
45 Processing and Compatibility of High-Density Polyethylene
Blended with Particle and Liquid Biopolymer on Ultraviolet
Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Nurulsaidatulsyida Sulong and Anika Zafiah Mohd Rus
46 Modification and Characterization of Non-expandable
Muscovite with Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant
by Ion-Exchange Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Nor Hafizah Che Ismail and Hazizan Md Akil
xiv Contents

47 Power Converter for Dual-Power PV-Grid System Utilizing

Optimized Switching Angles of 21-Level Cascaded H-Bridge
Multilevel Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Intan Rahayu Ibrahim, Emilia Noorsal and Ahmad Maliki Omar
48 A Review of Domestic Subcontract in Construction Industry . . . . 499
Nor Marina Rosli, Nur Emma Mustaffa
and Hamizah Liyana Tajul Ariffin
49 Exploration on Drivers’ Perception Towards Roadway
Inventory Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Azlina Ismail, Intan Suhana Razelan Mohd, I. Putu Mandiartha
and Nadia Arib

Part IV Environmental Science and Management

50 Occupational Noise Exposure of Construction Workers
at Construction Sites in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Nur Muizzah Nawi, Zaiton Haron, Saiful Jumali
and Asmawati Che Hasan
51 An Evaluation of the Water Conservation System:
A Case Study in Diamond Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Nurul Aini Osman, Oeng Siew Hui
and Kamarudin Suhaida@Suhana
52 Development of a Microsoft Visual Basic for Municipal
Solid Waste Management (Case Study: Permatang Pauh,
Pulau Pinang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Nurul Aishah Abd Rahman, Adnan Derahman,
Amminudin Ab. Latif and Taufiq Mohamad Fauzi
53 Assessing Risk Management Maturity for Construction Projects
in Jabatan Kerja Raya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Saiful Jumali, Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir, Azizan Mohamed Yasin
and Nur Muizzah Nawi

Part V Forestry
54 The Effect of Board Density and Hot-Pressing Time on
Mechanical and Physical Properties of Oil Palm Trunk Phenol
Formaldehyde Particleboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani Zakaria, Ermadasila Mohamad
and Jamaludin Kasim
55 Anthropometric Data of Primary School Children in Malaysia
for School Chair Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Hanani Yuhaniz, Asnawi Seraila, Siti Rafedah Abdul Karim,
Suhaimi Muhammed and Abdul Hamid Saleh
Contents xv

56 Effects of Different Tenon Width Dimensions on T-Joints . . . . . . . 581

Asnawi Seraila, Hanani Yuhaniz, Jamaludin Kasim
and Abdul Hamid Saleh

Part VI Health and Medicine

57 Investigation of Total Faulty Breathing Scale (TFBS) Using
Visual Observation and Videogrammetry Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Vikram Mohan, Aatit Paungmali, Patraporn Sitilerpisan,
Romizan Jathin, Norazlin Mohamad, Sulaiman Md Dom,
Siti Hawa Mohd Nasir and Munirah Mustafa
58 The Reliability and Validity of the Malay® Version
of Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia in Older Persons
with Low Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Nor Azizah Ishak, Zarina Zahari and Maria Justine
59 Low-Dose Methamphetamine Addiction Induced Opioid
Receptor Sensitization in Polydrug-Dependent Mice . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Irna Elina Ridzwan, Maryam Saadah Suhaimi,
Abdul Halim Muhamad, Abdul Razak Kasmuri,
Nor Ilyani Mohamed Nazar, Ridzwan Hashim
and Syed Mohd Syahmi Syd Mohmad Faudzi
60 Kidney Modeling Using a Polynomial Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Farida Aimi Mustapha, Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak,
Farahnaz Ahmad Anwar Bashah, Ihsan M. Yassin,
Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad and Abdul Jalil Nordin
61 Diploma in Pharmacy Student’s Knowledge Level
on Cupping Therapy as a Traditional Complementary
Alternative Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Nursyuhadah Othman, Roz Azinur Che Lamin
and Nurhidayah Abdul Rahim
62 Malaysian Version of Physiotherapy Osteoarthritis Based
Care Protocol (PTOA-BCP): Effects on Lower Limb Functional
Strength Among Overweight and Obese Women with Knee
Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Zuraidah Mohamad, Rohani Haron and Maria Justine
63 The Effect of Massage and Spinal Manipulation on Substance P:
A Narrative Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Nurhanisah Sejari, Kamaria Kamaruddin, Chin Fen Neoh,
Kalavathy Ramasamy, Siong Meng Lim and Long Chiau Ming
64 Advancements in Parasite Diagnosis and Challenges
in the Management of Parasitic Infections: A Mini Review . . . . . 667
Reena Leeba Richard and Hartini Yusof
xvi Contents

65 Screening of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) Gene

Polymorphism Using Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction
(ASPCR) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Siti Nooraishah Hussin and John Kwong Siew Shia
66 Prognostic Factors for Rheumatics Heart Disease After Mitral
Valve Repair Surgery Using Cox Proportional Hazard Model . . . 685
Nurhasniza Idham Abu Hasan, Nor Azura Md. Ghani,
Norazan Mohamed Ramli, Khairul Asri Mohd Ghani
and Khairul Izan Mohd Ghani
67 Effect of Indoor Rowing Exercise on Body Composition, Blood
Glucose, and Lipid Profile Among Obesity: A Pilot Study . . . . . . 697
Nur Farhana Md. Yunus, Mazlifah Omar, Vikram Mohan,
Khariah Mat Noor and Romizan Jathin
68 Falls Risk Factors Among Hospitalized Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . 705
Nor Najwatul Akmal Ab. Rahman, Yi Ching Teo,
Zunaidah Abu Samah and Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh
69 Effects of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization on Lumbar
Flexion Kinematics and Posture Among Adults with Chronic
Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Study Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Yi Lin Lim, Magdalena Lepsikova and Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh

Part VII Material Science

70 The Influence of Curing Conditions on the Compressive
Strength of Lightweight Geopolymer Composite Containing
Wood Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Siti Noorbaini Sarmin, Sitti Fatimah Mhd Ramle,
Mohd Hazim Mohamad Amini and Nurjannah Salim
71 Elastic Property of Palatal Tissues Expanded with Anisotropic
Self-inflating Tissue Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Nurrul Amilin Zainal Abidin, Zamri Radzi,
Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim, Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas,
Noor Azuan Abu Osman and Jan T Czernuszka
72 Recycled Paper Enhancement with Semantan Bamboo Virgin
Pulp for Corrugated Paper Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Nurul Husna Mohd Hassan, Suhaimi Mohammed
and Rushdan Ibrahim
73 Physical and Chemical Properties of Different Portions of Oil
Palm Trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Nurrohana Ahmad, Jamaludin Kasim, Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus,
Junaiza Ahmad Zaki and Ainul Munirah
Contents xvii

74 Effects of Resin Content Dosage, Density and Wax Addition

on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard
from Oil Palm Trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Jamaludin Kasim, Nurrohana Ahmad, Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus
and Anis Mokhtar
75 Effects of Particle Sizes and Board Densities on OPF Phenol
Formaldehyde Particleboard Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus, Jamaludin Kasim, Norfarahin Yusof
and Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abd. Rahman
76 Impact of Alkaline Treatment on Mechanical Properties
and Thickness Swelling of Exterior Particleboard Made
from Kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Jamaludin Kasim, Nur Sakinah Mohamed Tamat,
Nur Farahin Yusoff, Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman,
Nurrohana Ahmad and Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus
77 NaOH Treatment on Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) Frond
and Its Effects on Polypropylene Composite Properties . . . . . . . . 799
Nor Farhana Jasmi, Jamaludin Kasim, Iffah Izzah Maidin
and Nurfaizah Abd Latif
78 Effects of Ratio on Particleboard from Cultivated Leucaena
leucocephala (Petai Belalang) and Hevea brasiliensis
(Rubberwood) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman, Jamaludin Kasim,
Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus, Nur Atiqah Nabilah Johari
and Nur Amalina Razali
79 Fibre Morphology of Leucaena leucocephala Wood: Effects
on Fiberboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Nur Amalina Razali, Nur Atiqah Nabilah Johari,
Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman, Jamaludin Kasim
and Suffian Misran
80 Mechanical and Dimensional Stability Properties
of Particleboard from Neolamarckia cadamba Wood . . . . . . . . . . 825
Hazwani Lias and Jamaludin Kasim
81 Effect of Filler Loadings on Mechanical and Physical Properties
of Particleboard Sanderdust–Polypropylene Composite . . . . . . . . 835
Iffah Izzah Maidin, Jamaludin Kasim and Nor Farhana Jasmi

Part VIII Mathematics

82 The Optimality of Profit Sharing in Loyalty
Reward Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Wan Nuraini Fahana Wan Nasir and Muhammad Safiih Lola
xviii Contents

83 Integrated Fuzzy Time Series Model for Forecasting Tourist

Arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Nazirah Ramli, Siti Noorul Ain Nor Azemi, Noor Syamimi Omar
and Siti Musleha Ab Mutalib
84 Benchmarking Service Quality in Retail Store Using DEA . . . . . . 859
Ummi Humaira Akmal Alias, Siti Rosiah Mohamed
and Nor Habibah Tarmuji
85 Academic Poster Evaluation by Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Inference
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Siti Rosiah Mohamed, Fairuz Shohaimay, Nazirah Ramli,
Nazihah Ismail and Syafiza Saila Samsudin
86 Formulation of Evidences in Pointwise Form for Some Jaccard
Ranking Fuzzy Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Nazirah Ramli, Yusharina Yusof and Noor Aiefa Hanie Basri
87 Predicting Financial Distress of Companies in Malaysia:
A Comparison of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and
Discriminant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Mazura Mokhtar and Saharani Abdul Rashid
88 Genetic Algorithm Method in Examination Timetabling
Problem: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Farah Adibah Adnan, Syafawati Ab Saad, Zainor Ridzuan Yahya
and Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad
89 Numerical Solution of Painlevé Equation II via Daftardar–Gejji
and Jafari Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Mat Salim Selamat, Busyra Latif, Nur Azlina Abdul Aziz
and Fatimah Yahya
90 Numerical Solutions of Forced Convection Boundary Layer
Flow Towards a Horizontal Permeable Stretching Sheet in
ZnO–Water, ZnO–Kerosene, MgO–Water and MgO–Kerosene
Nanofluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Nor Azizah Yacob, Anisah Dasman, Salimah Ahmad
and Nor Fadhilah Dzulkifli

Part IX Plantation and Agrotechnology

91 The Dominant Effect of Cabomba furcata Compost
as Non-native Invasive Species Towards the Growth
Performance of Elaeis guineensis Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Mohamad Amir Shah Yusop, Anisah Mohammed
and Muhamad Nazam Abdul Rahman
Contents xix

92 Utilization Effects of Asystasia intrusa Compost Toward

the Growth Performance of Elaeis guineensis Seedling . . . . . . . . . 941
Anisah Mohammed, Mohamad Amir Shah Yusop
and Nur Ain Zubaidah Amran
93 In Vitro Germination and Acclimatization of Sugar Palm
(Arenga pinnata Wurmb Merr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Nazatul Asikin Muda and Asmah Awal
94 Potential of Carica papaya and Artocarpus integer Extracts
as Botanical Pesticides for Controlling, Golden Apple Snail,
Pomacea canaliculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip, Farah Wahida Mohd Nawi,
Erwan Shah Shari and Siti Hawa Puteh Mansur
95 Effectiveness of Curcuma longa and Cymbopogon citratus
Leaf Extracts as Botanical Pesticides for Controlling Golden
Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Siti Hawa Puteh Mansur, Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip
and Farah Wahida Mohd Nawi

Part X Sport Sciences and Recreation

96 Hydration Status of T-Team FC Players in Match Against
FELDA United FC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Fatin Aqilah Abdul Razak, Muhammad Syafiq Jaafar,
Wan Mohd Norsyam Wan Norman and Nurul Nadiah Shahudin
97 The Effects of Kinesio Tape on Chronic Low Back Pain
Among Young Male Adults in Ampang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Wan Mohd Norsyam Wan Norman, Mohd Aimerul Mat Nuar,
Mohd Hanifa Sariman and Fatin Aqilah Abdul Razak
98 Comparison of Flexibility, Muscular Endurance,
and Speed Among Veteran Male Tennis Player
Between Clubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Mohd Hanifa Sariman, Nik Nabihah Nik Yusof,
Mohd Zulkhairi Azam, Wan Mohd Norsyam Wan Norman
and Fatin Aqilah Abdul Razak
99 Peer Leadership in Archery: The Effect of Personal
Characteristic and Leader Behaviour on Team Performance . . . . 1007
Mohamad Azmi Nias Ahmad, Siti Fadhilah Abdul Hamid,
Nurul Syazhera Mohd Asmi and Faizan Abd Jabar
xx Contents

100 Comparison of Sports-Specific Test Protocol and Procedures

to Identify Talent in Goalball Between Students with Blind
and Visual Impairment: A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
NagoorMeera Abdullah, Nurlela A. Hassan, Asiah Mohd Pilus
and Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee

Part XI Statistics
101 Stability and Forecastability Characteristics of Exponential
Smoothing with Regressors Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Ahmad Farid Osman and Maxwell L. King
102 Estimating Optimal Parameter of Box-Cox Transformation
in Multiple Regression with Non-normal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Nur Aufa Mazni Ishak and Sanizah Ahmad
103 Box-Cox Optimal Parameter Estimation for Multiple
Regressions with Homoscedasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Nur Aufa Mazni Ishak and Sanizah Ahmad
104 Using Simulation to Model Queuing Problem at a Fast-Food
Restaurant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Norani Amit and Nurdia Azlin Ghazali
Erratum to: Geovisualization of Nonresident Students’ Tabulation
Using Line Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Zainura Idrus, Zanariah Idrus, Siti Zaleha Zainal Abidin, Nasiroh Omar
and Nur Syamimi Aziah Mohamat Sofee
 Part I
Architecture
Chapter 1
A Review on Indoor Environmental
Quality (IEQ) Attributes for Malaysian
Post occupancy Evaluation
(POE) in Green Office Building

Asniza Hamimi Abdul Tharim, Muna Hanim Abdul Samad

and Mazran Ismail

Abstract Green buildings represent sustainable design and construction that

require a holistic interaction between all components of a building that are envi-
ronmentally responsible throughout a building’s life cycle from the beginning until
the completion. A green building should deliver its occupants with a comfortable
indoor environment that will satisfy their comfort needs and enhance the produc-
tivity while working in the building. Among the numerous efforts in the emerging
green building is the establishment of green building certification systems world-
wide that is considered as one of the most prominent and systematic approaches to
the continuous effort in promoting outdoor and indoor environmental sustainability.
The benefits of these tools are they can guide the development of construction
industry towards its best practice and improve the quality of building for tenants
and occupants. Previous literature revealed that Indoor Environmental Quality
(IEQ) assessment in green rating standards such as the LEED United State and
BREEAM United Kingdom does play a significant role in the certification process
of green building. Thus, the IEQ comprises several main aspects such as temper-
atures, humidity, noise, lighting, space design, structural systems and last but not
least the building envelope design. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to
review the aspects of IEQ in Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) study previously
conducted by researchers around the world. The paper will focus on the develop-
ment of IEQ assessment attributes that can be used in POE for an office building in
a hot and humid climate. It will also provide an emphasis on the relationship

A. H. A. Tharim (&)
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seri Iskandar Campus, Shah Alam, Malaysia
e-mail: mimiasniza@gmail.com
M. H. A. Samad
M. Ismail
Architecture Programme, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
e-mail: mhanim@usm.my
M. Ismail
e-mail: mazran@usm.my

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 3

N. A. Yacob et al. (eds.), Regional Conference on Science,
Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016),
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0074-5_1
4 A. H. A. Tharim et al.

between IEQ and Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) in determining post occu-

pant’s satisfaction. It is hoped that these research findings will bring benefit to green
certification bodies in Malaysia such as the Green Building Index (GBI) and
GreenRE Malaysia in evaluating office building in post-occupancy stage.

Keywords Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) Green building index (GBI)


Office building Post-occupancy evaluation (POE)

1 Introduction

The momentum of green building is striking and is driven partly by widening

awareness of the environmental impact of the built environment to the health
implications of occupants in indoor spaces. Green building is also known as green
construction or sustainable building in construction industry worldwide. It often
encompasses from the planning stage through to the ultimate end of building life
cycle, which comprises the design, construction, operations and renewal of the
building structures. The green building brings together a huge range of knowledge,
practices, techniques and skills to reduce and eradicate the negative impacts of
buildings on the environment and human health. Hence, this reduction and eradi-
cation of negative impacts requires close collaboration and understanding between
the design team, client and developers at all stages of a project. Various researchers
believed that green buildings have been shaped to lower the impacts on the envi-
ronment and improve the health quality of the building occupants (Woo 2010).
According to Erica (2008), green building is sexy in their design and ambition, and
with proper design and executions, a green building does more than just conserve
energy and resources. The green building is also getting an enhancement from
agencies around the world to set standards for sustainable building and also helps in
educating the public, industry and policymakers on the benefits of sustainability for
future life. Green buildings could be considered as a technological innovation
because it encapsulates a system that uses environmentally aware approaches to
modifying conventional construction practices (Ofori-Boadu et al. 2012). It also
means protecting natural resources and improving the built environment so that
people, communities and ecosystems can thrive and prosper (John and Michael
2007). The development of green building has vast benefits such as it is built for
long term (build durable, efficient homes and liveable communities), and the green
building is also built for life and humans where it makes homes, communities and
environment safe for current and future generations. Last but not least, the green
building is also built for the planet and world environment with a wise use of
natural resources and recycled materials (John and Michael 2007). However,
besides their enormous advantages, green buildings are not yet perceived as
attractive projects by most of the clients and developers. It is mainly because most
builders associate green features and construction with expensive technologies that
add cost to the overall budget allocation of the building (Metthiessen and Morris
1 A Review on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Attributes for … 5

2007; Sherwin 2006). Nevertheless, careful design process and a comprehensive

materials selection method of the green building may result in desired environ-
mental goals for the building, and save the energy consumption for a long term.
Hence, there are numerous other potential benefits of green building including the
environmental, economic and social benefits. The environmental benefits include
protecting, conserving and restoring the biodiversity and the natural resources. In
addition, the economic benefits comprise reducing the life cycle cost of the building
and enhancing profit and rental value. As for the social benefits, the implementation
of green building can improve the occupants’ comfort and health thus improving
the overall quality of life. Other benefits of green building include the improvement
of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), reduction in health costs, increase in
employees’ productivity as well as increased occupant’s satisfaction on the aspects
of indoor comfort conditions (Edwards 2003; Kats 2003; Ross et al. 2006) and
significantly improved indoor air quality with access to lighting and windows that
serve to promote physical and mental well-being (Heerwagen 2001). Previous study
done by USGBC had proven that the green building does increase performance by
6–26%, decreases absenteeism by 15% (compared to conventional buildings), and
improves health conditions (LEED 2002). Moreover, a study by Gabay et al. (2014)
indicated that numerous benefits of the green building include minimal energy use;
minimum requirement for water, material and energy resources throughout its life
cycle; conducive to occupant’s health productivity; and minimal waste, pollution or
environmental degradation. With the blooming of the green building concept, the
sustainable building standard or tools for green buildings have been developed
worldwide to promote the construction of green buildings in the industry.
According to Liang et al. (2014), among the numerous efforts in the emerging green
building is the establishment of green building certification systems as one of the
most prominent and systematic approaches towards promoting sustainability in
construction. This sustainable building standard is believed to be able to provide an
efficient framework for assessing building environmental performance, and inte-
grating sustainable development into building and construction processes while
assisting in determining performance measures to guide the sustainable design and
decision-making processes (DEWA 2003).

2 The Sustainable Building Rating System (SBRS)

The Sustainable Building Rating System (SBRS) is a concept of sustainable practice

and environmental responsibility which normally is an elective standard as opposed
to a mandated regulation involving multiple constituents (building owner, design
professionals, construction professionals and code officials). It is a crucial tool to
measure and evaluate green building in most of the countries worldwide including
Malaysia, and it can thus provide further enhance the frameworks for building
performance criteria which enable building construction to be more accurate and
precise about the movement towards sustainable working process. There are many
6 A. H. A. Tharim et al.

great building certification tools globally to assess the environmental performance of

building and its sustainability (Todd et al. 2001) such as BREEAM in the United
Kingdom, and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Standard
(LEED) in the United State of America are assessments made by awarding credits,
points or marks according to the building performance in order to determine the
green rating given at the end of the building’s assessment process. The benefits of
these tools are they can guide the development of construction industry towards the
best practice and improving the quality of building for tenants and occupants. To
date, the USGBC-US Green Building Council and LEED-Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design green building rating system is a certification programme that
has been widely accepted as a benchmark for the design, construction and operation
of green and sustainable built environment in the United State and many other
countries worldwide. The LEED green building rating system concerns mostly with
the design of green building which requires less energy for operation, and with the
processes to implement the design properly. The rating system provides a list of
credits, measuring the environmental performance of construction processes in terms
of sustainable development, energy efficiency and selection of material (USGBC
2009). Apart from the LEED, there are other sustainable rating tools available such
as BREEAM United Kingdom, HK BEAM Hong Kong, GREEN STAR Australia
(2011), GREEN MARK Singapore and last but not least our own sustainable rating
tools the Green Building Index (GBI) (2015) Malaysia. As at December 2015,
according to the information published by the World Green Building Council
(2015), there are a total of sixty-three (63) rating systems to date with the total of
nineteen (19) Sustainable Building Rating Systems (SBRS) in the Americas,
twenty-three (23) in the continent of Europe, fourteen (14) in the Asia-Pacific region,
and as for continents of Africa and Middle East & North Africa (MENA), there are a
total of seven (7) and ten (10) numbers of Sustainable Building Rating Systems
(SBRS), respectively. Thus out of the sixty-three (63) available Sustainable Building
Rating Systems (SBRS), the most commonly mentioned and analysed by researchers
are the United Stated LEED, United Kingdom BREEAM, Australia GREENSTAR,
Hong Kong HK BEAM and our neighbour rating system the Singaporean
GREENMARK. Nevertheless, two of the most common and similar criteria that are
being assessed by all the sustainable rating tools are the energy efficiency and IEQ.
Both criteria are closely related with the end users and the end use of the rated green
building. Pioneer research by Lebowitz et al. (1985) found that people in developed
world spent almost 75–90% of their time inside a building. Similar findings were
obtained by Singh (1996) and Klepeis et al. (2001) by which their research also
suggested that people tend to spend 80–90% of their time indoors. These facts
highlighted the importance of building indoor environment quality improvements,
and the need for validating the related well-being and productivity from which the
benefits are available in rated green buildings (Singh et al. 2011).
1 A Review on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Attributes for … 7

3 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

IEQ can be defined as ‘the measurement of the key parameters affecting the comfort
and well-being of occupants’ or ‘the elements to provide an environment that is
physically and psychologically healthy for its occupants’ (Garnys 2007). The IEQ
which includes the integrated physiological and psychological influences of ther-
mal, acoustic and luminous environments and air quality on occupants (Li et al.
2013). Clements-Croome and Baizhan (2000) stated that the IEQ comprises a range
of components such as humidity, indoor air quality, temperature and ventilation,
lighting, noise and work space density. Sarbu and Sebarchievici (2013) believed
that the main environmental factors that define the IEQ are the thermal comfort,
indoor air quality, acoustic comfort and visual comfort. It is supported by Hodgson
(2008) as cited in Rao and Aminuddin (2012) who highlighted that the four major
criteria emphasised in green building rating tools are (1) indoor air quality,
(2) acoustics, (3) visual comfort (lighting) and (4) thermal comfort. However, many
believed that even though the fact that acoustics is one of the main criteria for IEQ,
it is often overlooked and neglected. Similarly, Chandratilake and Dias (2015)
stated that the main IEQ parameter includes the occupants’ health and safety,
thermal comfort, daylight, visual quality, acoustic and indoor air quality. Other
researchers such as Woo (2010) and Prakash (2005) added ergonomics as one of the
factors that need to be taken into account in providing a comfortable indoor
environment to the end users.
Apart from that, IEQ also comprises a few other aspects such as the spectrum of
the paints (Prakash 2005), electric lighting, daylight, views, individual control and
indoor contaminants by materials and tenants as the components of the IEQ in a
building (GBCA 2009). Subsequently, Frontczak and Wargocki (2011), from the
results in their research, recommended that in developing systems for governing the
indoor environment, the type of building and outdoor climate including seasons
should be taken into account. Findings from their research indicated that thermal
comfort is ranked by building occupants to be of greater importance compared with
visual, acoustic and air quality. However, the ranking was different in different
countries and depended on the building whether it is private or public. They also
pointed out that women and men ranked environmental conditions differently.
A longitudinal study by Lai and Yik (2007, 2009), on commercial spaces in Hong
Kong, showed fairly dissimilar results. This indicated that thermal comfort had the
highest impact on overall IEQ acceptance followed by indoor air quality, acoustic
and visual quality. Subsequently, a study by Frontczak et al. (2012) showed that
thermal comfort, air quality and visual quality are positively correlated with overall
IEQ. This outcome was also supported by Lai et al. (2009) whose study was based
on an indoor evaluation of occupants living in Hong Kong apartments which
indicated that thermal comfort has the highest importance impact on overall IEQ.
Flores-Colen and De Brito (2010) also concluded that the thermal comfort and
indoor air quality are the most significant factors in determining occupants’ comfort
and satisfaction of the IEQ in a building.
8 A. H. A. Tharim et al.

4 Green Building Index (GBI)

Driven by environmental needs, the GBI was founded and developed by the
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers
Malaysia (ACEM) in 2009 as one of the accelerators in Malaysia’s sustainable
development. The Malaysian GBI is envisioned to promote sustainability in the
built environment and enhance awareness among developers, architects, engineers,
planners, designers, contractors and the public about environmental issues. The GBI
is Malaysia’s initial comprehensive rating system for assessing the design and
performance of Malaysian buildings based on the six criteria, which are ‘Energy
Efficiency’, ‘IEQ’, ‘Sustainable Site Planning & Management’, ‘Materials and
Resources’, ‘Water Efficiency’ and ‘Innovation’ with four categories of rating given
which are the ‘Platinum’, ‘Gold’, ‘Silver’ and ‘Certified’ ascertained by the marks
obtained by the assessed building. There are 15 areas of assessment for IEQ item in
the Non-Residential New Construction (NRNC) Tool. Each of these 15 areas
contributes certain mentioned point for total score of the (IEQ) item. These 15 areas
are divided into four main variables, namely, Variable 1: Air Quality; Variable 2:
Thermal Comfort; Variable 3: Lighting, Visual and Acoustic Comfort; and Variable
4: Verification that can be measured by using the objective measurement on site
excluding the Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) that falls under Verification. In
conjunction with the POE requirement, it is a must for building occupants to meet at
least 80% of the satisfaction level. If the building fails to comply with this
requirement, corrective plans need to be developed in order for the building to
obtain final certification from the Malaysian GBI. In the current practice by the
Malaysian GBI, the POE in the Completion and Verification Assessment stage is
conducted by appointing independent GBI Commissioning Specialist to carry out
the POE for building occupants after the Design Assessment stage is completed.
The POE must be carried out within 12 months of occupancy or completion in
order for the building to obtain GBI Final Certification. However, there is no
specific or systematic POE available for implementation used in Malaysia currently.
Therefore, the need to develop a comprehensive and systematic POE survey and
database such as Building User Survey (BUS) Methodology, Centre for the Built
Environment (CBE) survey and the Building Occupants Survey System Australia
(BOSSA 2015) is considerably important. This can be done through evaluating and
recognising the requirement for POE that matches with the requirement stipulated
by the Malaysian GBI. It is also crucial to consider the aspects of climate, envi-
ronment, regulations and public’s perception in developing the Malaysian POE on
IEQ item. It is hoped that the comprehensive survey and database can help in
motivating the Provisional Certification GBI buildings to obtain its Final
Certification, and drive more future research in this field. Thus, it is optimism that
the framework of POE measurement model can be used in the evaluation of IEQ at
any office building in Malaysia.
1 A Review on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Attributes for … 9

5 Post-occupancy Evaluation (POE) Database

According to Preiser (2002), the POE is very different from other evaluation
methods available because of its emphasis on building occupant’s needs and
requirements. It also has the capacity to apply the knowledge of sustainable envi-
ronment for occupants in post-occupancy stage through all the feedback obtained
from the evaluation. One of the available POE is IEQ assessments that evaluate the
needs and collect feedback from building occupants in the post-occupancy stage in
relation with the indoor environment of a building. Thus, as discussed previously in
this paper, there are a number of POE methods on IEQ assessment available
worldwide. However, for the proposed research, only four (4) types of IEQ
assessments were analysed; namely, the BUS Methodology, CBE survey, Building
Occupants Survey System Australia (BOSSA) and Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Survey (Scan SPOES) in determining the dimension of the study’s independent
variable. Later, based on these assessments, an adopted questionnaire was con-
structed with several adjustments related to the country’s climate and human
aspects. Research reviewed by Mastor and Ibrahim (2010) indicated that the earlier
protocol of POE in the aspect of IEQ was the PROBE (Post-Occupancy Review of
Buildings and their Engineering). The protocol was developed in 1995 in the
United Kingdom to examine the workplace. Heinzerling et al. (2013) also explored
existing literature on IEQ assessment model and found out that the most used
occupant’s surveys were the BUS Methodology and CBE assessment. Another
literature analysis on the IEQ assessment was also conducted by Galatioto et al.
(2013) that briefly compare different post-occupancy methods available worldwide.
Table 1 summarised four (4) types of IEQ assessment that can be assessed online
by building occupants in evaluating their building indoor performance, namely, the
pioneer POE available until today, the BUS Methodology of United Kingdom, the
most well-known survey worldwide, the CBE, followed by recently developed
office building survey, the BOSSA from Australia and last but not least the
Sustainable Post-Occupancy Evaluation Survey (Scan SPOES).
The CBE, BOSSA and Scan SPOES were focusing their assessments in an office
building. However, the BUS did not specifically mention office building as one of
its building assessment categories. However, the BUS, CBE and Scan SPOES do
cover a wider range of building categories in comparing with Australia’s BOSSA.
All the surveys were available to be assessed as an online survey tool and using the
similar scale of seven (7) in judging occupant’s perception and satisfaction. Hence,
Table 2 shows the cross tabulation of IEQ assessment by these selected survey
database that will be used later as guidance in determining the proposed study
dimension or the attributes.
From Table 2, it can be concluded that the IEQ assessment can be divided into
two (2) categories, namely, the major and subsidiary attributes that are used in
measuring occupant’s satisfaction in a building. The attributes were selected based
10 A. H. A. Tharim et al.

Table 1 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) assessment

Centre for the Built Building User Survey Building Occupants Sustainable
Environment (BUS) methodology Survey System Post-Occupancy
(CBE) Australia (BOSSA) Evaluation
Survey (Scan
SPOES)
Occupant Indoor Occupant satisfaction BOSSA Time Lapse B3
Environmental evaluation surveys is a web-based survey Post-Occupancy
Quality using the BUS tool to assess Evaluation
(IEQ) survey by US Methodology are an occupants’ (POE) developed
Green Building excellent tool for use satisfaction with the by University of
Council in academic research IEQ performance of Minnesota
projects. UK Green their office building
Building Council
Using a 7-point Using a 7-point Likert Using a 7-point Likert Using a 7-point
satisfaction scale scale scale satisfaction scale
Online survey tools Online survey tools Online survey tools Online survey
tools

Table 2 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) assessment attributes

IEQ evaluation criteria (CBE) (BUS) (BOSSA) (Scan SPOES)
Acoustic ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Thermal comfort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Visual/lighting ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Air quality ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Maintenance and cleanliness ✓ ✓ ✓
Appearance/design/space ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Personal control ✓ ✓ ✓
Privacy ✓ ✓
Technology ✓
Spatial comfort ✓
General comments ✓
Health and productivity ✓
Connection to outdoor environment ✓
Vibration and movement ✓
Electric lighting conditions ✓
Function ✓

on the reference that the stated attributes were mentioned and measured by more
than one of the above-mentioned survey databases. Whereas subsidiary attributes
refer to the attributes that appear in one of the survey databases. Table 3 indicates
the major and subsidiary attributes generated from Table 2.
1 A Review on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Attributes for … 11

Table 3 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) major and subsidiary assessment attributes
Major attributes Subsidiary attributes
Acoustic Technology
Thermal comfort Spatial comfort
Visual/lighting General comments
Air quality Health and productivity
Maintenance and cleanliness Connection to outdoor environment
Appearance/design Vibration and movement
Space Electric lighting conditions
Personal control Function

6 Conclusion

Thus, for this proposed research model, the list of attributes that were selected in
evaluating the performance level of the indoor space of the building is as follows
(Fig. 1).

6.1 Independent Variable

The selection of these attributes as the independent variables of the proposed

research model is derived from the above compilation tables (Tables 1, 2 and 3). An
additional variable was added based on the previous study. The intention of this
additional variable was to integrate the objective and subjective outcomes of the
proposed research. Hence, it is hoped that all the nine (9) variables are valid
precedents for the study’s dependent variable. A pilot study had been conducted by

Independent Variable

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY (IEQ) Attributes:

Thermal Comfort
Visual Comfort
Acoustic Comfort
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Dependent Variable
Office Layout
Furnishing
Personal Control
Cleanliness & Maintenance
Building Characteristic (Facade)

Fig. 1 Proposed conceptual research model

12 A. H. A. Tharim et al.

the author in identifying the roles of selected independent variable, and the results
are presented in the following paper STSS079 titled ‘Relationship between IEQ
And Occupant’s Satisfaction in Malaysian Rated Office Building: A Pilot Study’.

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Another random document with
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against harboring her. It has been plain to see in all such cases
which I have chanced upon in colonial records that the Court had a
strong leaning towards the husband’s side of the case; perhaps
thinking, like Anneke Schaets, that the wife should “share the sweets
and the sours like a Christian spouse.”
In 1697 Daniel Vanolinda petitioned that his wife be “ordyred to go
and live with him where he thinks convenient.” The wife’s father was
promptly notified by the Albany magistrates that he was “discharged
to shelter her in his house or elsewhere, upon Penalty as he will
answer at his Perill;” and she returned to her husband.
In the year 1665 a New Amsterdammer named Lantsman and his
wife, Beletje, were sorely estranged, and went to the courts for
settlement of these differences. The Court gave the matter into the
hands of two of the Dutch ministers, who were often assigned the
place of peacemakers. As usual, they ordered the parents of Beletje
to cease from harboring or abetting her. The husband promised to
treat her well, but she answered that he always broke his promises
to her. He was determined and assiduous to retrieve her, and finally
was successful; thus they were not made “an example to other evil
housekeepers.” A curious feature of this marriage quarrel is the fact
that this Lantsman, who was so determined to retain his wife, had
been more than recreant about marrying her. The banns had been
published, the wedding-day set, but Bridegroom Lantsman did not
appear. Upon being hauled up and reprimanded, his only proffered
excuse was the very simple one that his clothes were not ready.
When Anniatje Fabritius requested an order of court for her
husband to vacate her house with a view of final separation from
him, it was decided by the arbitrators that no legal steps should be
taken, but that “the parties comport themselves as they ought, in
order that they win back each other’s affections, leaving each other
in meanwhile unmolested”—which was very sensible advice. Another
married pair having “met with great discouragement” (which is
certainly a most polite expression to employ on such a subject),
agreed each to go his and her way, after an exact halving of all their
possessions.
 Nicasius de Sille, magistrate of New Utrecht and poet of New
Netherland, separated his life from that of his wife because—so he
said—she spent too much money. It is very hard for me to think of a
Dutch woman as “expensefull,” to use Pepys’ word. He also said she
was too fond of schnapps,—which her respected later life did not
confirm. Perhaps he spoke with poetic extravagance, or the nervous
irritability and exaggeration of genius. Albert Andriese and his wife
were divorced in Albany in 1670, “because strife and difference hath
arisen between them.” Daniel Denton was divorced from his wife in
Jamaica, and she was permitted to marry again, by the new
provincial law of divorce of 1672. These few examples break the
felicitous calm of colonial matrimony, and have a few companions
during the years 1670-72; but Chancellor Kent says “for more than
one hundred years preceding the Revolution no divorce took place in
the colony of New York;” and there was no way of dissolving a
marriage save by special act of Legislature.
Occasionally breach-of-promise suits were brought. In 1654
Greetje Waemans produced a marriage ring and two letters,
promissory of marriage, and requested that on that evidence Daniel
de Silla be “condemned to legally marry her.” He vainly pleaded his
unfortunate habit of some days drinking too much, and that on those
days he did much which he regretted; among other things, his
bacchanalian love-making of Greetje. François Soleil, the New
Amsterdam gunsmith, another recreant lover, swore he would rather
go away and live with the Indians (a terrible threat) than marry the
fair Rose whom he had left to droop neglected—and unmarried.
One curious law-case is shown by the injunction to Pieter Kock
and Anna van Voorst. They had entered into an agreement of
marriage, and then had been unwilling to be wedded. The
burgomasters and schepens decided that the promise should remain
in force, and that neither should marry any other person without the
permission of the other and the Court; but Anna did marry very
calmly (when she got ready) another more desirable and desired
man without asking any one’s permission.
It certainly gives us a great sense of the simplicity of living in those
days to read the account of the suit of the patroon of Staten Island in
1642 against the parents of a fair young Elsje for loss of services
through her marriage. She had been bound out to him as a servant,
and had married secretly before her time of service had expired. The
bride told the worshipful magistrates that she did not know the young
man when her mother and another fetched him to see her; that she
refused his suit several times, but finally married him willingly
enough,—in fact, eloped with him in a sail-boat. She demurely
offered to return to the Court, as compensation and mollification, the
pocket-handkerchief which was her husband’s wedding-gift to her.
Two years later, Elsje (already a widow) appeared as plaintiff in a
breach-of-promise suit; and offered, as proof of her troth-plight, a
shilling-piece which was her second lover’s not more magnificent
gift. Though not so stated in the chronicle, this handkerchief was
doubtless given in a “marriage-knot,”—a handkerchief in which was
tied a gift of money. If the girl to whom it was given untied the knot, it
was a sign of consent to be speedily married. This fashion of
marriage-knots still exists in parts of Holland. Sometimes the knot
bears a motto; one reads when translated, “Being in love does no
harm if love finds its recompense in love; but if love has ceased, all
labor is in vain. Praise God.”
Though second and third marriages were common enough among
the early settlers of New Netherland, I find that usually attempts at
restraint of the wife were made through wills ordering sequent loss of
property if she married again. Nearly all the wills are more favorable
to the children than to the wife. Old Cornelius Van Catts, of
Bushwick, who died in 1726, devised his estate to his wife Annetje
with this gruff condition: “If she happen to marry again, then I geff her
nothing of my estate, real or personal. But my wife can be master of
all by bringing up to good learning my two children. But if she comes
to marry again, then her husband can take her away from the farm.”
John Burroughs, of Newtown, Long Island, in his will dated 1678
expressed the general feeling of husbands towards their prospective
widows when he said, “If my wife marry again, then her husband
must provide for her as I have.”
Often joint-wills were made by husband and wife, each with equal
rights if survivor. This was peculiarly a Dutch fashion. In Fordham in
1670 and 1673, Claude de Maistre and his wife Hester du Bois,
Pierre Cresson and his wife Rachel Cloos, Gabriel Carboosie and
Brieta Wolferts, all made joint-wills. The last-named husband in his
half of the will enjoined loss of property if Brieta married again.
Perhaps he thought there had been enough marrying and giving in
marriage already in that family, for Brieta had had three husbands,—
a Dane, a Frieslander, and a German,—and his first wife had had
four, and he—well, several, I guess; and there were a number of
children; and you couldn’t expect any poor Dutchman to find it easy
to make a will in all that confusion. In Albany may be found several
joint-wills, among them two dated 1663 and 1676; others in the
Schuyler family. There is something very touching in the thought of
those simple-minded husbands and wives, in mutual confidence and
affection, going, as we find, before the notary together and signing
their will together, “out of love and special nuptial affection, not
thereto misled or sinisterly persuaded,” she bequeathing her dower
or her father’s legacy or perhaps her own little earnings, and he his
hard-won guilders. It was an act significant and emblematic of the
ideal unison of interests and purposes which existed as a rule in the
married life of these New York colonists.
Mrs. Grant adds abundant testimony to the domestic happiness
and the marital affection of residents of Albany a century later. She
states:—
“Inconstancy or even indifference among married couples
was unheard of, even where there happened to be a
considerable disparity in point of intellect. The extreme
affection they bore their mutual offspring was a bond that
forever endeared them to each other. Marriage in this colony
was always early, very often happy, and very seldom indeed
interested. When a man had no son, there was nothing to be
expected with a daughter but a well brought-up female slave,
and the furniture of the best bed-chamber. At the death of her
father she obtained another division of his effects, such as he
thought she needed or deserved, for there was no rule in
these cases.
 “Such was the manner in which those colonists began life;
nor must it be thought that those were mean or uninformed
persons. Patriots, magistrates, generals, those who were
afterwards wealthy, powerful, and distinguished, all, except a
few elder brothers, occupied by their possessions at home,
set out in the same manner; and in after life, even in the most
prosperous circumstances, they delighted to recount the
‘humble toils and destiny obscure’ of their early years.”
Weddings usually took place at the house of the bride’s parents.
There are some records of marriages in church in Albany in the
seventeenth century, one being celebrated on Sunday. But certainly
throughout the eighteenth century few marriages were within the
church doors. Mrs. Vanderbilt says no Flatbush marriages took place
in the church till within the past thirty or forty years. In some towns
written permission of the parents of the groom, as well as the bride,
was required by the domine before he would perform the marriage
ceremony. In the Guelderland the express consent of father and
mother must be obtained before the marriage; and doubtless that
custom of the Fatherland caused its adoption here in some localities.
The minister also in some cases gave a certificate of permission for
marriage; here is one given by “ye minister at Flatbush,”—
Isaac Hasselburg and Elizabeth Baylis have had their
proclamation in our church as commonly our manner and
custom is, and no opposition or hindrance came against
them, so as that they may be confirmed in ye banns of
Matrimony, whereto we wish them blessing. Midwout ye
March 17th, 1689.
Rudolph Varrick, Minister.
This was probably to permit and authorize the marriage in another
parish.
Marriage fees were not very high in colonial days, nor were they
apparently always retained by the minister; for in one of Domine
Selyns’s accounts of the year 1662, we find him paying over to the
Consistory the sum of seventy-eight guilders and ten stuyvers for
fourteen marriage fees received by him. The expenses of being
married were soon increased by the issuing of marriage licenses.
During the century dating from the domination of the British to the
Revolutionary War nearly all the marriages of genteel folk were
performed by special permission, by Governor’s license, the
payment for which (a half-guinea each, so Kalm said) proved
through the large numbers a very welcome addition to the
magistrates’ incomes. It was in fact deemed most plebeian, almost
vulgar, to be married by publication of the banns for three Sundays in
church, or posting them according to the law, as was the universal
and fashionable custom in New England. This notice from a New
York newspaper, dated December 13, 1765, will show how
widespread had been the aversion to the publication of banns:—
“We are creditly informed that there was married last
Sunday evening, by the Rev. Mr. Auchmuty, a very
respectable couple that had published three different times in
Trinity Church. A laudable example and worthy to be followed.
If this decent and for many reasons proper method of
publication was once generally to take place, we should have
no more of clandestine marriages; and save the expense of
licenses, no inconsiderable sum these hard and depressing
times.”
Another reason for “crying the banns” was given in Holt’s “New
York Gazette and Postboy” for December 6, 1765.
“As no Licenses for Marriage could be obtained since the
first of November for Want of Stamped Paper, we can assure
the Publick several Genteel Couple were publish’d in the
different Churches of this City last Week; and we hear that the
young Ladies of this Place are determined to Join Hands with
none but such as will to the utmost endeavour to abolish the
Custom of marrying with License which Amounts to many
Hundred per annum which might be saved.”
Severe penalties were imposed upon clergymen who violated the
law requiring license or publication ere marriage. The Lutheran
minister performed such a marriage, and the schout’s “conclusion”
as to the matter was that the offending minister be flogged and
banished. But as he was old, and of former good services, he was at
last only suspended a year from power of preaching.
Rev. Mr. Miller, an English clergyman writing in 1695, complains
that many marriages were by justices of the peace. This was made
lawful by the States-General of Holland from the year 1590, and thus
was a law in New Netherland. By the Duke’s Laws, 1664, it was also
made legal. This has never been altered, and is to-day the law of the
State.
Of highly colored romance in the life of the Dutch colonists there
was little. Sometimes a lover was seized by the Indians, and his fair
betrothed mourned him through a long life. In one case she died
after a few years of grief and waiting, and on the very day of his
return from his savage prison to his old Long Island home he met the
sad little funeral procession bearing her to the grave. Another
humbler romance of Gravesend was when a sorrowing widower fell
in love with a modest milkmaid at first sight as she milked her
father’s cows; ere the milking was finished he told his love, rode to
town on a fast horse for a governor’s license, and married and
carried off his fair Grietje. A century later a fair Quakeress of
Flushing won in like manner, when milking, the attention and
affection of Walter Franklin of New York. Another and more strange
meeting of lovers was when young Livingstone, the first of the name
in New York, poor and unknown, came to the bedside of a dying Van
Rensselaer in Albany to draw up a will. The dying man, with a
jealousy stronger than death, said to his beautiful wife, Alida
Schuyler, “Send him away, he will be your second husband;” and he
was,—perhaps the thought provoked the deed.
Even if there were few startling or picturesque romances or
brilliant matches, there was plenty of ever-pleasant wooing. New
Amsterdam was celebrated, just before its cession to the English, for
its young and marriageable folk and its betrothals. This is easily
explained; nearly all the first emigrants were young married people,
and the years assigned to one generation had passed, and their
children had grown up and come to mating-time. Shrewd travellers,
who knew where to get good capable wives, wooed and won their
brides among the Dutch-American fair ones. Mr. Valentine says:
“Several of the daughters of wealthy burghers were mated to young
Englishmen whose first occasions were of a temporary character.”
The beautiful surroundings of the little town tempted all to love-
making, and the unchaperoned simplicity of society aided early
“matching.” The Locust-Trees, a charming grove on a bluff elevation
on the North River a little south of the present Trinity Churchyard,
was a famous courting-place; or tender lovers could stroll down the
“Maiden’s Path;” or, for still longer walks, to the beautiful and baleful
“Kolck,” or “Collect,” or “Fresh Water,” as it was sequentially called;
and I cannot imagine any young and susceptible hearts ever passing
without some access of sentiment through any green field so sweetly
named as the “Clover Waytie.”
There were some curious marriage customs,—some Dutch, some
English. One very pretty piece of folk-lore, of bride-honoring, was
brought to my notice through the records of a lawsuit in the infant
town of New Harlem in 1663, as well as an amusing local pendant to
the celebration of the custom. It seems that a certain young Harlem
couple were honored in the pleasant fashion of the Fatherland, by
having a “May-tree” set up in front of their dwelling-place. But certain
gay young sparks of the neighborhood, to anger the groom and cast
ridicule on his marriage, came with unseemly noise of blowing of
horns, and hung the lovely May-tree during the night with ragged
stockings. We never shall know precisely what special taunt or insult
was offered or signified by this over-ripe crop of worn-out hosiery;
but it evidently answered its tantalizing purpose, for on the morrow,
at break of day, the bridegroom properly resented the “mockery and
insult,” cut down the hateful tree, and committed other acts of great
wrath; which, being returned in kind (for thrice was the stocking-full
tree set up), developed a small riot, and thus the whole affair was
recorded. Among the State Papers at Albany are several letters
relating to another insulting “stocking-tree” set up in Albany at about
the same date, and also fiercely resented.
Collections for the church poor were sometimes taken at
weddings, as was the universal custom for centuries in Holland.
When Stephanus Van Cortlandt and Gertrude Schuyler were married
in Albany, in 1671, thirteen guilders six stuyvers were contributed at
the wedding, and fifteen guilders at the reception the following day.
At the wedding of Martin Kreiger, the same year, eleven guilders
were collected; at another wedding the same amount. When the
daughter of Domine Bogardus was married, it was deemed a very
favorable time and opportunity to take up a subscription for building
the first stone church in New Amsterdam. When the wedding-guests
were all mellow with wedding-cheer, “after the fourth or fifth round of
drinking,” says the chronicle, and, hence generous, each vied with
the other in good-humored and pious liberality, they subscribed
“richly.” A few days later, so the chronicle records, some wished to
reconsider the expensive and expansive transaction at the wedding-
feast, and “well repented it.” But Director Kieft stiffly held them to
their contracts, and “nothing availed to excuse.”
It is said that the English drink of posset was served at weddings.
From the “New York Gazette” of February 13, 1744, I copy this
receipt for its manufacture:—
“A Receipt for all young Ladies that are going to be Married.
To Make a
SACK-POSSET.

From famed Barbadoes on the Western Main

Fetch sugar half a pound; fetch sack from Spain
A pint; and from the Eastern Indian Coast
Nutmeg, the glory of our Northern toast.
O’er flaming coals together let them heat
Till the all-conquering sack dissolves the sweet.
O’er such another fire set eggs, twice ten,
New born from crowing cock and speckled hen;
Stir them with steady hand, and conscience pricking
To see the untimely fate of twenty chicken.
From shining shelf take down your brazen skillet,
A quart of milk from gentle cow will fill it.
When boiled and cooked, put milk and sack to egg,
Unite them firmly like the triple League.
Then covered close, together let them dwell
 Till Miss twice sings: You must not kiss and tell.
Each lad and lass snatch up their murdering spoon,
And fall on fiercely like a starved dragoon.”

Many frankly simple customs prevailed. I do not know at how early

a date the fashion obtained of “coming out bride” on Sunday; that is,
the public appearance of bride and groom, and sometimes entire
bridal party in wedding-array, at church the Sunday after the
marriage. It certainly was a common custom long before
Revolutionary times, in New England as well as New York; but it
always seems to me more an English than a Dutch fashion. Mr.
Gabriel Furman, in his manuscript Commonplace Book, dated 1810,
now owned by the Long Island Historical Society, tells of one groom
whom he remembered who appeared on the first Sunday after his
marriage attired in white broadcloth; on the second, in brilliant blue
and gold; on the third, in peach-bloom with pearl buttons. The bride’s
dress, wholly shadowed by all this magnificence, is not even named.
Mrs. Vanderbilt tells of a Flatbush bride of the last century, who was
married in a fawn-colored silk over a light-blue damask petticoat. The
wedding-waistcoat of the groom was made of the same light-blue
damask,—a delicate and deferential compliment. Often it was the
custom for the bridal pair to enter the church after the service began,
thus giving an opportunity for the congregation to enjoy thoroughly
the wedding-finery. Whether bride and groom were permitted to sit
together within the church, I do not know. Of course ordinarily the
seats of husband and wife were separate. It would seem but a poor
show, with the bride in a corner with a lot of old ladies, and the
groom up in the gallery.
On Long Island the gayety at the home of the bride’s parents was
often followed on the succeeding day by “open house” at the house
of the groom’s parents, when the wedding-party, bridesmaids and all,
helped to keep up the life of the wedding-day. An old letter says of
weddings in the city of New York:—
“The Gentlemen’s Parents keep Open house just in the
same manner as the Bride’s Parents. The Gentlemen go from
 the Bridegroom’s house to drink Punch with and give Joy to
his Father. The Bride’s visitors go in the same manner from
the Bride’s to her mother’s to pay their compliments to her.
There is so much driving about at these times that in our
narrow streets there is some danger. The Wedding-house
resembles a bee-hive. Company perpetually flying in and out.”
All this was in vogue by the middle of the last century. There was
no leaving home by bride and groom just when every one wanted
them,—no tiresome, tedious wedding-journey; all cheerfully enjoyed
the presence of the bride, and partook of the gayety the wedding
brought. In the country, up the Hudson and on Long Island, it was
lengthened out by a bride-visiting,—an entertaining of the bridal
party from day to day by various hospitable friends and relations for
many miles around; and this bride-visiting was usually made on
horseback.
Let us picture a bride-visiting in spring-time on Long Island, where,
as Hendrick Hudson said, “the land was pleasant with grass and
flowers and goodly trees as ever seen, and very sweet smells came
therefrom.” The fair bride, with her happy husband; the gayly
dressed bridesmaids, in silken petticoats, and high-heeled scarlet
shoes, with rolled and powdered hair dressed with feathers and
gauze, riding a-pillion behind the groom’s young friends, in satin
knee-breeches, and gay coats and cocked hats,—all the
accompanying young folk in the picturesque and gallant dress of the
times, and gay with laughter and happy voices,—a sight pretty to see
in the village streets, or, fairer still, in the country lanes, where the
woods were purely starred and gleaming with the radiant dogwood;
or roads where fence-lines were “white with blossoming cherry-trees
as if touched with lightest snow;” or where pink apple-blossoms
flushed the fields and dooryards; or, sweeter far, where the flickering
shadows fell through a bridal arch of the pale green feathery foliage
of the abundant flowering locust-trees, whose beautiful hanging
racemes of exquisite pink-flushed blossoms cast abroad a sensuous
perfume like orange blossoms, which fitted the warmth, the glowing
sunlight, the fair bride, the beginning of a new life;—let us picture in
our minds this June bride-visiting; we have not its like to-day in
quaintness, simplicity, and beauty.
 CHAPTER IV
TOWN LIFE

The earlier towns in New Netherland gathered usually closely

around a fort, both for protection and companionship. In New
Amsterdam, as in Albany, this fort was an intended refuge against
possible Indian attacks, and also in New Amsterdam the established
quarters in the new world of the Dutch West India Company. As the
settlement increased, roads were laid out in the little settlement
leading from the fort to any other desired point on the lower part of
the island. Thus Heere Straat, the Breede Weg, or Broadway, led
from the fort of New Amsterdam to the common pasture-lands.
Hoogh Straat, now Stone Street, was evolved from part of the road
which led down to the much-used Ferry to Long Island, at what is
now Peck Slip. Whitehall Street was the shortest way to the East
River. In front of the fort was the Bowling Green. Other streets were
laid out, or rather grew, as needs increased. They were irregular in
width and wandering in direction. They were not paved nor kept in
good order, and at night were scarcely lighted.
In December, 1697, city lamps were ordered in New York “in the
dark time of the moon, for the ease of the inhabitants.” Every
seventh house was to cause a lanthorn and candle to be hung out
on a pole, the expense to be equally shared by the seven neighbors,
and a penalty of ninepence was decreed for every default. And
perhaps the watch called out in New York, as did the watch in Old
York, in London and other English cities, “Lanthorne, and a whole
candell-light! Hang out your lights here.” An old chap-book has a
watchman’s rhyme beginning,—

“A light here! maids, hang out your light,

And see your horns be clear and bright
That so your candle clear may shine,” etc.
 Broad Street was in early days a canal or inlet of the sea, and was
called De Heere Graft, and extended from the East River to Wall
Street. Its waters, as far as Exchange Place, rose and fell with the
tide. It was crossed by several foot-bridges and a broader bridge at
Hoogh Straat, or Stone Street, which bridge became a general
meeting-place, a centre of trade. And when the burghers and
merchants decided to meet regularly at this bridge every Friday
morning, they thus and then and there established the first Exchange
in New York City. It is pleasant to note, in spite of the many miles of
city growth, how closely the exchange centres have remained near
their first home. In 1660 the walks on the banks of the Graft were
paved, and soon it was bordered by the dwellings of good citizens;
much favored on account of the homelikeness, so Mr. Janvier
suggests, of having a good, strong-smelling canal constantly under
one’s nose, and ever-present the pleasant familiar sight of squat
sailor-men and squat craft before one’s eyes. In 1676, when simple
and primitive ways of trade were vanishing and the watercourse was
no longer useful or needful, the Heere Graft was filled in—reluctantly,
we can believe—and became Broad Street.
The first mention of street-cleaning was in 1695, when Mr.
Vanderspiegle undertook the job for thirty pounds a year. By 1701
considerable pains was taken to clean the city, and to remove
obstructions in the public ways. Every Friday dirt was swept by each
citizen in a heap in front of his or her house, and afterwards carted
away by public cartmen, who had threepence a load if the citizen
shovelled the dirt into the cart, sixpence if the cartman loaded his
cart himself. Broad Street was cleaned by a public scavenger at a
salary of $40 per annum paid by the city; for the dirt from other
streets was constantly washed into it by rains, and it was felt that
Broad Street residents should not be held responsible for other
people’s dirt. Dumping-places were established. Regard was paid
from an early date to preserving “the Commons.” It was ordered that
lime should not be burnt thereon; that no hoopsticks or saplings
growing thereon should be cut; no timber taken to make into
charcoal; no turfs or sods carried away therefrom; no holes dug
therein; no rubbish be deposited thereon.
Within the city walls all was orderly and quiet. “All persons who
enter ye gates of ye citty with slees, carts and horses, horseback, not
to ride faster than foot-tap.” The carters were forced to dismount and
walk at their horses’ heads. All moved slowly in the town streets.
Living in a fortified town, they still were not annoyed by discharge of
guns, for the idle “fyring of pistells and gunns” was prohibited on
account of “ill-conveniants.”
The first houses were framed and clap-boarded; the roofs were
thatched with reeds; the chimneys were catted, made of logs of
wood filled and covered with clay; sometimes even of reeds and
mortar,—for there were, of course, at first no bricks. Hayricks stood
in the public streets. Hence fires were frequent in the town, breaking
out in the wooden catted chimneys; and the destruction of the
inflammable chimneys was decreed by the magistrates. In 1648 it
was ordered in New Amsterdam that no “wooden or platted chimney”
should be built south of the Fresh-water Pond. Fire-wardens—
brandt-meesters—were appointed, who searched constantly and
pryingly for “foul chimney-harts,” and fined careless housekeepers
therefor when they found them.
It is really surprising as well as amusing to see how the citizens
resented this effort for their safety, this espionage over their
hearthstones; and especially the wives resented the snooping in
their kitchens. They abused the poor schout who inspected the
chimney-hearths, calling him “a little cock, booted and spurred,” and
other demeaning names. In 1658 Maddaleen Dirck, as she passed
the door of the fire-warden, called out tantalizingly to him, “There is
the chimney-sweep at his door,—his chimney is always well-swept.”
She must have been well scared and truly repentant at the enormity
of her offence when she was brought up before the magistrates and
accused of having “insulted the worshipful fire-warden on the
highway, and incited a riot.”
In spite of vigilance and in spite of laws, foul chimneys were
constantly found. We hear of the town authorities “reciting that they
have long since condemned flag-roofs, and wooden and platted
chimneys, but their orders have been neglected, and several fires
have occurred; therefore they amplify their former orders as follows:
All flag-roofs, wooden chimneys, hay-barracks, and hay-stacks shall
be taken down within four months, in the penalty of twenty-five
guilders.”
The magistrates further equipped the town against conflagration
by demanding payment of a beaver skin from each house, to
purchase with the collected sum two hundred and fifty leather fire-
buckets from the Fatherland. But delays were frequent in ocean
transportation, and the shoemakers in town finally made the fire-
buckets. They were placed in ten groups in various houses
throughout the town. For their good order and renewal, each
chimney was thereafter taxed a guilder a year. By 1738, two engines
with small, solid wooden wheels or rollers were imported from
England, and cared for with much pride.
In Albany similar wooden chimneys at first were built; we find
contractors delivering reeds for roofs and chimneys. “Fire-leathes”
and buckets were ordered. Buckets were owned by individuals and
the town; were marked with initials for identification. Many stood a
century of use, and still exist as cherished relics. The manner of
bucket-service was this: As soon as an alarm of fire was given by
shouts or bell-ringing, all citizens of all classes at once ran to the
scene of the conflagration. All who owned buckets carried them, and
from open windows other fire-buckets were flung out on the streets
by persons who were delayed for a few moments by any cause. The
running crowd seized the buckets, and on reaching the fire a double
line was made from the fire to the river. The buckets filled with water
were passed up the line to the fire, the empty buckets down. Any
one who attempted to break the line was promptly soused with a
bucket of water. When all was over, the fire-warden took charge of
the buckets, and as soon as possible the owners appeared, and
each claimed and carried home his own buckets.
There was a police department in New Amsterdam as well as a
fire department. In 1658 the burgomasters and schepens appointed
a ratel-wacht, or rattle-watch, of ten watchmen, of whom Lodewyck
Pos was Captain. Their wages were high,—twenty-four stuyvers
(about fifty cents) each a night, and plenty of firewood. The Captain
collected fifty stuyvers a month from each house,—not as has since
been collected in like manner for the private bribing of the police, but
as a legalized method of paying expenses. The rules for the watch
are amusing, but cannot be given in full. They sometimes slept on
duty, as they do now, and paid a fine of ten stuyvers for each
offence. They could not swear, nor fight, nor be “unreasonable;” and
“when they receive their quarter-money, they shall not hold any
gathering for drink nor any club meeting.”
Attention is called to one rule then in force: “If a watchman receive
any sum of money as a fee, he shall give the same to the Captain;
and this fee so brought in shall be paid to the City Treasurer”—oh
the good old times!
The presence of a considerable force of troops was a feature of
life in some towns. The soldiers were well cared for when quartered
within the fort, sleeping on good, soft, goose-feather beds, with warm
homespun blankets and even with linen sheets, all hired from the
Dutch vrouws; and supplied during the winter with plentiful loads of
firewood, several hundred, through levy on the inhabitants; good
hard wood, too,—“no watte Pyn wood, willige, oly noote, nor
Lindewood” (which was intended for English, but needs translation
into “white pine, willow, butternut, nor linden”).
No doubt the soldiers came to be felt a great burden, for often they
were billeted in private houses. We find one citizen writing seriously
what reads amusingly like modern slang,—that “they made him
weary.” Another would furnish bedding, provisions, anything, if he
need not have any soldier-boarders assigned to him. One of the
twenty-three clauses of the “Articles of Surrender” of the Dutch was
that the “townsmen of Manhattans shall not have any soldiers
quartered upon them without being satisfied and paid for them by
their officers.” In Governor Nicholl’s written instructions to the
commander at Fort Albany, he urges him not to lend “too easey an
eare” to the soldiers’ complaints against their land-lords.
 Since in the year 1658 the soldiers of New Amsterdam paid but
twenty cents a week for quarters when lodged with a citizen, it is not
surprising that their presence was not desired. A soldier’s pay was
four dollars a month.
They were lawless fellows, too lazy to chop wood for their fires;
they had to be punished for burning up for firewood the stockades
they were enlisted to protect. Their duties were slight,—a drill in the
morning, no sentry work during the day, a watch over the city gates
at night, and cutting wood. The military code of the day reveals a
very lax condition of discipline; it wasn’t really much of an army in
Dutch days. And as for the Fort and the Battery in the town of New
Amsterdam, read Mr. Janvier’s papers thereon to learn fully their
innocuous pretence of warlikeness.
There was very irregular foreign and in-land mail service. It is with
a retrospectively pitying shiver that we read a notice, as late as
1730, that “whoever inclines to perform the foot-post to Albany this
winter may make application to the Post-Master.” Later we find the
postmaster leisurely collecting the mail during several weeks for “the
first post to Albany this winter.” Of course this foot-post was only
made when the river was frozen over; swift sloops carried the
summer mail up the river in two or three weeks,—sometimes in only
ten days from New York to Albany. I can fancy the lonesome post
journeying alone up the solemn river, under the awe-full shadow of
old Cro’nest, sometimes climbing the icy Indian paths with ys-
sporen, oftener, I hope, skating swiftly along, as a good son of a
Hollander should, and longing every inch of the way for spring and
the “breaking-up” of the river.
In 1672, “Indian posts” carried the Albany winter mail; trustworthy
redmen, whose endurance and honesty were at the service of their
white friends.
The first regular mail started by mounted post from New York for
Boston on January 1, 1673. His “portmantles” were crammed with
letters and “small portable goods” and “divers bags.” He was “active,
stout, indefatigable, and honest.” He could not change horses till he
reached Hartford. He was ordered to keep an eye out for the best
ways through forests, and accommodations at fords, ferries, etc.,
and to watch for all fugitive soldiers and servants, and to be kind to
all persons journeying in his company. While he was gone eastward
a locked box stood in the office of the Colonial Secretary at New
York to collect the month’s mail. The mail the post brought in return,
being prepaid, was carried to the “coffee-house,” put on a table, well
thumbed over by all who cared to examine it, and gradually
distributed, two or three weeks’ delay not making much difference
any way.
As in all plantations in a new land, there was for a time in New
Netherland a lack of servants. Complaints were sent in 1649 to the
States-General of “the fewness of boors and farm-servants.”
Domestic servants were not found in many households; the capable
wife and daughters performed the housework and dairy work. As
soon as servants were desired they were speedily procured from
Africa. The Dutch brought the first negro slaves to America. In the
beginning these slaves in New Netherland were the property of the
Dutch West India Company, which rented their services. The
company owned slaves from the year 1625, when it first established
its authority, and promised to each patroon twelve black men and
women from ships taken as prizes. In 1644 it manumitted twelve of
the negroes who had worked faithfully nearly a score of years in
servitude. In 1652 the Government in Holland consented to the
exportation of slaves to the colony for sale. In 1664 Governor
Stuyvesant writes of an auction of negroes that they brought good
prices, and were a great relief to the garrison in supplying funds to
purchase food. Thus did the colony taste the ease of ill-gotten
wealth. Though the Duke of York and his governors attempted to
check the slave-trade, by the end of the century the negroes had
increased much in numbers in the colony. In the Kip family were
twelve negro house-servants. Rip van Dam had five; Colonel de
Peyster and the Widow Van Courtlandt had each seven adult
servants. Colonel Bayard, William Beeckman, David Provoost, and
Madam Van Schaick each had three.
On Long Island slaves abounded. It is the universal testimony that
they were kindly treated by the Dutch,—too kindly, our English lady
thought, who rented out her slaves. Masters were under some bonds
to the public. They could not, under Dutch rule, whip their slaves
without authorization from the government. The letters in the Lloyd
Collection in regard to the slave Obium are striking examples of
kindly consideration, and of constant care and thought for his
comfort and happiness.
The wages of a hired servant-girl in New York in 1655 were three
dollars and a half a month, which was very good pay when we
consider the purchasing power of money at that time. It is not till the
eighteenth century that we read of the beginning of our vast servant-
supply of Irish servants.
There was much binding out of children and young folk for terms
of service. In Stuyvesant’s time several invoices of Dutch children
from the almshouses were sent to America to be put to service, and
the official letters concerning them show much kindliness of thought
and intent towards these little waifs and strays. Early in the next
century a sad little band of Palatines was bound out in New York
families. It may prove of interest to give one of the bonds of
indenture of a house-servant in Albany.
“This Indenture witnesseth that Aulkey Hubertse,
Daughter of John Hubertse, of the Colony of Rensselaerwyck
deceased hath bound herself as a Meniall Servant, and by
these presents doth voluntary and of her own free will and
accord bind herself as a Meniall Servant unto John Delemont
of the City of Albany, weaver, by and with the consent of the
Deacons of the Reformed Dutch Church in the Citty of Albany,
who are as overseers in the disposal of the said Aulkey
Hubertse to serve from the date of these present Indentures
unto the full end and term of time that the said Aulkey
Hubertse shall come to Age, all which time fully to be
Compleat and ended, during all which term the said servant
her said Master faithfully shall serve, his secrets keep, his
lawful commands gladly everywhere obey, she shall do no
Damage to her said Master nor see it to be done by others
without letting or giving notice thereof to her said Master: she
shall not waste her Master’s goods or lend them unlawfully to