The Great

Smog of London Compound PEL2(ppm)

Anthracosis accumulation of carbon in the lungs Benzene 1 0

·
-
.

Minamata Disease carbon monoxide 50

caused Carbon retrachloride

by Mercury 10
·

↑
ingestion of contaminated seafood Chloroform 50

Chemoby' Nitrogen dioxide (

0 1
Explosion of nuclear powerplant Ozone
·
.

·
still radioactive Sulfur dioxide -

100
Tetrachloroethylene

GENERALITIES Toluene 200

Exposure
:
environment/occupational 1 ,
1 ,
1 -

Trichloroethane 350

·
Most common chemicals -

used in household ,
personal care
,
consumer products , Trichloroethylene 100

agriculture ,
a
industry

Effects ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

Dose
Ecotoxicology
·
·

Duration of Impact of environment

exposure chemical pollutants in the a
living organisms
· ·

of individuals Air , soil

Vulnerability or water
·

Affect ·
Product of industrialization ,
technological development , a Urbanization

Central nervous system

Liver & kidneys HAZARD

Reproductive system
·

Ability of a chemical agent to cause injury/disease

·

Potential to cause harm

OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY

·
Found in the workplace RISK

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ·

Expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect

·
"safe" chemical exposure limits for workers arising from exposure to a chemical/physical agent

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) ·

Likelihood of harm taking place

standards for specific materials of particularly toxicity

serious
·

Lower PEL :
more toxic ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

Threshold limit values (TLVS) ·

Industrial : inhalation ,
transdermal ,
oral

Minimum concentration in the blood to indicate safe zone

QUANTITY , DURATION
,
A INTENSITY OF EXPOSURE

Acute exposure
-

single/multiple exposure over a brief period of time

·
Chronic exposure -

single/multiple exposure over a

long period of time
 HEIRARCHY OF CONTROLS
tachycardia tachypnea , , syncope ,
coma

Elimination physically remove the nazard deep convulsions shock failure

coma
respiratory
· -

, , ,

:
substitution replace the hazard Aggravated by heavy labor
-
·

Engineering controls isolate people from the hazard high altitude

· -

Administrative controls change the way people work high ambient temperature
-
·

PPE-protect the worker with Personal Protective Equipment smoking exposure

cardiorespiratory diseases

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Treatment : remove from source

Degradability ,
bioaccumulation , transport biomagnification
, Oxygen-specific antagonist for CO

Poorly degraded chemicals environmental persistence accumulate high concentrations of oxygen for a short amount of time
=
a can

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ,

polychlorinated biphenyls dioxins , ,
furans hypothermic therapy

·
can
easily accumulate in the environment Side effects :
neuropsychological o motor dysfunction

Methyl Mercury discharges neurotoxic

·
-

Lipophilic substances -

bioaccumulate in body fat Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

·

Endocrine disruption , neurological disorders , carcinogenesis Characteristics : colorless ,

irritant

Biomagnification concentrates the chemical in organisms higher the food chain Source : combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel
-

on
·

Bioaccumulation pollutants with the widest environmental impact poorly burning of coal domestic heating high-sulfur transportation
-
·
& , ,

degradable Mechanism of action :

high solubility of SO2 in moist membranes

severe irritant on the eyes , mucous membranes ,

AIR POLLUTANTS respiratory tract a skin

,

Carbon Monoxide (20) 90% (inhaled form) absorbed in upper

respiratory
characteristics : colorless ,
tasteless
,
odorless , non-irritating track (Acute Irritant Asthma

Source : of incomplete combustion adapting to irritating concentrations in workers

by product

Found in :
gas stores generator , gasoline powered equipment ,
automobile Clinical effects :
eye ,
nose ,
a throat irritation
,

exhaust
,
tobacco smoke reflex broncho constriction

of action bronchial secretions

Mechanism :
tightly but
combines reversibly with Ith increased

Carboxyhemoglobin initiate/exacerbate bronchial asthma

220x affinity delayed onset pulmonary edema

reduced oxygen transfers to tissues Treatment : supportive , non-specific

organs with highest oxygen demand are affected

brain ,
heart , kidneys

Clinical effects : of hypoxia

symptoms

Psychomotor impairment

headache
& rightness in the temporal area

confusion a loss of visual acuity

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) SOLVENTS

characteristics : irritank Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

·

brownish ,

source : fires Aromatic Hydrocarbons

fresh silage /farmers) Halohydrocarbon

diesel equipment /miners) Examples : Carbon tetrachloride ,

trichloroethylene , chloroform ,

automobile a truck traffic emissions Tetrachloroethylene , 1, 1 ,) -trichlowethane

Mechanism of action :
relatively insoluble deep lung irritant Source : industrial solvents

damages lung infrastructure that produces the degreasing agents

surfactant to allow smooth a low effort cleaning agents

necessary

lung alveolar expansion Clinical effects : human carcinogens

-

renal , prostate , testicular cancer

Clinical effects : Silo-Filler's disease CNS depression

non-allergic asthma kidney a liver injury

Twitchy-airway disease cardiotoxicity

Acute-irritation of eyes & nose , cough , mucoid/frothy arrythmia

sputum production chest pain Chronic impaired memory , peripheral neuropathy

-

, dyspnea a
,
pulmonary
edema ,
fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles Treatment :
supportive , non-specific

Chronic emphysematous changes Most are classified known/probable human carcinogens

-

as

Treatment :
supportive non-specific Freon (Aluorinated aliphatic) causes severe damage in the ozone layer
-
·

Ozone (03) & Other Oxides AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

characteristics Earth's Benzene

bluish irritant naturally found
: in the
,
, atmosphere

Source : burning of fossil fuel source : component of gasoline

emitted from powerplants ,

motor vehicles ,
a other high heat compounds Clinical effects : Acute-CN) depression ,
nausea , euphoria ,
locomotor

high-voltage electrical equipmenta air and water purification systems problems a coma , vertigo , drowsiness , headache

agriculture Chronic -

bone marrow injury

Mechanism of action : irritant of mucous membranes Mechanism of action : pluripotent bone marrow stem cells

produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung Potent clastogen

irritation with pulmonary edema Treatment : supportive , non-specific

formation of reactive fre radicals

Clinical effects :
rapid breathing
shallow , ,
decrease in pulmonary compliance

Acute-irritation a dryness to throat , changes to visual acuity ,

substemal pain o
dyspnea ,
ARDS

Chronic-chronic bronchitis , bronchiolitis , emphysema

Treatment : supportive , non-specific

 Toluene Clinical effects : miosis

Methylbenzene Urination

No myelotoxic properties diarrhea

·

Found in :
paint thinners ,
nail polish remover , glues , correction fluid , explosives diaphoresis

Clinical effects : CNS depressant ,

a eye irritant
skin ,
fetotoxic lacrimation

rapid loss of consciousness ,

severe fatigue , ataxia excitation of CNS

salivation

Xylene if not reversed , patients will develop neuromuscular

Dimethylbenzene transmission failure cardiorespiratory failure , weakness

·

substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing operations of respiratory muscles , a death

No myelotoxic properties Treatment :

physostigmine , pralidoximine

Clinical effects : CN) depressant

skin irritant ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Polychlorinated &
Polybrominated Biphenyls

PESTICIDES
Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds

Organochlorine Pesticides Used for insulation ,

fire retardancy

Amyl Carbocyclic/heterocyclic compounds w/ chlorine substituents Food-major source of PCB residues in humans
·

·
Four classes : DDT/Chlorphenothane) & analogs MOA :
potent endocrine disruptor

Benzenehexachlorides Clinical effects : reproductive a teratogenic effects on animal studies

Cyclodienes

Toxaphenes perfluorinated
Compounds (PFCs)

Endocrine disruptors in humans & animals coolant materials in air-conditioning systems

DDT domestic mosquito elimination malaria-infested regions in Africa used as materials in clinical studies
in
oxygen-carrying
-

Mechanism of action : interfere with inactivation of the sodium channel in excitable

·

Used as heat ,
stain ,
& stick-resistant coatings for cookware ,
fabrics

Membranes
a cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons
·

Deletrious effects in the Ozone layer

Calcium ion transport is inhibited ROE : Ingestion & inhalation

Clinical effects : DDT-tremov Half-life : 3 years

Carcinogenic potential MOA :

Potent endocrine disruptor

Clinical effects : long-term adverse effect on reproductive function ,

Organophosphorous Pesticides cellular proliferation , a other cellular homeostatic mechanisms

Used against large variety of pests proliferation of breast cancer cells ,

renal , ovarian ,

Either via direct contact or via plant systemics prostate , & Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
·

·
Based on warfare chemicals like Savin ,
soman ,
a tabun Cholesterol & vvic acid abnormalities

ROE : absorbed via the skin , respiratory , & GI track Polymer Fume Fever

MOA : inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through phosphorylation of esteratic state

 Asbestos ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

Widely used in for Mimic inhibit hormonal

industry over 100 years ,
enhance , or action

Causes progressive fibrotic

lung diseases ,
lung cancer ,
mesothelioma ·

Estrogen-like/autiandrogenic effects , thyroid functions

synergistic effect with cigarette smoking a exposure to rador daughters Includes

·

plant constituents

Mechanism for cancer is not well-defined Phytoestrogens

·

Many countries banned Asbestos Mycoestrogens

Synthetic forms : industrial chemicals

·

METALS persistent organochlorine agents (DDT)

(Be)
Beryllium PCBs

Light alkaline metal Brominated flame retardants

Used in ceramics a alloys

·

Increasing concerns mainly due to bioaccumulation , toxicity , a

increasing

ROE : Inhalation contamination in the environment

Clinical effects : Acuted Chronic Beryllium Disease

Progressive pulmonary Fibrosis INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER CLASSIFICATION

IARG

Cadmium ((d) ·

Group 1
-

carcinogenic to humans

Transition metal Cadmium

-

Beryllium
·

·
Found in nickel cadmium batteries
-

sufficient evidence in humans , casual relationship

ROE : Inhalation a ingestion Group 2 A-probably carcinogenic to humans

Clinical effects : Cadmium Fume Fever limited : humans ; sufficient : animals

-

Chronic-progressive pulmonary fibrosis renal failure Group 21

possibly carcinogenic to humans
-

limited : humans
; insufficient : animals

Nanomaterials Group 3
Carcinogenicity not classifiable
-
·

Any material bearing size of at least one dimension that lies bet 1-100 nm inadequate evidence
-

Group 4
Toxicology profile fairly novel probably not carcinogenic
-

is
·

Increasing production environmental contamination

carcinogenicity
-
·

led to no

ROE : inhalation ,
oral , deal , parenteral

MOA : can cross cellular membranes

penetrate nuclear material &

genetic information

Clinical effects : Silica-kidney toxicity

Zinc Oxide
hepatocellular damage
-

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes cytotoxic in humans

-

Titanium dioxide toxic to lungs & other organs

-