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 THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK
OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL
RELATIONS IN WORLD POLITICS
Edited by Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops
Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational
Relations in World Politics
 Rafael Biermann • Joachim A. Koops
Editors

Palgrave Handbook of
Inter-Organizational
Relations in World
Politics
Editors
Rafael Biermann Joachim A. Koops
Friedrich Schiller University Jena Vesalius College
Jena, Germany Brussels
Belgium

ISBN 978-1-137-36038-0 ISBN 978-1-137-36039-7 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-36039-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016957764

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in
accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprint-
ing, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, com-
puter software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Cover illustration: © Image Source / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW,
United Kingdom
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This Handbook has been in gestation and preparation for four years and is
the result of an international cooperation project between 38 scholars and
practitioners from 12 countries dealing with relations between International
Organizations (IOs). Their knowledge, contributions, and angelic patience
throughout this process have made the preparations and completion of this
Handbook both a pleasure and an exciting intellectual journey for us. While
both of us had been fascinated by, and had been working on, the conceptual,
theoretical, and policy-oriented implications of growing relations between IOs,
the concrete idea for this Handbook emerged during an international work-
shop in Brussels in January 2012. The workshop ‘Inter-organizationalism in
International Relations: Theories and Cases’, organized by Joachim Koops and
generously funded by Vesalius College and the Global Governance Institute,
brought together early career and senior scholars as well as practitioners in
order to exchange and formulate generalizable findings about the growing
phenomenon of cooperation and rivalry between IOs across different policy
fields. The phenomenon of inter-organizational relations (IORs) has fascinated
both of us from an empirical and theoretical perspective and we are convinced
that a more theory-oriented and systematic approach to studying it could also
have important implications for the study of International Relations (IR) itself.
Based on the workshop discussions and our own research, we decided that it
was time for a Handbook which would hopefully provide an important refer-
ence for scholars and practitioners interested in the many diverse issue areas
where IOs work together today.
We owe our gratitude to all our contributors and Palgrave Macmillan
for making this Handbook possible. Hannah Kaspar, Jennifer Timmins and
Samantha Snedden from Palgrave have supported us through this publica-
tion with excellent guidance and immeasurable patience. Sven Morgen, a PhD
candidate at the University of Jena, provided invaluable help and support by
diligently putting the entire book in a coherent format, providing the Index
and coordinating repeatedly with the authors. We would also like to thank our
respective academic institutions, the Institute of Political Science of Friedrich

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Schiller University Jena and Vesalius College at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel
(VUB) for their support. Finally, as so often, our thanks and apologies go to
our families, who had to deal with our more frantic periods of writing and edit-
ing. Their support and understanding greatly helped us to bring this project to
a successful conclusion.

Jena Rafael Biermann

Brussels Joachim A. Koops
 ABBREVIATIONS

AC Andean Community
ACN Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia
ACP African-Caribbean-Pacific
ADB Asian Development Bank
AGTU Austro-German Telegraph Union
AMIS Agricultural Market Information System
AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia
AoA Agreement on Agriculture
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU African Union
BCBS Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
BINUCA Bureau Intégré de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en
Centrafrique—United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office
in the Central African Republic
BIS Bank for International Settlements
BONUCA Bureau d’appui des Nations Unies pour la consolidation de la
paix en République Centrafricaine—United Nations Peace-
building Office in the Central African Republic
CaAC Network around Children and Armed Conflict
CAFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission
CAR Central African Republic
CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
CARICOM Caribbean Community Secretariat
CBD Convention on Biodiversity
CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate
Pollutants
CCCI United Nations Habitat Cities and Climate Change Initiative
CCEMA Climate Change, Environment and Migration Alliance
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CEMAC Economic and Monetary Union of Central Africa
CEN-SAD Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens—Community of
Sahel-Saharan States

vii
viii ABBREVIATIONS

CFA Comprehensive Framework for Action

CFS Committee on World Food Security
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy
CGPCS Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia
CICC Coalition for the International Criminal Court
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CIMIC Civil-Military Cooperation
CM Committee of Ministers
CMC Cluster Munition Coalition
CMF Combined Maritime Forces
COE Council of Europe
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CSCE Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe
CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy
CSFP Common Foreign and Security Policy
CSO Civil Society Organizations
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization
CTC Crime-Terror Continuum
CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DDR Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration
DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development
DPA Dayton Peace Accords
DPKO United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DPP Directorate of Policy Planning
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ECB European Central Bank
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
ECJ European Court of Justice
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
ECT Energy Charter Treaty
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
EDA European Defence Agency
EESC European Economic and Social Committee
EISF European Interagency Security Forum
EJR European Court of Justice
EMS European Monetary System
EMU Economic and Monetary Union
EP European Parliament
EPIC Economic and Policy Innovations for Climate-Smart Agriculture
ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator
ERT European Round Table of Industrialists
ESDP European Security and Defence Policy
ETUC European Trade Union Congress
EU European Union
 ABBREVIATIONS ix

EUBAM European Union Border Assistance Mission

EUCAP European Union Capacity Building
EUFOR European Union Military Force
EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission
EUTM European Training Mission
EU EEAS European Union European External Actions Service
EUCAP NESTOR Regional Maritime Capacity Building for the Horn of Africa and
the Western Indian Ocean
EUNAVFOR European Union Naval Forces
EUTM Somalia European Union Training Mission for Somalia
EWIS European Workshops of International Studies
FAC Food Aid Convention
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
FFH Freedom from Hunger
FOMUC Force Multinationale des États d’Afrique Centrale
FSAPs Financial Sector Assessment Programs
FSB Financial Stability Board
FTOs Foreign Terrorist Organizations
G20 Group of 20
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GAVI Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GCOS Global Climate Observing System
GEF Global Environment Facility
GFCS GFCS
GGGI Global Green Growth Institute
GGKP Green Growth Knowledge Platform
GPA Agreement on Government Procurement
GRECO Group of States against Corruption
HIPCs Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
HLTF UN High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis
HMO Health Maintenance Organization
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IASG Inter-Agency Standing Group
IATA International Air Transport Association
IATA International Association of Airlines
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC International Criminal Court
ICCSER UN Special Rapporteurs on the Human Right to Food, and
implementation of the International Covenant on Cultural,
Social and Economic Rights
ICG-CAR International Contact Group on the Central African Republic
ICG-S International Contact Group for Somalia
ICHA International Corruption Hunters Alliance
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICSU International Council for Science
x ABBREVIATIONS

IDA International Development Association

IDB Islamic Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency
IEF International Energy Forum
IEOM International Election Observation Missions
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFIs International Financial Institutions
IFOR NATO Implementation Force
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
IGAC International Group for Anti-Corruption Coordination
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development
IGOs Intergovernmental Organizations
IGOs International Governmental Organizations
ILO International Labor Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
INGOs International Non-Governmental Organizations
INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization
IO International Organization
IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
IOLC Inter-Organizational Life-Cycle
IOM International Organization for Migration
IOPH International Office of Public Health
IORs Inter-Organizational Relations
IPCC United Nations International Panel on Climate Change
IPE International Political Economy
IPEEC International Platform on Energy Efficiency Cooperation
IPPG International Policy and Partnerships Group
IPTF UN International Police Task Force
IR International Relations
IRC International Rescue Committee
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
IRO International Refugee Organization
ITC International Trade Center
ITO International Trade Organization
ITU International Telegraph Union
JEU Joint Environment Unit
JMAP Joint Management Action Plan
KFOR Kosovo Force
LAS League of Arab States
LCETP Low Carbon Energy Technology Platform
MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MESICIC Mechanism for Follow-Up on the Implementation of the
Inter-American Convention against Corruption
MERCOSUR Southern Common Market
 ABBREVIATIONS xi

MISAB Mission interafricaine de surveillance des Accords de Bangui –

Inter-African Mission to Monitor the Implementation of the
Bangui Agreements; Central African Republic
MISCA Mission internationale de soutien à la Centrafrique sous
conduite africaine
MINURCAT Mission des Nations Unies en République Centrafricaine et au
Tchad
MINURSO Mission des Nations Unies pour l’organisation d’un référendum
au Sahara occidental—United Nations Mission for the
Referendum in Western Sahara
MINUSCA Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la
stabilisation en Centrafrique—United Nations Multidimensional
Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic
MINUSMA Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations Unies pour la
stabilisation au Mali—United Nations Multidimensional
Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
MONUSCO Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République
Démocratique du Congo—United Nations Organization
Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
MSF Médecins Sans Frontières—Doctors Without Borders
NAPs National Action Plans
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NIE New Institutional Economics
NIEO New International Economic Order
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
OHR Office of the High Representative
OLAF European Antifraud Office—Office Européen de Lutte
Antifraude
OMC Open Method of Coordination
OPCAT Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum-Exporting Countries
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OT Organization Theory
P-A Principal-Agent
PACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
PE Population ecology
PIF Pacific Islands Forum
PPPs Public–Private Partnerships
PREM Poverty Reduction and Economic Management
PTO Private Transnational Organizations
PTROs Private Transnational Regulatory Organizations
xii ABBREVIATIONS

RDT Resource Dependence Theory

REC Regional Economic Communities
SADC Southern African Development Community
SBN Sustainable Buildings Network
SCNFS UN Standing Committee on Nutrition and Food Security
SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All
SFOR NATO Stabilization Force
SHIRBRIG Standby High Readiness Brigade for United Nations Operations
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation agency
SNA Social Network Analysis
SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General
SSR Security Sector Reform
StAR Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative
TAN Transnational Advocacy Network
TFG Transitional Federal Government
TI Transparency International
TNA Transnational Actor
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority
UIC Union of Islamic Courts
UN United Nations
UNAMID United Nations-African Union Peacekeeping Mission in the
Darfur Region of Sudan
UNCAC United Nations Convention Against Corruption
UNCCD UN Convention to Combat Desertification
UNCH United Nations Charter
UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
UNCSD UN Commission on Sustainable Development
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UN DPKO United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICE Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederation of Europe
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
UNISFA United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNLOPS United Nations Liaison Office for Peace and Security
UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia
UNMISS United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan
UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs
UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire
 ABBREVIATIONS xiii

UNPOS United Nations Political Office for Somalia

UN-REDD United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in
Developing Countries
UNSC United Nations Security Council
UNSOA United Nations Political Office for Somalia
UNSOM United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia
UNU United Nations University
UNW-DPC United Nations Water Decade Programme on Capacity
Development
UPU Universal Postal Union
US United States
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VOICE Voluntary Organisations in Cooperation in Emergencies
WBG World Bank Group
WEU Western European Union
WETU Western Europe Telegraph Union
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
WFS World Food Summit
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
 CONTENTS

1 Studying Relations Among International Organizations

in World Politics: Core Concepts and Challenges 1
Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops
1 Introduction 1
2 Conceptualizing Inter-Organizational Relations: Definitions,
Demarcations, and Core Dimensions 3
2.1 Defining Inter-Organizational Relations 3
2.2 Inter-Organizationalism and Regime Interaction 5
2.3 Features, Forms, and Attributes of Inter-
Organizational Relations 8
3 The Growth of the Partnering Paradigm and the Formation
of Partnerships 12
3.1 Actor Proliferation, Task Expansion, and Issue-Linkage 13
3.2 Issue Duration, Issue Density, and Political Shocks 15
3.3 Domain Similarity and Organizational Overlap 16
3.4 Rationalist and Constructivist Accounts of Partnership
Formation 17
3.5 Multilevel Analysis of Inter-Organizational Formation 18
4 Cooperation, Competition, and the Management of Relations 19
4.1 Inter-Organizational Cooperation 19
4.2 Inter-Organizational Rivalry and Conflict 23
4.3 Managing Inter-Organizational Relations 24
5 The Effectiveness of Inter-Organizational Cooperation 26
6 Major Theoretical and Methodological Challenges 28
6.1 Fragmentation, Eclecticism, and the Lack of an
IR-Focused Lead Theory 29
6.2 Transferability, Induction, and Deduction: Matching
Theoretical Insights with Empirical Evidence 30
6.3 Generalizability: From Dyad Case Studies
to Large-N Studies 31

xv
xvi CONTENTS

6.4 Accuracy: From Desk Research Through Interviews

to ‘Participant Observation’ 32
7 Approach and Structure of the Handbook 32
Notes 35
Bibliography 37

Part I Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches 47

2 IR Paradigms and Inter-Organizational Theory: Situating

the Research Program Within the Discipline 49
Christer Jönsson
1 Network Theory 51
2 Regime Theory and the ‘Institutionalist Turn’ 54
2.1 Organizations versus Institutions 54
3 Theoretical Refinements 56
3.1 Resource-Dependency Theory 56
3.2 Agency Theory 58
4 The ‘Transnational Turn’ 59
5 Prospects of New ‘Bisociation’? 61
Bibliography 62

3 Organization Theory and Cooperation and Conflict

Among International Organizations 67
Michael Lipson
1 Introduction: Inter-Organizationalism in IR Theory
and Organization Theory 67
2 International Relations Theories and Inter-Organizational
Relations 68
2.1 Inter-Organizational Relations and
International Regimes 69
2.2 Constructivist Perspectives on
Inter-Organizational Relations 71
3 Organizational Theories of Inter-Organizational Relations 73
3.1 New Institutional Economics 73
3.2 Organizational Environments and Inter-Organizational
Relations 77
4 Conclusion: Further Opportunities for Cross-Fertilization 84
Notes 85
Bibliography 87
 CONTENTS xvii

4 The Rational Design of Relations Between

Intergovernmental Organizations 97
Hylke Dijkstra
1 The Design of International Institutions 98
2 The Design of Relations Between Organizations 100
2.1 Formalization 101
2.2 Intensity 102
2.3 Symmetry 104
2.4 Standardization 105
3 Conclusion: Future Research 107
Notes 108
Bibliography 109

5 Social Network Analysis 113

Matthias Schulze and Florian Ries
1 Networks as Actors: Heuristic and Governance Approaches 114
2 Social Network Analysis: Core Concepts 115
2.1 Network Position: Centrality 117
2.2 Network Position: Subgroups 119
3 Social Network Theorizing: Relational Mechanisms 119
3.1 Rationalist Mechanisms 119
3.2 Constructivist and Cognitive Mechanisms 121
3.3 Advantages and Shortcomings 122
4 Social Network Analysis and Its Transferability to
Inter-Organizational Relations 124
4.1 Social Network Analysis in Inter-Organizational
Relations Research Designs 126
4.2 Challenges 127
5 Future Dircetions for Research 129
Notes 130
Bibliography 132

6 Resource Dependence Theory 135

Rafael Biermann and Michael Harsch
1 Resource Dependence Within Organization Theory 136
1.1 A Brief History of RDT 136
1.2 Core Assumptions 138
1.3 Key Findings 139
1.4 Shortcomings of RDT 143
2 Resource Dependence Among International Organizations 145
2.1 Transferability of RDT to IGOs 145
2.2 RDT and IGOs: An Emerging Research Program 146
xviii CONTENTS

3 Conclusions: Future Directions of Research 149

Notes 150
Bibliography 152

7 Population Ecology: How the Environment Influences

the Evolution of Organizations 157
Florian Ries
1 Theory and Empirical Application 158
2 Transferability and Empirical Limits 161
3 Population Ecology as Conceptual Metaphor? 165
4 Conclusions 166
Notes 166
Bibliography 167

8 Sociological Approaches 169

Ulrich Franke and Martin Koch
1 Organization Studies in International Relations 170
2 Sociological Approaches to Inter-organizational Relations 172
2.1 Resource Dependence 172
2.2 Sociological Neo-Institutionalism 174
2.3 Organizational Fields 177
3 Critical Appraisal of Sociological Approaches 178
4 Alternative Approaches to Inter-organizational Relations 179
4.1 Luhmann’s Systems Theory 179
4.2 American Pragmatism 181
5 Conclusion 182
Notes 183
Bibliography 183

9 Inter-Organizationalism in International Relations:

A Multilevel Framework of Analysis 189
Joachim A. Koops
1 Introduction 189
2 A Multilevel Framework for Inter-Organizational
Analysis: General
Overview 190
3 Understanding and Applying the Five Levels
of Inter-Organizational Relations 194
3.1 The International and Systemic Level: Opportunities
and Constraints 195
3.2 The Member State/National Level: Key
Decision-Making Powers 197
3.3 The Role of the Individual: Initiators, Facilitators
and Boundary Spanners 201
 CONTENTS xix

3.4 The Role of the Bureaucracy 204

3.5 The Inter-Institutional and Inter-Secretariat Level 206
4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 207
Notes 208
Bibliography 211

10 The Evolvement of International Secretariats,

Executive Heads and Leadership in Inter-Organizational
Relations 217
Bob Reinalda and Kent J. Kille
1 Why International Secretariats and Executive Heads? 218
2 Emergence and Relevance of IGO Secretariats and Early
Inter-Organizational Relations 219
3 Inter-Organizational Relations During the League
of Nations (1919–45) 222
4 Inter-Organizational Relations in and Beyond
the UN System 1945–70 226
5 Inter-Organizational Relations in and Beyond the
UN System After 1970 231
5.1 Personal Ambitions in Health and Food 232
5.2 Who Provides Leadership? The Joint
Creation of UNAIDS 233
5.3 Inter-Organizational Relations in the
North–South Divide of the 1970s 234
5.4 IGO Survival Under Change in Inter-Organizational
Relations in International Trade 235
6 The Emergence of Country Clubs and Their Effects on
Inter-Organizational Relations 237
7 Conclusion 239
Notes 239
Bibliography 239

11 The Role of International Bureaucracies 243

Rafael Biermann
1 Conceptualizing International Bureaucracies 244
2 The Relevance of International Bureaucracies
for Inter-Organizational Relations 248
3 Theories and Approaches 250
3.1 Principal–Agent Theory 250
3.2 Sociological Institutionalism 253
3.3 Bureaucratic Politics 255
3.4 Organization Theory 258
4 Recommendations for Future Research 261
Notes 263
Bibliography 264
xx CONTENTS

12 The Principal–Agent Model and Inter-Organizational

Relations 271
Edith Drieskens and Yf Reykers
1 Parameters 272
2 Literature 274
3 Shortcomings and Critiques 277
4 Transferability to Inter-Organizational Relations 278
4.1 The UN Security Council as Agent 279
4.2 The UN Security Council as Principal 280
5 Case Study 282
6 Conclusion 284
Notes 284
Bibliography 285

13 Configurations in Inter-Organizational Cooperation:

From Dyads to Organizational Fields 289
Melissa E. Wooten and Timothy Sacco
1 An Open Systems Perspective on Organizations 290
2 Organizational Fields 291
3 Using Organizational Fields as an Analytical Method 294
4 Conclusion 297
Note 299
Bibliography 299

14 Nested Institutions 303

Spyros Blavoukos and Dimitris Bourantonis
1 Nested Institutions: Conceptual Clarification and Basic
Features 304
1.1 Nested Institutions: What Is It About? 304
1.2 Issues of Order and Organizational Hierarchy 306
1.3 Encompassing and Encompassed Institutions in a
Nested Environment 311
2 Nested Institutions: Summary and Further Research 314
Bibliography 315

15 NGO–NGO Relations 319

Andrea Schneiker
1 Introduction 319
2 Different Ways of Conceptualizing NGO–NGO Relations 322
2.1 Network Approaches to Analyzing NGO–NGO
Interaction 323
3 Theoretical Approaches to Explaining NGO–NGO Relations 325
4 Intra- and Inter-Network Relations and the
Evolution of Networks 329
 CONTENTS xxi

5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 331

Notes 332
Bibliography 333

16 Legitimizing Inter-Organizational Relations 337

Rafael Biermann
1 Conceptualizing Legitimacy and Legitimation 339
2 The Legitimation of International Organizations 342
3 Legitimation Among Organizations 346
3.1 Subjects and Objects of Legitimation Among
Organizations 347
3.2 Legitimation Criteria and Strategies 349
3.3 Legitimacy Assessments and the Willingness
to Cooperate 352
4 Recommendations for Future Research 354
Notes 357
Bibliography 359

17 Power in Inter-Organizational Relations 365

Hanna Ojanen
1 The Centrality and Evasiveness of Power Analyses 365
2 Different Forms and ‘Faces’ of Power 366
3 Explaining the Neglect of Power in
Inter-Organizational Relations 369
4 Inter-Organizational Relations Among
Security Institutions 374
5 Injecting Power into the Analysis of
Inter-Organizational Relations 375
6 New Avenues for Research 379
Notes 382
Bibliography 382

18 Assessing Influence Between International

Organizations 389
Oriol Costa
1 Introduction 389
2 What Is Inter-Organizational Influence? 391
3 How Much Influence 394
4 What Can Be Influenced? 396
4.1 Politics 397
4.2 Institutional Development 398
4.3 Cognitive and Normative Structures 399
4.4 Policies and Spheres of Activity 400
xxii CONTENTS

5 Final Remarks 401

Note 402
Bibliography 402

19 Trust Among International Organizations 407

Philipp Brugger, Andreas Hasenclever, and Lukas Kasten
1 Conceptualizing Trust 408
1.1 Ontological Key Features of Trust 408
1.2 Rationalist Understandings of Trust as Calculation 409
1.3 Extra-Rationalist Accounts of Trust
as Risk-Suspension 409
1.4 Integrative Approaches 411
2 Trust and Its Relation to Mistrust 412
3 Inter-Organizational Trust Across Levels of Analysis 412
4 Trust-Building Between Organizations 414
5 Consequences of Trust 416
6 Measuring Trust Between Organizations 417
7 Shortcomings and Avenues for Future Research 418
Notes 420
Bibliography 422

Part II Policy Areas 427

20 Inter-Organizational Coordination in Peacebuilding 429

Joanne McEvoy
1 Literature On Inter-Organizational Coordination
In Peacebuilding 430
1.1 Different Approaches in Peacebuilding 430
1.2 Autonomy Concerns 432
1.3 Divergent Organizational Cultures 433
2 IO Cooperation in Peacebuilding Missions 434
2.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 434
2.2 Kosovo 438
3 Conclusion 440
Notes 441
Bibliography 442

21 Regime Complexity and Resource Dependence Theory

in International Peacekeeping 447
Malte Brosig
1 Regime Complexity and Resource Dependence 448
 CONTENTS xxiii

1.1 Regime Complexity 448

1.2 Resource Dependence Theory and Resource
Exchange 449
2 The African Peacekeeping Regime Complex 452
3 Empirical Case Studies: Somalia and the Central
African Republic 453
3.1 Somalia 455
3.2 The Central African Republic 461
4 Conclusion 467
Bibliography 468

22 Dark Networks: The Terror–Crime Nexus 471

Marie Wu and David Knoke
1 Review of Research and Theories 472
1.1 Organizational Design and Structure 473
1.2 Dynamic Processes 475
1.3 Theories and Methods 478
2 Directions for Future Research 480
Bibliography 481

23 The Theory and Practice of International Humanitarian

Relief Coordination 485
Max O. Stephenson Jr.
1 The Structure of International Humanitarian Relief 486
2 The United Nations and Humanitarian Relief 489
3 Theorizing the Humanitarian Relief System 490
4 Conclusions 498
Notes 499
Bibliography 499

24 The Global Governance of Food Security 503

Matias E. Margulis
1 Mapping the Organizational Dimensions of the Global
Governance of Food Security 505
1.1 Nutrition 506
1.2 Agricultural Production 506
1.3 Agricultural Trade 507
1.4 Food Safety 507
1.5 Human Right to Food 507
1.6 Agriculture and Development 507
1.7 Agriculture and Climate Change 508
2 Institutional Characteristics of the Global Governance
of Food Security 508
xxiv CONTENTS

3 Inter-Organizational Relationships of Global Governance

of Food Security 511
3.1 Cooperation 511
3.2 Rivalry 516
4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 519
Notes 521
Bibliography 521

25 Inter-Organizational Relations in the Field of Democratisation:

Cooperation or Delegation? The European Union, the OSCE,
and the Council of Europe 527
Andrea Gawrich
1 State of the Art 529
2 Categorizing the Cooperation Between the EU, the OSCE,
and the CoE 529
3 Empirical Steps of Formalization Between the EU, the OSCE,
and the CoE: The Post-Cold War Convergence 530
3.1 The EU and the OSCE: Late Formal Acknowledgement
at the Level of Rules of Procedure 530
3.2 The EU and the CoE: Intense Practical Cooperation
and Late Joint Statements 531
3.3 The CoE and the OSCE: Close Working Connections
and Late IO–IO Formalization 532
4 Cooperation or Delegation: Empirical Findings on Inter-
Organizational Cooperation Between the EU, the CoE,
and the OSCE in the Area of Democracy Promotion 535
4.1 Triadic Cooperation in the Area of Election Observation 535
4.2 Capacity Building in the Areas of Good Governance
and Rule of Law: Asymmetric Relations Between the
CoE and the EU 537
4.3 Capacity Building in Constitutional and Legal Matters:
Division of Labour at Working Level Between CoE and
OSCE 538
4.4 Lack of Cooperation in the Area of Media Assistance 539
5 Theory-Guided Reflection and Concluding Remarks 541
Notes 542
Bibliography 543

26 The Council of Europe and Cooperation with Civil Society 547

André Härtel
1 State of Research on IGO–CSO Cooperation 548
2 The Multilateral Traditionalism of the Council of Europe 551
3 The Council of Europe and Civil Society Cooperation 552
 CONTENTS xxv

4 Major Obstacles for Efficient Cooperation 554

4.1 Critique of the Council of Europe’s Work with CSO’s 554
4.2 The INGO Conference: Pitfalls of
Over-Institutionalization 555
4.3 The Politics of IGO–CSO Cooperation 557
4.4 A Hardly Conducive Organizational Culture 558
5 Conclusions 561
Notes 562
Bibliography 564

27 Pushed Toward Partnership: Increasing Cooperation

Between the Bretton Woods Bodies 569
Andreas Freytag and John J. Kirton
1 Open Questions and Main Thesis 570
2 The Division of Labor in Theory and Practice 571
3 Competing Schools of Thought 573
4 Strengthening Collaboration, 2000–07 574
5 Equal Partnership, 2008–14 575
6 G20 Summit Governance of IMF–WBG Partnership 577
7 Conclusion: The Incomplete Partnership 579
8 Recommendations for Further Research 580
Notes 580
Appendixes 582
Bibliography 587

28 Organizational Interactions in Global Energy Governance 591

Thijs van de Graaf
1 General Overview of the Policy Field and Literature 592
2 The Global Energy Architecture and the IEA 593
3 An Organization-Set of the IEA 595
3.1 The IEA and OPEC 595
3.2 The IEA and ECT 600
3.3 The IEA and G8/G20 602
3.4 The IEA and IRENA 604
4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 605
Notes 606
Bibliography 607

29 The Cooperation of the European Union with Employer

and Labor Associations 611
Frank Wendler
1 Empirical Overview 612
2 Research Questions and Findings 618
xxvi CONTENTS

3 Perspectives for Future Research 621

4 Conclusions 623
Notes 624
Bibliography 624

30 IGO Relations in the Anti-corruption Realm

and in Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement 627
Alexandru Grigorescu
1 Anti-corruption and the Study of Inter-organizational
Relations 627
2 IGOs Involved in the Anti-corruption Realm 630
2.1 IGOs Spearheading the Adoption of Anti-corruption
Conventions 630
2.2 IGOs Raising Awareness and Increasing Knowledge
About Corruption 632
2.3 IGOs Using Conditionality to Fight Corruption 633
2.4 IGOs’ Investigative Approach to Anti-corruption 634
2.5 Transparency and Integrity in Public Procurement 636
3 IGO Collaboration in the Anti-corruption Realm 638
4 Possible Future Research Directions 642
Notes 644
Bibliography 645

31 Relations Between International Organisations in Combating

Climate Change 649
Katja Biedenkopf
1 Introduction 649
2 Climate Change as a Global Governance Issue 650
3 Inter-organisational Interaction 651
4 The Climate Organisational Complex and Its
Inter-organisational Interactions 654
4.1 The Organisational Complex and Its Fragmentation 654
4.2 Organisational Interaction 668
4.3 Interplay Management 672
5 Conclusions 672
Notes 673
Bibliography 674
 CONTENTS xxvii

32 Conclusions 677
Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops
1 The Balance of Review and Exploration 678
2 Major Theoretical and Empirical Findings 681
3 Future Research Directions 686
Notes 689
Bibliography 690

Index 697
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.1 Network graph based on adjacency matrix (For reasons of simplicity
and to show as many concepts as possible, this network graph is
not based on any empirical observations.) 117
Fig. 12.1 NATO’s intervention in Libya from a delegation perspective 283
Fig. 16.1 The politics of legitimation 341
Fig. 16.2 The politics of legitimation of international organizations 345
Fig. 16.3 The politics of legitimation among international organizations 353
Fig. 21.1 UN peacekeepers in deployment 1990–2015 452
Fig. 23.1 The international relief system 488
Fig. 30.1 Network of formal IGO relations in the anti-corruption realm 640
Fig. 30.2 Network of formal IGO relations in the open public
procurement realm 641
Fig. 31.1 Inter-organisational relations in combating climate change
(non-exhaustive) 671

xxix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Thompson’s model of technology and coordination 82

Table 4.1 Dimensions of IGO interaction based on Marrett
(1971) and Aldrich (1977) 101
Table 5.1 Adjacency matrix 116
Table 9.1 Overview of Multi-level analysis approach to
Inter-organizational Relations 192
Table 18.1 Measuring the influence of IOs on other IOs 396
Table 18.2 Domains of inter-organizational influence 397
Table 19.1 Actor constellations 413
Table 21.1 2014 peacekeeping missions in Africa by organization 453
Table 21.2 International organizations in Somalia 457
Table 21.3 International peacekeeping in the CAR 462
Table 24.1 Illustrative list of international organizations active
in the global governance of food security 509
Table 25.1 Steps of formalization in the cooperation
between EU, OSCE, and CoE 534
Table 25.2 Forms of EU, OSCE, and CoE cooperation
in various fields of democracy promotion 542
Table 28.1 Main energy-related international organizations,
their objectives, and members 596
Table 30.1 IGOs involved in anti-corruption work 637
Table 31.1 International Organisations’ Climate-related Activities
and Inter-organisational Relations 656

xxxi
 CONTRIBUTORS

Katja Biedenkopf is Assistant Professor at the University of Leuven, Belgium.

Her research centers on the external effects of European Union environmental
and climate policy, global environmental governance, and climate diplomacy.
Recent articles in journals include ‘The European Parliament in EU External
Climate Governance’ (in The European Parliament and Its International
Relation, Stavridis, Stelios and Daniela Irrera (eds.)), and ‘EU Chemicals
Regulation: Extending Its Experimentalist REACH’ (in Extending
Experimentalist Governance? The European Union and Transnational Regulation,
Zeitlin, Jonathan (ed.)).
Rafael Biermann is Full Professor of International Relations at Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Germany. His main areas of expertise are international
organizations and peace and conflict studies, where he is especially interested in
secessionism, mediation, intervention, as well as ethics of peace and reconcilia-
tion. His study of European security governance bridges both areas of expertise.
He has published peer-reviewed contributions on the Handbook topics in jour-
nals such as Review of International Organizations and Journal of International
Organization Studies. His dissertation analyzed Soviet policy toward German
unification, his habilitation crisis prevention in Kosovo (both in German).
Spyros Blavoukos is Assistant Professor at the Athens University of Economics
and Business, focusing on the analysis of international and European institu-
tions. He is the co-author of two books and co-editor of two more, the most
recent one being The European Union and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons (Palgrave, 2015). His articles have appeared in international journals
including Review of International Studies, West European Politics, Journal
of Common Market Studies, European Journal of Political Research, European
Union Politics, Cooperation and Conflict, and British Journal of Politics and
International Relations.
Dimitris Bourantonis is Professor of International and European Studies at
the Athens University of Economics and Business. Among other publications,

xxxiii
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 An Inverted Solid-Bottom Chair with Attachments Used for a
Child’s High Chair

Where a high chair is not at hand or available, an ordinary solid-

bottom kitchen chair can be used instead, if rigged up as shown in
the illustration. The chair is reversed, and the back is used as one
support, while two pieces of wood fastened to the sides form the
other. A seat board is fastened to the upper side rounds, and a table
board to the two lower side rounds. A small piece is nailed to the two
back posts for a back.—Contributed by J. S. Fritzen, Minneapolis,
Minn.
 Blower for a Fireplace
Having considerable trouble with a smoky fireplace when trying to
start a coal fire in the basket grate, I decided to make a blower of
sheet iron. A blower covers the upper part of the fireplace and forces
the draft through the basket grate until the fire gets a good start, then
it can be removed. Before making the blower I again had trouble one
morning when the chimney would not draw, and the whole room
became filled with smoke; I then grabbed a newspaper and held it up
against the upper part of the fireplace like a regular blower. To my
surprise the suction of the chimney held the newspaper in place
without any outside aid. In a few minutes the fire was roaring, and
best of all, when it became hot, the newspaper caught fire and was
sucked into the flames. This in reality became an automatic blower,
as it removed itself when no longer needed.—Contributed by
Charles F. Kopp, Amite, La.
 An Ironing-Board Wall Fastening

Ironing Board Supported on Wood Hinges at the Wall to Provide a Space for
the Covering

One of the most useful and convenient articles for a household is

an ironing board, one end of which is fastened to the wall by means
of hinges to allow it to be folded up against the wall when not in use.
Wood brackets are preferable to the metal hinges, as there must be
some little space between the wall and the board to allow for the
thickness of the covering. The brace which extends from near the
end of the board to the base of the wall is best hinged with canvas
strips, as they will last better than any other material for this joint.
The hinges should be put in place when the board is in a vertical
position to allow the brace to go in position without straining.—
Contributed by J. H. Beebee, Rochester, N. Y.
 Oars Flattened to Make Rowing Easier
When rowing a small boat, we were bothered by the turning of the
oars in the locks, so that the blade of the oar was not in proper
position to take the water. We overcame this by planing off slightly
one side of the oar, so that when this surface was against the lock,
the blade was in the correct position to catch the water. It is
unnecessary to grip these oars tightly, as they fall naturally into place
and save the novice a great deal of trouble. In locks where this
method is undesirable, the handgrips may be cut as a guide.—H. D.
Burnside, Madison, Wis.
 A One-Piece Bracelet Cut from a Calling Card

It Is Hard to Imitate a Quick and Skillful Performance of This Simple Trick

A trick that will amuse and interest persons both old and young
can be performed with a calling card, cigarette paper, or other similar
material, cut with a scissors or knife, as indicated in the diagram.
The card is shown, and the performer announces that he will pass
his hand through the card, making a bracelet of it. He will, of course,
be challenged, and proceeds as follows: He folds the card
lengthwise and cuts through two thicknesses from 1 to 2, 3 to 4, etc.;
then opens the card, and cuts from 1 to 13. By stretching the paper,
as shown in the sketch, the hand may be passed through the card
readily. The spectators are soon trying to duplicate the trick.—R. E.
Jones, Velasco, Texas.
 Device for a Finger Tug-of-War Game
Considerable pleasure and pastime was afforded by the tug-of-war
game which I made. Two contestants, one at each end, take hold of
the rollers with their forefingers and thumbs and endeavor to move
the pointer to their respective ends. The game interests persons of
various ages, and they all want to try it.
 The Contestants Grasp the Rollers, One at Each End, and Attempt to Draw
the Pointer Over in Their Favor

The device should be made strongly to stand the wear on it. The
top and bottom are boards, ¹⁄₂ by 8 by 24 in., and four blocks, 3 in.
high and 2¹⁄₂ in. square, are fastened between them at the corners
with screws. The rollers are set in the blocks, and held by small nails
passing through them and set against the inner faces of the blocks.
The pointer is made of a strip of brass, bent to the shape shown.
Cords extend from the pointer inside of the box and are tied to the
rollers.—James E. Noble, Kingston, Ontario, Can.

¶In applying a white paint over a dark, or mottled, surface, tint the
first coat with a little black, making it gray; then the next coat will
show solid white.
 Window Frame and Table for Dark
Room
By JOSEPH LIMBRUNNER

Themade
amateur photographer often has a poor dark room, sometimes
worse by the use of an evil-smelling lamp. If he wishes to
use a room that has daylight, he finds it difficult to convert the room
quickly for his purposes, especially if he desires to make use of the
daylight for his work. Under these conditions, the arrangement
described in this article was devised, and proved so satisfactory that
I pass it on to the host of amateurs who find satisfaction in making
part of their equipment. The table and window frame in place are
shown in Fig. 1. The table is removed by withdrawing the rod, and
bending up the hinged legs. The frame and window covering are
removed by releasing the four small hooks. Ruby, yellow, or ground
glass may be inserted in the sliding frame, as required, nearly all of
the light being shut out, or light admitted without a glass, by sliding
the frame.
 Fig. 3
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 4

With This Sliding Frame and Folding Table, the Work of the Photographic
Dark Room can be Done by Daylight in the Home Bathroom

The general arrangement of the parts is shown in Fig. 2. The

dimensions are suggestive only, being suited to a small window in a
bathroom, where the equipment was installed. The table is merely a
board top supported by hinged legs, which are braced by a
removable round wooden rod. A frame, C, as detailed in the section
at A-B, Fig. 3, is fitted closely in the window casing. It is covered with
heavy cardboard, tacked on. The ways J, in which the frame for the
glass slides, are fixed to the lower rail of the frame C, and to a
crossbar at its middle. A 5 by 7-in. opening is cut in the cardboard to
admit the light, as shown in Fig. 2. Holes D are bored in the ways to
receive pins which hold the frame at various positions, as indicated
by the stop holes E, Fig. 4.
The sliding frame is detailed in Fig. 4. It consists of a back frame
of ¹⁄₂-in. wood, sliding in the grooves of the ways J, and a frame of 1-
in. stuff, mounted on the front of it. The openings may be made to
suit the size of plate to be used, 5 by 7-in. openings being indicated.
The openings are provided with rabbeted edges, as indicated by the
width G, and the height H, in which frames of light weight, for the 5
by 7-in. glass plates, are fitted. The frames may be made, or plain,
cheap picture frames may be used. The sliding frame is raised and
lowered by means of the handle F. The cardboard covering the
larger frame should be painted a dull black, and the wooden parts
may be shellacked in the natural color.
When developing films or plates, the frames with the red and
yellow glasses should be inserted in the sliding frame, and held in
place by turn buttons. The red glass will ordinarily be satisfactory for
developing, but on very bright days, with the sun shining directly on
the glass, a layer or two of “post-office” paper is placed over it. The
yellow glass may be used when fixing, and other work requiring a
subdued light, but not when developing is done. For printing, put in
the yellow and the ground glasses, the latter admitting sufficient light
for the purpose. To use the dark room occasionally in the evening, I
set a lamp on a well-protected shelf outside of the opening in the
cardboard, and proceed as in the use of daylight.
 Non-Blow-Out Cigar and Pipe Lighter

“It is a poor Irishman that cannot light his pipe when the wind is
blowing,” but the sketch shows a device that will make a “Paddy” out
of anyone, with a great saving of matches. It is made from a small
piece of brass tubing, or drawn shell, ¹⁄₂ in. in diameter, and about
1¹⁄₂ in. long. The open end is placed in the bowl of the pipe or over
the end of the cigar, a match inserted through the slot, and a quick
stroke on the threaded portion ignites the match. The small holes
provide air. The top is soldered in place.—James H. Rodgers,
Montreal, Canada.
 Electric Counting Glass for Thread Fabric
The intelligent housewife and shopper, as well as persons
professionally interested in the structure and quality of woven fabrics
of various kinds, can make good use of a counting glass for close
examination of such material. In its simplest form the device consists
of a cigar box with a ground-glass top and a small electric light
inside. Where larger pieces of goods are to be examined a small
table with wooden legs and wooden frame for the glass may be
made.
 Woven Fabrics are Examined under the Magnifying Glass and the Number
of Threads to the Square Inch Counted

The diagrams at A and B represent the threads making up the

cloth as stretched on the rollers of a loom. The lengthwise threads,
or warp, are shown at A, and the cross threads, or weft, at B. By
magnifying the material with a glass exposing an area of ¹⁄₂ or 1 in.
square, the threads may be counted or closely examined and the
quality determined. This also enables one to identify goods as being
the same.—F. Ball Pinkus, La Crescenta, California.
¶An inexperienced workman broke eight curved window panes on a
lake steamer by attempting to cut them on the inside, instead of on
the outside of the curve, in fitting the glass.
 Clock Device to Record Time of Appointments
and Other Events
An ordinary clock, fitted with an electrical device to record the
length of telephone conversations or appointment hours, or indicate
when a door is opened, is shown in the illustration. The record is
made by the hands in contact with brass rings attached to the face of
the clock, the front of the rings being covered with white paper,
dipped in a chemical, on which black dots are caused to appear, at
each contact. By examining the dots and noting the items
corresponding to them on a memorandum, the length of
conversations, etc., may be observed.
 The Electrical Device Attached to the Clock Records Contacts Made by the
Opening of a Door, and the Using of a Telephone

Two rings of ¹⁄₁₆-in. brass, one within the other, and having side
arms, are mounted on the front of the clock, as shown in the
illustration. The ring on arm A should be slipped under both hands,
and should have spring enough to hold it in contact with the small
clock hand. The ring fixed to arm B must be in contact with the large
hand, but must be some distance from the small hand and the