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Iuliana Cosmina
Pro Spring MVC
with WebFlux
Web Development in Spring
Framework 5 and Spring Boot 2
Second Edition
Marten Deinum
Iuliana Cosmina
Pro Spring MVC with WebFlux: Web Development in Spring Framework 5 and
Spring Boot 2
Marten Deinum Iuliana Cosmina
MEPPEL, Drenthe, The Netherlands EDINBURGH, UK
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-5665-7 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-5666-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5666-4
Copyright © 2021 by Marten Deinum and Iuliana Cosmina

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Printed on acid-free paper
To all of you that have bought other books that I worked on,
this book is dedicated to you.
Thank you for trusting me.
— Iuliana Cosmina
Table of Contents
About the Authors�� xiii
About the Technical Reviewer��xv

Acknowledgments��xvii
Chapter 1: Setting up a Local Development Environment�� 1

Install the Java SDK�� 2
Install Gradle�� 3
Install Apache Tomcat�� 5
Recommended IDE�� 6
The Bookstore Project�� 6
Building the Project�� 9
Running the Projects�� 13
Summary�� 19
Chapter 2: Spring Framework Fundamentals�� 21

The Spring Framework�� 22
Dependency Injection�� 26
ApplicationContexts�� 32
Resource Loading�� 37
Component Scanning�� 38
Scopes�� 39
Profiles�� 40
Enabling Features�� 44
Aspect-Oriented Programming�� 46
v
Table of Contents
Web Applications�� 47
Spring Boot�� 52
Summary�� 54
Chapter 3: Web Application Architecture�� 55

The MVC Pattern�� 55
Application Layering�� 58
Separation of Concerns�� 61
Spring MVC Application Layers�� 62
The Domain Layer�� 62
The User Interface Layer�� 63
The Web Layer�� 64
The Service Layer�� 66
The Data Access Layer�� 69
More Roads to Rome�� 71
Summary�� 72
Chapter 4: Spring MVC Architecture�� 73

DispatcherServlet Request Processing Workflow�� 73
The Workflow�� 74
The Request Processing Summary�� 82
DispatcherServlet�� 83
Bootstrapping DispatcherServlet�� 84
Configuring DispatcherServlet�� 90
The Spring MVC Components�� 101
HandlerMapping�� 101
HandlerAdapter�� 107
MultipartResolver�� 110
LocaleResolver�� 112
ThemeResolver�� 114
HandlerExceptionResolver�� 117
vi
Table of Contents
RequestToViewNameTranslator�� 118
ViewResolver�� 119
FlashMapManager�� 121
Summary�� 122
Chapter 5: Implementing Controllers�� 123

Introducing Controllers�� 123
Interface-based Controllers�� 124
Annotation-based Controllers�� 126
Configuring View Controllers�� 127
Request-Handling Methods�� 129
Supported Method Argument Types�� 133
Supported Method Argument Annotations�� 138
Supported Method Return Values�� 146
Writing Annotation-based Controllers�� 148
A Simple Login Controller�� 149
Book Search Page�� 155
Book Detail Page�� 160
Data Binding�� 164
Customizing Data Binding�� 165
Per Controller Customization�� 167
ModelAttributes�� 170
Type Conversion�� 178
Validating Model Attributes�� 195
Internationalization�� 204
Message Source�� 204
LocaleResolver�� 206
LocaleChangeInterceptor�� 207
Summary�� 212
vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 6: Implementing Controllers: Advanced�� 213

Using Scoped Beans�� 213
Adding Something to the Cart�� 215
Implementing the Checkout�� 218
Cross-cutting Concerns�� 222
Interceptors�� 222
Exception Handling�� 236
SimpleMappingExceptionResolver�� 241
Extending Spring @MVC�� 246
Extending RequestMappingHandlerMapping�� 246
Extending the RequestMappingHandlerAdapter�� 248
Using the RequestDataValueProcessor�� 255
Summary�� 257
Chapter 7: REST and AJAX�� 259

REpresentational State Transfer (REST)�� 259
Identifying Resources�� 260
Working with Resources�� 260
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)�� 264
Adding AJAX to Our Application�� 266
Combining AJAX and REST�� 273
Progressive Enhancement�� 274
Handling File Uploads�� 275
Configuration�� 276
Request Handling Method for File Upload�� 278
Exception Handling�� 284
Summary�� 284
viii
Table of Contents
Chapter 8: Resolving and Implementing Views�� 285

View Resolvers and Views�� 285
View Resolvers�� 287
BeanNameViewResolver�� 288
UrlBasedViewResolver�� 289
InternalResourceViewResolver�� 292
XsltViewResolver�� 293
ContentNegotiatingViewResolver�� 293
Implementing Your Own ViewResolver�� 295
View Technologies�� 295
JavaServer Pages�� 296
Tiles�� 297
FreeMarker and Thymeleaf�� 304
PDF�� 318
Excel�� 321
XML and JSON�� 325
Summary�� 327
Chapter 9: Introduction to Spring WebFlux�� 329

HTTP Request Handling�� 330
Building Reactive Applications�� 333
Introduction to Reactive Programming�� 333
Introduction to Spring WebFlux�� 347
Spring WebFlux Configuration: Reactive Controllers�� 348
Spring WebFlux Configuration: Functional Endpoints�� 360
Summary�� 366
Chapter 10: Building Reactive Applications with Spring WebFlux�� 369

From Spring Web MVC to Spring WebFlux�� 369
Migrating the Data Access Layer�� 370
Migrating the Service Layer�� 373
ix
Table of Contents
Migrating the Web Layer�� 375

Configuration of a Reactive Templating Engine�� 375
Using Server-Sent Events (SSEs)�� 382
Introducing WebClient and WebTestClient�� 392
Internationalization�� 401
Validation, Type Conversion, and Error Handling�� 408
Summary�� 420
Chapter 11: Securing Spring WebFlux Applications�� 421

Backpressure�� 421
The WebSocket Protocol�� 422
Handling Backpressure�� 439
The RSocket Protocol�� 445
WebFlux Security�� 456
Summary�� 469
Chapter 12: Spring Security�� 471

Security Basics�� 472
Minimal Spring Web Security�� 473
Using Spring Security�� 476
Configuring Authentication�� 481
Configuring Authorization�� 490
Configure Login and Logout�� 500
Securing Methods�� 512
Securing Spring Boot Web Applications�� 518
Summary�� 519
Chapter 13: Spring Applications in the Cloud�� 521

Application Architecture�� 521
Introducing the Monolith�� 521
Introducing Microservices�� 524
Moving to the Cloud: Yea or Nay?�� 527
x
Table of Contents
Introducing Spring Cloud�� 529

Redesigning for the Cloud�� 530
Registration and Discovery Server�� 532
Developing a Microservice�� 537
Microservice Using a Database�� 547
Microservice with a Web Console�� 550
Sharing Classes�� 560
Summary�� 561
Index�� 563
xi
About the Authors
Marten Deinum is a submitter on the open source Spring Framework project. He is also
a Java/software consultant working for Conspect. He has developed and architected
software, primarily in Java, for small and large companies. He is an enthusiastic open
source user and a longtime fan, user, and advocate of the Spring Framework. His work
experience includes being a software engineer, development lead, coach, and a Java
and Spring trainer. When not working on software, he can be found near or in the water
scuba diving or teaching scuba diving.
Iuliana Cosmina is currently a software engineer for

Cloudsoft in Edinburgh, Scotland. She has been writing Java
code since 2002. She has contributed to various types of
applications, including experimental search engines, ERPs,
track and trace, and banking. During her career, she has
been a teacher, a team leader, a software architect, a DevOps
professional, and a software manager. She is a Spring
Certified Professional, as defined by Pivotal, the makers of
Spring Framework, Boot, and other tools, and considers
Spring the best Java framework to work with.
When she is not programming, she spends her time
reading, blogging, learning to play piano, traveling, hiking,
or biking.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Manuel Jordan Elera is an autodidactic developer and
researcher who enjoys learning new technologies for
his own experiments and creating new integrations.
Manuel won the Springy Award—Community Champion and
Spring Champion 2013. In his free time, he reads the Bible
and composes music on his guitar. Manuel is known as
dr_pompeii. He has tech-reviewed numerous books for
Apress, including Pro Spring Boot 2 (2019), Rapid Java
Persistence and Microservices (2019), Java Language
Features (2018), Spring Boot 2 Recipes (2018), and Java APIs,
Extensions, and Libraries (2018). You can read his 13 detailed tutorials about Spring
technologies, or contact him, through his blog at www.manueljordanelera.blogspot.com,
and follow him on his Twitter account, @dr_pompeii.
xv
Acknowledgments
I would like to say thank you to Mark Powers. He has been with me since the time I
began collaborating with Apress, and I consider him my project manager at Apress.
When writing a book, he is the one that I agree schedules and deadlines with and
then say sorry to when I am unable to deliver as agreed. He has been supportive and
understanding and one of the people I respect the most. Most of my books, including
this one, happened because he was there to make sure I didn’t postpone the work too
long because of writer’s block or my imposter syndrome.
Additionally, a special thanks to Manuel Jordan, the reviewer for all my books
but one—and I missed him a lot when working on that one. I missed his patience, his
attention to detail, and his suggestions on what else should be in a book to be more
valuable. I was happy when I was told he would be joining the team for this book as a
reviewer.
A very heartfelt thanks to Mihaela Filipiuc, who has been my most supportive
remote friend, even while she was going through a tough time. She has provided the
motivational words that I needed to keep my spirits up and push through sleepless
nights to make this book happen.
Another heartfelt thanks to my dear friend Mihai Fat for all the inspiring technical chats.
An additional thanks to my team at Cloudsoft for being patient with me when I was
working while sleep deprived and for all the moral support during these tough times.
Having a full-time job and writing a book during a pandemic that has kept me away from
my friends and family would have been way more difficult without them. Thank you
for being the best environment in which I can continue to learn and grow as a software
developer.
— Iuliana Cosmina
xvii
CHAPTER 1
Setting up a Local
Development Environment
Released in October 2002 as an open source framework and inversion of control (IoC)
container developed using Java, Spring was built for the Java platform. It has transformed
from a small collection of libraries into a huge collection of full-blown projects designed
to simplify development even when the solution is complex.
This book journeys from a classic web application packaged as a jar and deployed to
an application server to an application composed of a set of microservices that are easily
deployed in a cloud environment, each of them on its own VM or container.
It all starts with a set of tools that need to be installed before the developer can write
and run code.
If you know how to use SDKMAN,1 you can skip the next two sections that
explain how to install the Java SDK and Gradle. If you do not know how to use
SDKMAN or never knew it existed, give it a try; it is a tool for managing parallel
versions of multiple SDKs. If you have other projects using different versions
of Java and Gradle locally, this tool helps you switch between them without
a fuss.
1
https://sdkman.io/
1
© Marten Deinum and Iuliana Cosmina 2021
M. Deinum and I. Cosmina, Pro Spring MVC with WebFlux, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5666-4_1
Chapter 1 Setting up a Local Development Environment
Install the Java SDK

Since Spring is a Java framework to write and run Spring applications, you need to install
the Java SDK. This project was written and built with JDK 14. To install JDK 14, download
the JDK matching your operating system from www.oracle.com/java/ and install it. So, if
you are building an application and intend to use it for financial gain, you might want to
look at Oracle licensing or use an open source JDK.2
Figure 1-1. The Java logo3
We recommend that you set the JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to

the directory where Java 14 was installed (the directory in which the JDK was
unpacked) and add $JAVA_HOME/bin (%JAVA_HOME%\bin for Windows users)
to the general path of the system. The reason behind this is to ensure any other
development application written in Java use this version of Java and prevent
strange incompatibility errors during development. If you want to run the build from
a terminal, you are certain that the expected version of Java is used.
Restart the terminal and verify that the version of Java the operating system sees is
the one that you installed by opening a terminal (the Command prompt in Windows or
any type of terminal installed on macOS and Linux) and type the following.
> java -version # to check the runtime
And then the following.
> javac -version # to check the compiler
2
h ttps://adoptopenjdk.net/
3
Image source: https://www.programmableweb.com
2
You should see an output similar to the following.
> java -version
java version "14.0.2" 2020-07-14
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 14.0.2+12-46)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 14.0.2+12-46, mixed mode, sharing)
> javac -version
javac 14.0.2
I nstall Gradle
Gradle is an open source build automation tool designed to be flexible enough to build
almost any type of software. It uses Groovy in its configuration files, which makes it
customizable. The project attached to this book was successfully built with Gradle 6.x.
Figure 1-2. The Gradle logo4
The sources attached to this book can be compiled and executed using the Gradle
Wrapper, which is a batch script on Windows and a shell script on other operating
systems.
When you start a Gradle build via the wrapper, Gradle is automatically downloaded
inside your project to run the build; thus, you do not need to explicitly install it on your
system. The recommended editor for development introduced next knows how to build
code using Gradle Wrapper. Instructions on how to use the Gradle Wrapper are available
in the public documentation at www.gradle.org/docs/current/userguide/gradle_
wrapper.html.
A recommended practice is to keep the code and build tools separately. If you decide to
install Gradle on your system, you can download the binaries from www.gradle.org, unpack
it and copy the contents to the hard drive. (Or, if you are curious, you can download the
full package containing binaries, sources, and documentation.) Create a GRADLE_HOME
4
Image source: https://www.gradle.org
3
environment variable and point it to the location where you unpacked Gradle. Also, add
$GRADLE_HOME/bin (%GRADLE_HOME%\bin for Windows users) to the system’s general path
so that you can build the project in a terminal.
Gradle was chosen as a build tool for this book’s sources because of the easy setup,
small configuration files, flexibility in defining execution tasks, and the Spring team
currently uses it to build all Spring projects.
To verify that the operating system sees the Gradle version that you just installed,
open a terminal (the Command prompt in Windows, and any type of terminal installed
on macOS and Linux) and type
gradle -version
You should see something similar to the following.
gradle -version
------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 6.7
------------------------------------------------------------
Build time: 2020-08-04 22:01:06 UTC

Revision: 00a2948da9ea69c523b6b094331593e6be6d92bc
Kotlin: 1.3.72
Groovy: 2.5.12
Ant: Apache Ant(TM) version 1.10.8 compiled on May 10 2020
JVM: 14.0.2 (Oracle Corporation 14.0.2+12-46)
OS: Mac OS X 10.15.6 x86_64
Running this command also verifies that Gradle is using the intended JDK version.
4
Install Apache Tomcat

Web applications are meant to be hosted by an application server unless they are built
using Spring Boot, in which case it is more practical to rely on an embedded server.
Apache Tomcat5 is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages,
Java Expression Language, and WebSocket technologies.
Figure 1-3. The Apache Tomcat logo6
The Spring MVC projects of this book were tested in Apache Tomcat 9.x. To install
Apache Tomcat, go to the official site and get the version matching your operating
system. Unpack it in a familiar location. On Unix-based systems, you might be able to
install it using a package manager. If you install it manually, remember to go to the bin
directory and make all files executable.
5
h ttps://tomcat.apache.org/
6
Image source: https://tomcat.apache.org
5
R
ecommended IDE
The IDE that we recommend you use with the code in this book is IntelliJ IDEA. It is the
most intelligent Java IDE.
Figure 1-4. The IntelliJ IDEA logo7
IntelliJ IDEA offers outstanding framework-specific coding assistance and

productivity-boosting features for Java EE and Spring also includes very good support
for Gradle. It is the perfect choice to help you focus on learning Spring (and not how to
use an IDE). It can be downloaded from the JetBrains official site (www.jetbrains.com/
idea/). It is also light on your operating system and easy to use.
IntelliJ IDEA also integrates well with Apache Tomcat, which allows you to deploy
your projects to start and stop the server from the editor.
And now that the tools have been discussed, let’s talk about the project.
The Bookstore Project

The project containing the sources for this book is organized as a multi-module Gradle
Project. Each chapter has one or more corresponding projects that you can easily
recognize because they are prefixed with the chapter number. Table 1-1 lists these
projects and provides a short description for each.
7
Image source: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/
6
Table 1-1. Bookstore Project Modules

Chapter Project Name Description
– bookstore-mvc-shared Entity and utility classes used by Spring MVC projects

– bookstore-shared Entity and utility classes used by Spring Boot projects
1 chapter1-bookstore A simple Spring Boot Web MVC project with typical web
structure (static resources in the webapp directory)
1 chapter1-mvc- A simple Spring MVC project.
bookstore
2 chapter2-bookstore A simple Spring Boot Web MVC project with typical Boot
structure (static resources in the resources/static directory)
2 chapter2-sample A simple project with non-web samples for Chapter 2
5 chapter5-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot MVC project, using Thymeleaf views
6 chapter6-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot MVC project, using Apache Tiles
views
7 chapter7-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot MVC project with support for upload
files
8 chapter8-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot MVC project with support for various
view types
9 chapter9-1-bookstore- The Bookstore Spring WebFlux project deployed on Apache
no-boot Tomcat (uses reactive controllers)
9 chapter9-2-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project (uses reactive
controllers)
9 chapter9-3-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project (uses functional
endpoints)
10 chapter10-1- The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project supporting case-
bookstore insensitive URIs and internationalization via a web filter (the
most elegant solution)
10 chapter10-2- The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project supporting validation
bookstore
(continued)
7
Table 1-1. (continued)
Chapter Project Name Description
10 chapter10-3- The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project supporting

bookstore case-insensitive URIs and internationalization via
LocaleContextResolver
11 chapter11-1- The Bookstore Spring Boot MVC project with WebSocket chat
bookstore
11 chapter11-2- The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project with Tech News
bookstore emitted by a reactive stream over WebSocket
11 chapter11-3-client- RSocket client project
bookstore
11 chapter11-3-server- RSocket server project
bookstore
11 chapter11-4-server- The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project using reactive
bookstore security
12 chapter12-bookstore The Bookstore Spring Boot MVC project using Spring Security
12 chapter12-mvc- The Bookstore Spring MVC project using Spring Security
bookstore
13 chapter13-account- Microservice providing the Reactive Account API
service
13 chapter13-book- Microservice providing the Reactive Book API
service
13 chapter13-discovery- Microservice discovering and registering the other microservices
service
13 chapter13- Microservice providing a single reactive endpoint emitting
newreleases-service random Book instances
13 chapter13- Microservice with a Thymeleaf web interface interacting with the
presentation-service other interface
13 chapter13-technews- Microservice providing a single reactive endpoint emitting
service random String instances representing tech news
8
Projects with names that contain -mvc- and chapter9-1-bookstore-no-boot are

compiled and packed as a *.war can be run in Apache Tomcat. Except for chapter2-
sample, all the other projects are built using Spring Boot and can be run by executing
their main class. The chapter2-sample project has multiple main classes that you can
run to test a specific scenario.
B
uilding the Project
Once you’ve installed the recommended tools, the next step is getting the project sources
from GitHub.
The GitHub project page is at https://github.com/Apress/spring-

mvc-and-webflux.
You can download the repo page sources, clone the project using IntelliJ IDEA, or
clone it using Git in the terminal. You can use HTTPS or Git protocol—whatever feels
familiar and easy.
You can build the project using IntelliJ IDEA, but if you are opening it for the
first time, it takes a while to figure out the project structure and index the files. We
recommend that you open a terminal and build the project by executing the command
in Listing 1-1. The output should be similar to that one, and it must certainly contain
BUILD SUCCESSFUL.
Listing 1-1. Building the Project for This Book
> gradle clean build

...
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 3m 1s
150 actionable tasks: 148 executed, 2 up-to-date
Once the project builds in the terminal, you can verify that you have the right project
and the right tools. It is now time to open it in IntelliJ IDEA.
The first thing you notice is that IntelliJ IDEA is trying to decide the Gradle and the
JDK versions. And it doesn’t always work, especially if you have multiple versions of each
on your system. In the right corner, you might see notifications like the one in Figure 1-5.
9
Figure 1-5. IntelliJ IDEA trying to infer Gradle and JDK version
To fix that, you must do the following.
1. First, if you want to use Gradle Wrapper, skip this step. Otherwise,
go to the Gradle view, click the little wrench button (the one
labeled Build Tool Settings), and a window appears to allow you
to choose the Gradle version. If you have Gradle installed on your
system, and the GRADLE_HOME environment variable is set up,
IntelliJ IDEA finds it. Still, it does not use it if the project contains
a Gradle Wrapper configuration. To use Gradle on your system,
choose Specified location in the section of the window marked in
Figure 1-6.
10
Figure 1-6. IntelliJ IDEA Gradle and Gradle JVM setup
And, while you’re at it, make sure the Gradle JVM is set to JDK 14
as well.
2. In the IntelliJ IDEA main menu, select File > Project structure…
. The Project Structure window allows you to configure the project
SDK and the project language level. Make sure it is JDK 14 for
both, as depicted in Figure 1-7.
11
Figure 1-7. IntelliJ IDEA Project JDK setup
If all goes well, IntelliJ IDEA uses Gradle and JDK to build your project and execute
tests. If you want to build your project in IntelliJ IDEA, use the Gradle View. When the
project is loaded correctly, all modules should be listed together with a set of Gradle
tasks grouped by their purpose. Under the build group, a task named build is the
equivalent of the Gradle command in Listing 1-1. Figure 1-8 shows a successful Gradle
build run in IntelliJ IDEA.
12
Figure 1-8. IntelliJ IDEA successful Gradle build
R
unning the Projects
The projects that are not built using Spring Boot need to be deployed to an Apache
Tomcat server. After a successful Gradle build, the artifacts should be already generated
for all projects. To deploy your project on your local Apache server, you must do the
following.
1. Click the list of project launchers in the upper-right corner.
2. Select Edit Configurations….
3. In the Edit Configurations window, select the type of launcher that
you want to create.
4. In the upper-left corner, click the + button. In the list of launcher
types, select Tomcat Server > Local (see Figure 1-9).
13
Figure 1-9. IntelliJ IDEA Launcher options
5. In the Run/Debug Configurations window, a form needs to be

populated with the location of the Apache server and the project
to deploy. First, name the configuration. Choose a name related to
your project.
6. Click the Configure button.
7. Select your Apache Tomcat server directory.
8. Click the OK button.
9. Click the Fix button. You are warned that you must select
something to deploy (see Figure 1-10).
14
Figure 1-10. IntelliJ IDEA Launcher options for configuring Apache Tomcat server
and artifact to deploy
10. In the list, select the project that you want to deploy.
11. Next, in the Deployment tab, you can edit the context path
because the autogenerated one is weird.
12. Click the OK button, and you are done (see Figure 1-11).
15
Another random document with
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"Buy an horologue!" called one close to her ear. "The best sarcenet
sold here!" cried another. "Laces of all sorts can be had at the
Beehive!" bawled a third, thrusting himself in their way, and pointing
to his master's shop.
It was the seventeenth century method of advertising, and evidently

the 'prentice lads who were employed tried to get as much fun out of
it as possible, to the great annoyance of the passengers, who were
continually being pestered with the vociferating youths.
"Verily, I little wonder now that my mother liketh not the City," said
Audrey, who felt stunned and bewildered by the din of the shouting
'prentices.
Then there were the stalls where hot meat, sheep's feet, and other
such delicacies were sold, and a good many people still having their
dinner stood round the open tables placed along the edge of the
footpath.
"No, I don't like the City," concluded Audrey, as they walked up

Cheapside and began to look out for Soper Lane.
"The plague and the great fire hath made it a desolate place to
many, Mistress Audrey," said the nurse with a sigh, for she too had
sorrowful memories of that bitter time.
"My aunt lives close to the river, and not far from the garden of the
Dyers' Company," said Audrey, as they were looking down some of
the streets that had been recently rebuilt; for where they were
walking now the fire had raged and roared, sweeping down houses
and churches, so that all the place seemed uncomfortably new as
yet.
"I could never live in the City again, Mistress Audrey," said nurse.
"This is not like what it used to be in my young days; times are
altered, and not for the better either. The Lord-Protector ruled
England then—ruled it in righteousness; but the people were not
satisfied, they never are—and so they chose a godless king to rule
over them, and little wonder was it that God's judgment followed their
choice of King Charles."
"Hush, hush, nurse! They will say you are a Quaker or a Fifth
Monarchy woman," said Audrey in some alarm.
"They may say what they like. I care not who hears me, the fire and
plague were—" But to Audrey's relief a bustling 'prentice lad ran
against them at this moment, and nurse's anger was turned against
boys in general and London apprentices in particular. Before she had
done complaining of the change in manners since she was young,
Soper Lane was reached, and King Charles forgotten in their
eagerness to discover where Master Drayton lived.
CHAPTER IV.
THE RIVER GARDEN.
IN the days of which we are writing, the River Thames was lined with
the gardens of the well-to-do citizens, while here and there was a
flight of steps leading from the bank for the accommodation of those
going by boat to various points. It was the great highway for traffic,
and rowing-boats, stately barges, handsomely decorated for parties
of pleasure, as well as others heavily laden with merchandise, were
constantly passing up and down the stream.
The wealthy London Companies also held gardens skirting the river
banks and kept swans, and to go and feed the swans in the Dyers'
Garden was a favourite pastime with Dame Drayton's children.
Master Drayton was a member of this Company, and therefore it was
a right he could claim that his children should be allowed to play or
walk about in this garden—a never-ending delight to them. It was not
far from Soper Lane, and so Deborah, or Dame Drayton herself,
generally took the children to the garden when the day's work was
over, that they might spend a few hours in the fresh air whenever it
was fine.
Dame Drayton was at the door with her children and the Westlands,
just going into the Dyers' Garden, when Audrey Lowe and her nurse
came down the Lane. The nurse knew the lady at once, for she had
been servant in the family many years, and Dame Drayton greeted
her cordially, but looked at Audrey, in doubt for a minute who she
could be, until the nurse said,—
"I have brought Mistress Audrey."
"Dear child, I had forgotten you," said Dame Drayton, kissing her
niece warmly, without waiting to hear the errand they had come
upon, for that was what nurse was about to tell her, she supposed.
But nurse only said, "My mistress made me say I would call again at
four of the clock to take Mistress Audrey back."
"But you will come and rest after your long walk?" said Dame
Drayton; "or you might come with us to the Garden and see the
swans."
Nurse shook her head.
"My brother lives in Honey Lane, and I would fain see him while I
wait," she replied.
"Would you like to go in, or will you come with us to the Garden,
Audrey?" asked her aunt. "There are seats upon which we can rest,"
added the lady.
"I should like to go to the Garden, an I may," replied Audrey.
Somehow she felt as though she would like to nestle up to this new-
found aunt, and tell her how anxious and sad her mother often
looked; for although there was no outer trouble at the vicarage now,
there always seemed an undertone of sadness, a sort of suppressed
sorrow, that Audrey in her great love for her mother and father could
not help feeling, though she would never give expression to her
thoughts about it. Now, all at once, she felt that she would like to
take this aunt into her confidence, and tell her of the vague
undefined sorrow that seemed to pervade her home.
"I am very pleased to see thee, Audrey. Tell thy mother I am so glad
that she hath sent thee on this errand—whatever it may be." And as
she spoke the lady looked at her niece, for she felt sure she had
something to say to her that could scarcely be trusted even to nurse.
"We shall be able to have a quiet talk to ourselves, and thee shall tell
me all that is in thine heart, in a few minutes."
"This is Bessie Westland, who hath come with her sisters to tarry for
a time with us," said Dame Drayton, drawing the girl forward after
Audrey had spoken to her cousins.
"We have come because my father and mother are sent to prison for
being Quakers," said Bessie, as if she feared this fact might be
forgotten if it was not instantly avowed.
"Hush, Bessie! Do not speak so loudly of these matters. People may

hear thy words, and—"
"Martha Drayton, I must speak the truth at all times and in all
places," said Bessie; "for I would not have this worldling think I am
anything but a Quaker." And as she spoke, Bessie looked scornfully
at Audrey's fashionable dress of silk brocade, and then at her own
coarse homely frock.
Dame Drayton looked distressed, and Audrey shocked and amazed

to hear her aunt addressed by this girl as "Martha." No wonder her
mother feared that trouble would come upon them if this was the way
Quakers behaved. The lady saw the look in her niece's face, and
said to Bessie—
"Will you take care of the children for me, that I may talk to my niece
while she rests in the Garden? For we have not seen each other for
some years."
"Yea, verily. I will do all that I call to keep them from the sight and
sound of evil, for this garden is but a worldly place, I trow," said
Bessie, for they had reached the gate by this time, and could see the
people walking about on the promenade facing the river, where there
was always something going on to amuse and interest the visitors.
Dame Drayton had found a quiet corner that was generally

unoccupied by the more fashionable citizens, and she led her little
party thither, nodding to friends and acquaintances as she passed,
but not stopping to speak to anyone to-day, for fear Bessie should
feel it her duty to announce that she was a Quaker, which would be
pretty sure to draw the attention of the authorities to them.
So she made her way as quickly as she could to a quiet alley, where
the children could play at ball between the shrubs, and Bessie would
be shielded from the sight of the ladies' gay dresses. There was a
seat, too, close at hand, and here Dame Drayton and Audrey could
sit and talk; and they made their way to it, leaving Bessie in charge
of the little ones and their play.
"Now, dear child, tell me of thy mother and father. It is so long since I
heard aught concerning thee that I have grown hungry for news.
Thou dost look well, Audrey," she added.
"I am well, dear aunt; but my mother is more troubled than usual, for
the Widow Tompkins came to see her this morning concerning
something her son had told her. He is one of thy 'prentice lads, my
mother bade me say, and told his mother a strange story concerning
the Quakers and his master's dealings with them."
"What did he say, Audrey?" asked her aunt, rather anxiously.
"Nay, I did not see the woman myself; but this lad is her only son,
and it may be she is over careful concerning him, seeing she lost her
other children in the plague; but I wot she hath frightened my mother
sorely concerning thee, so that she thought it better that I should
come and tell thee it will soon be the town's talk that thou dost
harbour Quakers within thy household. This girl who doth so sorely
despise me is one of the children Sim Tompkins spoke of, I trow."
"Poor Bessie! Her whole love is given to her father, who hath
suffered so sorely for his faith," said Dame Drayton with a sigh.
"Then they are Quakers," said Audrey, a little shocked that her aunt
could live on familiar terms with such people.
"Yea, verily; Bessie Westland glories in that which thou dost think is
a name of reproach. If thou couldest know her, too, thou wouldest
learn that she is a worthy, trusty maid, careful and loving to her little
sisters, who are too young to take care of themselves."
"But—but what are you going to do with them, aunt?" asked Audrey.
"Do with them? Nay, until God opens some other refuge for them
they must abide in the house, and share with my own children in my
care," said her aunt.
"But there is danger in this, and that is why my mother sent me to

you," said Audrey.
"It was kind of Annie to think of me, and kinder still to let me see you
once more; but you must tell her, Audrey, that I could not do less
than offer these children the shelter of my home, since they are
worse than orphaned, with father and mother in prison for being
Quakers."
"Yea, but why should they be Quakers, and rebel against the king?
Perhaps things were better for religion under the Lord-Protector,—
nurse says they were,—and my father thinks so too, I know; but now
the king has come to his own again we ought to obey him, my
mother says."
"Truly, we should; and the Quakers seek not to disobey the law,
except in the matter of taking oaths and some small matters in the
addressing of people, which was the reason why Bessie called me
'Martha' just now."
"It is not seemly, aunt, that a wench like this Bessie Westland should
speak to thee in that fashion," said Audrey, rather hotly.
"Nay, but, dear child, it was no disrespect for Bessie to do this. Her
principles as a Quaker forbid her the use of any title beyond that of
friend. Not for the king himself would a Quaker remove his hat, and
yet the king hath no more loyal subjects than the Quakers. They are
of all people the most peaceable, for, if wrongfully and cruelly
treated, they are forbidden to strike again, even in their own defence;
and if struck upon one cheek, they hold they must turn the other
also, an the smiter will have it so."
Audrey opened her eyes and looked at her aunt in amazement.

"I thought they were turbulent people, sowing sedition and disorder.
My mother said they might again bring civil war to England, if they
were allowed to do as they pleased."
Dame Drayton smiled and shook her head. "Nay, nay, it is not so,
believe me. I know what Quakers are, for I too am a Quaker; though
I hold it not binding upon my conscience to hold every rule it is
thought good by the Society to lay down for the guidance of its
members."
"Oh, my aunt!" said Audrey with a gasp; but instead of starting away
from her the girl drew closer, as if to protect her.
"Dear Audrey, it is a sweet and joyful thing to be a Quaker, as I

believe and strive to live up to my belief in that name. As sinners in
the sight of God we quake and tremble before Him; but we fear not
what man can do to us, so that we live under the guidance of that
divine voice that speaks to the heart of every child of God,—if they
will abide in such peace that this still small voice can yet rule and
guide them in everything they think and do."
"Is not this voice our conscience, aunt? And are we not taught to
obey it in all things?" asked Audrey.
"Yea, verily, dear child; but it is a truth that hath been well-nigh
forgotten, until Fox began to preach and teach that the inner voice
within the soul of man was the voice of God, which the soul is bound
to obey if it will live and grow. It is meat and drink, the very bread of
heaven by which alone we can live truly in this naughty world."
"But when my father speaks of obeying the voice of conscience he

means the same thing, aunt," said Audrey.
"Yes, I doubt not that, dear child; but people have talked and talked
about their conscience until it has come to mean little or nothing to
them, and God seeing this, hath sent His messenger, George Fox, to
declare once more to His people, that He hath not left them alone,
but speaks to the heart of each by His own still small voice. As
Quakers we prefer to call things plainly, for we are a plain people,
and so have thrown away that word 'conscience' as a worn-out and
broken mirror that does but hide instead of revealing more plainly the
truth it covers. Therefore, we say 'the voice of God' will guide us in
all things if we will but listen, and as little children obey it, even
though it should sometimes bid us to walk in a path that is not
pleasant to our feet."
"And is it this that makes thee so happy, aunt?" asked Audrey.
The simple form of 'thee' and 'thou' was still in vogue among close
friends, and so Audrey's use of it was not at all singular. The
exclusive use of it by Quakers later on was a survival of this feeling
that there was a closeness of friendship, a sincerity in these terms,
and so they rescued from oblivion this simple form of speech that
prevailed among all classes in England at that time. The same may
be said of their dress. They did but seek to evade observation at the
time of which we write, and desiring to be known only as a plain
God-fearing people. They dressed in simple, unostentatious colours;
but they have brought up through the generations the fashion of the
garments worn by their forefathers, and held to them while other and
very different fashions prevailed in the world.
So at this time, although Dame Drayton was a professed Quaker,

there was little to distinguish her from her neighbours around, in the
matter of dress and speech. The Society impressed upon its
members the duty of dressing plainly and simply, whatever their rank
in life might be, and that Dame Drayton chose to wear greys and
drabs in the place of crimsons or other brilliant colours was regarded
as a simple matter of taste by her neighbours. She had always been
known as a godly woman before she became a Quaker; but as she
had never felt called to preach, and went as often to the old parish
church she had attended from her girlhood, as she did to the Quaker
meeting-house in Gracechurch Street, few knew that she was a
Quaker.
As Audrey asked her question, she looked earnestly into her aunt's
face and nestled closer to her. "You seem very happy," she added;
"so much happier than my mother."
"Dear Audrey, I am very happy, for since I learned this truth from
George Fox, there hath come to me a peace that passeth all
understanding; for, following the guidance of this voice, the
distractions of the world cannot mar the quiet resting upon God, as
my Father, my Guide, my Friend, who will never fail nor forsake me.
It matters not whether thou art one who worships in a church or in a
meeting-house,—which is but a plain room fitted for a plain people
who meet together,—if haply the Spirit hath a word to speak by one
of them for the edification of all; and if there is no such word given
forth, still the Lord can and doth speak to each soul in the silence
that to many is better and more helpful even than the words of
prayer spoken by another, who cannot know the secret wants and
longings of any soul but his own."
"Then at these meetings there is silence all the time, aunt?" said
Audrey questioningly.
"Why should any speak if they feel not moved thereto by the inward
voice of the Spirit?" asked Dame Drayton. "It is this multiplying of
words without life or power that hath made preaching of none effect.
Now we know that when one speaketh he is moved thereto by the
Spirit of God working in him, and that he hath of a surety a message
for one or other or many of us. In some this power of the Spirit to
speak and warn and encourage is continually seeking to find
utterance, and then woe be to the man if he forbear to utter his
testimony for fear of what man shall do to him. Bessie's father was
such an one as this, and a brave honest man to boot; so, as he
would not be stayed from warning sinners to flee from the wrath to
come, whenever and wherever he could find opportunity, the soldiers
have haled him to prison, and his wife too, because she felt moved
to warn her godless neighbours, when her husband could no longer
do so. Bessie being the eldest was left in the cottage to take care of
the children, or do as she could, for none cared to befriend them, as
they were children of condemned Quakers. They had been
despoiled of all they possessed in fines for the same offence; but the
little they had left in the cottage was stolen or destroyed by the mob,
while Bessie and her sisters hid themselves in the cellar."
"Oh, aunt, would people really be so cruel?" said Audrey in a tone of

compassion, as she turned to look at the girl walking up and down
with the little ones, but rarely touching the ball herself even when it
fell close to her.
"I daresay there were some who felt sorry for them, and would
nathless have helped them if they could; but the baser sort, and
those whom Friend Westland had reproved for their sin and
wickedness, would be willing to break chairs and tables while they
shouted, 'Long live King Charles! Down with all Quakers and rebels!'
That was how it was done, Bessie says, while she sat cowering in
the cellar below, praying that God would keep them from following
her, for fear they should frighten the little ones to death."
"Oh, aunt, it was terrible! And she is not so old as I am, I should
think?"
"No, you are sixteen, and Bessie is not yet fourteen. But she is brave
and true, and whispered to her sisters not to cry out or make a noise,
and God would surely send deliverance to them by the hand of some
friend. We knew not to what straits the poor children were left, but as
Quakers, who called themselves brethren with him who was
suffering for the truth's sake, we were bound to seek the children
when we knew they had been left friendless and alone. Thee will tell
thy mother what I have told to thee, and then she will understand
how I was moved by the inward voice to offer a home and a refuge
to these little ones."
"Aunt, methinks the voice would have bidden me do likewise if I was

grown up and could have helped them," whispered Audrey, kissing
her tenderly, and feeling that she had found a friend in this aunt who
could understand her better than her mother could.
CHAPTER V.
ONE SUNDAY MORNING.
THE exemplary punishment dealt out to the unfortunate martyr

Westland seemed to satisfy the authorities for some time, or it might
have been that their failure to silence Sir William Penn in spite of
fines and imprisonment, made them pause to consider before taking
up another crusade of persecution.
Sir William Penn was son of the Lord High Admiral of England, who
had recently died, leaving his son a considerable fortune, as well as
claims upon the government for money lent to them by the old
admiral.
But while a student at Oxford, Master William Penn, his son, had
embraced Quakerism, and been expelled for preaching and teaching
it. His father was very angry, and threatened to disown him for his
connection with such a disgraceful set of people, but afterwards sent
him to travel on the Continent, in the hope that he would forget what
the old admiral thought was the wildest vagary.
But after two years of travel young Penn came home a confirmed
Quaker, and very soon was sent to the Tower for writing a pamphlet
he called "The Sandy Foundation Shaken," which was specially
directed against the Church of England. During his eight months'
imprisonment, he wrote "No Cross No Crown," and several others,
which he published as soon as he was released.
Then he began preaching again, and was again arrested. But the
indomitable young Quaker had won for himself the regard of the
citizens of London, and the jury refused to convict him upon the
evidence brought forward, and were themselves fined for their
refusal.
Master Drayton had been one of these, and it had strained his
resources to make up this money; but he felt amply compensated by
the friendship that arose out of this between him and the ardent
young champion of their despised sect.
When Audrey Lowe had gone home, and the children had been put
to bed, Dame Drayton told her husband the errand her niece had
come upon.
"The 'prentice lads suspect we are Quakers, and Sim Tompkins has
told his mother about it. What wilt thou do, my husband?" she asked.
"Nay, what can we do but put our trust in the Lord?"
"But thou wilt be careful, Gilbert, for the children's sake?"

"Careful, dear heart? It is not to be feared that I shall publish abroad
that I am a Quaker; but, as thou sayest, too many suspect it, I fear,
and I have been pondering on a thought that came to me to-day
when thinking of Westland and his wife. He will doubtless be sent out
to the plantations of America by the next cargo of convicts, and when
he can save money enough to pay for the passage of his wife, she
will be allowed to join him in his exile. Now, our young champion, Sir
William Penn, is rich, and moreover the government is deeply
indebted to him for moneys lent by his father, and which he hath
small hope of regaining, for the king is too extravagant ever to pay
his debts. But if he hath little money to spare, he hath many waste
lands out in the plantations of America, and he might be induced to
sell some to our friend Penn in part payment of his debt. On this land
some of us might go and settle, even as the Independents did in the
reign of the first Charles, for America is wide and free, and there we
might serve God even as the divine voice should guide and direct us,
and none could make us afraid."
"That were a blessing indeed," said Dame Drayton, but with a sigh,
for the prospect of leaving her native land and her beloved London
was a painful thought to her. "Oh that we could have this blessed
freedom in England!" she said, clasping her hands, while the tears
slowly filled her eyes.
"Nay, nay, dame, thou hast naught to fret over, I trow," said her
husband, in some surprise to see his wife in tears.
"It was not of myself I was thinking, but of Annie Lowe, my sister.
Audrey hath let me know—without herself understanding—that the
way they thought would be soft to their feet hath been strewn with
thorns; none the less sharp are they, I trow, because they have to be
covered from the world."
"Now thou art speaking in parables, Martha. I thought the vicar was
well content to abide in the church that could nourish him."
"It may afford nourishment for the body, but to sign the Act of
Uniformity, whereby Parson Lowe and many another gave up the
right to serve and worship God as the inner voice would fain lead
them, could but be starvation for the soul. I felt sure it would come to
this with Annie and her husband, and that she would one day wish
she had been among those who were ejected for the truth's sake."
"But—but I thought Annie sent to warn thee of the danger thou wert
in through Sim chattering to his mother of what had been spoken
here?"
"Yea, she hath grown timid because she hath chosen the path of the
coward, until now she hath become timid at a shadow, for she fears
that if I walk not warily, men may even accuse her of being a Quaker.
Dear Annie! she hath always been feeble and timorous, and the
times are hard to endure for such. The child Audrey is different from
either mother or father, and so it is for her sake as well as Annie's I
long and pray that all in England may have freedom to worship God
even as they will, without let or hindrance from king or parliament."
But Master Drayton shook his head.
"That were a vain wish, dear heart; but a tract of country might surely
be granted in America, where Quakers could dwell in peace, and
another where Independents might rule themselves in matters of
religion, for it hath been proved that they cannot abide in peace
together. I will talk to Friend Penn of the thought that hath come to
me, and it may be he will have sonic light given to guide him in this
matter, for to provide a refuge for the Lord's persecuted people will
surely be a true way of devoting the wealth he hath inherited to the
service of the Lord, which he is fully purposed to do."
It was evident to Dame Drayton that her husband feared trouble was
thickening around them, or he would not have spoken in this way,
and it must be confessed that life was indeed hard, when each time
he went out she knew not whether he would return, or whether some
friend might not come to tell her he had been arrested and carried off
to Bridewell to await the meeting of the court where his case would
be heard.
But Master Drayton went in and out of Soper Lane without
interference, and for the next few weeks nothing was heard of the
Quakers being molested, so that at last the lady began to breathe
more freely again; other Quakers also took courage, and from
meeting in their own or at each other's houses for worship, ventured
to open once more the little meeting-house which was situated in an
alley in Gracechurch Street.
The closing of this had been a great deprivation to many, but Dame
Drayton had never wholly given up attending the church of All
Hallow's, close to her home, for it was here she first learned to know
God as her Father and Friend, and here she could still hold
communication with Him, even through the prayers which were such
a stumbling-block to many sincere and earnest souls at this time. To
her sister they were little else than chains and fetters, galling instead
of helping her soul to rise as upon the rungs of a ladder to the very
bosom of the Father. This was what the service of the Church of
England was to Dame Drayton; but sometimes there were other
seasons when nothing but the solemn silence of their own meeting-
house would satisfy her soul's need. Yet so that she was fed with the
bread of heaven, what did it matter whether it was words or the
absence of words, so long as the still small voice of God spoke in
her soul, and made itself heard above her fears or the clamour of the
world?
To Master Drayton, however, the church but ill supplied the quiet
meeting-house, and so he sat at home and read the Bible or some of
the pamphlets written by Barclay, Fox, or Penn, in defence of their
faith, and to him the opening of the meeting-house once more was a
source of great comfort and rejoicing.
He was the more glad, too, when he saw Sir William Penn among
the worshippers, for he doubted not the Spirit of God would move
him to speak a word of comfort and encouragement to many who
were weary and heavy laden with fear and apprehension. Only a few
of the bravest among the Quaker community had ventured to attend
this first meeting, but as it was uninterrupted by the authorities, the
next time the doors were open many more would attend, there was
little doubt.
During this time Bessie Westland had taken up an occupation that

no one would have thought likely to attract her. A day or two after
she came to Soper Lane she asked to be allowed to work at hat-
making like one of the boy apprentices.
Dame Drayton looked rather horrified at the proposal, but Bessie

said—
"I ought to do something to help to pay what we shall cost you, and if
I learn this hat-making now, I may be able to earn some money to
help mother and father in the new country." For to comfort her, Dame
Drayton had told her that a way would doubtless be opened for her
and her sisters to go to the plantations when her mother went.
So with this hope to spur her, Bessie took up the task of pasting and
sewing, doing all the lighter portions of the work required in the
manufacture of a hat, Master Drayton taking care that there was no
opportunity for the apprentices to talk to or interfere with her.
To his surprise the girl proved a far more apt pupil than any boy he
had ever had, and the same energy and enthusiasm that made her
father a most aggressive Quaker, being turned into this channel by
the force of circumstances, in Bessie showed itself in a marvellous
quickness and dexterity in doing all the lighter part of hat-making;
and the girl grew more content as the weeks went on.
Dame Drayton, however, did not know what to think of a girl taking
up what had always been considered boys' work. She would fain
have kept Bessie among the children or helping Deborah
occasionally with the bread-making and cooking, but as the girl
certainly seemed happier now that she had secured some constant
employment, she could only think this must be best for Bessie,
however strange it might be to her.
She told her husband, however, that Bessie puzzled her. She could
not understand the girl wanting to do boys' work when she and Deb
were ready to teach her all sorts of womanly handiwork.
"Thou and I must trust it is the Lord's will she should do this, for she
hath certainly most deft and useful fingers, and a quick
understanding for all kinds of hat-work. Quick and thorough is she,
so that her work can be relied upon already, and I should sorely miss
the wench now from my side."
Things were in this position when the winter set in, and the Quakers,
having met with no disturbance from the authorities, gathered at their
meeting-house each First Day—as they chose to call Sunday.
Of course Bessie was most regular in her attendance; but Dame

Drayton did not always go with her husband and Bessie, preferring
to take some of the children to All Hallow's Church, which was close
to her home. One Sunday, however, Bessie was suffering from a bad
cold, and wholly unfit to go out in the bleak drizzling rain that was
falling, and so her friends insisted that she should remain in bed.
Dame Drayton decided to go to the meeting-house with her
husband, for there was to be a gathering of the Friends afterwards,
to hear something more concerning the plan for founding a Quaker
colony across the seas.
But, alas! that meeting was never held, for the Lord Mayor had
ordered that the place should be watched, and as soon as the
Friends were all assembled, the doors were forced open by a party
of men-at-arms, and after a little parleying with those who kept the
door, the Quakers were informed they might consider themselves
under arrest, and until their names were taken none were allowed to
leave the building.
When this business had been got through by the officer in charge,
some half-dozen names were read out as being the ringleaders in
this seditious gathering, and among them were those of Master
Drayton and his wife.
For a minute the heart of the poor woman seemed turned to stone,
and her thoughts instantly flew to the children at home,—her own
and those who had been practically orphaned by the rigour of the
law,—and she covered her face with her hands in the agony of her
anxiety.
The halberdier who had been placed in charge of her, so far

respected her grief that he did not disturb her until he was compelled
by the officer to lead her out in the rear of some half-dozen others
who were being conducted to Newgate.
It was a pitiful sight. No resistance had been made by the
unoffending people, for it was one of the rules of their Society that
they should submit meekly to whatever outrage was perpetrated
upon them, and so Dame Drayton, comforted now by the thought
that God would surely protect her darlings, walked through the wet
muddy streets behind her husband. When they reached Newgate
they were thrust into the common prison, where thieves and
drunkards were making the place a very hell by their oaths and ribald
songs.
The little company of Quakers sat down in one corner by

themselves, and for a time could only listen with shivering horror to
what was going on around them. But, hardened as most of this
crowd were, Dame Drayton's sympathy was soon awakened by the
appearance of a young girl with a baby in her arms, and leaving her
husband's side, she went and sat down by the girl to say a few
words of comfort to her. From speaking to one, she grew courageous
enough to speak to others, and thus helped to pass the long weary
hours of that dreadful day.
On Monday morning they were taken before the Lord Mayor, and
charged with opening premises for seditious meetings, that had
previously been closed by order of the court. Master Drayton was
one of the four trustees holding the premises, and moreover he was
known to be one of the jury who had refused to convict Penn some
time before; which circumstance was brought forward against him,
as proving him to be an obstinate Quaker, who richly deserved to
lose his ears and be transported beyond the seas.
The court, however, sentenced him to six months' imprisonment, but

released his wife, when it was pleaded that she was a regular
attendant at her parish church, and was only guilty to the extent of
having married a Quaker.
It was an intense relief to Master Drayton when he heard that his

wife was not to be sent to prison. He could bear the hardship of this
far better if he knew that she was safe at home, though how they
were to live through the winter while he was in prison he did not

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Full Chapter Pro Spring MVC With Webflux Web Development in Spring Framework 5 and Spring Boot 2 2Nd Edition Marten Deinum PDF

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Pro Spring MVC with WebFlux: Web

Development in Spring Framework 5

Pro Spring MVC with WebFlux: Web Development in Spring

Pro Spring MVC with WebFlux Web Development in Spring

Pro Spring Security: Securing Spring Framework 5 and

Spring 5 Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach 4th

Spring Quick Reference Guide: A Pocket Handbook for

Spring Boot 2 0 Projects Build production grade

Pro Spring Boot 2: An Authoritative Guide to Building

Practical Microservices Architectural Patterns: Event-

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-5665-7 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-5666-4

Copyright © 2021 by Marten Deinum and Iuliana Cosmina

About the Technical Reviewer���������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Chapter 1: Setting up a Local Development Environment���������������������������������������� 1

Chapter 2: Spring Framework Fundamentals��������������������������������������������������������� 21

Chapter 3: Web Application Architecture��������������������������������������������������������������� 55

Chapter 4: Spring MVC Architecture����������������������������������������������������������������������� 73

Chapter 5: Implementing Controllers������������������������������������������������������������������� 123

Chapter 6: Implementing Controllers: Advanced�������������������������������������������������� 213

Chapter 7: REST and AJAX������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 259

Chapter 8: Resolving and Implementing Views���������������������������������������������������� 285

Chapter 9: Introduction to Spring WebFlux���������������������������������������������������������� 329

Chapter 10: Building Reactive Applications with Spring WebFlux����������������������� 369

Chapter 11: Securing Spring WebFlux Applications��������������������������������������������� 421

Chapter 12: Spring Security��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 471

Chapter 13: Spring Applications in the Cloud������������������������������������������������������� 521

Iuliana Cosmina is currently a software engineer for

Install the Java SDK

Figure 1-1. The Java logo3

We recommend that you set the JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to

> java -version # to check the runtime

And then the following.

> javac -version # to check the compiler

You should see an output similar to the following.

Figure 1-2. The Gradle logo4

You should see something similar to the following.

Build time: 2020-08-04 22:01:06 UTC

Install Apache Tomcat

Figure 1-3. The Apache Tomcat logo6

Figure 1-4. The IntelliJ IDEA logo7

IntelliJ IDEA offers outstanding framework-specific coding assistance and

The Bookstore Project

Table 1-1. Bookstore Project Modules

– bookstore-mvc-­shared Entity and utility classes used by Spring MVC projects

Table 1-1. (continued)

Chapter Project Name Description

10 chapter10-3-­ The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project supporting

Projects with names that contain -mvc- and chapter9-1-bookstore-no-boot are

The GitHub project page is at https://github.com/Apress/spring-­

Listing 1-1. Building the Project for This Book

> gradle clean build

To fix that, you must do the following.

Figure 1-6. IntelliJ IDEA Gradle and Gradle JVM setup

Figure 1-7. IntelliJ IDEA Project JDK setup

Figure 1-8. IntelliJ IDEA successful Gradle build

Figure 1-9. IntelliJ IDEA Launcher options

5. In the Run/Debug Configurations window, a form needs to be

6. Click the Configure button.

7. Select your Apache Tomcat server directory.

8. Click the OK button.

It was the seventeenth century method of advertising, and evidently

"No, I don't like the City," concluded Audrey, as they walked up

THE RIVER GARDEN.

About the Technical Reviewer��xv

Chapter 1: Setting up a Local Development Environment�� 1

Chapter 2: Spring Framework Fundamentals�� 21

Chapter 3: Web Application Architecture�� 55

Chapter 4: Spring MVC Architecture�� 73

Chapter 5: Implementing Controllers�� 123

Chapter 6: Implementing Controllers: Advanced�� 213

Chapter 7: REST and AJAX�� 259

Chapter 8: Resolving and Implementing Views�� 285

Chapter 9: Introduction to Spring WebFlux�� 329

Chapter 10: Building Reactive Applications with Spring WebFlux�� 369

Chapter 11: Securing Spring WebFlux Applications�� 421

Chapter 12: Spring Security�� 471

Chapter 13: Spring Applications in the Cloud�� 521

Install the Java SDK

Install Apache Tomcat

The Bookstore Project

– bookstore-mvc-shared Entity and utility classes used by Spring MVC projects

10 chapter10-3- The Bookstore Spring Boot WebFlux project supporting

The GitHub project page is at https://github.com/Apress/spring-