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Management for Professionals
Marc Helmold
Warda Samara
Progress in
Performance
Management
Industry Insights and Case Studies
on Principles, Application Tools,
and Practice
Management for Professionals
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10101
Marc Helmold • Warda Samara
Progress in Performance
Management
Industry Insights and Case Studies
on Principles, Application Tools,
and Practice
Marc Helmold Warda Samara
IUBH IUBH
Berlin, Germany Berlin, Germany
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
With many little strokes a large tree is felled
(Japanese proverb)
About the Book
negotiations. Although the market offers several books in PM, practitioners and
academics stress that these books are limited to organizational performance or
financial performance.
Chapter 2 displays how PM must be part of the corporate strategy. Strategy
phases contain the strategic analysis, choice and implementation. It is important
that PM is properly executed in line with the long-term aspiration and intent of the
organization.
Chapter 3 shows the pitfalls of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in
PM. In many cases, it is recommendable not to rely on either quantitative or
qualitative approaches as both methodologies have weaknesses in terms of data
reliability.
Chapters 4, 5 and 6 focus on the primary value chain functions like procurement,
operations, marketing and sales.
Chapter 4 outlines the upstream value chain or supply side. As organizations are
increasingly shifting non-core activities to suppliers (outsourcing), it is important
that the supply side is managed well performance wise.
In Chap. 5, PM tools in operations are explained. 5S, the elimination of waste and
the focus on value-adding processes are the key success factor for performance
excellence. The chapter ends with the description of lean principles.
PM in marketing and sales is illustrated in Chap. 6 (downstream). This function is
the interface between customers and the demand side; therefore, it is a key activity to
understand customer requirements, which can be transmitted into the organization.
Chapter 7 shows PM excellence models and concepts like the balanced score card
(BSC), quality management systems (QMS), the European Foundation for Quality
Management (EFQM), the Baldrige excellence model (BEM) or the performance to
excellence model (P2EM).
Chapter 8 illustrates important tools that are of practical relevance like macro
(PESTEL analysis) and micro (Porter´s five forces) analyses. PM tools can be used
effectively in industry and service sectors as part of improving performance.
Chapter 9 concentrates on PM in complex projects. Project management has
certain characteristics and is often executed in cross-functional teams. Projects are
time-limited and unique, so that PM plays a significant role in this context.
Chapter 10 outlines financial PM including ratios and financial tools like the P &
L account, the cash flow statement or the balance sheet. This section gives
recommendations for organizations which face financial stress.
Chapter 11 illustrates PM in non-government and non-profit organizations. The
final case study shows how performance can look like in public organizations.
Chapter 12 outlines PM in the area of the support function human resources (HR).
HR has the responsibility to create an environment in which employees and
managers can develop superior performance.
Chapter 13 describes PM in the light of industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence
(AI). The fourth industrial revolution and AI technologies have severe impacts on
global value chains, which necessitates applying specific PM aspects.
Chapter 14 is the last chapter. It describes PM in different cultures and in the
context of international environments.
About the Book ix
Marc Helmold
Warda Samara
xi
Contents
xiii
xiv Contents
xix
List of Figures
xxi
xxii List of Figures
xxv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
AR Action research
BSC Balanced score card
BME Bundesverband Materialwirtschaft, Einkauf und Logistik
BT Bombardier Transportation
BVG Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe
CIF Cost, insurance, freight
EFQM European Foundation for Quality Management
FAS Free alongside ship
FOB Free on board
IPO International Procurement Organization
ISO International Standardization Organization
IUBH International University Bad Honnef
JIT Just in time
JV Joint venture
MB Mercedes-Benz
M.B.A. Master of Business Administration
MEP Margin enhancement plan
NCG Non-conformity goods
NGO Non-government organization
NPO Non-profit organization
OET Offer evaluation tool
PESTEL Political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal aspects
PM2E Performance management to excellence
PO Purchase order
PROF Professor
QCD Quality, cost, delivery
QCDT Quality, cost, delivery, technology
QMS Quality management system
RFQ Request for quotation
ROP Risks and opportunities
SCM Supply chain management
SME Small and medium-sized enterprises
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
xxvii
xxviii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
1.1 PM Definition
Performance Performance
Improvement Measurement
Performance
Management
collaborate in order to achieve the excellent performance. The key questions related
to performance management are:
1. PM has to be executed over the entire value chain from the upstream over the
operation to the downstream supply chain management.
2. PM is a structural and systematic approach in enterprises and organizations.
3. PM must be coordinated and implemented by top management.
4. PM deals with enterprises, processes, employees, departments and
organizations.
5. PM is using tools, mechanics and procedures necessary to measure performance
(BSC, Audits or EFQM).
6. PM goals and objectives to perform efficiently and effectively.
7. PM goals are relevant to customer and stakeholder expectations.
8. PM goals and objectives are derived from customer’s (and stakeholder)
expectations which are the bases of the strategic mission and vision.
1.2 PM Excellence 3
1.2 PM Excellence
The goal of any excellence initiative and programme must therefore be to achieve
world-class excellence as illustrated in Fig. 1.2. The system, developed by Dr. Marc
Helmold, is similar to the German school grading system (1 ¼ very good, 5 ¼ failed).
Companies usually start as so-called laggards (Level 5) (Helmold, 2019). A laggard
can be defined as organization that falls behind similar companies in the same
industry. The next level is a ‘standard’ performance (Level 4). Standard means in
this context that enterprises have an average performance level in a certain sector.
The next level is ‘maturity’ in performance including some best practices (Level 3).
After the maturity organizations will achieve the ‘industry excellence’ (Level 2)
level. In this level, performance is outstanding within the industry. The last and
highest level is the world-class excellence level, in which organizations are
benchmarks in terms of excellence on a global scale (Level 1) (Helmold, 2019).
4 1 Performance Management (PM) Over the Entire Value Chain
Word class
excellence (1)
Industry
excellence (2)
Industry maturity and
best practice (3)
Industry
standard (4)
Industry
laggard (5)
Transformed resources
Transforming resources
Transformed resources are those elements that are transformed throughout the
operation and organization to produce the goods or services that are its outputs. Cars
are transforming components into final vehicles, or goods are used to produce
consumer goods. Transforming resources are everything that are used to perform
the transformation process. Machines, knowledge or personnel are transforming
elements in this context. Many people think of operations as being mainly about
the transformation of materials or components into finished products, as when
limestone and sand are transformed into glass or an automobile is assembled from
its various parts. But all organizations that produce goods or services transform
resources: many are concerned mainly with the transformation of information
(e.g. consultancy firms or accountants) or the transformation of customers
(e.g. hairdressing or hospitals). The two types of transforming resource are staff
(the people involved directly in the transformation process or supporting it) and
facilities (land, buildings, machines and equipment). The staff involved in the
transformation process includes both people who are directly employed by the
1.3 PM in the Value Chain 5
Many transformation processes produce both goods and services. For example, a
restaurant provides a service, but also produces goods such as food and drinks.
Transformation processes may result in some undesirable outputs (such as nuclear
waste in the example above) as well as the goods and services they are designed to
deliver. An important aspect of operations management in some organizations is
minimizing the environmental impact of waste over the entire life cycle of their
products, up to the point of final disposal. Protecting the health and safety of
employees and of the local community is thus also the responsibility of operations
management. Outputs are the result of the input resources and the transformation
(Helmold, Dathe, & Hummel, 2019). The output types are tangible elements like
products or intangible elements like knowledge or services that will describe the
special requirements in performance management in the service industry. The input–
transformation–output model can therefore be regarded in relation to the key
functions of an enterprise including input, procurement; transformation, operations;
and output, marketing as illustrated in Fig. 1.3. Input factors come from in many
companies and suppliers, so that this part can be named as procurement. The
Input-transformation-output
Supply Demand
side side
Input Transformation Output
Information
technology
Finance and (IT)
accounting
Human
resources Support functions