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member of the religious society of Friends. A letter which Mr.
Rittenhouse wrote to his brother-in-law Mr. Barton, in October 1762,
announcing this event, indicates the keenness of his sensibility on
the occasion. Mrs. Shoemaker was a woman of intrinsic worth; she
died in the prime of life; and it is believed, she was the first of Mr.
Rittenhouse’s affectionate little band of brothers and sisters who had
attained to the age of maturity, that he had then lost. After giving a
circumstantial account of his sister’s illness and death, he informs
Mr. Barton, that Mr. Daniel Stanton, an eminent public speaker in the
society of Friends,[100] attended her in her last illness, at her
particular request;—and, added Mr. Rittenhouse, “the same worthy
gentleman who visited her in her sickness, delivered an excellent
exhortation at the grave,—giving, in a few words, a very just
character, I think, of our deceased sister.”
So early, however, as about the close of the year 1763, four or five
years before the running and marking of Mason and Dixon’s line, Mr.
Rittenhouse was employed by the Penn family in making some
geographical arrangements, preparatory to the final establishment of
those boundaries. He was engaged to perform this service, by the
Rev. Mr. Richard Peters, (afterwards D. D. and rector of the united
churches of Christ-Church and St. Peters, in Philadelphia,) who then
officiated as the Governor’s provincial secretary; a gentleman of
learning and great worth; and one who, on various occasions,
manifested a friendship for Mr. Rittenhouse, as well the high opinion
he entertained of his abilities.
It appears that about this time, Mr. Rittenhouse’s friends had some
beneficial object in view for him; perhaps some official situation,
which they conceived to be adapted to the nature of his pursuits, and
such as might more permanently promote his interests. But whatever
that object may have been, he seems to have hesitated about it. If it
were a public appointment of a permanent kind, it would probably
have required his removal to the city,—a measure which he did not
contemplate at that time; and he might, besides, have been
disinclined to undertake any official duties, which would be likely to
occupy the greater part of his time. He expressed himself thus to Mr.
Barton, on the subject, in the letter just quoted:—“I am greatly
obliged to you, my dear brother, for pointing out any prospect of
advantage to me: I shall consider the matter you mention in your
last, and let you know my opinion. The objections you have so well
answered, are those which would most readily occur to me.
Considering the crazy state of my constitution, a retired life would
certainly suit me best. Since death, to use John Bunyan’s[102] phrase,
does usually knock at my door once a day, would it not be a folly for
me to take up the load of any public business?”
About the time that he projected his Orrery (which shall be duly
noticed in its place), it appears he had been speculating on the
doctrine of the compressibility of water. For in a letter to Mr. Barton,
dated from Philadelphia the 27th of March, 1767, he mentions,—that
he had not then met with any person, who had seen Mr.
Kinnersley’s[106] experiment on that theory; but that he understood it
was made with the air-pump, and conjectured it to have been similar
to the one made by a member of the Royal Society, related in
Martin’s Magazine: which is thus quoted in Mr. Rittenhouse’s letter:
“I took a glass ball of about an inch and 6/10 in diameter, which was
joined to a cylindrical tube of 4 inches and 2/10 in length, and in
diameter 1/100 of an inch; and by weighing the quantity of mercury
that exactly filled the ball, and also the quantity that filled the tube, I
found that the mercury in 23/100 of an inch of the tube was the
10000th part of that contained in the ball; and with the edge of a file,
I divided the tube accordingly. This having been done, I filled the ball
and part of the tube with water exhausted of air: Now, by placing this
ball and tube under the receiver of an air-pump, I could see the
degree of expansion of the water, answering to any degree of
rarefaction of the air; and by putting it into a glass receiver of a
condensing engine, I could see the degree of compression of the
water, answering to any degree of condensation of the air, &c.”—
Then adds. Mr. Rittenhouse—“Indeed I do not doubt the
compressibility of water, although the above experiment does not
much please me. If the particles of water were in actual contact, it
would be difficult to conceive how any body could much exceed it in
specific gravity; yet we find that gold does, more than eighteen
times.”
The other circumstance, just referred to, was the then approaching
Transit of Venus over the Sun’s disk; an event which was to take
place on the 3d day of June, 1769: And of Mr. Rittenhouse’s
participation in the arduous labours of the astronomical world, on
that very interesting occasion, the following narrative will furnish
some account.
“Dear Sir,
“Dear Brother,