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Supplemental Information: Chem, Volume 1
Supplemental Information: Chem, Volume 1
Supplemental Information
3. Experimental Section
4. References
1. Photophysical property investigation
3
Figure S1. Calculated energy diagram, (n, π∗) configuration proportion (αn) of S1 and Tn, spin–orbit
coupling for the involved Sn and Tn states of molecules 1-8. For BDBF (3), TD-HF is used to calculated
the SOC between S0 and T1 states.
Figure S2. Photophysical properties of BDBF at 300 K.
(A) Powder X-ray diffraction of BDBF crystalline (blue line) and amorphous (red line) powders.
(B) Time-resolved excitation spectra obtained by monitoring the emission of the crystalline powder at
550 nm by varying the excitation wavelength from 250 to 450 nm.
(C) Time-resolved emission spectra excited at 365 nm.
(D) Normalized steady-state photoluminescence spectra of the BDBF crystalline powder obtained at
an excitation wavelength of 365 nm in oxygen, argon and air, respectively.
Figure S3. Photophysical properties of BDBF at 77 K.
-4
(A) Photographs of BDBF crystalline powder, solution (10 M in cyclohexane) and amorphous powder
taken in the present (up) and absence (down) of excitation source at 77 K. The steady-state prompt
(solid) and delayed (dash, 10 ms) PL spectra of crystalline powder (B), amorphous powder (C) and
solution (D). The low temperature samples were prepared by using liquid nitrogen and excited at 365
nm. The amorphous solids of the phosphors were prepared by heating the samples to melt with a
heating gun and quenching the melt with liquid nitrogen.
Figure S4. Powder X-ray diffraction of pDBP (A), mFDBP (B), FBDBT (C) and ClBCZ (D) crystalline
(blue line) and amorphous (red line) powders.
-4
Figure S5. Photographs of the phosphorescent compounds in N2-saturated cyclohexane solution (10
M) at 300 K (a) and 77 K taken in the presence (b) and absence (c) of excitation source. Photographs
of the molecules in N2-saturated THF (d), chloroform (e), DCM (f), DMF (g), toluene (h) and
acetonitrile (i) taken at 300 K under UV excitation.
Figure S6. Steady-state (solid) prompt and delayed phosphorescence (dash, 10 ms) spectra of pDBP
(A), mFDBP (B), FBDBT (C) and ClBCZ (D) amorphous powders measured at 77 K. The insets show
the corresponding photographs taken in the presence (left) and absence (right) of excitation source.
The compounds were excited at 365 nm. The low temperature samples were prepared by immersing
them in liquid nitrogen (77 K).
Figure S7. Steady-state PL spectra of pDBP (A), mFDBP (B), FBDBT (C), and ClBCZ (D) crystalline
powders measured at different temperatures from 50 to 300 K and an excitation wavelength of 365 nm.
Figure S8. Nanosecond decay profiles of pDBP (A-C), mFDBP (D-F), BDBF (G-I), FBDBT (J-L), BP
(M-N) and ClBCZ (O) excited at 370 nm. A picosecond pulsed diode laser (EPL-375) was used as the
light source. The impulse response function (IRF) (gray) was from the output of pulsed diode laser
which has a typical pulse width of less than 100 ps. All the decay profiles almost coincide with the IRF,
suggesting that no obvious nanosecond fluorescence decay was detected. As persistent lifetimes were
detected in all the emission bands, the photoluminescence feature of pDBP, mFDBP, FBDBT, and
ClBCZ was proved to be purely phosphorescence.
Figure S9. Time-resolved PL decay curves of pDBP and mFDBP measured at short wavelength (77 K).
Inset: calculated lifetime of pDBP and mFDBP.
Table S1. Two exponential decay of BDBF with different lifetimes and ratios measured at different
wavelength at 50K.
Table S2. Photoluminescence lifetime (τP), phosphorescence quantum efficiency (ΦP),
phosphorescence decay constant (kP) and nonradiative decay constant (kISC’) of BP, Benzil, DFBP,
pDBP, mFDBP, BDBF, FBDBT and ClBCZ.
Mean decay times (τP) were obtained from individual lifetimes τi and amplitudes ai of multi-exponential
evaluation through:
∑ aiτ i2
τP = i
∑ aiτ i
! i
ΦP were measured at different times gives almost the same value.
The τP were measured from selected emission peaks marked with ‘‘*’’. kP = ΦP/(τPΦISC), where ΦISC is
considered as 1, as no fluorescence decay is detected. Hence, kP and kISC’ can be expressed as: kP =
ΦP/τP and kISC’ = (1−ΦP)/ τP.
For two electron two orbital systems, the spin-orbit coupling Hamiltonian based on one-particle
operator can be given by
For the singlet state, the spatial and spin part of the wave function are
S 1
ϕ aϕ b = ϕ a (1)ϕ b (2) + ϕ a (2)ϕ b (1)
2
1
S1 = α1β 2 − β1α 2
2
For the triplet state, the spatial and spin part of the wave function are
A 1
ϕ aϕ b = ϕ a (1)ϕ b (2) − ϕ a (2)ϕ b (1)
2
T1 = α1α 2
1
T0 = α1β 2 + β1α 2
2
T−1 = β1β 2
Hence, we obtained the spin-orbit coupling matrix between singlet and triplet state as follows:
The spin part of the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements is
⎧1
⎪ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆnx α1β 2 + β1α 2 = 0
⎪2
⎪1
ˆ T0 = ⎨ α1β 2 − β1α 2
S1 | s| sˆny α1β 2 + β1α 2 = 0
⎪2
⎪1 ⎧ 1/ 2 n = 1
⎪ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆnz α1β 2 + β1α 2 = ⎨
⎩2 ⎩−1/ 2 n = 2
⎧ 1 ⎧⎪−1/ 2 2 n =1
⎪ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆnx α1α 2 = ⎨
⎪ 2 ⎪⎩ 1/ 2 2 n=2
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎧⎪−i / 2 2 n =1
ˆ T1 = ⎨
S1 | s| α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆny α1α 2 = ⎨
⎪ 2 ⎩⎪ i / 2 2 n=2
⎪ 1
⎪ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆnz α1α 2 = 0
⎪ 2
⎩
⎧ 1 ⎧⎪ 1/ 2 2 n = 1
⎪ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆnx β1β 2 = ⎨
⎪ 2 ⎩⎪−1/ 2 2 n = 2
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎧⎪−i / 2 2 n = 1
ˆ T−1
S1 | s| =⎨ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆny β1β 2 = ⎨
⎪ 2 ⎩⎪ i / 2 2 n = 2
⎪ 1
⎪ α1β 2 − β1α 2 sˆnz β1β 2 = 0
⎪ 2
⎩
T0
H so = S1 Hˆ ′ T0
1S
ϕa ϕb lˆ1z − lˆ2 z ϕaϕb
A
=
2
=
1
2
(ϕa lˆz ϕa − ϕb lˆz ϕb )
T1
H so = S1 Hˆ ′ T1
1
ϕ a ϕb −lˆ1x + lˆ2 x − ilˆ1 y + ilˆ2 y ϕ aϕb
S A
=
2 2
1
(
= − ϕ a lˆx ϕ a + ϕ b lˆx ϕ b − i ϕ a lˆy ϕ a + i ϕ b lˆy ϕ b
4
)
T-1
H so = S1 Hˆ ′ T−1
1
ϕ a ϕb lˆ1x − lˆ2 x − ilˆ1 y + ilˆ2 y ϕ aϕ b
S A
=
2 2
=
1
4
(
ϕ a lˆx ϕ a − ϕb lˆx ϕb − i ϕ a lˆy ϕ a + i ϕb lˆy ϕ b )
Considering a molecule lying in the yz plane, the atomic px AO will form π or π* MO, while in-plane py
AO makes up n or σ* MO (we only consider the radical part of the spatial wave function here). These
Therefore, the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements are given by (The integral about π * is equal in
* *
both H soππ and H sonπ , so we don’t give the π * part here)
T0
1 i
H soππ ∝ π lˆz π = p1x + p2 x lˆz p1x + p2 x = p1x + p2 x p1 y + p2 y
*
2 2
1 i
H sonπ ∝ n lˆz π = p1 y lˆz p1x + p2 x =
*
p1 y p1 y + p2 y
2 2
T1
1 i
=− p1 x + p2 x lˆx p1 x + p2 x − p1 x + p2 x lˆy p1 x + p2 x
2 2
1
= − p1 x + p2 x p1z + p2 z
2
∝ − n lˆx π − i n lˆy π
*
H sonπ
1 i
=− p1 y lˆx p1 x + p2 x − p1 y lˆy p1 x + p2 x
2 2
1
= − p1 y p1z + p2 z
2
T-1
H soππ ∝ π lˆx π − i π lˆy π
*
1 i
= p1 x + p2 x lˆx p1 x + p2 x − p1 x + p2 x lˆy p1x + p2 x
2 2
1
= p1 x + p2 x p1z + p2 z
2
∝ n lˆx π − i n lˆy π
*
H sonπ
1 i
= p1 y lˆx p1 x + p2 x − p1 y lˆy p1x + p2 x
2 2
1
= p1 y p1z + p2 z
2
Since the overlap matrix element between different AOs which belongs to the same atom is 0 and AOs
which belongs to different atoms is much smaller than 1, the single dominant term above is
* *
ππ nπ
p1 y p1 y + p2 y ≈ 1. Finally, we can see that H so < H so , which gives the same conclusion to El-Sayed
1
rule . Thus, in this simple model, the T0 state plays the decisive role in H sonπ .
*
3
sxα = β , sx β = α px = sin θ cos ϕ
2 2 4π Lx px = pz , Ly px = 0, Lz px = i p y
s yα = i β , s y β = − iα 3 Lx p y = 0, Ly p y = pz , Lz p y = −i px
py = sin θ sin ϕ
2 2 4π Lx pz = px , Ly pz = pz , Lz pz = 0
szα = α , sz β = − β 3
2 2 pz = cos θ
4π
The equilibrium geometries of ground (Sn) and triplet states (Tn) in gas phase were determined at
B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level using DFT and TD-DFT method. Based on this method, the nature transition
orbitals (NTOs) were also calculated for S1 and Tn states at optimized T1 geometric structure, except
for molecule 3, whose NTOs were calculated by CIS/6-31G(d,p) (Figure S9-S11). This means that
Hartree Fock orbitals are implemented. It is attributed to the different Kohn-Sham orbitals between
singlet and triplet states, while the Hartree Fock orbitals are consistent in these two situations (see
2 3,4
Figure S12). The above results are calculated by Gaussian 09 package. Then, the Multiwfn
package is implemented to calculate the components of n orbits based on Mulliken population analysis
(MPA) (Table S2-S4). At the same level, the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) matrix elements between
5-7
singlet and triplet states are given by Beijing Density Function (BDF) program. The calculated
3
configuration proportion (αn) of (n, π∗) states and SOC are shown in Figure S1.
Figure S10. The NTOs of S1 states at optimized T1 geometric structure.
Figure S11. The NTOs of Tn states (n = 3 for pDBP and mFDBP, n = 1 for Benzil and n = 2 for other
molecules) at optimized T1 geometric structure.
Figure S12. The NTOs of T1 states at optimized T1 geometric structure.
A singlet triplet
B singlet triplet
Figure S13. The HOMO orbitals of molecule 3 with different spin multiplicity using (A) HF/6-31G(d,p)
and (B) B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method.
Figure S14. The O atom orders in their corresponding compounds.
Table S3. Calculated configuration proportion αn% of HOMO orbit for S1 state based on MPA.
Table S5. Calculated configuration proportion αn% of HOMO orbit for T1 state based on MPA.
3. Experimental Section
General
1
All the reactions were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. H
13
and C NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker AV 400 Spectrometer at 400 and 100 MHz in
CDCl3 solutions, respectively. Tetramethylsilane was used as the internal standard. High-resolution
mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on a GCT premier CAB048 mass spectrometer operating in
MALDI-TOF mode. Elementary analysis was performed on a Thermo Finnigan Flash EA1112.
Synthesis and NMR
1,4-Phenylene bis(phenylmethanone) (pDBP, 1)
Anhydrous AlCl3 (1.46 g, 11.0 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) was slowly added to terephthaloyl
o
chloride (2.03 g, 10.0 mmol). The solution was stirred and kept at 0 C, and then benzene (1.17 g, 15.0
mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) was slowly injected. The reaction mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 10 h and then was quenched with 1 N HCl. The mixture was extracted with chloroform
(3 × 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with H2O, dried over anhydrous MgSO4,
filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column using
hexane/dichloromethane mixture (3:1, v/v) as eluent to afford the product as white powder.
1
Yield: 2.51 g (90%);; H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.90 (s, 4H), 7.85 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.65 (t, J =
13
7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H);; C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 195.4, 140.0, 136.3, 132.3, 129.5,
+
129.1, 127.9. HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z: M calculated 286.0994, found, 286.0982. Elemental analysis
(calculated, found for C20H14O2): C (83.90, 83.88), H (4.93, 4.90).
1
H NMR spectrum of 1
13
C NMR spectrum of 1
1,3-Phenylene bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanone (mFDBP, 2)
Following the same synthetic procedure for pDBP, the reaction of anhydrous AlCl3 (1.46 g, 11.0 mmol),
1,3-benzenedicarbonyl dichloride (2.03 g, 10 mmol) and fluorobenzene (1.44 g, 15.0 mmol) at room
temperature for 8 h afforded the product as white powder. Yield: 2.85 g (90%).
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J1 = 8.0 Hz, J2 = 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (dd, J1 = 8.0
13
Hz, J2 = 1.6 Hz, 4H), 7.66 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H). C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ =
193.6, 166.3, 163.7, 137.1, 132.7, 132.53, 132.50, 132.1, 132.0, 130.2, 128.0, 115.2, 115.0. HRMS
+
(MALDI-TOF) m/z: M calculated 322.0805, found, 322.0810. Elemental analysis (calculated, found for
C20H12F2O2): C (74.53, 74.50), H (3.75, 3.77).
1
H NMR spectrum of 2
13
C NMR spectrum of 2
1-(Dibenzo[b,d]furan-2-yl) phenylmethanone (BDBF, 3)
Following the same synthetic procedure for pDBP, the reaction of anhydrous AlCl3 (1.46 g, 11.0 mmol),
benzoyl chloride (1.40 g, 10.0 mmol) and dibenzofuran (1.68 g, 10.0 mmol) at room temperature for 8 h
afforded the product as white powder. Yield: 2.41 g (89%).
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.46 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J1 = 8.8 Hz, J2 = 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.86
13
(dd, J1 = 8.0 Hz, J2 = 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 3H), 7.55 (m, 3H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H). C
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ =195.6, 157.9, 156.2, 137.5, 132.0, 131.7, 129.4, 129.2, 127.7, 127.3,
+
123.8, 123.1, 122.8, 122.7, 120.4, 111.3, 110.8. HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z: M calculated 272.0837,
found, 272.0839. Elemental analysis (calculated, found for C19H12O2): C (83.81, 83.79), H (4.44, 4.47).
1
H NMR spectrum of 3
13
C NMR spectrum of 3
Dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-2-yl (4-fluorophenyl)methanone (FBDBT, 4)
Following the same synthetic procedure for pDBP, the reaction of anhydrous AlCl3 (1.46 g, 11.0 mmol),
4-fluorobenzoyl chloride (2.03 g, 10.0 mmol) and dibenzothiophene (1.84 g, 10.0 mmol) at room
temperature for 12 h afforded the product as white powder. Yield: 2.71 g (89%).
1
H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ: = 8.58 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (m, 1H), 7.97–7.87 (m, 5H), 7.55 (m, 2H),
13
7.23 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H). C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 194.3, 166.0, 163.5, 143.5, 139.1, 134.8,
133.54, 133.51, 133.2, 132.1, 132.0, 127.3, 126.9, 124.3, 122.8, 122.3, 122.0, 121.3, 115.0, 114.8.
+
HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z: M calculated 306.0515, found, 306.0509. Elemental analysis (calculated,
found for C19H11FOS): C (74.49, 74.45), H (6.20, 6.22).
1
H NMR spectrum of 4
13
C NMR spectrum of 4
(9H-carbazol-9-yl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone (ClBCZ, 5)
Carbazole (1.67 g, 10.0 mmol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added to sodium hydride
(0.48 g, 60%, 12.0 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Then,
4-chlorobenzoyl chloride (2.1 g, 12.0 mmol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was slowly added.
o
After stirred at 80 C for 5 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with 1 N HCl and extracted with
dichloromethane (3 × 100 mL). The organic extracts were combined, washed with H2O, dried over
anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel using
hexane/dichloromethane mixture (4:1, v/v) as eluent to afford the product as white powder. Yield: 2.58
1
g (85%). H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.04–8.02 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.55–7.51 (m,
13
4H), 7.41–7.35 (m, 4H). C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 167.8, 138.4, 138.2, 133.4, 130.0, 128.7,
+
126.2, 125.4, 123.0, 119.3, 115.1. HRMS (MALDI-TOF) m/z: M calculated 305.0607, found, 305.0612.
Elemental analysis (calculated, found for C19H12ClNO): C (74.64, 74.69), H (3.96, 3.92), N(4.58, 4.56)
1
H NMR spectrum of 5
13
C NMR spectrum of 5
Other organic phosphorescent molecules used in this study:
Benzophenone (BP, 6) Benzil (7) Difluorobenzophenone (DFBP, 8)
These compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and further purified by recrystallization two
times from dichloromethane and hexane.
3. References
1. El-Sayed, M.A. (1968) Triplet state. Its radiative and nonradiative properties. Acc. Chem. Res. 1,
8-16.
2. Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani,
G., Barone, V., Mennucci, B., Petersson, G.A., et al. (2009) Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, USA.
3. Lu, T., Chen, F. W. (2012) Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comp. Chem. 33,
580−592.
4. Lu, T., Chen, F. W. (2011) Calculation of Molecular Orbital Composition. Acta Chim. Sinica, 69,
2393-2406.
5. Liu, W.;; Wang, F.;; Dai, D., Li, L., Dolg, M. (1997) The Beijing Four-Component Density Functional
Program Package (BDF) And Its Application to EuO, EuS, YbO and YbS. Theor. Chem. Acc. 96,
75−83.
6. Liu, W., Hong, G., Li, L. (2003) The Beijing Density Functional (BDF) Program Package:
Methodologies and Applications, J. Theor. Comput. Chem. 2, 257-272.
7. Hirao, K., Ishikawa, Y. (2004) Recent Advances in Computational Chemistry, World Scientific,
Singapore, 5, p257.